A MANUAL ON

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

FOR MANGO FARMING

Prepared by:
Elmer Solomon
Rowel B. Torrejos

Published by:
Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Inc.
October 2006
Disclaimer
While every effort has been exerted to make this Manual accurate, new methods continue to
evolve. Please check with the DCCCII for the latest version. Please note that no warranties are
made as to the contents and the results arising from the usage of this Manual. The DCCCII
accepts no liability for the consequences of the use of this Manual.

Copyright
This Manual and its accompanying Comic Book Teaching Guide was prepared & published to assist
the Davao City Farmer in particular and the Filipino Farmer in general. It is intended to uplift
Farming Practices nationwide as part of a larger program to make Philippine Farm Produce globally
acceptable by conforming to international farm standards. Provided due acknowledgement of the
persons who prepared this Manual and the Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Inc.,
as the Publishers, is made, this Manual and its accompanying Comic Book Teaching Guide, or any
portion thereof may be reproduced by the user. Please cite the date published and the source of
the copy so as to inform the reader as to its timeliness and for purposes of attribution."

The Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Inc.

Attention: DCCCII SME Center BDO
2nd Floor, DCCCI Building, JP Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City, 8000
Email: dcccii@mozcom.com Website: www.davaochamber.org
Telephone: (082) 221-7515 and (082) 300-2198 Fax: (082) 226-4433

Copyright 2006 (Pending). Davao City Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Message from Donor

The private sector plays a valuable role in the success

of development efforts. Part of this role involves
strengthening skills that spur productivity and lead to
improved firm-level competitive advantage. Increases
in productivity act as an incentive for greater private
investments and essentially underpin the growth of
industries. The presence of robust industries that can
compete in the global market will eventually promote
broader economic growth which is a prerequisite for
achieving a more equitable income distribution. It is
then with great pride that I convey my heartfelt
congratulations to the Davao City Chamber of
Commerce and Industry, Inc. (DCCCII) and its affiliated Industry
Associations for the excellent work in putting together this outstanding
publication of manuals on Good Agricultural Practices!

This pioneering effort towards self-sustainability is a key to opening new

doors and opportunities in the international market. The GAP manual
provides farmer-friendly and down-to-earth visual and narrative guides
empowering the Filipino farmers to be at par with the rest of the world in terms
of providing quality fresh produce.

Fostering strategic relationships with partner stakeholders is a key focus of

AusAID initiatives. We commend your efforts and strengthen our
commitment of support not just for funding, but in information and knowledge
sharing as well. Let us continue to collaborate and work together towards our
common goals of reducing poverty.

Mabuhay!

TONY HELY
Ambassador
Message from the Project Proponent

Davao City Chamber of

Commerce and Industry, Inc.
(A Foundation)

I salute the participants of the Short Term Training on Good

Agricultural Practices or GAP for successfully completing the course
and for delivering an outstanding output that can be used as a
comprehensive guide to further develop our country's agriculture. We
are also honored that the Department of Agriculture through the
Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Products Standards has accepted
our offer for them to use these GAP Manuals as their industry reference
materials for specific agricultural sectors. The DCCCII has always
believed that a pre-requisite to industrialization and sustained
development is a strong agricultural foundation particularly in
Mindanao which is considered the breadbasket of the country.

Globalization has required many businesses not only to produce

world-class products but to be efficient in their operations. We hope
that these manuals will provide our farmers and fishermen the
opportunity to compete in the global market by incorporating Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
that will boost their competitiveness in a global economy.

I also extend my heartfelt appreciation to the Australian Agency for International Development or
AusAID through the Philippines-Australia Human Resource Development Facility or PAHRDF
for their valuable assistance in enabling the DCCCII to leave an imprint in nation building.

Lastly, my commendation to the Department of Agriculture for their unwavering support and
continuing belief in recognizing the private sector's major role in promoting voluntary self
regulation, food safety and quality and environmental responsibility.

We should take advantage of the many economic reforms now currently being undertaken by
fellow developing countries particularly in the BIMP-EAGA region and Southeast Asia. Through
our efforts such as the GAP Manuals, the DCCCII will continue to promote and contribute in
ensuring that Philippine-made agricultural products can compete in the international market.

Mabuhay tayong lahat!

ATTY. BIENVENIDO D. CARIAGA

President
Message from the Bureau of Agriculture
and Fisheries Product Standards

The initiative of the Davao City Chamber of

Commerce and Industry (DCCCII) in
spearheading a wholistic approach on Good
Agricultural Practices, consistent with the farm
to fork food chain framework, is worth
emulating by other stakeholders. This manual,
an output of industry leaders during the
“Training on Good Agricultural Practices
(GAP) for Selected Industry Associations”,
designed and implemented by Strategic
Development Cooperation Asia (SDCAsia) as
its Training Service Provider, made possible by
the logistical support provided by the Philippines – Australia Human
Resource Development Facility (PAHRDF), serves as industry
guidance to ensure that all links in the food supply chain are
adequately addressed and reinforced.

Good Agricultural Practices consistently applied in a farm production

system would provide greater confidence in consumers’
expectations both domestic and overseas, that the final products
meet the safety and quality standards. In addition, environmental
and social concerns are also given focal importance in this manual to
further sustain farm operations.

Unlike other Good Agricultural Practices, this manual further

elaborates on quality assurance system in order that product
specifications by discriminating buyers can easily be complied.

Our congratulations for all those who, despite the time constraints,
made this manual a reality.

DIRECTOR GILBERTO F. LAYESE

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES PRODUCT STANDARDS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Message from the Program Director

Davao City Chamber of

Commerce and Industry, Inc.
M (A Foundation)

“Few are given the opportunity to make a difference

in the lives of so many.”

This humbling realization is the spur that made me push for the
Partnership of the Davao City Chamber of Commerce (DCCCII) with the
Philippines-Australia Human Resources Development Facility
(PAHRDF). I firmly believe that at the end of the day, it is people that
determine success. Therefore, the development of our City's Human
Resources is key to our ability to succeed in the new Global Market.

With the Trainings funded by our Australian neighbors, through the

PAHRDF, and with the able training contractor's technical assistance-
SDC Asia, we are able to access world class know- how that will enable
our Agricultural Sector in Davao City to produce Farm Products in the
quantity and quality acceptable globally.

Why the Agricultural Sector? Simply because it is the largest contributor to our local economy. In
addition, no one will dispute that the soil and climate and the diversity of our terrain is most suited
to Agriculture. In fact, that is why companies like Dole and Del Monte are here.

It is also inarguable, that the largest part of our population rely on rural agriculture. Thus, the
Training on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), which yielded this Farm Manuals and their
attendant Comic Book Training Aids for Farm Workers as the critical first step towards the
accelerated development of our Agricultural Sector. These GAP Manuals on Banana, Durian,
Mango, Horticulture, Poultry and Swine Farming as well as Training Modules developed by the
Participants themselves, will be made available to the Public by the Davao Chamber.

But we don't intend to stop here. Our goal is to roll out these Farming Technologies to a corpse of
Chamber-affiliated farmers in key growing areas. From there, we envision other nearby farms to
adopt GAP as well. Eventually we hope to attain a critical mass that will allow us to serve
discerning markets outside of our city, in an organized cooperative way. By so doing, we hope to
uplift small rural farmers so that they are eventually brought into the mainstream, themselves.

Of course, as Farm Incomes increase, the ripple effect on other sectors of the economy will
impact tremendously on the alleviation of poverty across most, if not all levels of Davao society.

For Davaoenyos and Filipinos like you and me, the challenge however, remains. We have the
soil, we have the climate, and now we have the Technology…

Humbling though, the challenges before us, I know we can do it. Together.

SIMEON P. MARFORI, II
DCCCII-PAHRDF Program Chair &
Member of the Board of Trustees
 A
MANUAL
on
Good Agricultural Practices
for Mango Farming

Prepared by:
Elmer Solomon
Rowel B. Torrejos

Published by:
Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Inc.
October 2006
 Table of Contents

Foreword i

Introduction 1
1. Site History, Selection, and Management 2
1.1 Site History and Selection 2
1.2 Site Management 3
2. Animal and Pest Control 4
3. Planting Materials 5
4. Fertilizers and Ameliorates 6
5. Water 8
6. Chemicals 10
7. Quality Farm Management System for Mango 12
7.1 Site Selection 12
7.2 Procurement of Planting Materials 12
7.3 Site Preparation and Spacing 12
7.4 Cultural Management of Immature Trees 13
7.5 Production Management of Bearing Trees 15
7.6 Harvesting 24
7.7 Traceability 26
7.8 Preparing For the Next Production Cycle 26
7.9 Training of Workers 26

8. Harvesting and Handling of Fruits 30

9. Worker's Health, Safety, and Welfare 31
10. Environmental Management 32
11. Review and Updating of Practices 33
 i

FOREWORD

Mango, a fast emerging export fruit commodity now ranks third to banana and
pineapple as a dollar earner of the Philippines. It is highly competitive with
other mangoes in the export market as it has gained wide acceptance in many
importing countries. One of the concerns of the importing countries, however,
like Japan and China, is the quality and safety of our mango to the consumer.
In addition, countries like Europe are requiring that exported fruits are
produced under sustainable environmental conditions including care for the
health and welfare of the farm workers. To address such concern, this manual
on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) was prepared. The manual discusses
farm structures, production systems, and techniques, wherein the fruits are
produced as safe food and with superior quality. It also integrates many good
provisions of other GAP manuals like Freshcare of Australia, ASEAN GAP,
and EUREPGRAP, to remove export barriers related to the non-compliance of
GAP among importing countries.

This manual hopefully will contribute significantly in guiding the mango

industry produce superior and export quality products. Eventually, it is hoped
that this manual will contribute in increasing the share of the Philippine
mangoes in the world trade thereby providing high income to our farmers,
generating rural employment and helping bring about prosperity in the rural
Philippines.

Elmer Solomon
Rowel B. Torrejos
Co-Authors
 1

INTRODUCTION

Improvement of the good quality of mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) is the key to the
realization of the goal of the Philippine Government, through the Department of
Agriculture, to make the Philippines the number one exporter of mango by the year
2020. This improvement includes the production of mango for the export market that
is of superior quality and safe to consumers.

Indeed, the Philippine carabao mango is the best mango in the world. Added to this,
Mindanao offers a favorable climate for the off-season production of mango which
compliments the on-season production in Luzon and Visayas. This gives the
Philippines the potential to supply the world market the whole year round. However,
both positive attributes are not enough for the Philippines to dominate the mango
export market if the fruits are not of world-class quality and safe to the consumers.
Evidence to this is the suspension of our export to Japan last year due to high residue
of chlorpyrifos. This year our export to Japan is again suspended due to high residue
of Cypermethrin which is above the minimum residue level (MRL) prescribed by
Japan. Other importing countries like South Korea, Europe and China are becoming
stricter with MRL’s and other safety measures which the Philippine mango farmers
and traders have to comply.

The suspension of our export to Japan last year and this year indicates that many of
our mango growers have inadequate knowledge on safety and quality requirements
in the production of mango for the export market. There is therefore, the need to
equipt farmers and other stakeholders of the mango industry with adequate
knowledge and skills on good agricultural practices (GAP) to insure the production of
quality and safe fruits thereby removing the current and expected barriers in our
export of mango due to non-compliance of the GAP.

This GAP manual is an answer to that need. The manual discusses, in sufficient
details, what the mango growers should follow in upgrading their practices to
produce fruits which met world-class standard. In following this manual, the mango
farmers will collectively produce export quality mango fruits which could be
competitive in the export market for higher price, higher profit and income thereby
help in promoting a prosperous Philippine countryside with reduce poverty and
higher rate of employment. By knowing and following this manual, the mango
growers are uplifted to become elite members of internationally recognized list of
farmers producing safe and quality fruits who cares for the environment and for the
welfare of farm workers.
 2

1. Site Selection, History and Management

1.1. Site Selection and History

1.1.1 Evaluation of the prior land use and current use of
neighboring farms for possible, chemical, biological
or physical hazard. Where a significant risk of a
chemical, biological or physical hazard is present,
remedial measures are taken and a record of
remedial actions and results recorded.

1.1.2 Assess if the area is free from flooding, high winds,

pest problem, accessibility, drainage, erosion, and
peace and order.

1.1.3 The site conforms the provisions of Strategic

Agricultural and Fisheries Zoning Ordinance of the
municipality where the site is located.

1.1.4 A farm topography map is available showing the

topography of the farm, the location of crop
production sites, buffer zones, water resources,
irrigation lines, drainage canals and drainage
outlets, roads, building, storage facilities, and other
structures.

Farm Grower

Sprayer cleaning
area Chemical store Creek
Pack shed
House
Toilets Machinery shed
B1
3.6ha

B2
A1 3.7ha
4ha

B3
3.8ha
A2
4ha

A3 C1 C2 C3
4ha 2ha 1.9ha 1.8ha
 3

1.2. Site Management

1.2.1 Farm boundaries are enclosed and demarcated by a

fence.

1.2.2 Entrance and exit to the farm must have gates

1.2.3 Name of the farm must be displayed in the entrance

1.2.4 Adequate areas for waste collection measures and

storage for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes
should be provided. Non-biodegradable waste should be
stored separately from biodegradable waste materials.
 4

2. Animal and Pest Control

2.1 Domestic and farm animals are excluded from the

production site and from the packing house shed. D o g s
on kennels or leash, maybe allowed for security reasons.

2.2 When pest control measures such as baits, traps and

vermin control are employed. These are properly
recorded as to the location, date of application, and
maintained by one person.

2.3 Insecticides are used according to the information

indicated in the label or accompanying document.

2.4 Plants serving as secondary hosts of insect pests are

not planted within and around the farm to reduce pest
population built up and minimize pesticides usage.
 5

3. Planting Materials

The cultivar grown is chosen because of its disease resistance and high
yielding properties.

3.1 The cultivars chosen produce fruits which are preferred in

the foreign market.

3.2 Cultivars chosen are diseased resistant and compatible

to the sites so as to minimize chemical usage, fertilizer
runoff, and for maximize yield.

3.3 A record is kept of the source of planting materials

detailing the date of purchase, cultivar, quantity, methods
of propagation, name of supplier, place purchased and
remarks.
 6

4. Fertilizers and Ameliorates

4.1 Fertilizers and soil additives are assessed for risk of

chemical or biological contamination of the produce. If
any significant hazards are identified, remedial measures
are undertaken and the results recorded.

4.2 Fertilizers are sourced from licensed suppliers.

Records of fertilizers and soil additives purchased are
kept, with details containing: date of purchased, name
of product, name of supplier, quantity, price and remarks.

4.3 Planting of leguminous intercrop is encouraged; burning

of weeds and falling mango leaves are discouraged.
Instead, they are composted for organic fertilizer

4.4 Records of fertilizers and soil additives applied are kept

with details containing the date of application, name of
product, rate of application, treated location, name of
applicator, reason for application and remarks.

4.5 Equipment for production, application, calibration and

transportation of fertilizers are well-maintained, cleaned
and calibrated regularly.

4.6 Soil and tissue analysis are made at two years

intervals and the results are made as the basis for correct
fertilizer or soil additives to be applied, thus reducing
nutrient runoff and leaching.

4.7 Composting area of organic materials is far from

production site and have barriers to prevent run off of
contaminants to the production sites.

4.8 Fertilizers and soil additives are to be stored in a

secure, well ventilated and well lighted building with signs
indicating that only authorized people are allowed to
access. It must be away from the production sites and
water sources.
 7

An ideal composting area (Courtesy of Malagos Garden Resort)

4.9 Human sewage and waste are not used for fertilizer.
 8

5. Water

5.1 Water for spraying of pesticides is checked for presence

of other elements or substance that may have adverse
reaction on the chemical used for spraying.

5.2 Irrigation water is regularly checked for possible microbial

or fungal contaminants when using rivers or creeks, as
well as its suitability for irrigation.

The source of water

must be free from
microbial and chemical
contamination. Filtration
devices may be used to
improve water quality.
 9

6. Chemicals

6.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is used to minimize

chemical usage. Chemical rotation is use to prevent
pests and diseases from developing chemical resistance.

6.2 Chemicals are only

purchased from licensed
suppliers. Records of
chemicals purchased are
kept, with details
containing: date of
purchased, name of
product, name of
supplier, quantity, date of
application, price and
remarks.

6.3 Chemicals and biopesticides used on crops are approved

by FPA or a competent body for the target crops, pests
and diseases.

6.4 Records of chemicals applied are kept with details

containing the application dates, pesticide name, rate of
application, method of
application, reason for
application, volume, site
applied, applicators
name and remarks.

6.5 First aid facilities are

located in appropriate
areas and are readily
available for workers
needing treatment.
 10

6.6 Chemicals are stored in a secure, well ventilated and well

lighted building with only authorized people allowed
access, away from the produce. Powdered chemicals
are stored above those in liquid formulations. They are
stored in their original containers with legible labels. If it is
transferred to a different container, a label containing all
information in the original label are to be written.

Pesticides should be kept under lock and key. Warning signs must be
prominently displayed.

6.7 Proper warning signages, accident and emergency

instructions, MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) are
posted in conspicuous areas.

6.8 Equipment used for chemical application is cleaned,

maintained, calibrated and checked regularly by a
technically competent person.
 11

6.9 If MRL is detected in excess in the country's regulation

where the produce is to be exported, export must be
halted, and an assessment is conducted and recorded so
that corrective measures are undertaken.

6.10 Chemical usage is based on the directions on labels. The

volume mixed is enough for the site to be sprayed to
minimize excess solutions. Protective clothing are used,
cleaned and stored separately from the chemical room.

6.11 Chemical application must be managed to minimize

drift or runoff, and affecting untargeted organisms and
the environment.

6.12 Withholding periods and pre-harvesting intervals (PHI)

are observed according to labels.

This warning sign enforces

the required re-entry interval.

6.13 Surplus chemical applications are disposed properly in a

manner that does not cross contaminate the produce.

6.14 Empty containers are not re-used and are stored

securely until properly disposed. Obsolete, banned or
expired chemicals are not applied and are disposed of
properly.
 12

7. Quality Farm Management

System for Mango

7.1 Site Selection

The area suitable for mango production include soil with
sandy loam, relatively rich in organic matter, good
drainage system, pH of 6.0 to 7.0, and with flat to
slightly rolling terrain. The climate should have a
distinct dry and wet seasons (at least 3 months dry
period), temperature between 21-30 o C, and not
frequented by strong wind or typhoon. The elevation
should be from sea level to not more than 600 m above
sea level.

7.2 Procurement of Planting Materials

The planting materials are either raised in the farm or
purchased from reliable nursery. They must be asexually
propagation from scions of approved or recommended
varieties by the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC)
which include Lamao No. 1, MMSU Gold, Sweet Elena,
GES 73, GES 77, GES 84, GES 85, Talaban, Fresco,
Tanaleon, and Guimaras Super. These varieties are
known to produce quality fruits demanded in the export
market which are big, small-seeded, and thick flesh. A
record of the source of the planting materials, the number,
and date it was obtained is kept in the farm. Moreover,
these cultivars have been selected based on their
resistance to pests and diseases.

Large-sized planting materials (LPM) of 4.0 to 6.0 ft tall

are preferred over normal-sized planting materials (NPM)
of 3.0 ft tall or shorter for higher field survival and shorter
juvenile period resulting to earlier return to investment.

7.3 Site Preparation and Spacing

For areas not previously planted to agricultural crops, the

field is cleared by plowing once and harrowing twice.
Plowing is best done at the onset of the rainy season. In
fields with hard pan, deep plowing is done to break the
layer of hard pan.
 13

The design in planting of mango is either square or

quincunx. In highly slopping area, contour planting is
carried out. The recommended spacing is 10 x 10 m, 10 x
12 m and 12 x 12 m or wider.

7.4 Cultural Management of Immature Trees

7.4.1 Crown training

The terminal shoot bud is pinched when the plant reaches

1.5 m to induce the production of secondary branches.
Three to four secondary branches are allowed to develop
at 1.0 to 1.5 m above the ground. Then the terminals of
the secondary branches are pinched to encourage the
emergence of tertiary branches. The tree is top-pruned
and maintained to a height of not more than 6.0 m tall to
facilitate spraying and harvesting. An opening at the
center top of the canopy is provided to allow sunlight to
penetrate inside the crown.

7.4.2 Pruning

Pruning starts within a year of planting and carried out

annually thereafter. It involves removal of weak branches,
crowded and diseased, and those which develop parallel
to the main trunk.

7.4.3 Fertilization

Soil and tissue analysis is carried out and use as basis of

the application of the amount and kind of fertilizer. In the
absence of such analysis, the following rate is used.

7.4.3.1 One year old – 200-300 g of 16-20-0 or urea

yearly applied bimonthly. The amount of
fertilizer is increased to 400g, 600g and 800g
during the second to the fourth year,
respectively. In addition, the plants are
applied with organic fertilizer or decayed
chicken dung at the rate of 5, 10, 20 and 40
kg/tree during the first, second, third, and
fourth year, respectively.
 14

7.4.4 Irrigation

Irrigation is done by manual watering, sprinkler or drip

irrigation to keep the soil at the base of the plant moist at
all times. This promotes rapid growth for bigger canopy
and early maturity. Drainage is done by constructing
canals between the rows of trees particularly in flat to
slightly slopping areas. Drainage canal may not be
needed in slopping fields.

7.4.5 Mulching

This is done to conserve soil moisture, prevent the growth

of weeds and as source of organic matter after
decomposition. Newly cut weeds and other plant parts
are used as mulch.

7.4.6 Intercropping/Covercropping

The areas between the rows of mango trees are planted

to root crops, cereals, legumes, and vegetables as source
of income while waiting for mango trees to mature and
produce fruits. In the absence of intercropping, the areas
are planted with covercrops such as tropical kudzu and
centrocema.

7.4.7 Deblossoming

This involves the removal of flowers that emerged during

the first two years. Limited flowering and fruiting is
allowed starting at the third year. Fruiting of trees is
encouraged at the fourth year and onward.

7.4.8 Weed Control

The weeds between the rows are plowed or cultivated,

and cut using a scythe or 'lagaraw' or spray with
herbicides such as glyphosate or paraquat applied at the
rate and recommendation of the Fertilizer Pesticides
Authority. Clean culture using mechanical weeding or
herbicide spraying is used around the base of the plant.
 15

7.4.9 Insects and Disease Control

A number of insect pests and diseases attack immature

mango plants, especially the young and opening leaves.
These insect pests and diseases and their control are as
follows:

7.4.9.1 Tip borer. Spray insecticide at larval stage;

prune and burn infected parts.

7.4.9.2 C e c i d f l y. S p r a y w i t h a n y o f t h e
recommended insecticides

7.4.9.3 Twig/borer/cutter. Prune and burn damaged

parts. Spray with the recommended
insecticide.

7.4.9.4 Corn silk beetle. Note its presence at

flushing stage and spray with any
recommended insecticides.

7.4.9.5 Scale insects and mealy bugs. Brush with

soap and water, apply recommended
insecticide, and prune infected plant parts.

7.4.9.7 Grubs/termites. Apply with granular insecticide

or spray the base of the plants with Confidor.

7.4.9.8 Anthracnose. Prune infected leaves and

branches, monitor and spray with recommended
fungicide at initial stage.

7.4.9.9 Scab. Spray with copper fungicide.

7.5 Production Management of Bearing Trees

7.5.1 Pruning
Involve the removal of the sprouts, dead and
diseased branches, and twigs after every harvest.
Moreover, branches and leaves which are not
 16

exposed to sunlight are pruned-off. Center pruning

is done to allow sunlight penetration to the crown
and allow air circulation thereby creating an
unfavorable environment for the development of
insect, pests and diseases.

7.5.2 Weed Control

The field is kept clean by plowing, mechanical
weeding, use of herbicide, covercropping or the
combination of the above.

7.5.3 Fertilization
The amount of fertilizer (14-14-14) varies with age
of the trees from 3,5,7,9, to 12 kg/tree of trees aging
from 7,9,11,16, and 20 years and above,
respectively. Animal manure in the form of cicken
dung or cow manure is applied at the rate of 10, 20,
40, 80 and 100 kg/tree of those ageing 7, 9, 11, 16,
and20 years.

7.5.4 Application of Paclobutrazol (PBZ)

PBZ is a growth retardant which increases the
uniform and rapid maturity of the terminals of the
branches of the trees which are easier to induce to
massive and uniform flowering. PBZ is applied as a
collar drench at the rate of 1.0 g ai/linear meter of
the canopy. This is facilitated by constructing a
shallow canal directly at the base of the trunk
wherein the chemical solution is applied. The trees
are irrigated after application to keep the soil
around the plants moist at least for 2 weeks. The
field is sanitize by weeding the surrounding of the
trees. The trees treated with PBZ are generally
ready for flower induction in 45 to 90 days.

7.5.5 Application of Paclobutrazol (PBZ)

PBZ is a growth retardant which increases the
uniform and rapid maturity of the terminals of the
branches of the trees which are easier to induce to
massive and uniform flowering. PBZ is applied as
a collar drench at the rate of 1.0 g ai/linear meter of
the canopy. This is facilitated by constructing a
shallow canal directly at the base of the trunk
 17

wherein the chemical solution is applied. The trees

are irrigated after application to keep the soil
around the plants moist at least for 2 weeks. The
field is sanitize by weeding the surrounding of the
trees. The trees treated with PBZ are generally
ready for flower induction in 45 to 90 days.

7.5.6 Flower Induction

Prior to spraying, the leaves of the trees are
checked for attributes of readiness to flower as
follows: (1) leaves are dark green, coppery and
brittle and buds are prominent and dormant.
Potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate or other nitrate-
base chemical is sprayed thoroughly wetting the
leaves at the rate of 2 to 4% solution of the
formulated products. Dissolve the inducer
completely in the solution by stirring. Fungicide
may be added in the solution to control latent
diseases. Lower concentration is used during dry
months, higher concentration during cold/rainy
months. Higher rate of 3 to 4% may be needed for
young trees of 15 years and below. A follow-up
spray at 3 to 10 days and at the rate of 2-3%
potassium nitrate when poor response is noted and
when rain occur within a day after the first
application. Irrigate the soil around the mango trees
during bud break to enhance the elongation of the
flowers.

7.5.7 Flower Management

Foliar fertilizer is applied at 10 and 18 days after
flower induction (DAFI) followed by another
spraying at 20-24 DAFI. Controlled multiplication of
pollinators (flies and bees) is encouraged by
avoiding spraying of pesticide at 26 to 35 DAFI. A
5% sugar or honey solution is sprayed or rotten fish
is hanged prior to blossoming to attract flies for
pollination. Weekly irrigation or when the soil is dry,
irrigation is provided to minimize fruit drops and
enhance fruit development. The trees are shaken
after a rain or early in the morning after blooming to
remove flowers affected by diseases.
 18

7.5.8 Fruit
Management
Irrigate at weekly
intervals and stop a t
one month before
harvest. Apply foliar
fertilizer at fruit set
(35 to 40 DAFI) and
before bagging(55
DAFI). Bag the fruits
at 55 to 60 DAFI to
eliminate incidence
of capsid bug and
fruit flies. In wrapping, the use of printed papers is
avoided since the print can attach to the fruit,
thereby reducing fruit quality. Take note that
bagging may increase the damage of mealy bugs
and scab. Harvest fruits at right maturity.

7.5.9 Irrigation
Irrigate and keep the soil moist at all times except at
two weeks before flower induction. Provide
drainage to help promote drying of the soil at the
base of the plants to induce the maturity of leaves.

7.5.10 Control of Pests and Diseases

7.5.10.1 Mango hopper (Idioscopus clypealis
Lethiery) Induce few trees early to serve
as trap crops and spray them with insecticide
to destroy initial hopper population. Flower
inducers used could be mixed with
insecticide to reduce initial population.
Light trapping is recommended during
early stages of flower development.
Prune off crowded branches to allow light
penetration and good air circulation. This
practice provides unfavorable condition for
hopper multiplication. Monitor population
of insect from 10 randomly selected
panicles. If an average number of 5 adults is
reached, spray insecticides. The most
susceptible stages of flower development
are from bud elongation to flower opening.
This should be protected from hopper
attack. However, avoid spraying during
full bloom.
 19

A fungus known as Hirsutella regulates the

hopper population in the field. When present,
collect them from the leaves, soak in water
and spray them back to the trees. Some
botanical insecticides have been reported to
control population (neem, tobacco leaves,
tubli and bulb onion).

7.5.10.2 Tip borer (Chlometia transversa Walker)

Adult moths are attracted to young leaves for
egg laying hence, these should be sprayed
with insecticide. Prune infested fruits/flowers
and burn them. Insecticides for the control of
mango leafhopper can destroy tip borers,
provided they have not entered the stalk.

7.5.10.3 Scale insects (Coccus viridis Green,

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Pulvinaria
polygonata Cockerell, Vinsonia stillifera
Westwood, Aonidiella orientalis Newstead,
Hemiberisia palmae Cockerell). Prune
infested parts (branches and twigs) before
induction preferably during summer. These
are thrown into a pit or hole dug on one
corner of the orchard. Allow branches and
twigs to dry. Burn the remaining debris.
Fertilize the trees (high in N) and irrigate to
recover from damage. Pruned trees are
sprayed with insecticide like Dimethoate or
plant oil (Super Kote) at recommended
rates. Brushing with soap and water can be
done. New planting materials brought inside
the orchard should be checked for the
presence of pests. If found positive,
appropriate insecticide is sprayed.

7.5.10.4 Twig cutter/borer

Prune the damage twigs and branches. Burn
the infested branches to kill the boring
larvae. Apply insecticides and/or fungicides
starting from bud break until 15 days if pests
are present.
 20

7.5.10.5Mealy bugs (Ferrisia virgata Cockerell,

Panococcus lilacinus Cockerell)
Both adult and immature mealy bugs infest
the fruit. These small, white oval, soft-
bodied insects with cottony filaments on their
bodies attack leaves, flowers and fruits by
sucking plant sap. Mealybugs are more
destructive during fruiting stage. They
colonize the fruit area near the pedicel and
move to the lower portion of the fruit.
Excessive feeding on the sap may result to
fruit drop. Mealybags also excrete
honeydew which encourages the
development of sooty mold. Spray with
recommended insecticides.

7.5.10.6Corn silk beetle (Monopleta bilasciata

Hornsted)
The adults are small, yellowish which desroy
the young flushes of leaves, flowers and
fruits by chewing bits and pieces of the parts
producing irregular holes. Under severe
infestation, the entire leaves and flowers are
eaten, leaving only the main stalk. Chewed
parts produce open cavities on fruits. Spray
with recommended insecticides.

7.5.10.7Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Biard,

Selenothrips rubrocinctus Biard)
The insect destroys the leaves by feeding on
the sap. Affected parts curl along the mid-rib,
distorting their shape, leading to premature
drop. Under severe infestation, leaf burning
occurs. Lately, the insect was also observed
to cause serious damage on flowers which
results in excessive drying. Spray insecticide
as fine mist to cover upper and lower
surfaces of the leaves. Prune to remove
damaged plant parts.
 21

7.5.10.8Fruit flies (Bactocera philippinensis sp.

and Bactocera occipitalis Bezzi)
Avoid intercrops like guava, papaya, santol,
seneguelas, since these are the alternative
hosts of the insects. Fruit bagging is
recommended between 55 to 60 days after
flower induction. Remove fruits from the tree
showing cracks and bruises. Collect fallen
fruits and properly dispose them by either
burying or burning. Trap crops like Basil can
be planted near the orchard to attract the
males. Spray with contact insecticides to
kill the adults. Methyl eugenol mixed with
malathion at a ratio o of 96:4, placed in fiber
board squares at 4 pieces per hectare can
reduce male population. In the absence of
methyl eugenol, the bark of the Kalingag tree
can be used. Dry the bark, pulverize this and
mix with water and insecticide. Protein
hydrolysate can be used as bait spray and
applied as spot treatment on the tree. The
bait consists of 1 part malathion mixed in 4
liters of water. If insecticides are used, spray
them at 90 to 100 days after flower induction.

7.5.10.9 Cecid flies

Practice clean culture. Prune the infested
parts and bag the fruits at 55 to 60 DAFI.
Infected fruits are collected and disposed
properly.

7.5.10.10 Helopeltis bug

Helopeltis attacking fruits, manifesting scab-
like infection known locally as “Korikong,”
“Armalite” or “Buti.” Helopeltis bug injects
toxin in fruits during feeding resulting in the
scab–like infection, which is an important
pest problem in Luzon and Visayas. The
control is similar to those used in the control
of cecid flies.
 22

7.5.10.11Tent caterpillar (Orthaga melanoperalis

Hampson) The larvae secrete web-
like silky material which fastens the leaves
together. The insect stays inside the web
and chew the leaf blades until the entire
shoot is defoliated. In some instances,
flowers are also destroyed. Tent worm
infestation is severe during the dry months,
covering the canopy with dead
leaves. Spray with appropriate
insecticide like cypermethrin, deltamethrin,
and lambdacyhalothrin.

7.5.10.12Termites (Macrotermes gilvus Hagen)

The insect constructs nest on the ground
(mound) usually located near the trunk of the
tree. The workers make earthen tunnels
which allow them to reach the trunk and
branches. Damage is done by chewing the
bark, exposing the tree to secondary
fungal infection. Under severe infestation,
the parts affected rot and ultimately the
tree dies. Spray with appropriate insecticide
like cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and
lambdacyhalothrin.

7.5.10.13 Eriophyid mite

The mite injures the leaves by forming galls
on the leaves, mostly at the margin. The
pest is common in Cotabato and Davao
areas. Prune affected leaves and burn.
Spray with appropriate insecticide like
cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and
lambdacyhalothrin.

7.5.10.14 Anthracnose (Colletrochum

gloesporioides)
Sources of inocula are present on dead
leaves branches and other debris on the tree
and on the ground. These should be
 23

collected and burned. Pruning of crowded

branches allow light penetration and good air
circulation creating an environment
unfavorable for disease development.

Young leaves are susceptible to infection

and could be a source of inoculum. These
should be sprayed with protectant
insecticide. Developing flower and fruit are
also protected from anthracnose and other
diseases especially during the rainy months.
Bagging of fruits has proven to minimize
anthracnose infection of fruits.

7.5.10.15 Sooty molds (Canodium mangiferae)

Control sucking insects like scale, mealy bug
and hoppers. These insects excrete 'honey
dew' which serves as medium for growth of
sooty mold. Practice adequate pruning and
control of weeds.

7.5.10.16 Diplodia stem-end rot (Lasiodiplodia

theobromae, Dothiorela dominica) attacking
the fruit. The disease is a postharvest
problem. It can be easily distinguished by
external symptoms that normally appear on
the base of the peduncle. The basal portion
turns light brown and finally turns to black.
As the lesion enlarges, affected pulp softens,
become watery, and produces unpleasant
odor. Affected fruits are unfit for human
consumption. Bagging of fruits had shown to
minimize diplodia infection in the field. Hot
water treatment of fruits (52 to 55oC for 10
minutes). Avoid the use of organic materials
(banana leaves, rice straws) in packaging.
 24

7.5.10.17 Phytophthora
Improve the drainage system by
constructing canals between the rows of the
trees. Moreover, adequate pruning are
carried out. The affected trunk and branches
are sprayed with copper-based fungicide.

7.6 Harvesting

Fruits are harvested

upon reaching maturity
which is determined by
the harvest index as
follows: (1) fullness of
check and presence of
bloom or white powdery
substance, (2) change
in color of flesh towards
the tip of the fruit from
whitish to yellowish, (3) flatten shoulder at the stem end,
(4) pulp of the fruit starts to become yellow, (5) total to
partial sinking of the fruit in 1.0% salt solution floatation
indicates maturity, and 110 to 120 days after flower bud
break.

Mango harvester must wash their hands before

harvesting. Similar washing of hands is made when
coming out from the toilet. They must refrain from spitting,
sneezing, smoking, or coughing to compromise the
quality of mango. They must keep their fingernails
clean and short. Wearing of rings and bracelets are not
allowed as these may cause fruit injury. Harvesting of
fruits must not being as early as 9:00 AM to allow the
latex at the pedicels to subside and not later at 3:00 PM
to avoid latex built-up. If possible, leave one centimeter
stem on the mango fruit when harvesting to m i n i m i z e
the emergence of latex which may burn the fruit. Use
tarpoline underneath the trees to catch fruits which
accidentally fall while harvesting.

7.6.1 Postharvest harvest handling

7.6.1.1 Hauling. Fruits are hauled carefully in
appropriate container to the packinghouse
 25

Stackable plastic crates

facilitate bulk transport without
damaging the fruits.

7.6.1.2 Trimming. The stems connected to the

fruits are carefully removed

7.6.1.3 Cleaning and hot water treatment.

The fruits are washed clean with potable
water, soap and chlorine. The fruits are
dipped in 10 minutes in water at 52 to 55oC
followed by hydro cooling with tap water
then air drying. This must be done within
24 hours of harvest.

7.6.1.4 Sorting. Fruits with defects are separated.

This includes those with deformities, insect
damage, wind scar, latex burn, scab, sooty
molds, balat kawayan, and mottling.

7.6.1.5 Grading. The fruits are classified according

to fruits such as extra large, large, medium,
small, super small, and bluco.

7.6.1.6 VHT Treatment. Bagging the fruits for

treatment within 36 hours of harvest.
 26

7.6.1.7 Wrapping. Fruits are wrapped with

appropriate material acceptable to the
importing country.

7.6.1.8 Packaging. Fruits are packaged in sturdy

carton containers with sizes depending on
the demand of the importer.

7.6.1.9 Loading to transport van for export. Those

in distant places are loaded in refrigerated
van.

7.7 Traceability
Each of the containers/cartons that are used to pack the
mango fruits must be labeled. Labeling must be done
using legible characters that are grouped on the same
side of the container, stamped in indelible ink with the
name of produce, variety, class, size and number of
pieces, net weight in kilograms, name of producer and the
words “Product of the Philippines” Mango fruits shall be
classified according to size. Record management to
ensure traceability of the mango fruit, documentation
must be kept as files. The GAP certification is attached to
the cartons.

7.8 Preparing the trees for next production cycle

Soil and leaf analysis is best done a month after harvest
and at intervals of two years. Spray the trees with foliar
fertilizers high in nitrogen for uniform flushing of leaves
after harvest time. Also, apply nitrogen granular fertilizers
on the ground and irrigate to promote flushing of leaves.

7.9 Training of workers

Farm workers and other employees are trained to provide

appropriate knowledge and skills in their areas of
responsibility relevant to good agricultural practices and a
record of training attended for each employee is kept.
The health status of each worker is kept and only workers
in good health are allowed to work so as to prevent
product contamination.
 27

8. Harvesting and Handling of Fruits

8.1 The fruits are harvested at 9 am to 3 pm during days

of good weather. When it rains, harvesting is avoided.

8.2 Animals and pets are excluded from the farm and
packing areas.

8.3 To minimize disease development and loss of quality,

chemical treatment are used on harvested fruits.

8.4 Equipment, containers and materials that come in

contact with the fruits are made of materials that will
not contaminate the fruits.

Plastic crates used for harvesting help maintain product quality.

8.5 Containers used for holding waste, chemicals and

other hazardous materials are clearly labeled and not
used as container for the fruits. Likewise, unsuitable
containers or materials are discarded.

8.6 Transport vehicles and harvesting tools are regularly

maintained, washed, cleaned, and checked for
soundness.
 28

This harvesting equipment has a treated chute that eliminates

unwanted bruising and minimizes latex burns.

8.7 Harvested fruits are not placed in direct contact with

the soil or directly under the sun.

8.8 Structures used in packing, handling and storage of

fruits are constructed and maintained to prevent
contamination and damage of the produce.

8.9 Packaging materials are stored in areas separate

from chemicals, fertilizers, farm equipment, oil
fuel and soil additives.

8.10 Lights at the packing and storage areas of fruits must

have shatter proof covers.

8.11 Tools, equipment, materials and chemicals used in

packing that are located in the same structure are
kept in a secure area to avoid contaminating the
fruits.
 29

8.12 Appropriate cleaning and treatment chemicals are

selected and properly applied to minimize contaminating
the fruits.

8.13 Fruits are transported or stored separately from goods

or produce that are non-compatible or a potential source
of chemical, biological or physical contamination.

8.14 Liner or padding is used in-between fruits when packing

or transporting to prevent lost of quality.

8.15 Fruits are graded, packed and stored according to market

demands, or local and international standards. They are
stored in a covered packing house or storehouse.

8.16 Fruits harvested from various production areas are clearly

identified with names or codes containing date, time,
block number, volume and name of harvester/farmer.

8.17 Packed containers should contain the codes of the

production areas, packing house codes, harvester, time
and date of pack as shown in appendix XI.

8.18 Records of all fruits packed with their corresponding

packing house codes and its destination are kept for
future reference.

8.19 When market complaints are received, packing box or

container codes are used to trace source and cause of
market quality complaints. This is investigated corrective
measures done and are recorded to avoid the same
mistakes in the future.
 30

9. Worker’s Health, Safety and Welfare

9.1 Workers are provided with training and appropriate

knowledge of the job they are handling. They are
also trained in personal hygiene, use of tools and
equipment, chemical handling and safety, and basic
first aid. Records of their trainings indicating the type
of training, the date and trainers are kept.

9.2 Where potential risk of handling and application of

chemicals or equipment is present, appropriate
protective gear should be worn.

Workers must wear protective

clothing when
handling chemicals.

9.3 Toilets and hand washing facilities are provided and

maintained in a hygienic condition.

9.4 Housing and living quarters are suitable for human

habitation at least with basic sanitary facilities.

9.5 Workers are provided with social benefits as prescribed

by law, if feasible.

9.6 The minimum working age is 18 years old.

9.7 Apply for Accreditation of Practitioners on Occupational

Safety And Health as mandated by the Department of
Labor.
 31

10. Environmental Management

10. 1 On hilly areas, soil erosion is controlled with the use of

contour planting of mango trees.

10.2 Pile compost materials along the contour lines to avoid or

minimize soil erosion.

10.3 Separate recyclable and non-recyclable solid waste

materials. Biodegradable waste materials are composted
away from the farm.

10.4 Burning of tires in the farm is discouraged to support the

clean air act.

10.5 Heavy metals (having a specific gravity of greater than 5)

such as cadmium, mercury, lead and chromium shall not
contaminate the soil in the area of production.

10.6 Every three years, the soil must be analyzed for these
heavy metals and measures are taken so they do not
exceed the safety limits set for them.
 32

11. Review and Updating of Practices

11.1 In compliance with GAP, all farm practices are reviewed at

least once a year to ensure that they are done correctly
and actions are taken to correct any deficiencies on food
safety, environmental regulation and workers' welfare. A
record is kept showing the correction made on the
deficiency.

11.2 Record of good agricultural practices is kept for a

minimum period of at least two years or for a longer
period, if required by legislation or trading country. Out of
date documents are discarded and only current versions
of documents relevant to good agricultural practices are
used.
 A
33 P
P
E
N
D
I
X
A

SAMPLE SELF ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST

– GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR CROPS

The self assessment checklist enables the farmer or manager or advisor

to assess the level of compliance with the good agricultural practices
contained in the food safety module of ASEAN GAP. The relevance of the
practices will depend on the location of the farm or packing business,
type of produce, and the systems used for production, harvesting,
handling, packing, storage and transport. After assessing each practice
for compliance, the assessor ticks whether the practice is done correctly
or if attention is needed or if the practice is not relevant. If attention is
needed, the actions required are recorded in the column titled, “Actions
required” and to the extent possible the necessary financial requirements
to implement the needed actions . This checklist may be used as a guide
by the farmer / farm owner together with the GAP manual for the specific
commodity.
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Site History and Management

The risk of contaminating produce with chemical and

biological hazards from the previous use of the site or
from adjoining sites is assessed for each crop grown
and a record is kept of any significant risks identified.

Where a significant risk of chemical or biological

contamination of produce has been identified, either
the site is not used for production of fresh produce or
remedial action is taken to manage the risk.

If remedial action is required to manage the risk, the

actions are monitored to check that contamination of
the produce does not occur and a record is kept of the

The location of any contaminated sites on the

property, which are unsuitable for production of fresh
produce, is recorded.

Animal and Pest Control

Domestic and farm animals are excluded from the

production site, particularly for crops grown in or close
to the ground, and from areas where produce is
harvested, packed and stored.

Measures are taken to prevent the presence of pests in

and around handling, packing and storage areas.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Baits and traps used for pest control are located and
maintained to minimise the risk of contaminating the
produce and packing containers and materials. The
location of baits and traps is recorded.

Planting Material

If planting material is produced on the farm, a record is

kept of any chemical treatment used and the reason

If planting material is obtained from another farm or

nursery, a record is kept of the name of the supplier
and the date of supply.

Varieties known to be toxic for human consumption

are not grown.

Fertilizers and Soil Additives

The risk of chemical and biological contamination of

produce from the use of fertilisers or soil additives is
assessed for each crop grown and a record is kept of
any significant hazards identified.

If a significant hazard from the use of fertilisers or soil

additives is identified, measures are taken to minimise
the risk of contamination of produce.

Fertilisers and soil additives are selected to minimise

the risk of contamination of produce with heavy
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Untreated organic materials are not applied in

situations where there is a significant risk of
contaminating the produce.

Where an organic material is treated on the farm

before application, the method, date and duration of
the treatment are recorded.

If a product containing organic materials is obtained

from off the farm and there is a significant risk of
contaminating the produce, documentation is available
from the supplier to show that the material has been
treated to minimise the risk of contaminating the

Human sewage is not used for production of fresh

Equipment used to apply fertilisers and soil additives is

maintained in working condition and checked for
effective operation at least annually by a technically
competent person.

Areas or facilities for storage, mixing and loading of

fertilisers and soil additives and for composting of
organic materials are located, constructed and
maintained to minimise the risk of contamination of
production sites and water sources.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

A record of fertilisers and soil additives obtained is

kept, detailing the source, product name, and date and
quantity obtained.

The application of fertilisers and soil additives is

recorded, detailing the date, name of the product or
material used, treatment location, application rate,
application method, and operator name.

Water

The risk of chemical and biological contamination of

produce is assessed for water used before harvest for
irrigation, fertigation, and applying chemicals, and after
harvest for handling, washing, produce treatment, and
cleaning and sanitation. A record is kept of any
significant hazards identified.

Where water testing is required to assess the risk of

contamination, tests are conducted at a frequency
appropriate to the conditions impacting on the water
supply, and a record of test results is kept.

Where the risk of chemical and biological

contamination of produce is significant, either a safe
alternative water source is used or the water is treated
and monitored and a record is kept of the treatment
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Untreated sewage water is not used during production

and post-harvest handling of produce. In countries
where the use of treated water is permitted, the water
quality must comply with the relevant regulations.

Chemicals

Employers and workers have been trained to a level

appropriate to their area of responsibility for chemical

If the choice of chemical products is made by advisers,

proof of their technical competence is available.

Integrated pest management systems are used where

possible to minimise the use of inorganic chemicals.

Chemicals and biopesticides used on crops are

approved by a competent authority in the country
where the crop is grown and intended to be traded,
and documentation is available to confirm approval.

Up to date information on chemical MRL standards for

the country where produce is intended to be traded, is
available from a competent authority.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Chemicals are applied according to label directions or a

permit issued by a competent authority to prevent
residue levels exceeding the MRL in the country where
produce is intended to be traded

To check that chemicals are applied correctly, produce

is tested for chemical residues at a frequency required
by customers or a competent authority in the country
where produce is intended to be traded. The laboratory
used is accredited by a competent authority.

The mixing of more than two chemicals is avoided,

unless recommended by a competent authority.

Withholding periods for the interval between chemical

application and harvest are observed.

Equipment used to apply chemicals is maintained in

working condition and checked for effective operation
at least annually by a technically competent person.

Equipment is washed after each use and washing

waste is disposed of in a manner that does not present
a risk of contaminating the produce.

Surplus application mixes are disposed of in a manner

that does not present a risk of contaminating the
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Chemicals are stored in a well lit, sound and secure

structure, with only authorised people allowed access.
The structure is located and constructed to minimise
the risk of contaminating produce and equipped with
emergency facilities in the event of a chemical spill.

Liquid formulations of chemicals are not stored on

shelves above powders.

Chemicals are stored in the original container with a

legible label and according to label directions or
instructions from a competent authority. If a chemical
is transferred to another container, the new container
is clearly marked with the brand name, rate of use and

Empty chemical containers are not re-used and are

kept secure until disposal.

Empty chemical containers are disposed of according

to relevant country regulations and in a manner that
minimises the risk of contaminating produce. Official
collection and disposal systems are used where

Obsolete chemicals that are unusable or no longer

approved are clearly identified and kept secure until

Obsolete chemicals are disposed of through official

collection systems or in legal off-site areas.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

The application of chemicals is recorded for each crop,

detailing the chemical used, reason for application,
treatment location, date, rate and method of
application, withholding period, and operator name.

A record of chemicals obtained is kept, detailing

chemical name, supplier of chemical, date and quantity
obtained, and expiry or manufacture date.

Where applicable, a record of chemicals held in storage

is kept, detailing chemical name, date and quantity
obtained and date when completely used or disposed

If chemical residues in excess of the MRL are detected

in the country where produce is traded, marketing of
the produce is ceased, the cause of the contamination
is investigated, corrective actions are taken to prevent
re-occurrence, and a record is kept of the incident and
actions taken.

Other Chemicals
Fuels, oils, and other non-agrochemicals are handled,
stored and disposed of in a manner that minimises the
risk of contaminating produce.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Equipment, Containers and Materials

Equipment, containers and materials that contact
produce are made of materials that will not

Containers used for storage of waste, chemicals, and

other dangerous substances are clearly identified and
are not used for holding produce.

Equipment and containers are regularly maintained to

minimise contamination of produce.

Equipment, containers and materials are stored in areas

separated from chemicals, fertilizers and soil additives
and measures are taken to minimize contamination

Equipment, containers and materials are checked for

soundness and cleanliness before use and cleaned,
repaired or discarded as required.

Harvested produce is not placed in direct contact with

soil or the floor of handling, packing or storage areas.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Buildings and Structures

Buildings and structures used for growing, packing,
handling and storage are constructed and maintained
to minimise the risk of contaminating produce.

Grease, oil, fuel, and farm machinery are segregated

from handling, packing and storage areas to prevent
contamination of produce.

Sewage, waste disposal and drainage systems are

constructed to minimize the risk of contaminating the
production site and water supply.

Lights above areas where produce and packing

containers and materials are exposed, are either
shatter proof or protected with shatter proof covers. In
the event of a light breaking, exposed produce is
rejected and equipment and packing containers and

Where equipment and tools that may be a source of

physical hazards are located in the same building as
produce handling, packing and storage areas, the
equipment and tools are screened with a physical
barrier or are not operated during packing, handling,
and storage of produce.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Cleaning and Sanitation

Packing, handling and storage areas and equipment,
tools, containers and materials that may be a source of
contaminating the produce are identified, and
instructions are prepared and followed for cleaning and

Appropriate cleaning and sanitation chemicals are

selected to minimise the risk of these chemicals
causing contamination of produce.

Worker Health Safety and Hygiene

Workers have appropriate knowledge or are trained in

personal hygiene practices and a record of training is

Written instructions on personal hygiene practices are

provided to workers or displayed in prominent

Toilets and hand washing facilities are readily available

to workers and are maintained in a hygienic condition.

Sewage is disposed of in a manner that minimises the

risk of direct or indirect contamination of produce.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Produce Treatment
The application, storage, and disposal of chemicals
used after harvest, including pesticides and waxes,
follow the same practices as described in the Chemical

The use of water for treating produce after harvest

follow the same practices as described in the Water

The final water applied to the edible parts of produce is

equivalent in quality to potable water standard.

Storage and Transport

Containers filled with produce are not placed in direct
contact with soil where there is a significant risk of
contaminating produce from soil on the bottom of
containers.

Pallets are checked before use for cleanliness,

chemical spills, foreign objects and pest infestation and
are cleaned, covered with protective material or
rejected if there is a significant risk of contaminating
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

Transport vehicles are checked before use for

cleanliness, chemical spills, foreign objects, and pest
infestation, and cleaned if there is a significant risk of
contaminating produce.

Produce is stored and transported separate from goods

that are a potential source of chemical, biological and
physical contamination.

Traceability and Recall

Each separate production site is identified by a name or

code. The name or code is placed on the site and
recorded on a property map. The site name or code is
recorded on all documents and records that refer to the

Packed containers are clearly marked with an

identification to enable traceability of the produce to
the farm or site where the produce is grown.

A record is kept of the date of supply and destination

for each consignment of produce.

When produce is identified as being contaminated or

potentially contaminated, the produce is isolated and
distribution prevented or if sold, the buyer is
immediately notified.
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Needs Not Actions required
GAP Elements and Areas of Concern Yes
Attention Relevant and Budget/Cost needed

The cause of any contamination is investigated and

corrective actions are taken to prevent re-occurrence
and a record is kept of the incident and actions taken.

Training
Employers and workers have appropriate knowledge or
are trained in their area of responsibility relevant to
good agricultural practice and a record of training is

Documents and Records

Records of good agricultural practices are kept for a
minimum period of at least two years or for a longer
period if required by government legislation or

Out of date documents are discarded and only current

versions are used.

Review of Practices
All practices are reviewed at least once each year to
ensure that they are done correctly and actions are
taken to correct any deficiencies identified. A record is
kept of practices reviewed and corrective actions

Actions are taken to resolve complaints related to food

safety, and a record is kept of the complaint and

*Adopted from ASEAN GAP Checklist with reference to Freshcare and EUREPGAP. 2006
I

A
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
EXAMPLES OF DOCUMENTS AND RECORD
A
P
The section contains examples of documents and record forms that are P
required to implement various practices in the food safety module. The E
documents and record forms are examples only and other methods and N
D
formats can be used. ASEAN GAP specifies what information has to be I
documented and recorded but does not specify how the information is to X
be documented and recorded.
B
The example documents and record forms contained in this section are:

» Farm plan
» Chemical inventory
» Spray record
» Postharvest chemical record
» Fertiliser and soil additives record
» Harvesting and packing record
» Job responsibility and training record
» Chemical authorisation form
» Risk assessment record – persistent chemicals in soil
» Risk assessment record – fertilisers and soil additives
» Risk assessment record – water
» Corrective action report
» Cleaning and pest control plan
» Personal hygiene instructions

Farm Owners / farmers may customize the suggested forms

depending on individual practices and operations.
 A
P
P
Farm Plan E
N
D
I
X
B

Farm Grower

Sprayer cleaning
area Chemical store Creek
Pack shed
House
Toilets Machinery shed
B1
3.6ha

B2
A1 3.7ha
4ha

B3
3.8ha
A2
4ha

A3 C1 C2 C3
4ha 2ha 1.9ha 1.8ha
 Chemical Inventory

Business Grower Name: James Montes

Permit Expiry
Purchase Product Place of Quantity Batch No. Manufacture Date Disposal Comments
Date Purchase Expiry Date
(If Applicable)

6/3-99 Ridomil Gold MZ IAMA - Gin Gin 25 Kg 1234589 M-2/5/99

Chlorfos IAMA - Gin Gin 10 L 221133 M-10/11/98

23/4/99 Nufann MancozebIAMA - Gin Gin 50 Kg M-9/3/99 28/8/99 No stock in storage

Stocktake Date: 15/9/1999 Signed: J Montes Date: Signed:

I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Spray Record
Business/Grower Name: James Montes Crop / Variety: Citrus Year / Season: 1999

Date/ Block/ Crop Stage Product Dilution Application Equipment Date Safe Comments Operator
Time Row / Target Rate Rate Used to Harvest (e.g weather)
/WHP
27-8 Airblast CALIBRATED J Montes

8-10 A1, A3 Aphids Pirimor + 50g/100L 5000 L/ha Airblast 10-10-99 Very slight SE J Montes

Agra1 600 12ml/100L

20-10 All A & B Foliar Potassium Nitrate 1 kg/100L 250L/ha Airblast N/A Very Slight NE J Montes

Fertilizer Agral 600 12ml/100L

15-11 Boom Calibrated J Montes

24-12 All A & B Weeds Diuron 900 285g/100L 700L/ha Boom N/A Calm
J Montes

To the best of my knowledge the information provided this record is correct.

Name: Signature: Date:
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Postharvest Chemical Record

Business Grower Name: James Montes Crop: Durian

Tank Mixing Rate
A
Chemical Tank Size Application Method P
Fresh Top-Up P
Bulk bin dip; Replace E
Guazatine 500 L 650 ml 375 ml N
after 40 bins
D
Benomyl 1000 L 1000 g 420 g Dip; Replace after 80 I
half tonne bins
X
B
Fresh (F) or
Date Time Chemical Top-Up (T) Comments Sign

20-6-99 8am Guazatine F Tank cleaned and J Montes

rinsed first
23-6-99 2pm Guazatine F 38 bins put through
J Montes
Bulk dip dirty and
25-7-99 9am Benomyl F replaced J Montes
 Fertilizer and Additives Records

Business Grower Name: JAMES MONTES Year/Season: 2006

Date/ Crop/ Block/ Product Application Comments Operator
Time Variety Row Rate
26-2 Native A&B Single Super 500kg/ha T Thumb

15-3 Hybrid C Fowl Manure 5 tonnes/ha Manure composted T Thumb

1-9-98 to 15-399

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Harvest and Packing Records

Business Grower Name: JAMES MONTES

Crop/ Harvest Packing Batch Amount Packed Destination/Consign. No. Comments

Variety Date/Time Block ID Date/Time Code (eg quality, temperature)

Freddies Fruits First pick – big fruit

Native 12-1-99 C 12-1-99 Co19912 120 cartons - C092345
Freddies Fruits First pick – big fruit,
Native 14-1-99 A 14-1-99 A019914 96 cartons - C092346 some goolie moth damage

Freddies Fruits - C092347 Second pick-

Native 15-1-99 C 15-1-99 C019915 105 cartons Lucky Phils – C092348 light rub on some.

Native 16-1-99 A 16-1-99 A019917 115 cartons Freddies Fruits - C092349 Second pick –
Lucky Phils – C092350 some goolie moth damage

Lucky Phils - C092351 First pick –

Hybrid 21-1-99 B 21-1-99 B019921 86 cartons excellent quality

24-1-99 A 24-1-99 A019924 96 cartons Freddies Fruits - C092352 Strip pick –

Native small to medium sizes

Hybrid 26-1-99 B 26-1-99 B019926 95 cartons Second pick –

Lucky Phils - C092353 wind blemish. Informed
LP of excess damage –
out of spec.
Fruit still wanted.
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Job Responsibility and Training Record

Business Grower Name: JAMES MONTES

Chemical Fertilising / Grading Checking Cleaning Personal Internal Document
Name Application Soil Additives Harvesting and Vermin Maintenance
Packing Product Control Hygiene Audit Control

James Tebon C

Cliff Tago

Manny Pako C

Chin Tabon

Jo Batumbakal

C = Attended farm chemical user course

= performs job and training completed = performs job, training completed and has responsibility for area
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Chemical Authorization

A
P
P
E
N
D
I
X

PLEASE NOTE B

This chemical storage shed is to be kept locked at all times

J MONTES is responsible for the use and storage of all

chemicals and supervision of all who are required to use chemicals.

The following staff have authorisation to use chemicals:

Authorised Person Manager’s Signature Date

Manny Pako J Montes 10-1-2000

Chin Tabon J Montes 10-1-2000
 Risk Assessment Record

Business Grower Name: JAMES MONTES

Assessment
Contamination Crop How is the risk managed? Signature Date
S = significant
source NS = not significant

Persistent
chemicals in soil:
Block A Cebu NS - virgin block of ground J Montes 9/2/00

Block B Cebu NS - uptake into fruit unlikely and J Montes 9/2/00

no contact with soil

Block C Carabao S-old cane land, soil test detected Fruit washed after harvest to J Montes 9/2/00
dieldrin residues remove dirt. Chemical residue test
of washed fruit found no evidence of
persistent chemicals.
Block D Carabao NS- product tested, levels of Product test to be repeated in J Montes 9/2/00
cadmium are less than half the 3 years.
legal limit.
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Risk Assessment Record

Business Grower Name: James Montes

Assessment
Contamination Crop How is the risk managed? Signature Date
S = significant
source NS = not significant

Fertilizers & soil Cebu NS - only inorganic fertilizers J Montes 9/2/00

additives used.

Cebu NS - organic fertiliser used. J Montes 9/2/00

Supplier specification indicates
safe to use.

Carabao S - untreated fowl manure is used. Fowl manure applied before fruit set. J Montes 9/2/00
Dropped fruit rejected by pickers.

Carbao S - untreated fowl manure used. Fowl manure applied 4 months J Montes 9/2/00
before planting. Sawdust used
NS - sawdust not chemically between rows and plastic mulch
treated. under plants.

Indian NS - only inorganic fertilizers low J Montes 9/2/00

in heavy metals used.
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Risk Assessment Record

Business Grower Name: James Montes

Assessment
Contamination Crop How is the risk managed? Signature Date
S = significant
source NS = not significant

Water Pajo NS for irrigation water - trickle J Montes 9/2/00

used under plastic mulch.

S for water dump Water chlorinated. Chlorine and pH

level checked and recorded daily.
o
Water temperature heated to 5 C
NS for postharvest fungicide spray above fruit temperature.
rain water used, tank covered,
diversion system used to catch
first flow.

Cebu NS for irrigation water - bore water J Montes 9/2/00

used, tests indicate water safe to
use.

NS for wash water - dam water

used, tests indicate water safe to
use.

Carabao NS for wash water - river water J Montes 9/2/00

used, tests indicate water safe to
use.
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Corrective Action Report

Business Grower Name: James Montes

Signature and date

Date Problem and Cause Action taken to fix problem when problem
fixed

15/2/2000 Self assessment found some sprays not Spray diary updated and staff retrained J Montes 16/2/2000
recorded in spraydiary.

22/2/2000 External audit - cleaning not conducted Cleaning staff retrained to ensure they J Montes 25/2/2000
according to written plan conform to plan. Cleaning and vermin control
plan reviewed.

20/3/2000 Excess MRL for Endosulfan found in my Nozzles replaced and sprayer calibrated. J Montes 22/3/2000
cucumbers at market. Cause found to be worn Regular calibrations scheduled for future.
spray nozzles applying too much spray.
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Cleaning ad Pest Control Plan

Area / Equipment Frequency Responsibility Method

Cleaned
Packing line equipment Daily after
and surrounding areas packing
Packing staff ? Remove all fruit from the packing line. Place marketable fruit in picking
crates. Place reject fruit in waste bins. Dump rubbish and waste bins.
? Clean packing bins and conveyor belts with a food safe cleaning agent.
Check rollers and other surfaces and clean as required.
? Sweep clean the floor around the packing line.
? Turn assembled cart ons upside down to minimize pest contamination.

Before packing Owner ? Clean all surfaces that contact produce with a food safe cleaning agent.
season

Daily after ? Sweep lunchroom and toilets and empty rubbish bins. Clean hand-washing
Lunch room and toilets packing Packing staff basin with a bathroom cleaning agent. Check paper towel and detergent
dispenser and restock as required.
Picking containers Spot cleaning ? Check containers before use and clean with a high-pressure hose as
Pickers required.
Packing Shed Daily after ? Check that cleaning has been done properly and for presence of roosting
packing Owner birds and domestic animals in shed.
? Remove rubbish from receival, storage and dispatch areas, and from
Weekly Owner around the shed to minimize pest establishment.
? Check rodent baits in designated areas and top-up as required
? Remove cobwebs from packing and storage areas.
Before Packing Owner
season ? Organize contractor to spray shed for cockroaches and spiders.
? Remove rubbish and sweep and wash floor.
Coolroom Weekly ? Check for cleanliness and wash floor and walls with high-pressure hose as
Owner required.
Before Packing Owner ? Clean mould off walls, ceiling and floor with food safe cleaning agent and
season wash with high-pressure hose.

Note: This plan is an example and not a standard for how cleaning must
I

B
X
E
P
P
A

D
N
 Sample Personal Hygiene Instructions

A
P
P
E
N
D
ALL STAFF I
X

Wash your hands with soap and water and dry your B
hands on a single use disposable paper towel before handling fruit

After
Visiting the Toilet
Handling Animals
Smoking
Handling waste food and rubbish

Cover cuts and sores with clean, waterproof dressings.

Inform the manager if you are suffering from gastric illness,

hepatitis and other infectious diseases.

Do not smoke, eat food, or spit in produce handling areas.

Signature of Employee Date

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Inc. (DCCCII) wishes to
acknowledge the contribution of the participants to its Good Agricultural
Practices (GAP) Training for their invaluable support in the preparation of these
GAP Manuals and in designing GAP Training Courses:

GAP Manuals
Banana Farming Jose Ma. P. Marfori & Henry G. Pancer
Durian Farming Emmanuel S. Belviz
Floriculture Wilfredo B. Uy
Mango Farming Elmer Solomon & Rowel B. Torrejos
Vegetable Farming Arsenio T. Billano
Poultry Production Reuben S. Cabrera,DVM & Francisco M. Vilela,Jr,DVM
Swine Production Teresita M. Pascual & Janice C. Ybanez

GAP Training Courses

Good Agricultural Practices for Crops:
Jacinto S. Pancha, Joel C. Laserna, & Romulo S. Palcon

Good Husbandry Practices for Livestock:

Mirope Lamsen & Evangelina R. Deligero

These participants, who are mostly Farmers, Entrepreneurs, and Professionals

found the time to attend DCCCII's two-month GAP Training that included a 10-
day Australian benchmarking. They shared unselfishly and without reservation,
and spent long hours away from their families, businesses and professions to
produce these manuals and design the Training Courses within the training
period.

They were ably assisted by their coaches, Director Gilberto F. Layese, Dr. Pablito
Pamplona, Dr. Max Montenegro, Dr. Eric Dagmang, Luis Pacana, Jose L.
Nobleza, Jr., and Mary Grace Mandigma.

Theirs is the spirit that inspires the Davao City Chamber. It is this passion for their
chosen life's work, their love for Davao City, and their commitment to the
chamber that suffuses these manuals.
 An initiative of the Davao
City Chamber of Commerce
and Industry, Inc.

"The following GAP Farming Manuals are available at minimal cost (to help defray Printing
& Shipping & to support Outreach expenses) from the Davao City Chamber of Commerce
& Industry, Inc.

Address: DCCCII SME Center BDO, 2nd Floor, DCCCI Building, JP Laurel Avenue,
Bajada, Davao City, 8000.
Telephone: (082) 221-7515 and (082) 300-2198 Fax: (082) 226-4433
Email: dcccii@mozcom.com

Soon, these Manuals may also be downloaded from www.davaochamber.org :

Banana Farming
Durian Farming
Floriculture
Mango Farming
Vegetable Farming
Poultry Farming (Broiler Production)
Swine Farming

The DCCCII welcomes any comments or updates to improve these Manuals. Please
contact us as indicated above.”

Acknowledgement :

Funding for this initiative was from AusAID through

the Philippines Australia Human Resource
Development Facility (PAHRDF)