Radio resource management

Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level management of co-channel interference, radio
resources, and other radio transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems, for example
cellular networks, wireless local area networks, wireless sensor systems, and radio broadcasting
networks.[1][2] RRM involves strategies and algorithms for controlling parameters such as transmit power,
user allocation, beamforming, data rates, handover criteria, modulation scheme, error coding scheme, etc.
The objective is to utilize the limited radio-frequency spectrum resources and radio network infrastructure
as efficiently as possible.

RRM concerns multi-user and multi-cell network capacity issues, rather than the point-to-point channel
capacity. Traditional telecommunications research and education often dwell on channel coding and source
coding with a single user in mind, but when several users and adjacent base stations share the same
frequency channel it may not be possible to achieve the maximum channel capacity. Efficient dynamic
RRM schemes may increase the system spectral efficiency by an order of magnitude, which often is
considerably more than what is possible by introducing advanced channel coding and source coding
schemes. RRM is especially important in systems limited by co-channel interference rather than by noise,
for example cellular systems and broadcast networks homogeneously covering large areas, and wireless
networks consisting of many adjacent access points that may reuse the same channel frequencies.

The cost for deploying a wireless network is normally dominated by base station sites (real estate costs,
planning, maintenance, distribution network, energy, etc.) and sometimes also by frequency license fees.
So, the objective of radio resource management is typically to maximize the system spectral efficiency in
bit/s/Hz/area unit or Erlang/MHz/site, under some kind of user fairness constraint, for example, that the
grade of service should be above a certain level. The latter involves covering a certain area and avoiding
outage due to co-channel interference, noise, attenuation caused by path losses, fading caused by
shadowing and multipath, Doppler shift and other forms of distortion. The grade of service is also affected
by blocking due to admission control, scheduling starvation or inability to guarantee quality of service that
is requested by the users.

While classical radio resource managements primarily considered the allocation of time and frequency
resources (with fixed spatial reuse patterns), recent multi-user MIMO techniques enables adaptive resource
management also in the spatial domain.[3] In cellular networks, this means that the fractional frequency
reuse in the GSM standard has been replaced by a universal frequency reuse in LTE standard.

Static radio resource management

Static RRM involves manual as well as computer-aided fixed cell planning or radio network planning.
Examples:

Frequency allocation band plans decided by standardization bodies, by national frequency

authorities and in frequency resource auctions.
Deployment of base station sites (or broadcasting transmitter site)
Antenna heights
Channel frequency plans
Sector antenna directions
Selection of modulation and channel coding parameters
 Base station antenna space diversity, for example
Receiver micro diversity using antenna combining
Transmitter macro diversity such as OFDM single frequency networks (SFN)

Static RRM schemes are used in many traditional wireless systems, for example 1G and 2G cellular
systems, in today's wireless local area networks and in non-cellular systems, for example broadcasting
systems. Examples of static RRM schemes are:

Circuit mode communication using FDMA and TDMA.

Fixed channel allocation (FCA)
Static handover criteria

Dynamic radio resource management

Dynamic RRM schemes adaptively adjust the radio network parameters to the traffic load, user positions,
user mobility, quality of service requirements, base station density, etc. Dynamic RRM schemes are
considered in the design of wireless systems, in view to minimize expensive manual cell planning and
achieve "tighter" frequency reuse patterns, resulting in improved system spectral efficiency.

Some schemes are centralized, where several base stations and access points are controlled by a Radio
Network Controller (RNC). Others are distributed, either autonomous algorithms in mobile stations, base
stations or wireless access points, or coordinated by exchanging information among these stations.[1]

Examples of dynamic RRM schemes are:

Power control algorithms

Precoding algorithms
Link adaptation algorithms
Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) or Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) algorithms,
allowing "cell breathing"
Traffic adaptive handover criteria, allowing "cell breathing"
Re-use partitioning
Adaptive filtering
Single Antenna Interference Cancellation (SAIC)
Dynamic diversity schemes, for example
Soft handover
Dynamic single-frequency networks (DSFN)
Phased array antenna with
beamforming
Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO)
Space-time coding
Admission control
Dynamic bandwidth allocation using resource reservation multiple access schemes or
statistical multiplexing, for example Spread spectrum and/or packet radio
Channel-dependent scheduling, for instance
Max-min fair scheduling using for example fair queuing
 Proportionally fair scheduling using for example weighted fair queuing
Maximum throughput scheduling (gives low grade of service due to starvation)
Dynamic packet assignment (DPA)
Packet and Resource Plan Scheduling (PARPS) schemes
Mobile ad hoc networks using multihop communication
Cognitive radio
Green communication
QoS-aware RRM
Femtocells

Inter-cell radio resource management

Future networks like the LTE standard (defined by 3GPP) are designed for a frequency reuse of one. In
such networks, neighboring cells use the same frequency spectrum. Such standards exploit Space Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) and can thus be highly efficient in terms of spectrum, but required close
coordination between cells to avoid excessive inter-cell interference. Like in most cellular system
deployments, the overall system spectral efficiency is not range limited or noise limited, but interference
limited.[1] Inter-cell radio resource management coordinates resource allocation between different cell sites
by using multi-user MIMO techniques. There are various means of inter-cell interference coordination
(ICIC) already defined in the standard.[4] Dynamic single-frequency networks, coordinated scheduling,
multi-site MIMO or joint multi-cell precoding are other examples for inter-cell radio resource
management.[3][5]

See also
CDMA spectral efficiency
Cellular traffic
Electromagnetic interference control
IEEE 802.11h - Transmit power control and dynamic frequency selection (DFS) for wireless
local area networks
IEEE 802.11k - RRM for wireless local area networks
Mobility management
Mobility model
Multiple access methods
Radio frequency propagation model

References
1. Miao, Guowang; Zander, Jens; Sung, Ki Won; Slimane, Ben (2016). Fundamentals of Mobile
Data Networks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107143210.
2. Tripathi, N. D.; Reed, J. H.; Vanlandingham, H. F. (2001). Radio Resource Management in
Cellular Systems (https://books.google.com/books?id=xex6Z-DquTwC&q=radio+resource+
management). Springer. ISBN 079237374X.
3. Björnson, E.; Jorswieck, E. (2013). "Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell
Systems" (http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:608533/FULLTEXT01). Foundations
and Trends in Communications and Information Theory. 9 (2–3): 113–381.
doi:10.1561/0100000069 (https://doi.org/10.1561%2F0100000069).
 4. Pauli, V.; Naranjo, J. D.; Seidel, E. (December 2010). "Heterogeneous LTE Networks and
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination" (http://www.nomor.de/home/technology/white-papers/lte
-hetnet-and-icic). White Paper, Nomor Research.
5. Gesbert, D.; Hanly, S.; Huang, H.; Shamai, S.; Simeone, O.; Yu, W. (December 2010). "Multi-
cell MIMO cooperative networks: A new look at interference". IEEE Journal on Selected
Areas in Communications. 28 (9): 1380–1408. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2010.101202 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1109%2FJSAC.2010.101202). S2CID 706371 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusI
D:706371).

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