CALCULUS

(1) If y = f(x), x is called the independent variable and ‘y’ the dependent variable.
(2) Some important limits:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii) Where 2 < e < 3, e = 2.71 approximately

(viii)

(ix)

(x)

(3) L’Hospital’s rule :If f(x) and (x) are such that is indeterminate i.e.takes

the form or , then =

Derivatives of a function or differential coefficients of functions:

If y = f(x), the derivative of y w.r.t ‘x’ is defined as

Derivatives of some standard functions:

y y

Sec x Sec x tanx

Cot x -cosec2x
 Sin ax a cos ax

Tan ax a sec2ax

ex ex
ax
loge f(x)

loga f(x)

Sin x Cos x Sin f(x) Cos f(x). f’(x)

Cos x - sin x Cos f(x) - sin f(x) f’(x)
Tan x Sec2x Tan f(x) Sec2f(x) f’(x)
Cosec f(x) -cosec f(x)
cot f(x).f’(x)
Cosec x - cosec x cot x Sec f(x) Sec f(x) tan f(x) f’(x)
Cot f(x) -cosec2f(x).f’(x)

Problems on Limits:

Evaluate the following Limits:

1. , using L’Hospital’s rule

2. , using L’Hospital’s rule

3.

, using L’Hospital’s rule.

4. , find the value of ‘a’

, since the given value of the limit = 2

Since the original limit = 2; -b/2 = 2; b = -4
Since a + b = 0; a = 4

5.

Since n ;

6. [use the result ]

7. , since

8. [Indeterminate form]

= [using L’Hospital’s rule]

9.

10. [Indeterminate form].

using L’Hospital’s Rule

11. , using the formula

12.

13. where x = sin 

=1

14. is continuous, find f(0)

[Indeterminate form]
 , Since cos 0 = 1 (Using L’Hospital’s rule)

15. [Indeterminate form]

16.

17.

Since cosec

18. [Indeterminate form]

19.

20.

21.

PROBLEMS ON RATE MEASURES

1. The side of an equilateral triangle is 2 cm. and increasing at the rate of 8 cm/hr.
Find the rate of increase of the area of the triangle?
A = side = 2 cm

cm/hr.

Area of Equilateral triangle =  =

cm2/hr

2. The area of a circular plate increases at the rate of 37.5 cm 2/min. Find the rate of
change in the area when the radius of the plate is 5 cm.
Area, A = r2
 [Given cm2/min, r = 5 cm]

37.5 =

cm/min

3. If the rate of change of volume of a spherical ball is equal to the rate of change in
its radius, then find the radius of the spherical ball.

Given

4r2 = 1

4. An error of 0.02 cm is made while measuring the side of a cube. Find the
percentage error in measuring the surface area of the cube, when the side is 10 cm.
Let ‘a’ be a side of the cube
Surface area, S = 4a2
Given a = 10cm
S = 4 100 = 400 cm2
Consider S = 4a2
Taking log on both sides, we get
log S = log 4 + 2 log a
Taking differentials

= percentage error in 5 = 0.004  100 = 0.4%

5. If there is an error of in measuring the radius of a spherical ball, then find

the percentage error in the calculated volume.

Taking differentials,
6. Find the slope of the tangent at (1, 6) to the curve 2x2 + 3y2 = 5
2x2 + 3y2 = 5

Differentiating w.r.t x,

Slope = at (1, 6) =