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    14 views15 pages

    Mathematics

    Uploaded by

    Al-nashreen Abdurahim

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MATHEMATICS Progression Arithmetic Progression ( A. P. ) a sequence of numbers if the differences between consecutive terms are the some. 710,13 , 16,19 a2 03 Gy a5... Gy a, = the first term a, = the nth term d = common difference = az ~ a = a3 - a2 nth term of AP. a= a+(nl)d Sum of terms in AP. Geometric Progression (GP. ) = a sequence of numbers if the ratios of consecutive terms are the same. 2,6 ,18 54,162 GQ 2 G3 G4 5 .. Op, a, = the first term Sum of terms in 6.P. : S, ret I-r Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression a, Sw = Harmonic Progression (H.) = sequence of numbers in which their reciprocals forms an __ arithmetic progression, HP. AP. 5 woe 1 Binomial Theorem Expansion of (a + by" Properties: 1. The number of terms in the expansion of (a+ byisnel. 2. The first term is a” , the last term isb". 3. The exponent of "a" descends linearly from n 100. 4. The exponent of *b* ascends linearly from 0 to n 5. The sum of the exponents of a and bin any of the terms is equal ton. 6. The coefficient of the second term and the second to the last term isn. rth term of (a+ b)” al Geretl i if middle term : r= eh rth term = are prt MATHEMATICS Pascal's Triangle - used to determine coefficients of the terms in a binomial expansion. (a+ by 1 (a+b) 1 1 (a+b) 121 (a+b) 1303 1 (a+ by" 14 6 4 1 (a+b 1 5 10 10 5 1 (a+b 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 Counting Principles, Permutations, Combinations Fundamental Counting Principle Let E: and Ez be two events. The first event E, can occur in m different ways. After E; has occurred E2 can occur in me different ways. The number of ways that the two events can occur is my m2. Permutation -is an ordering of the elements such that one element is first, one is second, one is third, and so on. Permutations of n elements Penl Permutations of n elements taken r at a time nl ry Pete Distinguishable Permutations Suppose a set of n objects has ni of one kind of object, ne of a second kind, ns of a third kind, and so on, with n = nj +ng+n3+ + Mie ingingln,d Cyclical Permutation (Permutation of n things in acircle) P=(n-1)) Combination - amethod of selecting subsets of a larger set in which order is not important. Combinations of n elements taken rat a time i Probobility Probability of an Event If on event E has n(€) equally likely outcomes and its sample space S has n(S) equally likely outcomes, then the probability of event E is, n(E) _ favorable outcome n(S) ~ probable outcome. PE) = MATHEMATICS ® Probability of Independent Events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one has no effect on the occurrence of the other. To find the probability that two independent events will occur, multiply the probabilities of each P(A and B ) = P(A) - PCB) Probabilty of Mutually Exclusive Events Two events A and B (from the some sample space) are mutually exclusive if A and B have no outcomes in common. P(A UB) =P(A) + PB) Probability of the Complement of an Event The complement of an event A is the collection of all outcomes in the sample space that are not in A. P(A P(A) Properties of Exponents 1 amet = amr m 2 one gan a aan + a 4.0&=1,a+0 5. (aby" = a" b" 6. ("= a" ay, _ a™ 7 GY oR 8. | = ld? =o? Properties of Logarithms Base Logarithm 1. log (uv) = log u + log v u 2, log & = logu-logv 3. logu” = nlogu 4. logoa = 1 _ logy 5. lowv = oa 6. logam=n thena"=m 7. logm = logn thenm=n Natural Logarithm 8. In(uv) = Inu+inv u 9. In—= Inu-Inv 10.Inu” = ninu 1. Inu = logu , e=2.718 Quadratic Equation If Ax? +Bx+C = 0 _ Bee? -4ac ~ 2A where B? - 4AC is called the discriminant if B’ = 4AC, the roots are equal if B® > 4AC, the roots are real, unequal if B? < 4AC,, the roots are imaginary Properties of Roots lo Sum of roots: x1 + x2 =~ Product of roots: x: x2 = >la> Verbal Problems MATHEMATICS @ Key Words and Phrases Verbal Description Algebraic Statement Equality Equals, equal to, is are, was, | The sale price S is 10 less S=L-10 will be, represents than the list price L. Addition Sum, plus, greater, increased | The sum of 5 and x B+x by, more than, exceeds, total | Seven more than y y+7 of Subtraction Difference, minus, less, The difference of 4 and b 4-b decreased by, subtracted Three less than z z-3 from, reduced by, the remainder Multiplication Product, multiplied by, twice, | Two times x ax times, percent of Division Quotient, divided by, ratio, | The ratio of x and 8 x per 8 Variance and Standard Deviation Work Problem fev Standard Deviation = th where n = no. of trials _ Zvi Variance = Ty V = residual Rate of working x Time working = Completion of the work Rate x Time =1 MATHEMATICS © Clock Problem Case I: clock with hour hand and minute hand x = number of minutes the minute hand moves x iz number of minutes the hour hand moves Case II: clock with hour hand, minute hand and second hand x = number of seconds the second hand moves 2 = number of seconds the minute hand moves x 7207 number of seconds the hour hand moves Variation Problem x is directly proportional to y xy @ x=ky x is inversely proportional to y xetoxskt y k = constant of proportional Proportion Problem band care called means aand dare called extremes dis the fourth proportional to a, 6, and ¢ - the mean proportinal to aand bis Vab Rate Problem - motion of body with uniform velocity. Distance = Rate x Time Age Problem Past Present Future was! is willbe ago now MATHEMATICS © Determinants & Matrices Minors & Cofactors of a square matrix - if Aisa square matrix, then the minor M; of the entry a, is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column A. The cofactor Gy of the entry ai, is given by : Cy = (1) My. Sign pattern for cofactors abe -1 3 0 def] = |5 -24| gh] 89 7 Operations of Matrices 1. Addition / Subtraction 2. Multiplication 3. Adjoint Matrix : Aas - is amatrix formed from the transposed cofactor matrix. 4, Inverse Matrix : At fosj Determinants Determinant of 2 x 2 matrix 1 63 52 Determinant of 3 x 3 matrix Determinant of 4 x 4 matrix ° 1 223 23-2 23 hoon 4 Complex Numbers For real numbers a and b, the number a+ bi is a complex number, bi is an imaginary number. ®t Operations of complex numbers Addition (a+ bi) + (c+ di) = (a+c)+ (b+d)i Subtraction (a+bi)- (¢+ di) = (a-¢)+(b- di Multiplication (a+ biXe + di) Division a+bi c+di MATHEMATICS D Forms of Complex Number Algebraic form : a+ bi Trigonometric form: r(cos 9 +i sin @)=r Cis 8 Polar form: r 2 @ Vectors Aad + Ayj + Ask = Bi + By + Bk Vector Addition: C=A+B C= (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j + (Az + B2)k Vector Multiplication (Dot product) A+B= A,B. + AB, + A.B, Vector Multiplication (Cross product) ij k AxB=|A, Ay A, B, By B, Vector Multiplication (Triple product) Ac Ay Ae B, By By & Cy Ce AxB+C= PLANE GEOMETRY & MENSURATION TRIANGLE ~ a polygon having three sides. IX jab Pythagorean theorem: c= a’ + b* Right triangle — is a triangle | | | having one right angle Area, A= Isosceles triangle isa tiangle | having two equal sides | y Area, A= Sxysin@ or A= £x(x)sinf Equilateral triangle —is a tiangle LX ee) having three equal sides CIRCLE - is a plane closed curve, all points of which are at the same distance from a point within called the center A aitde is inscribed in a polygon when the sides ofthe [per are tangent to it Area of triangle AzrS atbec Inscribed circle S25 MATHEMATICS CIRCLE - is a plane closed curve, all points o which are at the same distance from a point within called the center f cirde is inscribed in a | ppolygon are tangent tot, I A | patygon when te sides othe | Area of triangle AzrS atbte Inscribed cite $= <3" A ode is circumscribed about a polygon wien it passes through the vertices ofthe polygon. Area of triangle be 4r 1 side and the other two sice | | prolonged, Area of triangle A=r(s-a) [The tisestos of the tree | anges ofa tangle meet ata common point called. the imcenter, whichis equicstant from the thee sides of the i | tiandle incenter L Ta crate is escribed outside 2 | | ang itis tangent one 7 | | | The perpendicular bisectors | ofthe sides ofa triangle pass | | through @ common point | | called circumcenter, which | | is equicstant from the three | | vertices of the triangle. circumcenter | an inscribed angle is an | | angle whose vertex is @ point | | onthe otcle and whose sides | | are chords | u C7 Inscribed angle TA central angle is an angle | | whose vertex is the center of | the aicle and whose sides | are radi An incoibed ange 1s | measured by one-half the central angle. MATHEMATICS Ptolemy's Theorem: The produc ofthe segments of a chord intersecting each oer are equal [if atangont and a secant are crawn P | to. circle fom the same point, the | tangent is a mean proportional | beeen the entre secant and its | external segment. PA-PA=PB-PC 9, if te secant are tenn to cite from te same pint, the | product of one entire secant | end ils external segmenis | equals the prduct ofthe other D | PA-PB=PC-PD B [IZ [ eytic Quadritateral | Cal \) act bde did Wa ascent Po 0-180 | Quadrilateral - is a polygon of four sides. <> A= Area of quadrilateral A= tdi de sino (s-a's—b\(s—c\(s—d)—abed cos’ 0 atbee+d ZA+ZC _ ZB+ZD = SORES 9 = Ate 2 2 2 | Trapezoid - is a quacriateral | two and ory two sides of which | ae parall, a+b Parallelogram - is quadrlateral the opposite sides if which are paral, D c A=541 de sin® A FT Rhombus ~is apa | is aparaldogram Ne] SR A anges. | | 1 | | Asda dp | D c Polygons - is a plane closed broken line. ‘Sum of interior angles = (n-2) 180” ‘number of sides Octagon Number of diagonals, D , i o= $0 3) | 3sides - triangle 4sides - quadrilateral Ssides - pentagon 6sides - hexagon Tsides - heptagon Bsides - octagon Qsides - nonagon 10sides - decagon 11 sides - undecagon 12sides - dodecagon MATHEMATICS Plane Curvilinear Figures Circular Sector - is the portion of @ cirde endosed between two radi and an are. Circular Segment is the | potion of a cicle enclosed between chord andi ae. SOLID GEOMETRY & MENSURATION one sion | conic surface and a plane | L inerseting te elements | Volume TD ater Area: Sn |" Frustum of a Cone - is the | | pation of @ cone induded | | between the base and a | | seoton paral to the base Volume. Ze +r? +Rr) Lateral Area: $= x (R+r)L DLO. slantheight, VEZ. Le [| L Cn Ms cig QY [Byard | | by three or more triangular faces: | with common vertex, and one other | plane face called base | Ah 3 | Volume = | Lateral area, & perimeter of base mutiplied | | by one haf the slant height Lt | Frustum of a Pyramid isthe part | of the pyramid included between its | | base and a secton paral to is | | bese h | Volune, v= 2(8 + b+ VBB) | aleral Area, 8 | isthe sum of the permeter of | | the bases multiplied by one half | | the stant height [Sphere — is a sat bounded by | | surface all points of which are foquistant fem a paint called the center. | | | 4 | Volt V=

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