Physics (PHY 102)Thermodynamics

Mohammad Rashik Zaman

Lecturer in Physics, Basic Science Division
World University of Bangladesh
Objectives

Thermodynamics
Inroduction Of Cp & Cv
Cv
It is the amount of thermal energy that is
exchanged between a system and its surroundings
without any change in the volume of the system
being transferred.
Specifically, if this change in internal energy occurs
while the volume remains constant, then it is known
as the specific heat at constant volume (Cv).
Cv=dU/dt
Where, dU= change in internal energy.
dt.= change in temperature
Cp
It is the energy transmitted between a system and
its environment when the system is subjected to
continuous pressure.
As the temperature of the system changes, the
enthalpy of the system will change as well. As a result,
the following can be presented.
Cp=dH/dt
where, Cp= specific heat at constant pressure,
dH= change in enthalpy ,
dt= change in temperature.
Relation between Cp & Cv
Consider an ideal gas. Let dq be the amount of heat given to the
system to raise the temperature of an ideal gas by dT, and change
in internal energy be du. Then, According to the first law of
thermodynamics

The above relation between Cp & Cv is true only for an ideal gas
Second law of Thermodynamics

o The second law of thermodynamics states that heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold
object; heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.
o Carnot engine, heat engine are some examples of second law of thermodynamics.

The second law of thermodynamics states that any spontaneously occurring process will
always lead to an escalation in the entropy (S) of the universe.
Second law of Thermodynamics
✓ Entropy!!
▪ It is central to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that in an isolated system any activity
increases the entropy.

o Definition: It is a thermodynamic function of the state of the system or property. It can be interpreted as the
amount of order or disorder of the system.
Entropy

o Example: o Solution:

A heat engine removes 100 J each

cycle from a heat reservoir at 400 K
and exhausts 85 J of thermal energy to
a reservoir at 300 K. Compute the
change in entropy for each reservoir.

Therefore, the increase in entropy of the cold reservoir is

greater than the decrease for the hot reservoir.
Entropy-Mathematical problem
Entropy-Mathematical problem
1.

Solution:
Third law of thermodynamics
o The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at a temperature of zero Kelvin (absolute
zero) is equal to zero.
Importance of thermodynamics
❖ What is the application of thermodynamics in Automobile engineering?

o Thermodynamics is a branch of science that explains energy and its transformation based on the physical state of the
matter. The analysis of thermal activities is derived by means of energy conservation equations, which are based on the
conservation of mass or the conservation of energy.
o Thermodynamic principles mainly depend either on the law of conservation of energy or the law of conservation of mass.
Law of conservation of mass and energy equations and calculations are thoroughly reviewed in our FE exam review
courses.
o The emphasis in mechanical engineering physics explores the theory and analysis of forces, stress, and strain within
engineering structural elements, in addition to basic circuit elements and conditions of equilibrium.

o Automobile engineers employ thermodynamics in refrigerators, automation, Fluid Mechanics, Renewable Energy or
Energy Engineering.
Conclusions

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