Figure 36.

1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 1)

3) Transpiration
creates a force
that pulls water
upward in
xylem

Transport in plants 2) Water and

minerals
transported
upward form
roots to
shoots in
xylem

1) Roots
absorb water
and dissolved
minerals from
soil

Figure 36.1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 2) Figure 36.1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 3)

4. Gas exchange 5. Sugar is produced

occurs through the in the leaves
stomata

6. Sugar is
transported
to other
parts of
plant in
phloem

Figure 36.1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 4)

There are three levels of transport in
plants:
► the individual cell level (membrane
transport)

uptake and export of materials in root cells
► short distance - cell to cell

sugar loading from mesophyll to phloem
► long distance transport – tissue to tissue or
organ to organ
7. Respiration
in the roots
xylem and phloem
leads to gas
exchange

1
 Uniport Uniport

Water movement in plants is driven

COTRANSPORT by three processes
► Diffusion
► Osmosis
► Bulk Flow

Water potential (Ψ) Water potential

► term used to characterize the energy state ► In plants water potential has two parts
of water
Ψ S = osmotic potential
► free energy of water (that which is available
Ψ p = hydrostatic potential (pressure potential)
to do work~ potential energy of water).

►Ψ= Ψs + Ψp
► differences in water potential drive water
transport in plants
► water potential is measure in MPa

2
 Water potential
► Water moves from regions where the water ► water moves whenever there is a difference in
potential is relatively positive to areas where water potential within the mass of water.
it is relatively negative.
► The addition of solutes will lower the water ► ifwater potentials of two regions are equal, the
regions are in equilibrium and there will be no net
potential (water will form a shell around a movement of water.
solute and will move less freely than if only
in water).
► water potentials must always be considered in
► There are three assumptions of these pairs or groups because the movement of water is
statements: due to the relative differences between areas.

Figure 36.3 Water potential and water movement: a mechanical model

model

Location Ψ s + Ψ p = Ψ
Water potential is
higher on the left The application of A -253 -100 - 353
side and lower on pressure increases
the left side. the water potential (inside
on the right side so
0 MPa vs. -.023MPa that now the two cell)
sides are equal
B 0 -100 -100
(outside
When the cell)
When the application of
application of pressure is negative
pressure is more
than the osmotic
relative to the right
side, water will Q: Which way will the water move?
potential, water will move to the left
move in the
opposite direction A: from B to A (to inside the cell)
(to the left)

Figure 36.4 Water relations of plant cells

Turgor Pressure
Water relations of plant cells –
cellular Ψ > environmental Ψ
► fully supplied with water, plant cells exhibit
a positive hydrostatic pressure Cell plasmolyzes
► caused by the flow of water into the plant
cell and its pushing back onto the cell wall
Water relations of plant cells –
cellular Ψ < environmental Ψ

−0.7 MPa vs O MPa

3
 Figure 36.5 A watered tomato plant regains its turgor
There are three levels of transport in
plants:
► theindividual cell level (membrane
transport)

uptake and export of materials in root cells
► short distance - cell to cell

sugar loading from mesophyll to phloem
► long
distance transport – tissue to tissue or
organ to organ

xylem and phloem

Figure 36.6 Compartments of plant cells and tissues and routes for lateral transport Figure 36.7 Lateral transport of minerals and water in roots

Figure 36.8 Mycorrhizae, symbiotic associations of fungi and roots

roots
There are three levels of transport in
plants:
► the individual cell level (membrane
transport)

uptake and export of materials in root cells
► short distance - cell to cell

sugar loading from mesophyll to phloem
► long distance transport – tissue to tissue or
organ to organ

xylem and phloem

4
 TRANSPIRATION
► isdriving force for movement of water in
the plant S – soil
► Defined as the loss of water vapor from
leaves, which must be replaced continuously P – plant
► Q. What three forces are working to move A – air
water up the stems?
► A. Partially driven by cohesion, adhesion, C- continuum
surface tension
(hydrogen bonding OH MY ☺!)

The SPAC Guttation

► drivingforce in the SPAC is the continuously
decreasing value of Ψ.
► No one point in space is isolated, movement
always depends on what is behind it and
ahead of it.
► Atmosphere has a very low Ψ

Figure 36.10 The generation of transpirational pull in a leaf Figure 36.11 Ascent of water in a tree

5
 Figure 36.13a The mechanism of stomatal opening and closing

► DAWN: Ψ guard cell ≠ Ψ adjacent cell

DAY
Ψ guard cell ≠ Ψ adjacent cell
Ψ is lower than adjacent cell
So water moves into the cell

Ψ in guard cell is < than adjacent cell

Guard cells pump in K+, osmotic potential  (Ψs);
water  the guard cell
► DAY Ψ guard cell = Ψ adjacent cell

as Ψs  so does the Ψp until cell is in equilibrium
with adjacent cells (net water movement stops)

cell is turgid, stomata are open
► NIGHT Ψ guard cell ≠ Ψ adjacent cell

K+ is pumped back into adjacent cells
NIGHT
Ψ guard cell = Ψ adjacent cell
Equilibrium is reached and the guard cells are
flaccid and the stoma is closed.

Figure 36.13b The mechanism of stomatal opening and closing Figure 36.12 An open (left) and closed (right) stoma of a spider
spider plant (Chlorophytum
colosum)
colosum) leaf

Which of the following conditions

would increase transpiration? Which
would decrease transpiration?
►A windy day?
►A rainy day?
► Transpiration rates are affected by environmental ►A hot day?
factors

Wind, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, brightness
of light

6
 Figure 36.17 Pressure flow in a sieve tube

Figure 36.16 Loading of sucrose into phloem

Figure 36.18 Tapping phloem sap with the help of an aphid