23/0b 21

2, y, H or A bCD

Low eq applicahom
marix High fean appli cahion
ScaHex
Scater > s a mare matsix which ives all the combnahios

powes selakionship betn the vaaie wo i/p 4pe poats a

mwerowave unchon, The elemens sf fhw's mati se Cale d

statermga coeficiend 0 Scalei gamate Paute a

Corniseriny mehon 6t'n number 6f

yonyim'on umes whese the i ne
l byi n t
tan be any une ror 1 o n) is tarminate d
na SourCe
b2 2nd n
bi

Cone-le hu Ist Une be tevminated ina

im pesane e otey a n chavauremivhe impelane a
nh un

1. 2 20 3 all he vemunung hnefso 2nd u

3
nLine) in an mpedame etual lo 2o.

2 a be h inudent wave a Hu junchon du fo a sousce al

Une, hun it divids tse amorg (n-) number 6- unus

,a2 n . here will be noTefleeh'on sem 2

2 he inudent waves as absoabee Same 2L =2o, But heve ts a

ms ateh at he* ue 4 hunce huse will be

seflecked wave b,
b is selated fo a
by bi = edlehon toetfiunt) a,
b SiL
 fth uine.
Si
Si e flechon Coehaent
ne
1 seflechon om
Source Connected o

to thu euuavd fsavellu'ng wave in t h " n.

Hende
Hende, he tons buhbn

bsSi a L ba =b3

Cane -2 Leall he Cn-1) uh be ferminaBed In an impedante

other han 2 i, 2L #2o hen 4huse will be refleehio n into e

junchon. from eevery
Very une & hmee fol Confoibuhion to the outwardN
tavellurg wave in Hhe ih une.

b Si,a, + Siza24 + Sin an

b S A S a 21 +Sin n > I s u ' connekd

with Sourde
b2 S2 , +Saa a2 + S2n An >2nd

Sn 4+ Sn 2 Snn an>n

Ln marix form

b S S12 Sin
2 2 S2
S2 San a Cogsespends to yp
waveS o )P
LSn Sn

CoyTes ponds to Scatesmg naix B]

t h seeuted unve ovder (nxn)
outpul
 s matsix
ropehes d
marix 6F
orles(nan) .
S) s always a suae

2. Symmeic mabsix i.e, Sij =

Sji
3 Unm tory mahix JE]' -
[
row (er column)
4. Thu Sum cdthe produels G each term f any
mul hyued by he tomplex Conugate f hi CoYses pon fesm
tfer m
he
omy oer ew (or to lumn) is 2evo

. 0 whure k tJ,k , 2,3

Sik Si Si J 2, 3
2

5. 1amy he termina oe sesesende pla say k port

Port are

meved away som he unchon by Ax, each df e

si
Sij
involviy k will be mul Hpliecd by e
-jAxAk

Miaowave T junefions
4is an interseehion h e three avegwdes în h pam f
erh alphabel T
. H- plne Tee un chion
Coplanarams
lant y
iJormed by ahg a seolargular
sy m u 7

SFa maiy
slo alony e wid
104 atachir another wG. ot
ort 2
thu Sde arm taled H-avon,
t is So elled beeause u
anis he d e arm is panaled H asm (Side arm)
mam tram, mimon Post 3
to he plate o
ne
 Delesminahon of s - pananaulers
S S9 S1
[$3 Sa S2a Sg23
LSa Sa2 s33 J

because f pane 6t y mymesy

S13S23
2 Du o th sy mmehy psepesly Sj- Sji
S12 2 S21 S23 S32 S13 S13 S3

3. Smee post 3 is per feelly matched fo the unehon, S33 0

S S12 S13
S12 S22 S1

S S13

A oeoam the u ary properky SJSj= [I

S Si2 S SS2 Sp
Sp
S12 S22 S1 SS2
O
LSi S> LsS S

S S + Si2 Sa +Se S15

C
-> S 4 1Si2+ )S>]2 - )-0
PaC
RC 1S,3124 IS2

S S + Si3 S
t

RC
 Tom equ
S
Comasi e 3 S11S2| 0T, S Sap
O,SSa

In em Se > #0, S+S2 0 0T, S -S12

O Y, S = -S12 S1212 - Si

Kom equh D

21511 2 S -2
rom euh S S2 2
ade 24/0>| e

O,bz
L b L Las

b a, -

b2 a , +2 3
3
2a , 4 2
CAbe-1 TP is ven o Post 3 2 no /ps ak ort I 4 2

0
. 3 0, but a, = a2 2

rem eu S,6&7

b ,b ba 0
a port 3,hun this power uvdes
Lek '3 be the power ifp
be1" por1à 2 in phoeit, P, -
P2
eu.aly
P3P+ P2 2 P =2P
due to
Co ming owk af Port 1or 2
' , The amount f powes

3 P
fort is 10
g1o Pa d1o

1o (o3 o1)
- 3el
wih
Hentehe Powes Comng
oul orrt os 2 is 3l down
3 plane Tee r's called
fo 9 power at port nd henee H-
sey pec
3l sputer.
ase-2
a a2 a 03 z0

.'. b -+ O,bz z 4+4

2
0

ba + -2a 3
ab Port 3 is he ecd tion df u kur is et post 1 2
i.e, he ofp
and hese aTe acldeos im phase.
 E-plane Tee junchon
Powt
Poct 2

ARM

Yort

A reukrgular stot is ut along the broader dmenion t e

lo u a Sik am is aamched.
Yort & 2 are he Colmear avm & Port 3 E-arm,

when TE modesmade to psopagake ino post 3, he Fwo ops

a port14 2 w have aphane hift of 190°.
E phao plane tee is a Yolt or series junohon symnnetar cal
about hu cenhal avm.

Cs sa 3x3 natri x sinee hese ase 3 posfs.

S S12 Sip
7
(S Sa S22 S23
LS3 Sa S33

2 Sne, 180° phoe sft eri'st bef" posk d 2 when p isgiven

S23 - Si a port 3.

. ert 3 s peofeef alchod fo the unchon S3s -0

A Prom u Sy mmey preyCi2 aSa1 S13 2Sa, S23 S32= -Sp ,

SS2 S13
S12 Sa2-S13

S13 -

S1
 ) LJ =
L1]
S. hrem e unulany propes hy

S SS
[Su S12
Si2 Sa2-S13 S-S
S12
S1
Si S
=
Sa2+s,al
FC Sl2+
C2 S221s,,+ 1S,

R C3 1Sal2 Fis)
S S - Sp Si
R C
Equaky equ & S S2
hom eun
S
hom eAu" SB(S-Sa") 20 S Si2 S2
in O
Pubn
Puttm all the Vallus equ

IS)2+1s)+=I S

b a
: [] a2
ba
b a, + 2 +
62 a, ++a2 2 aa -
b a- 2
Case-
a a2 20, d3 #0

b
An porf3 equally divided be Port 2 but
.e An
iyil a
inhoduees phae shift ef 80 beh thu fwo 0Ps. 1Henee E-plae
tee also ae aD a B b splter.

se-2 a 2 a2 O 3 20

b t4- , ba 4 +4 =a b bso
.e
.e, eua)/ps o porti 4 2 reults in nob olp al pest 3.

Case-3
a, #0, a2 20, a3 20

b b2 b
## E-H plaru Tee junehon (ty bnd o Magie Tee junehon)
Sgpal in E-AR

P sagna
RM
p
H - A R

iro H- ARM
Sngnal

Aae- 26/0o)

Reargular o s ae u sorg h wih 4 bsedth df hu

wG an
andJ Cde arms an abathed Port 12 a he tellinuay
07m fort 3 H - aYm & Post 4 Erarn
 (0)
s is a 44 gmasi

S S2 S
3 S2 S29 S3s S24
S9A
Sa S32 S3 S3
S34
SA SaR
SA SAD
2. eause sf H plane Tee Sechon
Sp3S
3
S9A -S
4.
A. betaude dF geomebe 6 u junchon an ijP at por1 3 annot
o 6 Post 4
foot Sinte they aTe isolaked posts 4 vice versa,

S34S4s 0
som sy mmehic poperhy 3 =
9
S2 2 S21, S13 Sa , S23 Sa2 , S3q 2
S43 S24 2
S42,Si1 -S4
Yor 3 &4 e pesePly matehed to the jurchon,

S3a0 S44 2O

Sn S12 S S4
S12 S22 S23-S14
S13 S13
LS14-Sy O

7. From
Fvom u lany Poopes s] L" =
[1
S S12 S S4 S SS Ss, O

Sa9 SgsS
S12 SaaSa-SaS
O O

S1 S oS S Si
ILs -s o O

LS14 -S4
 ,CS4 1S14 15s1 +|S|

RsCs IS1'4 Sa
-

PC 1S1?+ | l
4 C Si, S -

S S 0

Dm egu"
,
Co mpax in eQu
S Sa2
rom eu S Si2
Fvom eu" O, puting all the valuus

IS121S,21 ++
2 1S 0 Su 0 Si2 Sp2-

b (a +4a) ba a, - )

Caxe-2 , a 2 24 20

Prepes y oH-plare Ter.

b2,b bs zby 2o

Coe-2 a, 202 2 Qs 0
Oa #0,
bs =b4 PsoYropesly tE-plae Te
bb ,b2 ao

Case-2 a,a, #0,

ase- #0 a2 dgz ag 20, bi-0,ba s0,bs V2 b4
ba 2
ort 4 2 a o laked orks.
da-31/6/
Circ E tr, junohom
Hybrid ringRal-syaee

A hybrid ng cem ists et an omuular i n

psoper cleei leralh to Sasiain starvli
wqve,to which our asms ae Connecte el

aa psopes intesvals by mans fesics o

panalle! jumohon.
when a wave is ted a fost1,t wjll not
appear a jert3, beaaue the difesente phane xufk foo ho wavesavelin
CCw &CCD dhechon is 180, Thus Hhe waves are Canelled at post 3.

C =
CCw 8 - PR = 2A, 2 27
7

Si2 0 SSA
S2 O S23 O
O Sa2 0
Sza4
S43
Duehinal Cupler
Dc is a ouY por oa jurehion. Pimay w moughpont
VP uplng
Iselatione de
Primay wG -2 . SeLondary waloupled pos
SeuondATy w -4
Under maehiry tond, het is a tsansm iom from port Lko 2

o b, 240!, 2 ko 4 The tramsm ien frem h 3 4 2h4 duped

upon the rce of ouplar

. loupliny faebox (B) a 10 n

9. Diswhviy Cun)
to ao
3 Iselakon Cd) a Dlbat
4 PnserHon loss (dP) 2 lo loa

S- mahsir psmahon

O S12 Si> 0
S O S24
S

S34
oo SA S 0

Tom Umtery esky smahr

S12 0 o S24

S5 o 0 34 S34

S24 Sa Dlo o
P1, Sse |24 JSp = l - 0 ,R, C ISilA |Sa4=1 -
Roc S)'+ |Sa4=l- R4C4S4+1S4
R C2 S)> SiaS34 S24 = o
 Tom equn O @ Sa 1S24
sem e" 2 S,al S2
hom ea 4 1S 1 Sz4]
a propes lengh, we can go he lo louwi relahons

S pe Sp4 B e

ave Teal Co/, 4 02 ave phope Corsk.

0 e
e
+

o Ae"o

Case Le, b- -R/2, such couples at callud tymmtlsical coupler

Cave 0, , Such twupler ave called asyeomurical oupley

lo

ror Ibsless applitaton, by pufrg kvown valuas sf S12 ,Si, S24, S4

 then h tbugler 's talld 2 nupler

00 hy bsid wupler.

Fos Case 1 ymmetaicad y brnd coupler

07

For Case 2 Asymmersical hy bid touplev

whun
2, ueh toupler c se called 9o hy bnd couple
180 hybsid Coupler
oyo4/o
MiCTO wave ufoulalos ouples Ceupler 2
WOT
Phue ssfte
PotL Post 2
vao

g-6 WA 10 T 270'
Port PAse sidte fort
SeLondary
w

A mtotuwaye
whvauele junchon n which the
cirulaoy s a ulhpov
tyem npost to (nt)"" poyt in enu direchon
wAve Can flow only

Wo Sd-hole d Techonal toupler

4 two nDn-yeu protal phaoe efle,
A Teelangulay waNegude
.

# M i c 0Wave isolabr

/ p wa

ATehohor
Reishe

Mayehe hele
Pemle
Yod
ipwn aelard uave
Neto
 klysrerb
Miceuave Tubes The ban gsinuple opesahon fth u Tube
ivolves hanshes st owe from SourCe d de volt, to asource d

anetkoy dc veH. by mam ument rly ymndulated Seam

Tw's is ackeied by aceeleth n es im a slahic E-fiekl z serdirq

hem in
i an
ann ac idd The dns y modulahon the i beam allow
wore eeemons to be vetrded y ac dield han atelerate y ac frie
possible net ena to be deli've red to the
wmch herepre maKe a

a field.
klusso! s a Yaecum fube ha Can be woed eihs as a
amplhfeY d power at w trequurues,
exraor
eusalor 0x a an

TWcaviy khstro
Schemahc digoamn 6f tub- (ay kystron am?

f in A R F eut

D»ispe Colleoy

VPavi o7P tavil

(burckur) (CaFebher)
L Tf Hd
fo

Tine faken by es
Vo fo havel dft spaee
Ti
Babe-oslo4 VYo

te
unc

-Dvilt spre
VelH.ac vess zap A Peshion o Gnp A
 Mathe mahal Analys rt a klystsom Ampl

tot the de voH. betntalkode a arnde

be Vo 4 U. be Hhe velouly 6 he es, y
b e he driff spate lert s RE ir
Sinal be be amplu fieel by the ktystrom Burchey [ (afehey
Cav
be Vs d
Ltd L+
k
om, te lunelic exad t e o

eV m Vo
0'593x1oV mSec
RF
Vs V Sin W Vampluds sf hethanal4V 24 No
Cnery h e e a the Hie ot loavia burcher tavily

m U e(Vt VSinwh)v, = 2etVeV1Sn)

2eV m sin
V22 Vo. V Vo (1+ s i n w)2

momiaelly 4 nglechg igher osdes tevns

pandna
.1+sinwt)
toansnt ttme hxengh he bunckrr gap diilard
V , L2 No , the
he average

isgien by d/v.
Averoge 0e tsemsat a l e , ba wr we/v = w[k1 -Jo)

7k

tnal vel. in he burcher 3a

Te average MUO VolH. in the bunchey
3f
V V, Sind ? - - osto) - Cos (tue)]
wY

8= wr w(h -b) =
d
w Wfo 4 el

s w
tns(wte) os (wko
L Wo+Uwd w + = A 2U
2 V0

(A+D) 2 Sim A Sin

Cos CA B) - Cos

Vs ns(wko +

2 Sin91) Sin (wko +U

wd2U
Sin (wd/2u.) Sin (wo t v.)
2

VV, Stn (0a2) Sin (wo t ba/a)

n8/2) Bean upury Coehu'nt sthe i/p tavi ly

(0e/2)
he
ereaid the gnp toamit agle a decremes h toup ing be"
Irereair
velouly modulah'on ot e
ebeam 4 he bunchax cavily i.e, the
Hw hynal 's decsease d
beam fora iven
 Immediah'y aller e Yelbaly moulahen, ho exit velouly fsem he
bAncker
m V,0)= e(Vo +Vs) = e (Vo4 Ai V, St (to 0 a/2))

V,(E) v4p:V,in(wle) Balpy

2e V.t P s ( o Da
mdusohion
The actor BY is calad he depth 4 velouly
Vo

Aale- 0/o4/2
Poiornmdl erparnion under the aumphion st (; V, 22V
h

2 Yo
Euahon ot velo uly modulahen AHerrahvely
U+Vi
No (ki -)
unehun sotess
Ata dsfaree ALabry h beam AL

tu kunthr tavily h e bam

norn kereee
have dr led info dense chuere,
es a V6-V,ahwE
Jloiue
asfer

yom ha buncher Buncher

The slonee

id t o e wcahon dense
the é t is
elecoon burchina or
AL V. (ka -s)
4L Unin (lu- h) =
Vn (hd- ls 1 ) - -

AL mn (hd-J) =
Um (ha-
 Vman u.I - 2o &Vgne VLI1 2 Vo-

StnbstituhrM equ 6
AL V t -b) +lV. S - V, a-s) -V. 1
2 Vo

AL Vo (d - ) + |-V5% f . b(4-s) tvo eV

2 Vo 2
2Vo

lor" or fhose es at ka, A 2ke to meet at the

T nussary
Same dishmee L

2Vo

2 Vo

B;V,

We Can wnte

A L -V(la-5) = Vo Vo
wp. Vi

what hould be e spaedry be ihe buneher } tateher aiy in

0vder to achive a yra" degve sf burchira ?
he drifF spae i frele e , he anyt
te fos a to
L
rave a disante L i s , T Jp -A

T ToC-V2 Vo Sn (we-
To DC tsan s+ 4ime

n derms radian! wT w t -Wf =U.To -

UTo Yc}n(Wk- Ot
2 Yo 2

Go-x Sn (wti-da)
 wwre Do =WTo 2 N D e tsansit avgle bet" 4he cavihie
V
N Number 6 e ë sanst yclus in the dvif spae

o urechi ameter the klyshon

2Vo
d Bo pssina throngh a a kme
A u bunchey r a thge
inHer val do d 8o =
Te dko,To2 de
urbenk

rom
om he psinaiple t conservahem churge s Same amount

chang e d also Passes he cafcher

cavily ata laher me

interval dh.
o dol = 21d

4T
do + To [1-AiV
2 Vo Gin (wh
+
g ]-
[hh A1+ Te [l- 2 No ain(wt, 7
ByPaHimg Y= h-o
t2 o 4T+ ToI- V
2No
n lWe +wT- )7
zo+T+ To [I an(wto +0a- 9 )|
Jo+T + To -bsin(wto +Ba)]
2o
rom equn(A
WT W wki 2 wk2 - wto - wT -Bo -
X S'n (w- 0g
wl2 -

0.-wT =Wko -x ern (wo t wT - 04

W a - 0o- g Wb-x Sia (uWto 4 Bg - )

wa- (Oo +92 (wto )-x sin(Do +Ds )

wb t Ogh) is the buneher Cavi y kperFure argle 2

W-(Bo4 a s the cateher cavily avival amgle.

w.3.E
Di Henenhahing e
dBo - To w cos (wo 8 ) Ao
2 Vo

dt2 dkol1- Xtos (wko t O) .'X YuwTo ,V

2Vo

in
in
Subshumg dk2 equ

odto o ) dko LI-x cos (wto +Da )7

LCho)= - X Cos (wo +Ua/a)

To
I- X tos (wt, + Bals)

- x Cos (wh -wr-w To t bala)

2
o
- x Oslwh -Bo -/2)
- x Cos(W}h-Og -bo 4ah)

whese, f2 ko4T+ T w wlo w T + wTo wh

+ 0g f 0
16/o4
umohes omod ol periedic e val, he beam urren
ave

wavefprm paiecl
a h lalchey Cavily is abo aperindie
be ePadedn Foursrer Seris.
The woren ( Con
i o o + 2 a n cos uwt,) 4bn n(nWtb)) nz an intezer

On

bn Sin(nuwla) dwte)
etun
Subshtuy eun ( n &7, &8

Ao To dlwkob)
-A

subsfi tu r eu in eun G)

On - Io ns , +8 tw -X Sir(wto t a/e)1 dtwh)

- o ts [ (nuwb 4n tnbo) - n x sih (wht ) 7 wn)

2 bn 1o (nwho tng4 he) - nxsin (Wto t : )] Jues)

&bn-

h 0Ds & mes d fhe Sine un n e (orm

2 Sm (A
asCA )
 dn2 Tos(nwh tn8 tmBo) Cos nx An (w
f a

S(nw/ot n8 tnbo) Sin nxsn (0b ta)J J twto)

bn smnwtot neg 4m) tos (hx anWo + a)

t0s nwkot h0gtnea) Sin nx hn (uko +a )1J dn)

mumber sk
nute
inteqaand Con tam
an
Each tem th
These T e
texns t ssel un
Sm (wko ta - 2Jo(vx) +2 [32nx) tas2(Wfo +
Cs x t )+
+2 [34 (nx toslwe
Sn nx Sin (wto t 2 [Jnx) Gh (wo t)]
+23 (nx) in 3(wh )]+
t

By puing n the expemon df o an 2 bn

an 2 T,Jn(nx) os(n Ba 4 nBo)

bn 21o Jn (nx) s,» (n n Bo)

he n" 0sder ewal fun" t he s / kind
whLre Jn(n) is
(ntutz)
, + 2 2 To Jn(nx)L cos(n 0of nég) os
n(n Bo+n) si» (hwb)J
00

p l o +2 2To Jn(nx) tes (nlot hg -nwta)

Substtubre