"seme3

CHE 362 (Mass Transfer)

N: o
Mass Transfer Theories P a t of C o r s e Conte
You must have treated steady state molecular diffusion in fluids under
stagnant
and laminar flow conditions, Fick's first at steady state and second law Ute
unsteady state. Mass transfer coefficients
Mass transfer occurs in gas/liquid phase
Choice of driving force (concu partial pressure, mole fraction)
Diffusion of "A" through non-diffusing "B"/equimolar counter diffusion
of "A" and "B°", Stefan's law,.

Hope to treat Diffusivity in solids and its applications

Theories ofMass Transfer
In many important application of mass transfer, material is transferred across a
phase boundary. This happen in distillation where a vapour and liquid are
brought into contact in the fractionating column and the more volatile material
istransferred from the liquid to the vapour while the less volatile constituent is
transferred in the opposite direction, similar situation takes
place in gas
absorption, liquid-liquid extraction and so on. Many theories are available to
explain the behavViour of mass transfer coefficient. Such theories include film
theory, penetration theory, surface renewal theory, film-penetration theory and
So on.

Two-Film Resistance TheorY NA K0

Consider the mass transfer of a solute A from the bulk of a
gas phase to the bulk
of a liquid phase (convective mass transfer).
According to Lews and Whitman
(1924) who postulated this theory, there is no res istance to solute transfer across
the interface separating the phases. Only diffusional resistances are residing in
the fluids. The concentration distribution is linear.
Tine film theory actually
stated that the coefficient of mass transfer in this case is_proportional to the
diffusion coefficient and inversely proportional to the film. Figure 1.0 and 1.1
shows the schematic diagram of concentration' profile with stagnant film.
CA
Concentration profile in stagnant
-A film
Actual concentration profile

CA CAb

fud
New SHo 13
MTCa OC SG4 Cunpli
tNGR0RASEK
t9 reane-fuuw C82t0pt3
CAt Ab

Nal Nalz +Az

4Z

Figure 1.0

Interface
ACi
X
Gas
Liquid

YA

Distance
Concept of two resistance
Figure 1.

The expression of mass transfer coéfficient is developed theoretically by

visualizing the mechanism. This is done by film theory which is based on the
following assumptions.

(a) Mass transfer occurs by molecular diffusion through a fluid layer at phase
boundary (solid wall) Beyond this film, concentration is homogeneous
andis CAb
Mass transfer through the film occurs at steady state
(b)
(c) Flux is Low and Mass transfer occurs at Low concentration.

Hence,
1.0
NA - DABdCa
dZ
 for liquid phase
NAdz-DAB dC
1.I

mass-oqnsfer Brana
For Gas Phase

NA- DAB dPA

RT dz 1.2

Na dz DARdPA
RT

NADAR PA - P)
LRT 1.3

From 1.0
A steady state mass balance is done
Rate of input of over an
elementary volume of thickness AZ
Rate of output of
solute at Z= Nalz.
solute at Z
Rate of accumulation O
+ AZ Nalz +Az
=

(rate of input rate of output)

= =
-

Therefore, at steady state, Nalz Nalz + -

AZ =
O
Lim Nalz Nale t
-

AZ = O

AZ

dNA
dZ 1.4

dDAB
dZ
dC
dz
= O
1.5

-DABd Ca =
O
1.6
dz2

O
1.7

Integrating equation (1.6) for the following boundary conditions, we have

 At Ca= CaL,
when Z= O
CA CAb, when Z=ð
We now have

CA Cat -

(Gat c 1.8

ACcording to Flm theory, concentration profile in stagnant film is linear. Molar

flux through film. N is

Na-DABdC
dZ z-o

Na DAB (Cat-Cab) 1.9

Where is film thickness. Equation (1.9) can be rewritten as

Na-DAB (Cat-Cab) 2.0

Where
KL-DAB- h N (CAL - CA
CAL Molar concentration at the interface
Cab Molar concentration outside the film.

Film theory. is useful in the analysis of mass transfer with chemical reaction. For
turbulent flowthe mass transfer coefficient has much smaller dependency
compared to laminar flow.

In turbulent flow, the mass transfer coetficient is proportional to DaB where n

may be zero to 0.9, depending upon the operating conditions. Although the film
theory offers some explanation of the mechanism of mass transfer in fluid
media, it does not explain the estimation thickness of the film. Due to this
disadvantage, application of the model is restricted to mass transfer in a
diffusion cell.

Penetration Theory
Most of the industrial processes of mass transfer is unsteady state process. In
such cases, the contacttime between phases is too short to achieve a stationary
state. This non stationary phenomenon is not generally taken into account by the

4
 film model. In the
wall column the absorption of gases from
bubbles or
transfer
mass
absorption by wetted-
diffusion of the material takes surfaceSeeis formed instantaneously
liquid element are sliding down place. and
figure 1.1 the transient
figure demonstrate the
Liquid element -le
rees penetbion he 85md
a r e slidino down

spr oert'one n
sth
Rising gas
ubblos
unttenoysbe

Basic assumption of the penetration theory includes

1.
Unsteady state mass transfer occurs to
Contact1 with the bubbles or other a
liquid element so long it is in
2.
Equilibrium exists at gas-liquid phase.
interface.
Each of liquid elements
time stays on contact with the
gas for some period of
Under these
circumstances, the convective terms in the diffusion
neglectedand the unsteady state mass transfer of gas
can be
element can be written as (penetration) to the liquid
de = DAB d2C
2.1
dt d2
The boundary conditions are
= 0, z>o: c=CAB and t> 0, z=o
c Cal
CAb Concentration of solute
=
at infinite distance from the surface and Cat is the
concentration of solute at the surface. The solution of the partial differential
equation for the above boundary conditions is given by the following equation

CAtC erf 2.2

CAL CAB DAB
Where

erf (r) is the error function defined by

erf (x)2 exp (-Z) dz 2.3

A
5
 II the
process of mass transfer is a unidirectional diffusion and the surtace
concentration is very low (CaB~ 0), the mass flux of component A, Na in (kgm
s) can be estimated as multiply by
2dt

iDAB xt-/2
h+I tc na e ehs t

DA /17lo

DABle

PAB DAB
Tt
whoi COmes under the sq, root bt-becomes squared fte)

NaP DA =f() .
Z/z=0 2.4
Substituting.equation (2.2) into equation (2.4), the rate of mass transfer at time t
is given by
NA()DA (Cat-Cab) 2.5

Then the mass transfer coefficient is given by

K ( DA TEt
2.6
 The average mass transfer coefficient during a time interval te is then obtained
by integrating equation (2.6)

KL1
tc
K() dt Da
TTt

So from the above equation, the mass transfer coefficient is proportional to thc
square root of the diffusivity. This theory is sometimes called Higbie
penetration theory as it was first proposed by R. Higbie in 1935.

Surface Renewal Theory

(Regular surface renewal/Random surface renewal).
For the mass transfer in liquid phase,
Danckwert (1951) modified the Higbies
penetration theory. He stated that a portion of the mass transfer is replaced with
a new surface by the motion of eddies near the surface
and_proposed the
following assumptions:'

1) The liquid elements are interface are being randomly swapped by fresh
elements from bulk.
2) At any moment, each of the liquid elements at the surface has the same
probability of being substituted by fresh element.
3) Unsteady state mass transfer takes place to an element during its stay at
the interface.

Hence, average molar flux, NA,av

NA.av (Ca- Cab)N Sx DaB 2.8

Recall
2.9
NA K (XA1-Xa2) =Ku (Cai-CA2)
for liquid phase for equimolar counter diffusion of A & B or diffusion of a
through non-diffusing B.

Comparing equation (2.8) with (2.9) we get

KLav S x DAB

Where KL = NA pf (2.9) as in (2.8)

(CAI-CAz) Su ne dn Te)
renewed in unit time, i.e the rate of surface
S is the fraction of the surface
renewal
(S"). Darert moltrd Hglate pPra

1
 ime ol
Danckwerts pointed that the Higbie theory with its constanl
out
De a
exposure of the eddies of fluid at the surface is a special case of what may
more realistie picture, where the eddies are exposed for varying lengths of time.
ne liquid gas interface is then a mosaic of surface element of different
exposure - time histories, and since the rate of solute penetration depends upon
exposure time, the average rate for a unit surface area must be determined by
ott
summing up the individual values. It is observed that the shorter the time
exposure the greater is the rate of mass transfer. It is important to note therefore
that the mass transfer rate falls off progressively during the period of exposure,
theoretically from infinity at t= o to zero at t= oo

The Film-Penetration Theory

A theory which incorporates some of the principles of both the two Jim theory
and the penetration theory was proposed by T. o or and Marchello in 1958. The
whole of the resistance to transfer is regarded as lying within a laminar film at
the interface, as in the two-film theory but the mass transfer is regarded as an
unsteady state process. It is assumed that fresh surface is formed at intervals
from fluid which is brought from the bulk of the fluid to the interface by the
action of the eddy currents. Mass transfer taken place as in the penetration
theory, while.the resistance. is configured to the finite film. Materials which
traverses the film is immediately completely mixed with the bulk of the fluid.
For short times of exposure, when none of the diffusing material has reached the
far side of the layer, the process is identical to that postulated in the penetration
theory. For prolonged period of exposure when a steady concentration gradient
has developed, conditions are similar to those considered in the two film theory.

The mass transfer process is goyerned by equation (2:1), but the third boundary
condition is replaced thus Ca = CAo for Z Z» where Z» is finite. The mass
ransfer coefficient is given as

KwDAB XS Coth Sz 2.10

DAB
Boundary layer Theory
.

Boundary layer theory takes into account the hydrodynamics/flow field that
Characterizes a system and gives a realistic picture of the way mass transfer is a t
A of concentration boundary layer is show in
a phase boundary. Schematic
Iigure 2.1. ...

8
 U
Cab

U U

Ca Ca 0.99 (Ca- CAB)

om (x)

XXXXXXXXXXXX
Flat plate

Figure 1.2: Schematic of

concentration boundary layer
When S=
which solute
8(x)+ u =
Ux and when 8
concentration drops by 99% ofôm(x)
=
» u =
0.99Ux distance over
(Ca Cab)
-

Shx=xKL = 0.332 (Re) 0.5 (Sc) 0.3

DAB 2.11
Where x is the distance
local mass transfer of a point from the
coefficient. leading edge of the plate;
Ki, is the
Shav =L.KL 0.664(Re) 0 (Sc) 0.3
=

DAB
Where L is the
length of the plate
Example: The
following correlation for the heat-transfer
staggered tube bank
arrangement was proposed Nu 0.453Re coefficient in a
where 10 < Re =
0.568
pPr036
(=PU,d/u) <10 and 0.7<Pr<500
Estimate the mass transfer coefficient
analogy if to be expected for by using the mass
and heat transfer
evaporation ol n propyl alcohol
dioxide for the same
when the carbon dioxidegeometrical arrangement of tube diameter (d)into carbon
flows at a maximum of 38mm
and 1 atm. velocity (Ug)
Properties of dilute mixtures of propyl alcohol in of 10m/s at 300Ok
300k and 1 atm are carbon
molecular weight (M) 44gm/mole, density
viscosity (4). =1.49x10
= dioxide at
(p) 1.8kg/m =

universal gas constant (R) kg/m.S, diffusivity (DAB)=7.6 x 10m/S

8.314 v/mole.k.
=
and
Sherwood number is defined based on
diameter of the tube as
KoGRTd/DAB
Solution
 Re 1.8 x 10x 0.038/1.49 x 103 =
45906.04
Sc (1.49 x 10*)/(1.8 x 7.6 x 105) =
1.08

Analogy to heat transfer

Sh 0.453 Re563 Sc 0.36 207.68

So, KcRTd/DAB= 207.68

Therefore KG= (207.68 x DAB)/ (RTd)

1.665 x 1005 mole/m2.S.P.
Correlation for Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient
Various correlations that are used to estimate the convective mass transfer
coeftficients for various cases. The various correlations are generally formed in
terms of different dimensionless groups associated with the mass transfer. The
definition of mostly useful dimensionless groups associated with the mass
transfer are given in table 1

Name of Definition of group Significance of group

dimensionless
Reynolds number (Re) PUL Ratio of inertia force of Viscous
force
Schmidt number (Sc) ratio of molecular diffusivity of
PDAB momentum to molecular
diffusivity of mass transfer
Sherwood number| kPGMR Ratio of total mass transfer ratc
(Sh)
oSb8 o36
PDAB to mass transfer by molecular
h-0453Re SC diffusion
KoPBM
PDAB

Kt,K,PGMRTI
DAB PDAB

Grashof number (Gru)gl'PAP ratio of product of buoyaney

forces and inertia forces to
square ofviscousforce
Peclet,number (Peb) Re. Sc, UI ratio of inertia forces to mass
DAB transfer by molecular diffusion

Stanton number (Stp) Sh/(Re. Sc). Ratio of total mass transfer rate
Sh/Pep toinertia forces
Re-udL
m t (SO= Ehg Manurkn
Ons Mt
0
 Mass Transfer Coefficients for a
In Single Sphere in Case of Natural
presence of natural convection the
studied by steimberger and
mass transfer from Convection.
single sphere were
transfer coefficient as follows. Treybat (1960). They recommended the mass
Sh Shnc 0.347 (Re. Sc05)0.62
2.1
In the range of 1 Re < 3 x 10 and
Shnc 2.0 +0.569 (GrpSc)/4 0.6 sc 3200
In the range of 2.13
GrD Sc < and 10* Shne 2.0 + 0.0254 ( GrpSc)sc0.244
range of GrpSc>108 in the

Mass Transfer Coefficients for a Single

Different investigators have Sphere in case of Forced Convection
from a performed the experiment on the mass
transport
single sphere and developed correlation
based on mass transfer in the
environment of forced convection
along with
by molecular diffusion in the general form of
the consideration of mass transfer

Sh Sho + mRen Scl3

2.14
Where m and n are
natural convection is
correlating constant. For low Reynold number, the effects of
to a value of 2.0. The
negligible which results. Sherwood number theoretically
generalized correction therefore becomes
Sh-2.0 + mRe"Scl3
2.15
At Reynolds number ranging from 2 to 12000 and Schmidt number
ranging
from 0.6 to 2.7, Thodos et al developed the mass transfer coefficient for
sphere and represented as follows
a single
S h 2 . 0 +0.552 Re l7 ScB
2.16

Correlation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for flat plates

There are several investigations in literature
regarding the evaporation from a
free liquid surface or the suhlimation rom a flat solid surface
into air stream
under both laminar and turbulent conditions,_Wilty al
et (1984) developed
correlation for the average mass transfer coefficient
during evaporation from a
flat solid surface of xteristics length of L under laminar and
turbulent conditions
as follows:
At laminar condition and Re 3
< x 10
Sh 0.664 Re Sc/3
2.17
At turbulent condition and Re2 3x 10
Sh -0.036 Re Sc, defined based on the
Sherwood number are
ne Reynolds number and the Schmidt number for
this case is
Cnaractoristjes length |. the range of
0.6 S<2500
Correlation.ef Mass Transfer Coeficientsfor Single Cylinder
sublimation from a solid cylinder into
Bedingtiold and Drow (1950) studied the correlation for the mass
Air whlch isflowing normal to its axis. The developed a
be represented as
ransfor coofjjpient from their experimental data which can

0.281 Re0Se 2.17

Im
In this ca4g she Reynolds number is defined based on the diameter of the
cylinder. n is the molar mass velocity cf the gas and P is the total pressure
The eorrelaion is applicable in the range of 400 Re<25000 and 0.6<Sc<2.6.

Correlation of Mass Transfer Coefficienisin Cirtular Pipes

In a wetted wall towers such as showri in tigut: 1:3 see fig. the mass transfer
from the thin liquid film in the tute wall from the moving fluid has been studied
extensively. In tower a volatile pure liy ud fNows down inside the surface of he
tube wall where a gas.is aBlowed to pass thrgh the central core. Here the
evaporation of the liquid into the moving gas stream through the gas liquid
surface is referred as gas. Gilliland and Sherwood (1984) developed the
correlation from the experimentaldata sbtaimed by using different liquid and air
as gas in the range of 2.0 x 10 <Re< 50 x i0 and 0:6
<Sc<2.5
Sh-0.023Re 83 Sc044 2.18

bulk conditions of
Whero the physical properties of the gas.áre evaluated at theare based on tower
Reynolds numbx'
the moying gas. Sherwood number and studied the mass (ransfer by extending
djametor. Linton anc Sherwood (1960) with the extended data set
the Sehmidt number. They devloped a correlation
which can presented as
ard the data di Gulliland and Sherwood
Sh 0023 Re083Sc 2.19
Iruerige of 0:4x 10<Re7 x 10 and 0.6<Sc,3.0X 10* R3xA3
3x

Pipe wall

0 D36R
Liquid film 'wetted wall
section

Gas Downward liquid flow

Fig 1.2 Wetted wall tower

 Correlation of Mass Transfer
Based on advantages of Coefficients in Packed
transfer for increase surface area and Fluidized beds.
given volume compared to an
a
available for mass and
beds commonly used in industrial mass
are empty vessel, packed and heat
fluidized beds, the area of mass transfer fluidized
specific interfacial area which is transfer is operations. For packed and
bed. It can be defined as
generally
the area expressed in terms of
expressed as per unit volume of
packed
a 6(1-)
2.20

Where e is the
provisity or void
fraction and dp is the
investigations have been carried out
in packed beds and for estimating the particle diameter. Various
developed correlations for mean mass transfer coefficients
their transfer coefficient from
experimental results. For both gas and
spherical particle, Gupta and Thodos (1962)
liquid packed and fluidized bed of
be expressed as: developed a correlation which can

Stp.Sc8= 0.010 +0.863/e

Re50.483
2.21
The correlation is valid only in the
(1975) developed the correlation for range inof 1 <Re <2100. Sherwood et all
gasses the range of 10 < Re< 2500.
Stp 1.17 Re 0.415 S-2/3
Where Re 2.22
=

dpGy

Gy is the mass
velocity of gas based on total cross sectional area of the
and dp is diameter of a tower
sphere with the same surface area per unit volume as
particle. Stanton number (StD) for mass transfer is defined as the
Sh/(Re.Sc)
Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction
Operation in which one or more components of a gas phase are
iquid phase are common throughout thee chemical absorbed into a
process industries and
frequently serve to achieve desire reaction among component in
Such operations are often called reactive mass the two phases.
transfer or
because of the combination of reaction and absorptive mass reactive absorption
is the
absorptionof carbon IV oxide in an alkaline solution.transport. Example
Reaction of the
absorbed solute and a the liquid accomplishes two things favourable to the
absorption rate: (1) destruction of the absorbed solute as it forms a
reduces the equilibrium partial compound
pressure of the solute, consequently increasing
the concentration difference between the bulk
gas and the interface, and the
 coefficient is
mass
transfer
is increased (2) the liquid phase rateS.
aosorption rate increased absorption
contributes to
in magnitude which also ot rxn. a
increased
the direction of diffusion as a result
transfer ratethen decreases in of a component
A through
Mass unidirectional molecular
diffusion
Considering the effects of bulk
flow, a material
then neglecting the
distance dy over area A,

balance for an irreversible reaction of ordern

gives: rate of change of
=
+ oy)
mole OUT/unit time (at y
Moles IN/unit time (at y)- element volume
moles/unit volume x

concentration x element volume + reacted

#(kCa) (oy. A)
DOq by A=aCs (8y A) .

- DOCA -DOCA + ot

Or:

OCA = D3-Ca -
n
kCa 2.23
oy2
For a steady state process equation dCA = O

Hence (2.23) becomes

n
Dd'Ca KCA =o 2.24
dy2

Absorption Accompanied by Irreversible First Order Reaction

The bulk concentration becomes zero when the absorption process IS
accompanied by a fast irreversible first order reaction. Then as per film theory
the following balance can'be writen from (2.24).

DA0 CA k1Ca
oy °=dC= k CA
dy
2.25
C
Sincen =1 d'o
CA
The reaction rate term
rkiCa for an irreversible reaction, kj is the rate constant.
Thesolution ofequalion (2.25) 1S
CA B y+B2eyny CABI2
Equation 2.25 can be solved by incorporating boundary conditions.

CA Cai at y= 0

14
 CAO at y oo

B'and B2 in equation
By (2.26) can be evaluated
substituting the boundary
B=0, B'; Cai, hence conditions in (2.26), using
=
the
we have
boundary condition.
that
CA =CAi e
CA Ct
dCa -dK Cai e
2.27
y
dy D
dA
and
CAI
(NA)= -DdCa kD
CAI KD)y
dy 2.28
At the
interface y= O and
NAVKD CA
2.29
Also the
is
absorption rate can be estimated from the concentration profile which

RA-DdC
dy y=o .30

By introducing the solution of equation (2.25), we

have
RAM KLCAi
tanh M 2.31
Where

M KIDA
K2 2.32

Equation (2.32) is the ratio of

diffusion time Da/k
When to reaction time ('/ki).
M>>1, then tank M =
1, hence (2.31) becomes
RA K1C M -
Cal KDA 2.33

15
 indicates that the absorption
Equation 2.29 is similar to (2.33), equation (2.33)
coefficient and therefore the
rate is independent of the mass transfer
hydrodynamic condition prevailing at the interface.
From equation (2.33) we can estimate the interfacial area (Si) in gas -liquid
reactor as

S OAoU 2.34
RA

Where ao is the initial molar flow and U is the overall gas phase conversion.
Therefore the specific interfacial area (the interfacial area per unit volume
ofi
liquid (VL) in the reactor) can be expressed as

a NAoU
2.35
VLCA (KiDA)
As per Danckwert's surface renewal theory, the
as
absorption rate can be derived
anhentr
RA KLCAST+ M. CN (KDA + Ki?)
=
2.36

The. ratio of specific absorption rate (Ra) to the KiCai is called enhancement
factor of absorption from the diffusion regime.
Equation (2.36) also form the
basis for the calculation of absorption rate referred to as the liquid volume (V1)
RA a=aCA(KDA +KT) 2.37

nth order reactionn

Using the same boundary condition as in 1st order reaction, we have from the
steady state equation (2.24) and rearranging to give
dCA-kA -0
d' kC 2.38
dy2 D
put. dCA 9
Ddca kC
dy
then
det
dCA dq. dcCa=qdCA d a

d2 kC 0
dCA D
dy d
denCA
 and

qdq-k CA = O

dCA D 2.39

Multiplying through (2.39) by dCA and

integrating, we have
Z
n+1 D

When y o ,
Ca =O and dCa q=0
dy
B 0
And

dC2K C
dy n+1 D
since dCA Is
negative, the negative value of the square root will be taken to
dy give:
dCA2K 40

N Dy kD C 2.41

(2.42) is identical to (2.29) for a first order reaction when

equation (2.40), we have, n =

I integrating
CA dCA=
or
adon
2 B
When y= 0, CA= Cai
and
B'2 CAi
1-n and
1:D
2

7
 ddb cdon Qoh_kCt
C -(n- -R dh d 2.43
2(n+M
Second order reaction (n=2)
For a Dd CA- kC
second order reaction equation (2.43) becomes
dy
CA -Ch 2.44

And d
fe Fial nol esebn
Na 2 KDCA from (2.42)
Ch Be
From (2.42) ct C
NA2 KD CA from (2.42)
V3
Example:
In
batch catalytic reactor, chlorination wihtoluene is carried out. It is
a
found
from the reaction that the film_mass transfer coefficient
(KL) is 5 x 10 cm/s, the
specific interfacial area is 3.6cm. The liquid hold up (EL) of the reactor was
0.74. The reaction is first order and the
equilibrium constant (K1) of the reaction
is 3.5 x 10 S. The overall gas phase conversion is 80%. The initial molar
concentration of the gas phase was 1.2 x 10' mol/cm*. Find out the enhancement
factor of the absorption and the rate of absorption for this reaction. The
diffusivity of the chlorine is 3.74x 10 cm/s

Solution .
The parameter M from equation (2.32) is given as

M=KiDl2 M

=
3.5 x 10x 3.74 x 103
(5x 104)
k
=0.05239
Therefore the enhancement factor can be found from (2.36) as
R(KLCA) 1 + M = 1.025
The chlorine concentration as a function of physical solubility can be calculated
from the relation.

C Kia 0.839
C Ki a Kia
Therefore the absorption rate (RAC) can be calculated from
Ra a aCal (K;De»tK1) cquation (2.37) as

3.6 x
(C/0.839 [3.5 x 10 x 3.74 x 10 x 10]
2.64 x 10 ml/cm'.s
Solved examples
1.In a gas absorption process, the solute gas A diffuses into a solvet liquid
with which it reacts. The mass transfer is one of
molecular diffusion and the concentration of A is
steady state unidire:tional
always sufficiently smali for
bulk flow to be negligible. Under these conditions the
reaction is first order with
respect to the solute A. at a depth I below the liquid surface, the concentration of
A has fallen to one-half
of the value at the surface What is the ratio,of-the mess
transfer rate at this depth I to the rate at the surface? Calculate
the numerical
value of the ratio when k/D 0.693, where D is the molecular diffusivity and
k the first order rate constant.

M
Solution
The process is described by:

CA B'e + B'2e -KDs CA-Be

If Cai is the surface concentration (y =

C0): -(
At y = L, CA = Ca/2 and
J
CA Be + Bi2e -DyL
CAbi +8a
y -
Solving for B and B2: BCAL-1e
(1-9e(6) -J(
B'-Ca(1 2e ** ) («tkp|l -

eFtK))I Se - CA

B Cai(1 - 2 tkrbyt ) (o|tkt}I, eTktI) - o(daldih

-o(dAld12-v
ny d(a]dy)j=l
 2
o 3 t =o $33
(NA)y1-D(dCa/dy)y =Ndy)y-1
(NA)yo -D(dCn/dy),-o Wdy)y-o Ro=bPd
dCa TK (B etk#Y -B

dy D
(NA)y- Bt. 2etRABH NA-n+1 k0C
(NA)y B B

= (1 -2 e t ) e +(1 -2atkb}l e)-(kÐH

(1-2e )+(1 -2e-tk)!)

=e *)+e t-4)
21-eTE

When: 0.693,ek/DI =2 Wsm:l =0 673,.

e RD
O:5
an
VRDL 2
+ h -4 =0.5
e
2
y-o2(1-2- 3
absorbed in a liquid with which it
2. In a steady state process, a gas is
mass transfer process is governed by
undergoes an irreversible reaction. The
Fick's law, and the liquid is sufficiently deep for it to be regarded as effectively
concentration of' reactant at
depth. On increasing the temperature, the
infinite in
is
value. The
the liquidsurface Cai falls to 0.8 times its original factor of 1.35.diffusivity
It is found
increases by a
unchanged, but the reaction constant
that the mass trans fer rate at the liquid surface
falls to 0.83 times its original
reaction?
value. What is the order of the chemical

Solution unit time) is given by cquation

The mass transfer rate (moles/unit area and
conditions at the higher temperature by
(2.43), where denoting the original
subscript 2 gives

NA2 KDCN from (2.43)

Vn+1
-n+1

NI 4 DCA
MAa-o 83N Aí
nti ka02.(o CA1)
ha |3Sk
o3NA Sk:b(vrn
20