Rician fading

Rician fading or Ricean fading is a stochastic model for radio propagation anomaly caused by partial
cancellation of a radio signal by itself — the signal arrives at the receiver by several different paths (hence
exhibiting multipath interference), and at least one of the paths is changing (lengthening or shortening).
Rician fading occurs when one of the paths, typically a line of sight signal or some strong reflection signals,
is much stronger than the others. In Rician fading, the amplitude gain is characterized by a Rician
distribution.

Rayleigh fading is sometimes considered a special case of Rician fading for when there is no line of sight
signal. In such a case, the Rician distribution, which describes the amplitude gain in Rician fading, reduces
to a Rayleigh distribution. Rician fading itself is a special case of two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP)
fading.

Channel characterization
A Rician fading channel can be described by
two parameters.[1] The first one, , is the
ratio between the power in the direct path and
the power in the other, scattered, paths:[2]

The second one, , is the total power from

both paths, and acts as a scaling factor to the
distribution:

The received signal amplitude (not the Bit error ratio performance of the PSK and QAM
received signal power) is then Rice transmission over Rician flat fading channel ( = 0.6, =
distributed with the following parameters:[3] 1).

The resulting Probability density function is:

where is the 0th order modified Bessel function of the first kind.

See also
Fading
Multipath propagation
Diversity schemes
Rayleigh fading
Rice distribution
Stochastics
Statistics
Stephen O. Rice
Two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading

References
1. Abdi, A. and Tepedelenlioglu, C. and Kaveh, M. and Giannakis, G., "On the estimation of the
K parameter for the Rice fading distribution (https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4234.913150)", IEEE
Communications Letters, March 2001, p. 92 -94
2. "Statistical properties of a sine wave plus random noise" SO Rice - Bell Syst. Tech. J, 1948
3. Richards, M.A., Rice Distribution for RCS (http://users.ece.gatech.edu/mrichard/Rice%20po
wer%20pdf.pdf), Georgia Institute of Technology (Sep 2006)

Lindsey, W. "Error probabilities for Rician fading multichannel reception of binary and N-ary
signals (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1053703)", IEEE Transactions
on Information Theory, Volume 10, Number 4, October 1964, Pages 339–350.
Rician Fading (http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr03/ricepdf/rice.htm)
explained on wirelesscommunication.nl (http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl).

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