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(20230417) Lecture Note - Lesson 3 (Part 1) - Financial Statement Analysis
(20230417) Lecture Note - Lesson 3 (Part 1) - Financial Statement Analysis
Summary of Aldine’s Liquidity (So Far). Comparisons of Aldine’s current and acid-test
ratios with medians for the industry are favorable. However, these ratios don’t tell us
whether accounts receivable and/or inventory might actually be too high. If they are, this
should affect our initial favorable impression of the firm’s liquidity. Thus we need to go
behind the ratios and examine the size, composition, and quality of these two important
current assets.
3.2. Financial Leverage (Debt) Ratios
- Ratios that show the extent to which the firm is financed by debt
3.2.1. Debt-to-Equity Ratio
- a measure of the degree to which a company is financing its operations through debt
versus wholly-owned funds
- Creditors would generally like this ratio to be low.
- The ratio of debt to equity will vary according to the nature of the business and the
variability of cash flows.
e.g.: An electric utility, with very stable cash flows, will usually have a higher debt-to-
equity ratio than will a machine tool company, whose cash flows are far less stable
- The lower the ratio, the higher the level of the firm’s financing that is being provided
by shareholders, and the larger the creditor cushion (margin of protection) in the event of
shrinking asset values or outright losses.
- A comparison of the debt-to-equity ratio for a given company with those of similar
firms gives us a general indication of the creditworthiness and financial risk of the firm.
- Formula:
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒃𝒕𝒔
𝑶𝒘𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚
- e.g.: For Aldine Manufacturing Company (Table 6.1, Horne et al., 2008, p.130), this
ratio for year-end 20X2 is:
$1,454,000
$1,796,000
= 0.81
The company has the Debt-to-Equity ratio as 0.81 which means that creditors are
providing 81 cents of financing for each $1 being provided by shareholders.
3.2.2. Debt-to-Total Assets Ratio
- showing the percentage of the firm’s assets that is supported by debt financing
- the higher the debt-to-total-assets ratio, the greater the financial risk; the lower this
ratio, the lower the financial risk
- Formula:
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒃𝒕𝒔
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔
- e.g.: For Aldine Manufacturing Company (Table 6.1, Horne et al., 2008, p.130), this
ratio for year-end 20X2 is:
$1,454,000
$3,250,000
= 0.45
The company has the Debt-to-Total Assets Ratio as 0.45 which means that 45% of the
firm’s assets are financed with debts and the remaining 55% of the financing comes
from shareholders’ equity
3.2.3. Long-term-debt-to-total-capitalization ratio
- the relative importance of long-term debt to the capital structure (long-term financing)
of the firm
- Note: the total capitalization represents all long-term debt and shareholders’ equity
- Formula:
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 − 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝑫𝒆𝒃𝒕𝒔
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
- e.g.: For Aldine Manufacturing Company (Table 6.1, Horne et al., 2008, p.130), this
ratio for year-end 20X2 is:
$631,000
$2,427,000
= 0.26
The company has the current ratio as 0.26 which means that 26% of the firm’s total
capitalization are financed with long-term debts