Modeling with 1" order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Now, we move into one of the main applications of differential equations. Mathematical modeling is the process of creating a mathematical representation of some phenomenon in order to gain a better understanding of that phenomenon, It is a process that attempts to ‘match observation with symbolic statement. During the process of building a mathematical model, the modeler will decide what factors are relevant to the problem and ‘what factors can be de-emphasized, Once a model has been developed and used to answer questions, it should be critically examined and often modified to obtain ¢ more accurate reflection of the observed reality of that phenomenon. Although problems may require very different methods of solution, the following steps outline a general approach to the mathematical modeling process: 1. Identify the problem, define the terms in your problem, and draw diagrams where appropriate. 2. Begin with a simple model, stating the assumptions that you make as you focus on particular aspects of the phenomenon. 3, Identify important variables and constants and determine how they relate to each other. 4. Develop the equation(s) that express the relationships between the variables and constants. 5. Verifying and refining a model (test model). Mixing Model In these problems we will start with a substance that is dissolved in a liquid. Water will be entering and leaving a holding tank forthe liquid. The water entering the tank may or may not contain more of the substance dissolved in it. Water leaving the tank will of course contain the substance dissolved in it, Let x(t) be the amount of the substance dissolved in the liquid in the tank at any time ¢. What's the relationship we can find out to solve for x(t)? For this type of question, we have Rate of change of x(¢) = Input rate-Output rate. Since Rate of change of x(t) 40, thus we have differential equation, a0. Input rate-Output rate where, Input rate-flow rate of liquid entering x concentration of substance in liquid entering Output rate=flow rate of liquid exiting x concentration of substance in liquid exiting ‘Notice: concentration at time (amount of substance at time #)/(volume of liquid at time f).Example 1: A brine solution of slt flows ata constant rate of 6 Limin into lange tne that initially held 50 L of brine sofution in wihich was dissolved 0.5 kg of salt. The solution inside the tank is kept well stirred and flows out of the tank at the rate of 3 [Limin, Ifthe concentration of salt in the brine entering the tank is 0.05 kg/L, determine the mass of salt in the tank after t min, Also determine the concentration of salt in the tank at time f, Lav je) bee, anne 4 sale in the tank ok ime -£ (ninutes) sae bxXoos — ge Fot+3t tk Silve we Boer hiea ODE, We we 244 Example 2: Suppose that a recent college graduate wishes to borrow $20,000 in order to ‘purchase a new car. A lender is willing to provide the loan with an annual interest rate of 8%. The borrower wislies to pay off the loan in four years, What monthly payment is requited to do tis? Lex yee) be +e balance on the lean ob tire Lye) ke ue worthy payment. . : Yk) = aa") = ak yee) = av,s0 Solving, tha above ODE linear , seqoale) yey PPK + ef (35,000 — [bok) “Sy yaqyeo Sok perm 639,000 - IsoK) =O Selvig. eve have eaf86.8FPopulation Model ‘These problems are similar to mixing problems. Let P() be the population in a given region a time t Rate of change of P() = Rate at which P(®) enters the region- Rate at which P(.) exits the region ‘Thus, we have the following differential equation, £0 Rate at which P(t enters the region- Rate at which P(t) exits the region ‘There are several special cases of this model. Logistic model: ‘Example 3: For the following population model (in billions) {é 14a PO) =7 Describe the behavior of P(t) as ¢ +420 (Use Matlab) Solving ie, we hate ; 7 A) = ? Imo — (oo.Malthusian model (0) (or Exponential growth model) dP cae 2 feo = pet PO=h Example 4: In 1790 the population of the United States was 3.93 million, and in 1890 it ‘was 62.98 million. Using the Malthusian model (exponential model), estimate the U.S, population as a function of time ¢. di ket ket LPS R eC BIZE and P lice) = 2S ~', 68:98 = 3.920 (189¢ 1790) : tra Coke IE 09277. (oo Oi Playa 3930Example 5 (Exponential decay model, <0): Assume that the rate of a radioactive substance decay is proportional tothe amount ofthe substance present, IF initally there are 10D g of a radioactive substance and after 3 days there are only 10 g remaining, what percentage of the original amount remains after 4 days, Le yet) be the amount venaindag at tig % days) yea Kyte), Ye) =reo Yo) = (vo ekt \9G)= lo Clos loo 6“ ¥ [yo-) eeke A = -o. 70s Se) = oenntit 0-767 SK 0, y¥@) UU eeate ie bulb Mae 1046 Abt wb He origivel anouot Yemairs afer u days