fhms and indices, and uss the laws ce and ICECE rT) PAY. Deters ‘Where it comes from What you should be able ta io ‘Check your skills IGCSE/O Level Mathematics | Use and interpret positive, 2 Evaluate negative, fractional and zero ast indices. bs e? 2 Solve 32° = 2 IGCSE / 0 Level Mathematics se the rules of indices, 3. Simplify What is a togarithm? AtIGCSE / O Level we learnt how to solve some simple exponential equations. For 2 can be solved by first writing 32 asa power of 2. In this chapter we will learn how to solve more difficult exponential equations such as a* = b where there is no ‘obvious way of writing the numbers a and b in index form with the same base number. In order to be able to do this we will first Icarn about a new type of function called the logarithmic function. A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function, ALIGCSE / 0 Level we learnt about exponential growth and decay and its applications to numerous reallife problems such a8 investments and population sizes, Logarithmic functions also have real-life epplications such as the amount of energy released during an earthquake (the Richter scale). One of the most fascinating occurrences of logarithms in nature is that of the logarithmic spiral that ean be observed in a nautilus shell, We also see logarithmic spiral shapes in spiral galaxies, and in plants such as sunfiowers. 2.1 Logarithms to base 10 Consider the exponential function f(x ir To soive the equation 10* = 6, we could make an estitaate by noting that 10° = | and 10! = 10, hence 0<.x <1, We could then try values of x between 0 and Ito find a more accurate value for ‘The graph of = 10* could also be used io give a more accurate value for x when 10° = 6, Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution You will encounter logarithmic functions again when studying caleulue in Chapters 4 Sands Explore the Exponentials ad logarithms sation, cn the Underground Mathematics websiteeee eo at From the graph, x = 0.78, There is, however, a function that gives the value of x directly: If 10* = 6 then x = log6. ogi 6is read as ‘tog6 to base 10° Tog 6 ean also be logis short for logarithm. written a log 0: Ig6. (On « calculator, for logs to the base 10, we use the Soif 10° =6 then x= logia6 x= 0.778 to 3significant figures ‘The rule for base 10 If y=10" then + =fo8» “This rule can be described in words as: logo. isthe power that 10 must be raised to inorder to obtain. Forexample, logip 100 =2 since 100 = 102 Y=19" and y= logio x are inverse functions. We say that y= 10" <> x= Topo ¥- ‘Thisis read as: y= 10" is equivalent to saying hat x = log 3: Ezy 1 Discuss with your classmates why each of these two statements i Closet" =virveR) (10 ¥=xhrx>0) 2a Discuss with your classmates why each of these two statements is true ‘cow!0=1) (onED) b_ Discuss what the missing numbers should be ia this table of values, giving reasons for your answers. Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionSS ~ Cambridge International AS & A ee ee Cu eee) Prcnnatres @ Convert 10° 8 to logarithmic form. b Solve 10* = 58 giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. Answer 2 Method 1 10 = 58 Step 1: Identify the base and index» base = 10, index = x Step 2: Start to write in log form —» x= logy? Step 3: Complete the log form > x= loge 58 10* = 58 €> x = 10038 Method 2 los = 58 JogiaiO* = logy58 Take logs to base 10 of both sides. x = 10g958 Use og 10* los =58 | x = logy 58 x= 116 Precntres a Convert logig.x = 3.5 to exponential form. b Solve logiy ¥ = 3.5 giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. Answer 2 Method 1 Jogiex = 3.5 Step 1: Identify the base and index —» base = 10, index = 3.5 pp 2: Start to write in exponential form —» 103 =? Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution Ts Jog form the index is always on its own and the base goes atthe base of the logarithms Oo In Jog form the index is‘Step 3: Complete the exponential form > logig x= 3.5.9 x= 1085 Method 2 Tog x = 3.5 = 1085 085 ox=35 ons 160 renee Find the value of, a logy 10000 1b logig 0.0001 € Logie 10000. 10.000 og 10* es =4 ogy 0.0001 oxo 10 i s © ogi 1001 = fogs 10° form. 1 Convert from exponential form to logarithi 2. Solve each of these equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. we 100 b 10° = 200 c 10" 00s a lr =52 b 10" = 250 © 10° =0.48 3 Convert from logarithmic form to exponential form. a Tog 10000 = 4 b logiox = 12 © logy x = -06 4 Solve each of these eauations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. logio.x = 1.88 b- logio.x = 2.76 © logwx=-14 Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributionx ~ eee aE LN ee ee Cu eee) @ 5 Without using a catevistor, find the vale of 2 10g, 100 blog 0.0001 € log 1040) Try the See he _ toe, {100 ower sesource on, © logio( 100910 ) tose roar } the Underground 6 Given that the function Fis defined as fx +3 10° ~3 for-x © R, find an Mathematics website. expression for (x), 4 logy @_ 7 Given that pand g are positive and that 40. greatest possible value ofp. py + 2(logieg)* = 9, find the 2.2 Logarithms to base a In the last section you learnt about logarivims to the base of 10 ‘The same principles can be applied to define logarithms in other bases. BA] The conditions for log, x to be defined are © a>Oandael 9 x30 We say that » eeuntee) Convert 5° = 125 to log Answer Method 1 $= 125 Step 1: Identify the base and index. ——» aso = 5, index Step 2: Start to write in log form > 3=!085? Tn log form the index i alway omits own and | Step 3: Complete the log form > Togs 125 » 5 = 125. 3= logs125 base ofthe logarithm Method 2 ake logs to base Sof both sides. Use logs5) Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionEx : ee eee eo at Convert logy x = 2.5 to exponential form. Answer Method 1 Step I: Identify the base and index > base =3,index = 2.5 Step 2: Start to write in exponential form Step 3: Complete the exponential orn = anya = Tin og form the index is iqgrs 15 ee ox always onits own, Method 2 logs =25 Find the value of 1 a log. 16 » lows Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributionow Cambridge International AS & A Do) Ua TU eee ey Precintra Simplify log, ** } Answer log, x3] Write FF asa poveratx Boar 1. Convert from exponential form to logarithmic form. a b 2=16 eset «4 e815 f x26 ‘ h 2. Convert from logarithmic form to exponential form. a log: 8=3 b logsSi=4 — € Ingl=0 dogs 1 : © log 2= f logy=4 —g bogl=0 fh bog,S=y 2. Sobe a logax=3 b logyx=2 c¢ loggx=0 dog, 4 4 Solve a logy(x +5) =2 b loge =5 — € og (7-26 5) Find the value of a b 10p,36 © logs? 4 tog3 0.125 © toes{ | f togs(Sv5) g toe h 6 Simplify log, x? blog, IE log (stv) d 1 ie © toe( f top(VF) toa h 7 Given that the function Fis defined as f: x + 1+ logy(x—3) forx € R,x>3 find an expression for f(x @ 6 sore 2 loge) ==1 b logy? = Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributioneee eo at (cm) & Without using « calculator, arrange these logarithms in ascending order. ‘Add some 120re logarithms of your own in the correct position in your ordered ls. [oe 1. Pryaand Hamish are asked what they think logy» 12+ logyg 4 simplifies to. | Proasaysthat: logic 12-0930 4=loaio(12 + 4) =o93016 Hamish says that: ogo 12+ o(12 x 4)=lopy0 48 Use a caleulator to see who is correct and check that their rule works for other pairs of numbers, 2 Can you predict what togio 12 logo 4 simplifies to? Use a calculator to check that you have predicted correctly and check for other pairs of numbers. 2.3 The laws of logarithms Ix and y are both positive and a> 0 and a 1, then the following laws of logarithms c2n be wsed ‘Maktpication Taw Diets aw Power la Noe6y)=togssroesy hrf) =e tows y gts) = Ing Proofs: “Multiplication law loga(x9) (2) logs" = log, (ah * x a7) y = lon, (a *") log, (a *) = mlog, x sion law Power iaw = og, (a®®* +.) =, ate ) = log, x + log, a log,(a"®* KE) = log, x 1084 9 =~ log, Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution ‘Ty the Logarithm lattice resource on, the Underground “Matbematies webait,x ~ eee aE LN ee ee Cu eee) Another useful rule to remembe: Use the laws of logarithms to simplify thes a log: 3 + log 5 logs 8—logs4 © 2logs2+logs3 Answer logs 3+ logs b log;8— logs 4 © 2og32+ logs3 = lop3(3x5) (8) ces2? + logs3 = os,($) 852? + logs = logs 15 } es(4%3) lem? B12 | workep examee2.s | Given that logy p = x and logy = y, express in terms of x andior y 2 5 io (64) | logs p* loge g & jogs Jp +5 logs © tog, 1s p* loge P fa 0S] Answer a logs p*- logs = loge 4 - logs p 1 Write as a single logarithm, a logs 7 + logy I tox, 20-logs4 © 3logs2—logs4 d_ 2logs8 ~ Slog; 2 © 1+2log:3 f 2-log,2 2. Write as a single logaritism, then simplily your answer: log: 40 -log2 5 blog, 20+logs5 © log: 60 logs Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributioneS eee eo at 3 Simplify. a 3egs2+ og 36s t2 b Hag ee8 to 4 Express and 025 as powers of and hence simplify {52855 logs 128 < to8325 loz 1000 Tog; 16 Tog; 0.04 Togs 0.07 6 Given that logs y = logg(e~ 2)~ 2 logy x, express yin terms of x. 7 Given that log,(z~ 1) ~ logy = = 1 +S logs y. express = in terms of. 8 Given that y = logs.x, find in terms of: ax b iogs(25x) © Woe} a tog 125 125 logs p and y = loggg, express in terms of x andor y: a lops(64p) » ton 2) © my logs»? ~ logs(4¥¢) find the value of: 9 Given that x 10 Given that log, a me(2)— w me(H) —« welw) 4 mel) = =7 and log, y= @IItn “Tey the Swnming to ‘The number in the rectangle on the side of the triangle is the sum of the numbers _| one and the Factoriat fragments resources ‘on the Underground logs 5. ‘Mathematics website at the adjacent vertices. For example, x+y Find the value of x, the value of y and the value of 2.4 Solving logarithmic equations We have already learnt how (o solve simple logarithmic equations. In this section we will learn how to solve more comnplicated equations. Since log, x only exists for x>0 and for a>0 and a + L.itises:eatial when solving ‘equations involving logs that all roots are checked in the original squation. Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionSS aS ee SMe CUETO ee ee Pasar eee} feces Solve: a 2logg(x +2) = logs(2x +19) b dlog.2—log.4 Answer a 2logy(x +2) = logg(2x + 19) ‘Use the power law. loge( +2)? = loga(2x + 19) Use equality of logarithms. | (e+ Expand brackets. wedyed= (e- 3x45) Check when y= 3: 2ogs(x +2) = 2logy = loge 25 is defin logy(2x + 19) So x = 3 isa solution, since both sides of the equation are defined and equivalent in value. Check when x =-5: 2logs(x+2) Hence, the solution is x = 3 2oga(-3) is not defined Le iginal equation ‘Use the powe- law. ~ log. 4 log, 24 — log, Use the dh = Convert to exponential form. ‘Since logarithms only exist for positive bases, x = -2 is not a solution Check when x = 2: 4log;2- log; 4 = 4-2 log: =42 So x on. 2 satisfies the original equ: Hence, the solution is x = 2 Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributioneee eo at Solve, logs + logs3 = logs 30 blogs 4x ~logs2 = logy? € bog:(2-x) + log; 9 = 2 logs 8 4 logig(x~ 4) =2 logo $+ logo 2 Solve, a logio(2x+9)— logiyS =! b> log; 2x ~logy(x 1) =2 € logs(5~2x) = 3+ log3(x +1) 4 logs(2v ~3) +2 logs? = 1+ logs(3~ 2x) Solve logy x + loga(x—!) = ios 20 bb logs(~2)+ logs(x—5) = logs 4x © 2logs.x=logs(x~2)=2 4342 logy x = logs(3—10x) Solve 2 log, 40 tog, 5 = blog, 36-+1og,4= 2 € log. 25-2 log.3=2 4 2log,32=342 log, 4 Solve, a (logs x)? 8 log, x +15 = 0 (login. x)? ~ logio(x*) = 3 © (logs x)? + logs(x?) = 10 4 (log: x)? -2 bogs? Solve the simultaneous equations a ay=8l b aan los.» 3 login y = loge x + loge 2 € logy(x = ») = 2 log, x 4 ogo = 2 logo y (2X — 17 log(x + y +9) =0 4 and teex( 5) 18 find the vatve of logis and of loa Given that logio(x?y) Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributione International AS & A Leve}fhathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 2.5 Solving exponential equations ALIGCSE / 0 Level you lesret how to solve exponential equations whose terms could be converted to the same base. In this section you will learn how to solve exponential equations whose termis cannot be converted to the same base. rn Solve, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. a sla] b Pragns | Answer lors Usethepover, x41) log5 = oe? “Expand he brackets, log? - logs 2logs 0.105 to 3 significant figures. ae J 2xlog3 =(x+5) log 2vlog3 = xlog4 + Slog4 x(2log3— log) = Slog4 Slog Tlog3- ond 8.55 to 3significant figures, Solve the equation 2(3*) + 7(3*) = 15, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures Ansner 23") +1") - 15 = 0 +1y-15 @y-310 +5) pels ory=-S When y Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributioneS eee eo at When y ence, the solution is x = 0,369 to 3 significant figures, az 1. Solve, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. a S=18 0b 2 =35 c Fra8 d 2t=25 eam fF aD g SeaTH Rabe Foma25) j= 7G) ke MAS) ESQ) aor) 2 a Showthat 2°*! + 0(2°7 12 can bewrittenas 2(2") + 32") = 12, b Hence solve ihe equation 2°! + 6(2°") = 12, giving your answer correct to 3ssignificant figures. 3. Solve, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. a2? bo taatae © tase! d seh ase e ata e f ael2g bese 20 & 5. Solve, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures a S55) 46=0 b 2 45=6x2" cP 6K HHT d #427 = 124) 4. Use the substitution y = 2* to solve the equati 6 Use the substitution 1 = 2* to solve the equation 2° ~ 5(2°*!) +24 = 0. 7 Solve, giving yous answers correct to 3 significant figures. a 2213520 b Fr 210 © US) -S = 16 d gels inaty-1s 8 Solve, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. a 4°+2"-12=0 b H16")— 10(4") + © 4415240") d 20") = 381427 2. Foreachofthefollowingequationsfindthevalueot eorreetto significant igure aver bm =@7y car agi 10 Solve the equation x° = 20'S, giving your answers in exact form. 11 Solve, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. a |4x-s|=2 b |23")-4|=8 3)2"-s}=2" a [3¢+4]={3 9] @ [s25)+3|=|52")-10| f pr eil=pr+2] . (2h) +16 baile (ah!)ou Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionSS) 1D Cambridge International AS & A Do ued TU eee ey @ 22 Given thar 21 x 2 a6 bx x 3°, find the value of: Try the To log or not to log? resource 0% the Underground Mathematies website, @ 13 Soke the equation 8(8™ 4 2), 2.6 Solving exponential inequalities To solve incqualites such as 2* > 3 we take the logarithm of both sides ofthe inequality We can ‘ake logarithms to any base but care must be ken with the inequality symbol when doing so. ‘© If the base of the logarithm is greater than | vaen the inequality symbol remains the same. If the base of the logarithm is between 0 and I then the inequality symbol must be reversed, Thisis because y = log, x is an increasing function if «> and it is a decreasing function when log (21083) x-1 1y 4 31 > 5, giving your answer in terms of base 10 logarithms. 4x Ret re pets 4 ee axes peer oe (2)o3 a ones Save equi gig your answer in tems bas oars serch Pe axsEs 4 7x(5)>4 Solve 5" > 2*, giving your answer in terms of logarithms. as , 3) y vo) You are given that logy 4 = 0.60206 correct to 5 decimal places and that 10° <2, Prove that the solution to the inequality 31 x 2-3" = 5 is x= In this qnestion you are not allowed to use a calculator. ‘a Find the number of digits in the number 4". b_ Find the first digit in the number 4! Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionSy ee Ce CUE Cee Tay Sune ra ureters) pK m 2.7 Natural logarithms Alesana ‘There is another type of logasivhm toa special base called e meee ms The number is avery ‘The number e isan ietetional number and e = 2.718 important number ia Mathematics asit has ‘The function y= e* is called the natural exponential function, very special properties You will learn about Logarithms to the base of ¢ are called natural logarithms, these special properties In. is used to represent log. © in Chapters 4 and 5 2% CSpeuee ‘The curve y = Inx is the reflection of y = e* in the line y= x All the rules of logarithms that we have learnt so fer also apply for natural logarithms. y andy =e are inverse functions We say that y= e €9 x = log.» oe ‘The Scottish mathematician John Napier (1350-1617) is credited with lac discovery of logarithms. His original studies involved logarithms to tbe ot ) DID You KNOW? The number e is also known as Euler's number It is named after Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), who devised the following formula for calculating the value of e: 1 1 1 1 STS TD Taxa * Tedd * Tx DwaKaxs * Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributioneee eo at ee 1 Usea calenator to evaluate correct to 3 significant figures: ac bet c of8 dot 2. Uses calculator to evaluate correct to 3 significant figures: a n3 b Ina © In09 @ mois 2 Without using a calculator, find the value of: a ot? be? © see a 4 Soe a em b Ine’ =15 ce elm = 64 d 3 : c d ea 16 6: Soe, ving youranonersin terms of star lgaiths a bockar ‘ a Pea 7 hid grog yor axsvess in terms of nataratog a et >10 b 2235 ¢ Sxe<] 8 Sov, ing youranonerscoret 1 igniean fares a mens + hs € e-2)=6 dees 2. Solm, peng your answers ort Sega gure a In(3-2x7)=2Inx bb 2In(x +2) = inx = In(2x- 1) € 2n(x-1)= (24-43) Stet) Dian +s e In(x+2)-Inx=t f in(2+x7)=1+2Inx 40 Express yn terms reach ofthese equations a 2ln(y+l)-Iny = In(x+ y) b In(y +2)-Iny=1+2Inx 11 Solve, giving your answers in exact form, a e420" -15=0 b et —sere © 6 -13e"-5=0 det —21e" 12 Given that the function Fis defined as f : x +» Se" +2 for x € R, find an expression for £"(x), 13 Solve 2In(3~e**) = I, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. 14 Solve the simultaneous equations, giving your answers in exact form. b et = genio 15 Solve In(2°+1) = In(x +4). Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionSY Ra) Cambridge International AS & A Do ued TU eee ey 2.8 Transforming a relationship to linear form When we collect experimeatai data for two variables we often wish to find a ‘mathematical relationship connecting the variables. When the data plots on a graph lie ‘ona straight line the relationship can be easily found using the equation y = mx +c, where mis the gradient and cis the y-intercept. It is more common, however, for the data plots to lie on a curve. Logarithms can be used to convert some curves into straight lines This is the case for relationships of the form y = kx" and y constant a") where k, a and mare Logarithms to any base can be used but itis more usual to use those that are most commonly available on calculators, which are natural logarithms or logarithms to the base 10. Preuateee) Convert y = ae, where @ and b are constants, into the form ¥ = m¥ +« Answer Taking natural toyarithms of both sides gives: In In(ae™*) Iny = Ina + Ine™ Iny = bx+In Now compare Iny = bx+Ina with Y mX +e t ttt The non-linear equation y= ae" becomes the linear equa Y mX +e, where ¥ =Iny x, m=b and c= Ina Itis important to note: © The variables X and ¥ in ¥ = mX +e must contain only the original variables x and p (They must not contain the unknown constants « and) ‘© The constants m and c must contain only the original unknown constants @ and b. (They ‘mast not contain the variables x and y.) ‘The variables x and y satisfy the constants. The graph of In y against x? mation y= a (e-**), where a and b are ht line passing through the points (0.55, 0.84 and (1.72, 0.26) as shown in the diagram. Find the value of a and the value of b correct to 2 decimal places. Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributioneee eo at Answer ‘Taking natural logarithms of both sides gives: Iny = Ina+Ine™ Iny = Ina- 6x" Iny = -bx? + Ing Now compare Iny = —b x? + Ina with Y= mi +e Set WIT! genio 172-055 sci DELO oo variables on a graph ee are logs, itis called a ‘The table shows experiinental values of the variables x and y, By plotting a suitable straight-line graph, show that x and y are related by the equation y = k x x", where and n ave constants, b_ Use your graph to estimate the value of k and the value of Answer In(k x x") nln.x + Ink Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionCe CCE CLC Is NuCuees Ch eure ye! Now compare Iny = nlnx+ Ink with Y = mX +c G)= n+ nk F-hdee Hence the graph of Iny against Inx needs to be drawa where © gradient = n © intercept on vertical axis Table of values is | tat | 230 | 300 | 3.69 7.86 | 738 [ 689 | ea Ls ins came + 3 The points form an approximate straighi line, so x and y are related by the equation y= kx x" 5927.86 n= gradient = 522-786 _ 9 79 0 2 significant figures, b dient = $92= 788 to 2 significant fig In k = intercept on vertical axis Ink =9 k ke = 8100 10 2 significant figures. “The distributions of « verse range of natural and man-made phenomena approximately follow the power law y= ax’. These include the sizeof eraters on the moon, avalanches, species, extinction, body mass, income and populations of cities. Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributioneee eo at 1. Given that 2 and b are constants, use logarithms to change each of these non-linear equations into the form, ¥ = m¥ +c. State what the variables X and ¥ and the constants m and c represent. (Note: there might be more shan one method to do this.) a oy=enr b y=108% © ysa(x) d y=alb") f oxtyh= B xa’ =b hoy=ale™) 2. The variables x and y satisfy the equation y= a x x", where a and n are tay constants, The graph of ny against inx isa straight tine passing through —K the points (0.3, 4.02) and (1.83, 3.22) a shown inthe diagram. Find the value of aand the value of m correct 02 significant figures. 031,402) (088,323) {> ns 3 Thevariables and y satisfy the equation y= xe"? where kandn are constants. The graph of In y against x isa straight line passing through the points (1, 1.84) and (7, 4.33) as shown in the diagram. Find the value of k 10.433) and the value of m correct to 2 significant figures 1188) J a a Express logio in terms of x. b_ Express » in terms of x, giving your answer in the form y = a x 10 5 Variables x and y horizontal axis 12 related so that, when Iny is plotted on the vertical axis and In. is plotted on the ght-line graph passing through the points (2, 4) and (5, 13) is obtained, a Express iny in terms of x. b Express y in terms of». 6 The variables x and y satisfy the equation 5° = 3°. By taking natural logarithms, show that the graph. of Iny against In. isa straight line, and find the exact value of the gradient of this line and state the coordinates of the point at which the line cuts the y-axis 7 The mass, m grams, ofa radioactive substance is given by the formula _m = me", where is the time in days after the mass was first recorded and mo and k are constants. ‘The table below shows experiiental values of ¢ and m, wo | 20 | 30 | 4 | 90 409 [335 [274 | 25 [184 a Draw the graph of In m against -aph to estimate the value of mp and k. life of a radioactive substance is the time i Lakes to decay to half ofits original mass. Find the hal lfe of this radioactive substance. Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionSS 1D Cambridge International AS & A Do) Ua TU eee ey 8 The temperature, 7°C,, of a hot drink, r minutes after itis made, can be modelled by the equation, T = 25+ ke", where ke and n are constants. The table below shows experimental values of # and 7. 1 2[4[«[s] @3 [3 [8 [87 [52 Convert the equation to a form suitable for draviing a straight-line graph. Draw the straight-line graph and use it to estiraate the value of & an Estimate i theinitial temperature of the drink Ji the time taken for the temperature to reach 28°C lii_the room temperature Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution