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Corrigendum to “The five-factor model

and personality disorder empirical
literature: A meta-analytic review”
[Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2004)
1055–1085]

ARTICLE in CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW · MAY 2005

Impact Factor: 7.18 · DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.01.001

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 Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383 – 394

Corrigendum

Corrigendum to bThe five-factor model and personality

disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic reviewQ
[Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2004) 1055–1085]B
Lisa M. Saulsman, Andrew C. PageT
School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

The authors regret that a number of errors occurred in the published version of Table 2 and Tables 4–
10 of this article. These Tables and the corresponding changes to the main text are published as follows.
Further, the correlations reported in Dyce and O’Connor (1998) were corrected in O’Connor and Dyce
(2002) and the tables in our meta-analysis have been modified accordingly.
Based on the above changes to the Tables, the following revisions to the text of the article are required.
On page 1067 the Maxdifference should read .06, not .15. The statement b. . .and the nonclinical sample
effect size for Schizoid-ExtraversionQ (p. 1072, line 21) should be removed. Reference to bSchizoid-
ExtraversionQ (p. 1073, lines 1–2) should be deleted. The statement be.g., Schizoid and Neuroticism and
Extraversion. . .Q (p. 1075, lines 4–5) should instead read be.g., Schizoid and NeuroticismQ, with the
reference to Extraversion removed. The statement b12 of the 18 highlighted combinationsQ (p. 1075, line
22) should instead read b13 of the 18 highlighted combinationsQ. The term bSchizoidQ should be removed
from the statement be.g., Obsessive-Compulsive and SchizoidQ (p. 1076, line 4).

DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.cpr.2002.09.001.

B
Portions of this article were included in the first author’s PhD thesis and in a paper present and at the Australian Association
for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy, WA State Conference, May 2001, Western, Australia.
T Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 8 9380 3577; fax: +61 8 9380 2655.
E-mail address: andrew@psy.uwa.edu.au (A.C. Page).

0272-7358/$ - see front matter D 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.01.001
384 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394

Table 2
Effect size estimates for each DSM-IV personality disorder and five-factor model personality dimension combination for each
study included in the meta-analysis
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Paranoid
Costa & McCrae (1990) .36TTT .02 .09 .31TTT .13T
.08 .02 .04 .27TTT .15T
.04 .24 .12 .07 .02
Trull (1992) .46TTT .06 .04 .48TTT .05
.45TT .10 .06 .35T .16
.24 .01 .02 .44TT .05
Soldz et al. (1993) .34TTT .01 .15 .00 .11
.30TT .11 .08 .13 .06
Yeung et al. (1993) .13 .09 .03 .39TTT .13
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .29TTT .18T .08 .48TTTT .30TTT
Coolidge et al. (1994) .49T .42T .06 .65T .20T
Hyer et al. (1994) .00 .16 .03 .02 .06
Lehne (1994) .02 .09 .08 .31TT .18
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .33TTT .29TTT .06 .46TTT .09
.28TTT .05 .06 .23TTT .08
Ball et al. (1997) .28TTT .11 .02 .19TTT .11
Blais (1997) .32TTT .03 .12 .31TTT .02
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .40a .27a .13 .44a .16a

Schizoid
Costa & McCrae (1990) .16TT .62TT .06 .12T .14T
.04 .64TTT .08 .04 .07
.14 .49TTT .04 .10 .14
Trull (1992) .00 .72TTT .27T .19 .02
.17 .34T .45TT .34T .02
.05 .47TTT .37TT .34T .07
Soldz et al. (1993) .15 .28TT .14 .05 .15
.26TT .69TTT .32 .19 .08
Yeung et al. (1993) .06 .21TT .09 .21TT .07
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .08 .34TTTT .22T .16 .02
Coolidge et al. (1994) .41T .32T .08 .08 .02
Hyer et al. (1994) .01 .32TT .29TT .05 .13
Lehne (1994) .54TT .56TT .33TT .47TT .28TT
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .16T .43TTT .26TTT .24TT .00
.20TT .25TTT .15T .31TTT .02
Ball et al. (1997) .07 .29TTT .03 .06 .07
Blais (1997) .27TTT .54TTT .09 .28TTT .01
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .28a .47a .12 .21a .10

Schizotypal
Costa & McCrae (1990) .46TTT .48TTT .00 .15T .04
.43TTT .46TTT .19TT .11 .14T
.39TT .34TT .07 .06 .01
Trull (1992) .45TT .49TTT .21 .40TT .12
.41TT .06 .09 .33T .22
.26 .30T .07 .35T .13
 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394 385

Table 2 (continued)
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Schizotypal
Soldz et al. (1993) .21T .25T .11 .04 .15
.52TTT .49TTT .30TT .38TTT .14
Yeung et al. (1993) .19TT .05 .02 .26TTT .15T
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .25TTT .25TTT .02 .20T .14
Coolidge et al. (1994) .41T .49T .13T .52T .24T
Hyer et al. (1994) .34TT .18 .19 .07 .07
Lehne (1994) .44TT .63TT .30TT .18 .22T
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .19TT .32TTT .03 .21TT .15T
.30TTT .16T .08 .22TT .09
Ball et al. (1997) .26TTTT .05 .02 .16TT .01
Blais (1997) .27TTT .24TT .00 .24T .06
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .47a .26a .10 .27a .28a

Antisocial
Costa & McCrae (1990) .13T .07 .18TT .35TTT .42TTT
.27TTT .12 .22TT .49TTT .17T
.15 .21 .08 .42TTT .40TTT
Trull (l992) .29T .22 .02 .42TT .27T
.25 .16 .14 .38TT .37TT
.08 .10 .06 .36TT .32T
Soldz et al. (1993) .01 .19 .00 .01 .10
.25T .27TT .19 .18 .22T
Yeung et al. (1993) .05 .09 .09 .20TT .19TT
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .16 .02 .00 .41TTTT .30TTT
Coolidge et al. (1994) .31T .13T .01 .59T .38T
Hyer et al. (1994) .05 .22T .25T .09 .10
Lehne (1994) .09 .13 .05 .49TT .01
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .06 .07 .17T .08 .33TTT
.17T .11 .10 .19T .23TTT
Ball et al. (1997) .13 .07 .04 .32TTTT .19TTT
Blais (1997) .05 .19 .22TT .31TTT .42TTT
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .12 .01 .05 .46a .36a

Borderline
Costa & McCrae (1990) .47TTT .19TT .09 .21TTT .32TTT
.52TTT .22TT .10 .14T .10
.46TTT .09 .16 .22 .22
Trull (l992) .61TTT .13 .18 .45TT .24
.60TTT .19 .28T .39TT .17
.48TTT .04 .08 .46TTT .31T
Soldz et al. (1993) .42TTT .06 .20T .13 .10
.56TTT .04 .02 .26TT .34TTT
Yeung et al. (1993) .23TTT .03 .0l .28TTT .18TT
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .53TTTT .07 .09 .37TTTT .28TTT
Coolidge et al. (1994) .66T .16T .16T .29T .22T
(continued on next page)
386 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394

Table 2 (continued)
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Borderline
Hyer et al. (1994) .36TTT .10 .00 .07 .08
Lehne (1994) .49TT .29TT .00 .16 .13
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .29TTT .16 .10 .33TTT .12
.46T .01 .14 .30TTT .24TTT
Ball et al. (1997) .41TTTT .02 .08 .19TTT .20TTT
Blais (1997) .37TTT .04 .00 .09 .21TT
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .64a .27a .01 .31a .35a

Histrionic
Costa & McCrae (1990) .17TT .65TTT .15T .00 .22TTT
.00 .60TTT .20TT .02 .21TT
.02 .57TTT .03 .19 .39TT
Trull (1992) .01 .61TTT .39TT .14 .14
.54TTT .39TT .23 .19 .05
.37TT .19 .10 .13 .25
Soldz et al. (1993) .25T .26TT .14 .05 .12
.06 .67TTT .37TTT .20T .26T
Yeung et al. (1993) .24TTT .03 .01 .25TTT .19TT
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .25T .28TTT .14 .22T .09
Coolidge et al. (1994) .29T .46T .18T .09 .09
Hyer et al. (1994) .23T .52TTT .36TTT .20 .11
Lehne (1994) .18 .63TT .42TT .04 .02
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .30TTT .03 .22TT .23TT .18T
.17T .23TTT .03 .24TTT .05
Ball et al. (1997) .19TTT .18TTT .09 .09 .06
Blais (1997) .04 .43TTT .10 .03 .09
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .29a .61a .19a .00 .08

Narcissistic
Costa & McCrae (1990) .28TTT .56TTT .07 .18TT .01
.28TTT .47TTT .27TTT .30TTT .10
.22 .42TTT .17 .31T .24
Trull (1992) .30T .59TTT .43TT .06 .20
.69TTT .02 .22 .39TT .28T
.32T .04 .16 .27T .10
Soldz et al. (1993) .23T .08 .28TT .10 .14
.03 .49TTT .45TTT .05 .06
Yeung et al. (1993) .01 .08 .19TT .23TTT .05
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .30TTT .13 .22T .23T .19T
Coolidge et al. (1994) .45T .03 .01 .34T .22T
Hyer et al. (1994) .08 .18 .24T .17 .09
Lehne (1994) .30TT .57TT .25T .05 .28TT
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .24TT .10 .02 .29TTT .11
.35TTT .06 .17T .31TTT .15T
Ball et al. (1997) .17TTT .05 .01 .26TTTT .10
Blais (1997) .05 .40TTT .11 .43TTT .11
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .02 .09 .13 .40a .00
 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394 387

Table 2 (continued)
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Avoidant
Costa & McCrae (1990) .52TTT .54TTT .03 .02 .02
.44TTT .53TTT .11 .03 .07
.36TT .32TT .11 .05 .03
Trull (1992) .55TTT .63TTT .27 .16 .19
.36TT .39TT .20 .20 .21
.25 .36TT .15 .19 .03
Soldz et al. (1993) .23T .57TTT .39TTT .17 .03
.54TTT .59TTT .30TT .23T .08
Yeung et al. (1993) .27TTT .13 .12 .01 .16T
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .43TTTT .40TTTT .00 .07 .00
Coolidge et al. (1994) .58T .66T .07 .16T .10
Hyer et al. (1994) .23T .29TT .25T .14 .01
Lehne (1994) .63TT .57TT .26T .43TT .23T
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .43TTT .39TTT .03 .41TTT .02
.42TTT .26TTT .19TT .18TT .03
Ball et al. (1997) .45TTTT .33TTTT .04 .09 .20TTT
Blais (1997) .46TTT .49TTT .06 .06 .13
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .63a .48a .12 .11 .22a

Dependent
Costa & McCrae (1990) .50TTT .30TTT .10 .22TTT .22TTT
.37TTT .06 .36TTT .38TTT .10
.20 .09 .26T .34TT .04
Trull (1992) .64TTT .21 .01 .08 .33T
.51TTT .04 .14 .02 .27T
.36TT .09 .02 .05 .02
Soldz et al. (1993) .26TT .05 .05 .05 .16
.13 .23T .29TT .13 .06
Yeung et al. (1993) .21TT .00 .12 .04 .22TT
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .46TTTT .03 .14 .01 .03
Coolidge et al. (1994) .68T .22T .20T .01 .30T
Hyer et al. (1994) .01 .02 .18 .36TTT .24T
Lehne (1994) .20T .19 .21T .19 .10
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .36TTT .17T .07 .35TTT .05
.45TTT .05 .18T .17T .10
Ball et al. (1997) .30TTTT .09 .04 .17TT .19TTT
Blais (1997) .37TTT .20TT .11 .33TTT .04
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .55a .16a .12 .12 .16a

Obsessive-Compulsive
Costa & McCrae (1990) .50TTT .16TT .07 .15T .06
.39TTT .09 .19TT .09 .38TTT
.05 .03 .11 .15 .52TTT
Trull (1992) .52TTT .29T .03 .27 .14
.38TT .05 .26 .34T .12
.29T .28T .01 .53TTT .02
(continued on next page)
388 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394

Table 2 (continued)
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Obsessive-Compulsive
Soldz et al. (1993) .25T .29TT .09 .20T .29TT
.02 .35TTT .12 .02 .43TTT
Yeung et al. (1993) .03 .10 .06 .29TTT .04
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) .18T .23TTTT .00 .08 .00
Coolidge et al. (1994) .33T .45T .28 .24T .09
Hyer et al. (1994) .02 .03 .13 .03 .33TT
Lehne (1994) .63TT .21T .09 .58TT .36TT
Duijsens & Diekstra (1996) .31TTT .23T .02 .34TTT .08
.27TTT .17T .12 .34TTT .07
Ball et al. (1997) .23TTTT .08 .12 .08 .02
Blais (1997) .11 .01 .14 .00 .21TT
Dyce & O’Connor (1998) .14 .03 .15a .22a .62a
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. In Coolidge et al.
(1994), only pb.05 was reported. In Lehne (1994), pb.001 was not reported. In Blais (1997), pb.05 was not reported. In
Cloninger & Svrakic (1994) and Ball et al. (1997), pb.00001 was used is denoted here by TTTT.
a
Significance was set at correlations N.15 in accordance with the Bonferroni adjustment.
T pb.05.
TT pb.0l.
TTT pb.001.
TTTT pb.0001.

Table 4
Unweighted mean effect size estimates and corresponding standard deviations for each DSM-IV personality disorder and five-
factor model personality dimension combination
DSM-IV personality Five-factor model personality dimensions
disorders N E O A C
Paranoid .24TTTT (.18) .06TTTT (.18) .01 (.08) .31TTTT (.20) .03TT (.14)
Schizoid .10TTTT (.23) .44TTTT (.17) .15TTTT (.13) .17TTTT (.15) .02 (.11)
Schizotypal .34TTTT (.11) .31TTTT (.19) .05T (.12) .20TTTT (.16) .11TTTT (.09)
Antisocial .09TTTT (.14) .06TT (.13) .05TT (.13) .33TTTT (.21) .24TTTT (.18)
Borderline .47TTTT (.15) .07TTTT (.14) .02 (.10) .23TTTT (.15) .19TTTT (.18)
Histrionic .06TT (.21) .41TTTT (.25) .17TTTT (.13) .06TTT (.14) .13TTTT (.11)
Narcissistic .03T (.25) .24TTTT (.23) .14TTTT (.14) .24TTTT (.16) .06TT (.14)
Avoidant .45TTTT (.15) .44TTTT (.18) .12TTTT (.12) .13TTTT (.16) .06TTTT (.11)
Dependent .37TTTT (.21) .11TTTT (.10) .11TTTT (.14) .07TT (.23) .10TTTT (.13)
Obsessive-Compulsive .08TTTT (.32) .13TTTT (.16) .06TTT (.12) .06TT (.26) .18TTTT (.24)
Mean .22 .08 .01 .17 .08
Median .17 .09 .03 .18 .08
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. Effect sizes z.20 are in
bold. Standard deviations are reported in parentheses. The number of independent effect sizes on which means are based is 15.
T pb.05.
TT pb.01.
TTT pb.001.
TTTT pb.0001 (one-tailed).
 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394 389

Table 5
Sample size weighted mean effect size estimates for each DSM-IV personality disorder and five-factor model personality
dimension combination
DSM-IV personality disorder Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Paranoid .28TTTT .12TTTT .04TT .34TTTT .07TTTT
Schizoid .13TTTT .43TTTT .12TTT .17TTTT .03T
Schizotypal .36TTTT .28TTTT .01 .21TTTT .13TTTT
Antisocial .09TTTT .04 .05TT .35TTTT .26TTTT
Borderline .49TTTT .09TTTT .02 .23TTTT .23TTTT
Histrionic .02 .42TTTT .15TTTT .06TT .09TTT
Narcissistic .04 .20TTTT .11TTTT .27TTTT .05T
Avoidant .48TTTT .44TTTT .09TTTT .11TTTT .10TTTT
Dependent .41TTTT .13TTTT .11TTTT .05TT .14TTTT
Obsessive-Compulsive .08TTT .12TTTT .07TTTT .04 .23TTTT
Mean .24 .09 .01 .17 .09
Median .20 .12 .02 .19 .09
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. Effect sizes z.20 are in
bold. The total number of participants on which sample-size weighted mean effect sizes are based is 1158. The number of
independent effect sizes on which means are based is 15.
T pb.05.
TT pb.01.
TTT pb.00l.
TTTT pb.0001 (one-tailed).

Table 6
Tolerance levels yielded by the file drawer analysis conducted on unweighted mean effect sizes, for each DSM-IV personality
disorder and five-factor model personality dimension combination
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Paranoid 910.85T 97.07T 5.13 1483.16T 23.85
Schizoid 157.97T 2566.41T 228.85T 389.22T 5.31
Schizotypal 1698.34T 1191.72T 1.78 531.52T 185.00T
Antisocial 99.37T 20.21 24.48 1503.29T 851.00T
Borderline 3136.04T 69.64 6.78 693.58T 588.25T
Histrionic 17.96 2186.74T 348.70T 47.79 159.57T
Narcissistic 1.81 605.08T 195.88T 884.55T 27.94
Avoidant 2985.63T 2589.82T 136.69T 180.15T 75.43
Dependent 2041.90T 186.41T 149.75T 30.83 186.08T
Obsessive-Compulsive 96.62T 208.65T 50.44 36.20 436.75T
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. Tolerance levels based
on effect sizes z.20 are in bold.
T Tolerance level z85.
390 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394

Table 7
Binomial effect size display for each DSM-IV personality disorder and five-factor model personality dimension combination,
based on sample size weighted mean effect sizes across all studies
DSM-IV personality disorders N E O A C
High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low
Paranoid 64 36 44 56 48 52 33 67 47 53
Schizoid 57 43 29 71 44 56 42 58 49 51
Schizotypal 68 32 36 64 50 50 40 60 44 56
Antisocial 55 45 52 48 53 47 33 67 37 63
Borderline 75 25 46 54 51 49 39 61 39 61
Histrionic 51 49 71 29 58 42 47 53 46 54
Narcissistic 52 48 60 40 56 44 37 63 48 52
Avoidant 74 26 28 72 46 54 45 55 45 55
Dependent 71 29 44 56 45 55 53 47 43 57
Obsessive-Compulsive 54 46 44 56 47 53 48 52 62 38
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. Binomial effect size
displays based on effect sizes z.20 are in bold. Shows out of 100 people with a particular personality disorder, the number that
would score high on a particular personality dimension and the number that would score low on a particular personality
dimension.

Table 8
Sample size weighted mean effect sizes for sample type moderator variable
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Paranoid
Clinical .23TTTT .06TT .01 .27TTTT .07TT
Nonclinical .32TTTT .17TTTT .07TTT .39TTTT .08TTTT

Schizoid
Clinical .13TTT .35TTTT .15TTTT .17TTTT .06T
Nonclinical .12TTTT .48TTTT .07TTTT .17TTTT .02

Schizotypal
Clinical .28TTTT .20TTTT .05 .20TTTT .08TT
Nonclinical .41TTTT .34TTTT .02 .22TTTT .17

Antisocial
Clinical .09TTT .06T .03 .28TTTT .21TTTT
Nonclinical .10TTTT .02 .11TTTT .40TTTT .30TTTT

Borderline
Clinical .40TTTT .04 .05 .23TTTT .17TTTT
Nonclinical .55TTTT .13TTTT .01 .23TTTT .26TTTT

Histrionic
Clinical .12TTTT .28TTTT .15TTTT .08TTT .10TTT
Nonclinical .05TTT .51TTTT .15TTTT .05 .08T
 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394 391

Table 8 (continued)
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Narcissistic
Clinical .06TT .19TTTT .15TTTT .21TTTT .05T
Nonclinical .02 .21TTTT .08TTT .32TTTT .05T

Avoidant
Clinical .41TTTT .36TTTT .09T .10TT .11TTTT
Nonclinical .54TTTT .48TTTT .10TTTT .12TTTT .09TTTT

Dependent
Clinical .28TTTT .08TT .06T .00 .12TTTT
Nonclinical .50TTTT .16TTTT .15TTTT .08TTT .15TTTT

Obsessive-Compulsive
Clinical .08TTT .09TT .02 .06TT .06
Nonclinical .09 .14TTTT .14TTTT .03 .33TTTT
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. Effect sizes z.20 are in
bold. The number of independent effect sizes on which clinical sample means are based is 8. The number of independent effect
sizes on which nonclinical sample means are based is 7.
T pb.05.
TT pb.01.
TTT pb.001.
TTTT pb.0001 (one-tailed).

Table 9
Sample size weighted mean effect sizes for personality disorder measure moderator variable
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Paranoid
Millon .23TTTT .11TTTT .07TT .33TTTT .03TT
Interview .24TTTT .09TT .01 .28TTTT .11TTT
Other .37TTTT .13TTTT .03 .40TTTT .06T

Schizoid
Millon .23TTTT .52TTTT .15TTTT .18TTTT .08TT
Interview .08T .28TTTT .11TT .13TTT .03
Other .05T .45TTTT .12TT .20TTTT .04

Schizotypal
Millon .45TTTT .35TTTT .05 .18TTTT .21TTTT
Interview .23TTTT .12TT .01 .18TTTT .05
Other .35TTTT .34TTTT .00 .27TTTT .10TT
(continued on next page)
392 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394

Table 9 (continued)
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Antisocial
Millon .05T .08 .10TT .41TTTT .22TTTT
Interview .09TT .02 .04 .27TTTT .21TTTT
Other .16TTTT .01 .08TT .33TTTT .35TTTT

Borderline
Millon .58TTTT .22TTTT .02 .20TTTT .24TTTT
Interview .39TTTT .02 .06T .25TTTT .20TTTT
Other .48TTTT .02 .06T .27TTTT .23TTTT

Histrionic
Millon .19TTTT .60TTTT .23TTTT .02 .04
Interview .23TTTT .15TTTT .08T .14TTTT .12TT
Other .12TT .40TTTT .14TTTT .09TT .13TTTT

Narcissistic
Millon .10T .26TTTT .21TTTT .28TTTT .02
Interview .11TTT .07T .12TT .23TTTT .08T
Other .14TTT .23TTTT .03 .28TTTT .10TT

Avoidant
Millon .56TTTT .48TTTT .15TTTT .12TTT .15TTTT
Interview .36TTTT .33TTTT .07 .08T .12TTTT
Other .48TTTT .48TTTT .08TT .15TTTT .02

Dependent
Millon .41TTTT .13TTTT .20TTTT .18TTTT .10TTTT
Interview .30TTTT .05 .03 .09TT .16TTTT
Other .50TTTT .19TTTT .07TT .01 .16TTTT

Obsessive-Compulsive
Millon .21TTTT .04 .15TTTT .20TTTT .52TTTT
Interview .18TTTT .14TTT .02 .18TTTT .05
Other .35TTTT .22TTTT .06TT .23TTTT .03
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. Effect sizes z.20 are in
bold. The number of effect sizes on which Millon personality disorder measure means are based is 6. The number of effect sizes
on which interview personality disorder measure means are based is 5. The number of effect sizes on which other personality
disorder measure means are based is 7.
T pb.05.
TT pb.01.
TTT pb.001.
TTTT pb.00001 (one-tailed).
 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394 393

Table 10
Sample size weighted mean effect sizes for five-factor model measure moderator variable
DSM-IV personality disorders Five-factor model personality dimensions
N E O A C
Paranoid
NEO .27TTTT .14TTTT .06TTT .36TTTT .10TTTT
Other .31TTTT .06 .03 .28TTTT .02

Schizoid
NEO .11TTTT .44TTTT .10TTTT .15TTTT .05TT
Other .20TTTT .40TTTT .19TTTT .25TTTT .01

Schizotypal
NEO .38TTTT .29TTTT .00 .21TTTT .14TTTT
Other .27TTTT .25TTTT .05 .21TTTT .09T

Antisocial
NEO .09TTTT .02 .05T .40TTTT .25TTTT
Other .09TT .09T .06T .16TTTT .28TTTT

Borderline
NEO .51TTTT .11TTTT .03 .23TTTT .23TTTT
Other .40TTTT .03 .01 .25TTTT .20TTTT

Histrionic
NEO .02TT .47TTTT .16TTTT .05T .08TT
Other .16TTTT .23TTTT .11TT .14TTTT .12TT

Narcissistic
NEO .00 .22TTTT .13TTTT .27TTTT .03
Other .17TTTT .11T .03 .28TTTT .12TT

Avoidant
NEO .50TTTT .45TTTT .08TTT .09TTTT .13TTTT
Other .42TTTT .40TTTT .13TT .22TTTT .03

Dependent
NEO .43TTTT .13TTTT .13TTTT .09TTTT .16TTTT
Other .36TTTT .13TT .06 .12TTT .05

Obsessive-Compulsive
NEO .04 .10TTTT .08TTTT .01 .25TTTT
Other .23TTTT .19TTTT .03 .24TTTT .10T
N=Neuroticism. E=Extraversion. O=Openness to Experience. A=Agreeableness. C=Conscientiousness. Effect sizes z.20 are in
bold. The number of independent effect sizes on which NEO five-factor model measure means are based is 11. The number of
independent effect sizes on which other five-factor model measure means are based is 4.
T pb.05.
TT pb.01.
TTT pb.001.
TTTT pb.0001 (one-tailed).
394 L.M. Saulsman, A.C. Page / Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 383–394

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