LABORATORY REPORT OF MATERIALS PHYSICS 2022 1

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Measurement of Proton and Fluorine
Ferdiansyah Iqbal Rafandi (A877V0)
Master Program in Materials Science, Eötvös Loránd University

Abstract — This report explains the conducted nuclear magnetic
resonance for water and Teflon sample which represent proton
and fluorine respectively. Firstly, proton sample was measured to
see its g-factor, from the measurement it was obtained that the g-
factor of proton is 3.00144 and for the fluorine is 2.83155.
Another observation was also performed to investigate the
frequency shift due inhomogeneous magnetic field which was
produced due to replacement of sample from the middle of
distance between two magnetic cores. It was obtained that as the
distance was farther from the center, the frequency shift become
larger.
Kaywords — magnetic resonance, g-factor, proton, fluorine,
frequency.
I. INTRODUCTION
where v is the speed of the particle. According to
electromagnetic theory, this circular motion of the charged
particle creates a loop current, which carries a magnetic
moment .
(2)
Here, is the vector, with its magnitude equal to the area of
the loop, and its direction described by the right-hand rule
following the direction of the loop current, which is
represented by unit vector . Meanwhile, such a gyration
motion (rotation motion) also can be quantified by an angular
momentum :

A toms are the basic composition units in chemical and

biological area. Each atom consists of a nucleus with
one or more surrounding electrons. Molecules are
(3)

constructed by bonding valence electrons of different atoms. The ratio between and is the gyromagnetic ratio γ:
The arrangements of valence electrons in these bonds show
the chemical properties of the molecule. For example, the
same carbon atom in a CO2 molecule behaves differently to
that in a CO molecule. The variations of the bonding between (4)
valence electrons also affect NMR signals, manifested as
shifts in NMR signals, called chemical shifts. This correlation So, this classical picture shows that the gyromagnetic ratio is
is used to derive the protein secondary structure, or electronic related to the charge and mass of the particle.
and magnetic properties in various insulators, conductors, and However, classical mechanics is not the most accurate
superconductors. theoretical framework to describe microscopic particles such
The diameter of an atom, for example, a helium atom, is as nuclei or electrons. So, quantum mechanics is required and
roughly 1 Å (10-10 m). The nucleus occupies only a tiny spot at for an isolated (noninteracting) charged particle, the
the center, with a diameter of around 1 fm (10-15 m). Outside Hamiltonian H is:
the nucleus, the electrons are moving about at high speed. The
ratio of the electrons’ speed to the speed of light is
proportional to the charge of the nucleus and the fine-structure (5)
constant (1/137). However, the location of the electrons
cannot be precisely determined at any specific time if the where is the momentum operator
velocity is measured precisely. Instead, quantum mechanics
uses the wave function φ(r) to represent the probabilistic
, is the vector
distribution of their locations, which is often described as the
electron cloud. Their most probable locations around the potential associated with the magnetic field,
nucleus resemble the orbits of the planets in the solar system, , and ϕ is the scalar field associated with the
so they are called atomic orbitals.
The nucleus as a charged particle q in the classical picture.
When a charged particle q adopts a uniform circular motion electric field, .
with a radius of r and period T, it produces a current. The particle is assumed that exists in a vacuum, where the
magnetization associated with the medium vacuum is 0, so
magnetic induction or magnetic field density comes entirely
(1) from the magnetic field strength .
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Using the vector potential, and assuming all fields have no

time dependence,
(13)

(6)
where ge for electrons is about 2, as can be measured by the
This expression is equivalent to saying that we have an one-electron cyclotron.
Pauli introduced two concepts in 1924 to explain hyperfine
external magnetic field along in direction . structure found in some optical spectra: a nuclear angular
The corresponding x, y, and z components of the vector momentum, and a nuclear magnetic moment. Precise
potential are , and . Hence, experimental demonstration of the validity of these concepts
the Hamiltonian H can be rewritten as: was not possible with the then existing optical techniques. It
was not until molecular-beam techniques were devised by
Stern and Gerlach (Germany 1933), and refined by Rabi,
Millman, Zacharias, and Kusch (Columbia University 1939),
(7) that a precise determination of a nuclear magnetic moment
was possible. Utilization of experimental techniques
where the subscript i represents the x, y, and z components. developed during World War II permitted two experiments to
Rearranging the equation, we get be reported independently in 1946, by Purcell, Torrey, and
Pound (Nuclear Magnetic Absorption) at Harvard University,
and Bloch, Hansen, and Packard (Nuclear Induction) at
(8) Stanford University. The Purcell group's method was to
measure the energy absorbed by a bulk sample at resonance,
Recall the definition of angular momentum in Eq. (3). while Bloch's examined the signal transferred between
. orthogonal coils by a bulk sample at resonance. The simpler
(9) absorption technique (as defined by Bloembergen, Purcell, and
Pound) is the one used for this experiment, with the
experimental arrangement illustrated in Fig. 1.
So, it can be seen that . Hence, we can
rewrite this as:

(10)

with H = Ha + Hb + Hc, in which ,

, and . The Hb term
describes the interaction of angular momentum with external
magnetic field, which is called the Zeeman effect or Zeeman
interaction: Figure 1. Schematic diagram of major components in nuclear magnetic
resonance absorption apparatus

(11)
Here, ω0 is the Larmor frequency. By comparing to Hb, the
gyromagnetic ratio γ is
(12)
Note that Eq. 12 has an extra factor of c in the denominator,
compared to Eq. 4. This is because we used the formula in cgs
units in the quantum mechanical derivation above, while SI
and cgs units assume the same format as for the classical
mechanical derivation. To convert to SI units, all charges have
to be multiplied by a factor of c. Then the quantum
mechanical derivation of gyromagnetic ratio is the same as the
previous classical derivation. With more rigorous derivation,
beyond the scope of this book, the gyromagnetic ratio is.
II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
A. Materials and Equipment
In this experiment, we used water which is mixed with
paramagnetic salt for measurement of the resonance of the
proton. Besides, teflon sampe was also used to measure its
fluorine resonance. A plastic bars with different thicknesses (2
cm, 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm) were also utilized to create the
distance between sample and two coils in order to measure the
inhomogeneity of magnetic field.
For the measurement of nuclear magnetic resonance,
homogeneous magnetic was produced by big iron core
electromagnetic coil with thousand of turns with some 0.5 – 2
DC flows. This DC flow is modulated to create better
resonance. This coil can also detect the absorption due to
LABORATORY REPORT OF MATERIALS PHYSICS 2022
resonance, which is also connected to oscillator circuit. The
schematic diagram of measurement apparatus is showed in
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of measurement apparatus
Figure 3. The photograph of nuclear magnetic resonance absorption
apparatus in the laboratory
B. Experimental Method
In the beginning, we need to set up the apparatus. The
multimeter was switched on and the unit was set into ampere
to measure the current. Besides, we must make sure that the
resistance must show a zero value so the current can flow
constantly. The current will go to many loops of iron core and
in the gap between two iron core loop, the sample was placed
with the holder.
Then, water sample was placed in the middle of the gap
between two loop. The frequency was set to 20 Hz. The
current generator was turned on and the intensity of current
was increased by rotating the arbitary unit rotator, while the
increment of current was examined in multimeter and showing
1,35 A. Constant magnetic field and small modulation must be
set up using modulator. After that, the resonance was observed
by put the value of signal generator at 5,5 MHz. While, in the
screen of oscillator, we found the resonance when there were 2
3
peaks in the same time, however these 2 peaks were not in the
same position. After that, it was just adjusted so that these two
peaks overlapped each other. The next step was that we must
look for floating interference between antenna and the
frequency that we have set from the signal generator box by
increasing or decreasing the frquency value more or less close
to 5,5 MHz. The floating interference was indicated by the
movement of amplitude up and frequency goes down. Once,
we reached this position, the magnetic field in the middle of
gap near to sample was measured with magnetometer and the
exact value of frequency in the antenna generator was noted.
The same measurement was conducted for 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 6.5, 7,
7.5 and 8 MHz. After that the result was plotted and curve
fitting was performed by using linear function. The g factor of
proton can be determined as the interception value of the
result from linear fitting.
Afterwards, the resonance of fluorine measurement was
performed. By assuming that the ratio between g-factor of
proton and g-factor of fluorine is around 1,06, we can find
easily the g-factor of florine once we know the value of g-
factor from proton. However, in this experiment, we proved
that the ratio of g-factor between proton and fluorine is 1,06.
So, first the resonance like proton was investigated using
water sample. In my case, the freuqency was set to 5,5 MHz in
signal generator box. Once we found the resonance, then value
of magnetic field was measured and immediately the sample
was changed into teflon. Because we changed the material,
then we must adjust in oscillator that we should see 2 peaks
which overlapped each other. Then, the floating interference
was explored by approximating some value more or less near
to 5,5 MHz, once the signal was transformed by the upper
movement of amplitude and lower movement of frequency.
The value of exact frequeny was noted. Subsequently, we
changed again the sample again to water and we looked for the
floatinf interference due to sample changing, the exact value
of frequency was note down. Once we collected, the frequency
of proton and fluorine, we can prove that the ratio between it
should be 1,06. So we can find the value of g-factor of
fluorine from the calculated g-factor of proton in the curve
fitting process.
The last measurement was inhomogenities of magnetic field.
We put some barriers using plastic bar to create some distance
of the sample from the middle of the gap. The resonance
measurements were performed as other measurement for each
different thickness of plastic bar. The frequencies shown in
antenna generator were written down and the curve due to
effect of distance was then plotted.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. G-factor determination of Proton
The result of resonance measurement which showed by
frequency and the magnetic field produced were plotted in
Figure 4. It can be seen from the figure that; the value of
magnetic field increase as the frequency is also improved. It
proves that frequency is linear with magnetic field.
LABORATORY REPORT OF MATERIALS PHYSICS 2022
Figure 4. Scattered plot of resonance measurement result
Subsequently, linear curve fitting was performed from these
scattered plot result. The curve fitting was conducted using
OriginLab 2019 software. The result of curve fitting is
depicted in Figure 5. From this linear curve fitting, we will
obtain the intercept and slope of linear line, which are 0.9551
and 22.87519. With this value then we can construct the linear
relation equation which connects the frequency and magnetic
field, which can be written as:
(13)
Figure 5. Linear curve fitting result
The obtain slope value from linear curve fitting can be utilized
to determine the g-factor from the proton. In this case, we can
use relation which is express by equation 14. And the division
of frequency and magnetic field represents the slope itself.
(14)
4
µN is nuclear magneton and from reference the value of
nuclear magneton is 5,05 x 10-27 J/T. By substituting the
Planck constant then we obtained the value of g-factor for
proton is 3.00144.
B. G-Factor Determination of Fluorine
The measurement was conducted with finding resonance like
proton at 5,5 MHz. The measured magnetic field was 139,4
mT and the obtained frequency value for fluor is 5,705 and for
proton is 6,068. If we compare this value then we can get a
ratio of frequency between proton and fluorine which has the
value around 1,06 and with this relationship, we can determine
the value of g-factor for Fluorine.
(15)
Since we have g-factor for proton from the previous
measurement, then we can obtain the g-factor of fluorine is
2.83155.
C. Inhomogeneity of Magnetic Field Measurement
The resonance was observed using frequency 7,5 MHz. The
sample was placed from 1 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm from the
center. As the distance was introduced, the peak in
oscilloscope showing a shifting, and this curve shifting were
recorded for every distance which is depicted in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Peak shifting from the center of distance between two magnetic
cores
Besides, the frequency measured was also shifted in the
oscilloscope, the value of frequency shift can be seen in Figure
7. The position of the sample plays a key role due to frequency
shift because the excitation coil that envelops the sample
should always be positioned properly, because the capacitive
coupling between the magnetic core metal and the coil for the
sample can induce a frequency shift. Therefore, we can see
LABORATORY REPORT OF MATERIALS PHYSICS 2022 5

that once we give the distance from the middle distance

between two magnetic core metal, the frequency shift just
occurred. As the distance increase, the frequency shift become
larger as well.

Figure 7. Frequency shift from the the center of distance between two
magnetic cores

IV. CONCLUSION
Thus, the result of experiments showed that the g-factor of
proton and fluorine and can be observed from the magnetic
resonance using two magnetic cores which was made from
vast number of loops of coil and were transmitted by such
value of current. For proton from water sample, the g-factor
was obtained with value of 3.00144. While for Fluorine, the g-
factor was obtained using the ration between resonance
frequency of proton and fluorine which is 2.83155. The effect
of inhomogeneous magnetic field was also observed by
placing the sample for some centimeters from the middle of
distance between two magnetic cores. It was observed that,
due to inhomogeneous magnetic field, the resonance
frequency was shifted and it can observed from the
oscilloscope that there were some peak shift.

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