PLAYING WITH

What’s in a ‘PEDADOGGY’
philosophy
statement HOT TOPIC: AI
INFLUENTIAL LEADERSHIP &
THINKERS... PHILOSOPHY IN ECE
JULY / AUGUST ISSUE 15 2023
ISBN: 978-0-646-97422-4
dŚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ƚŚĞŶƐ ŝƐ Ă ĨƌĞƐĐŽ ƉĂŝŶƚĞĚ ďLJ /ƚĂůŝĂŶ ĂƌƟƐƚ ZĂƉŚĂĞů ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϱϱϭͲϭϱϵϭ͘
ĚŽƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞǁĂůůŽĨƚŚĞ^ƚĂŶnjĞĚŝZĂīĂĞůůŽ;ƚŚĞsĂƟĐĂŶͿ͕ŝƚŚĂƐůŽŶŐďĞĞŶƐĞĞŶĂƐĂZĂƉŚĂĞů
ŵĂƐƚĞƌƉŝĞĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨĞĐƚĞŵďŽĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂůƐƉŝƌŝƚŽĨƚŚĞZĞŶĂŝƐƐĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞĨƌĞƐĐŽ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJďLJƉƵƫŶŐ^ŽĐƌĂƚĞƐ͕WůĂƚŽ͕ƌŝƐƚŽƚůĞĂŶĚĞǀĞƌLJŽƚŚĞƌƉĂŐĂŶƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͕
ŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐŝĂŶ͕ĂŶĚĂƌƟƐƚŽĨĂŶƟƋƵŝƚLJŝŶŚƵŐĞĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞŝŶĂŶŝŵĂŐŝŶĞĚĂĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨǁŝƐĚŽŵ͘
 Education is the kindling of a flame,
not the filling of a vessel
Socrates

There is nothing more divine than

education. It is only through education
that one truly becomes
Plato

Educating the mind without educating

the heart is no education at all
Aristotle
editor-in-chief
Bernadette Dunn

CONTENTS
contributing editor
Wendy Shepherd

editoral committee
Anthony Semann
Colin Slattery

designer ůǁĂLJƐŽƉĞŶƚŽůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐʹ Anthony Semann interviews Susan Franco 6

Anne-Marie Fernandes
Leaning into life’s philosophy 8
contributors ^Ž͕LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽďĞĂŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚͲĂƐƚŽƌLJʹLeanne Logan 10
Alissa Haddad
Alma Fleet hŶĚĞƌƚŚĞ^ƉŽƚůŝŐŚƚǁŝƚŚ Wendy Shepherd 12
Anthony Semann
Adam Christie
/ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝƐƚĂƐ͕ĂƚĞůŝĞƌŝƐƚĂƐĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
Bernadette Dunn ʹƌ^ƚĞĨĂŶŝĂ'ŝĂŵŵŝŶƵƟ       14
Cara Mearns
Colin Slattery /ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗/ŶĞĞĚƚŽƌĞĂĚŵŽƌĞʹ Lisa Bryant 17
Daniel Freeman &ƌŽŵƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƚŽƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJĂŶĐŚŽƌĞĚŝŶĂŬŽʹ Jenna Close 18
Emma Rattenbury
Fiona Zinn /ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͕ƚŚĞŵĂŶ͕ƚŚĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞůĞŐĂĐLJ
Jacoba Mataopo
ʹFiona Zinn & Cara Mearns 20
Jane Warnock
Jenna Close The role of leadership in shaping philosophy in early childhood
Josh Pinch
Karen Hope ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐʹŽůŝŶ^ůĂƩĞƌLJ     23
Kiki Gould tŚĂƚǁĞƐĞĞĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶǁŚĂƚǁĞůŽŽŬĨŽƌʹKaren Hope 24
Laura Stone
Leanne Logan dŚĞŚŝŐŚĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŽĨsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂʹĞƌŶĂĚĞƩĞƵŶŶ    27
Leora Aksman-Glosz
Lisa Bryant zĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂŚ͛Ɛ:ĞǁĞů͗&ĞĂƚŚĞƌΘƌƵŵ     28
Lou Greenwood /ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗dŚĞƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐĂŶĚŵĞʹDr Alma Fleet 33
Mark Powell
Michelle Walker WůĂLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚ͚ƉĞĚĂĚŽŐŐLJ͛ʹDr Red Ruby Scarlet 36
Rachel Flottman
Red Ruby Scarlet ĨĂŵŝůLJĐĞŶƚƌĞĚĂƉƉƌŽĂŚʹŝŶĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ:ŽƐŚWŝŶĐŚ   40
Ric McConaghy ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚtĂƚĐŚ͗tŚĂƚ͛ƐŝŶĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ͍
Stefania Giamminuti
Susan Cooper ʹKiri Gould & Jacoba Matopa 44
Susan Franco /ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗/ŵĂŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐŶŽƚLJĞƚŝŵĂŐŝŶĞĚʹĚĂŵŚƌŝƐƟĞ 53
Wendy Shepherd
/ĨŽƌŐĞƚ͘͘͘ʹRic McConaghy 54
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ʹLaura Stone 58
/ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJĨŽƌŽƵƌƟŵĞʹDĂƌŬWŽǁĞůů 62
This publication is printed on
recycled paper. /ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗ŵŵŝWŝĐŬůĞƌʹAlissa Haddad 66
/ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗&ƌĞĚĞƌŝĐŚ&ƌŽďĞů͗/ŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ŝŶƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂƚŽĚĂLJʹLeora Aksman-Glosz 61
www.semannslattery.com/pedagogy
/ŶĨƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗&ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚEŝĞƚnjƐĐŚĞʹDaniel Freeman 71
/ŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͗Sir Ken Robinson ʹSusan Cooper 75
tŚŽůĞĂĚƐƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞƌ͕ǁŚŽŵĞŶƚŽƌƐƚŚĞŵĞŶƚŽƌ͕ǁŚŽĐŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŚĞĐŽĂĐŚ
ʹJane Warnock 76
KŶƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐʹLeanne Logan 78
tŚŽƚĞĂĐŚĞƐǁŚŽŵ͕ƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌŽĨ͚ŐŽŐLJ͛ʹMichelle Walker 80
,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŝŶʹŽůŝŶ^ůĂƩĞƌLJ 82
,ŽƚdŽƉŝĐ͗/ͲǁŚĂƚĚŽǁĞŬŶŽǁĂŶĚŚŽǁƐŚŽƵůĚǁĞƵƐĞŝƚ͍ʹĞƌŶĂĚĞƩĞƵŶŶ 84
See page 68 hŶůĞĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞŚĂƚ'WdƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶʹLisa Bryant 88
for details dƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞʹŵŵĂZĂƩĞŶďƵƌLJ    90
 5

PEDAGOGY+
the art of teaching

/ŶƚŚŝƐ/ƐƐƵĞŽĨWĞĚĂŐŽŐLJнǁĞĞdžƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐƉůĂLJŝŶƚŚĞĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ͘dŚĞǁŽƌĚ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĐŽŵĞƐĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬĨŽƌ ͚ůŽǀĞŽĨ ǁŝƐĚŽŵ͕͛ĂŶĚ ǁĞďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ůŽǀĞŽĨ ƉƵƌƐƵŝŶŐ ďŝŐ ŝĚĞĂƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŝƐĚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĂŶŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƋƵĂůŝƚLJŶŽǁĂŶĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘KŌĞŶƐĞĞŶĂƐĂǁĂLJŽĨ
ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĐŽŶĮŶĞĚƚŽĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐůŝĨĞ͕ǁĞŚŽƉĞƚŽĚŝƐƉĞůƚŚĂƚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂƐǁĞĞdžƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝĚĞĂƐ
ŝŵƉĂĐƚǁŚĂƚǁĞĚŽŝŶƚŚĞĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ͘tĞƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐƚŚĂƚŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞƚŚĞŶĞdžƵƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŽƌLJĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƌ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ƐŚĂƌĞ ǁŝƚŚ LJŽƵ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ
ƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁŽƌŬ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂƌůLJ zĞĂƌƐ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ DLJ dŝŵĞ KƵƌ WůĂĐĞ
ĂůƐŽďƌŝŶŐƐůŝĨĞƚŽĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ͖ƚŚĞƐĞĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐŝŶǀŝƚĞĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐƚŽĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞǁŝƐĚŽŵŝŶƚŚĞŝƌ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘ƌŝŶŐŝŶŐƚŚŝƐ/ƐƐƵĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐʹŝƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽďƌŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞ
ƉĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚŝƐƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĞĞŶĚůĞƐƐĂƌƌĂLJŽĨƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĞdžŝƐƚ͕ĂŶĚƐŽ͕ĂƐŽĨŽƵƌŶĞdžƚ/ƐƐƵĞƚŚĞƌĞ
ǁŝůůďĞĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJͬƚŚĞŽƌLJĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ͘͘͘ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŽĨZƵĚŽůƉŚ^ƚĞŝŶĞƌ͘

WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝƐĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŶŐƐƵďũĞĐƚŵĂƩĞƌʹŝƚŝƐĂŶĂŐĞůĞƐƐƉƵƌƐƵŝƚƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĞŶĚůĞƐƐƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŽĨƌŝĐŚĂŶĚƐƵŐŐĞƐƟǀĞƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘/ĨƚŚŝƐ/ƐƐƵĞďĞŐŝŶƐLJŽƵƌũŽƵƌŶĞLJĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ
ĂŶĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞŶǁĞŚĂǀĞƐĞƌǀĞĚŽƵƌƌĞĂĚĞƌƐǁĞůů͘

Anthony Semann Colin Slattery

 6
ALWAYS
OPEN TO
LEARNING
WITH SUSAN FRANCO
INTERVIEWED BY ANTHONY SEMANN
Susan Franco is the Approved
Provider at Explore &
'HYHORS/LO\ƪHOG6KH
continues to pioneer quality
as an essential component
of children’s experience
in an early education
VLWH+HUWHDPKDVDFOHDU
commitment to equity and
VRFLDOMXVWLFH6XVDQEHOLHYHV
pedagogical transformation
results from a deep and
ongoing commitment to
OHDUQLQJ
WE ARE SO PLEASED TO HAVE THIS
OPPORTUNITY TO INTERVIEW YOU. CAN YOU
SHARE WITH US YOUR JOURNEY INTO THE
EARLY EDUCATION SECTOR?
dŚĂƚ͛ƐĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶďĞĐĂƵƐĞŵLJĮƌƐƚĐĂƌĞĞƌǁĂƐŶŽƚ
ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ / ŐƌĞǁ ƵƉ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ĂŶĚ
ĂůǁĂLJƐǁĂŶƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞŶ/ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚũŽƵƌŶĂůŝƐŵ
ĂŶĚŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐǁŽƵůĚďĞĨĂďƵůŽƵƐ͘/ǁĞŶƚŽīĂŶĚǁŽƌŬĞĚŝŶ
ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ũŽƵƌŶĂůŝƐŵ ĨŽƌ ŶĞĂƌůLJ ϮϬ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ ǀĞŶƚƵĂůůLJ͕  /
ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ǁĂƐ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ĨŽƌ ŵĞ͘ / ǁĂƐ
ƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐĂůŽƚĂŶĚĨĞůƚƚŚĂƚ/ǁĂƐŶ͛ƚƉĂƌƚŽĨĂĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘dŚĂƚ
ŝƐǁŚLJ/ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚŵLJŽǁŶĐĞŶƚƌĞĂŶĚďĞĐĂŵĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĂĐůŽƐĞͲ
ŬŶŝƚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐŶ͛ƚĂŶĞĂƐLJĐĂƌĞĞƌŵŽǀĞ͕ĂŶĚŝƚƚŽŽŬ
ŵĞϭϴŵŽŶƚŚƐƚŽŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƚŽƐĂLJƚŽŵLJŚƵƐďĂŶĚƚŚĂƚ
/ǁĂŶƚĞĚĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐĂƌĞĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝƐǁŚĞƌĞŵLJŚĞĂƌƚŝƐ͘

HOW HAS THIS CAREER JOURNEY BEEN SO FAR?
/ŶĂůůŚŽŶĞƐƚLJ͕/ůŽǀĞŝƚ͘/ƚŝƐŵƵĐŚŚĂƌĚĞƌƚŚĂŶ/͛ǀĞĞǀĞƌǁŽƌŬĞĚ͕
ďƵƚƚŚĂƚƐĂŝĚ͕ŝƚŝƐƐŽǁŽƌƚŚǁŚŝůĞ͘^ƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĨŽƌŵLJĚĞŐƌĞĞĂŶĚ
ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵǁĂƐĂƌĞĂůũƵŐŐůĞ͘ƵƚŵLJ
ůŽǀĞĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŬĞƉƚŵĞŐŽŝŶŐ͘>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĚƌŝǀĞƐŵLJƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ
ĨŽƌ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ LJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͘ /͛ǀĞ
ĂůǁĂLJƐďĞĞŶƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚƚŚĂƚǁĂƐĐƵƌŝŽƵƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ĂŶĚ
/ǁĂŶƚƚŽŽīĞƌƚŚŝƐƚŽĂůůĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘/ďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚto succeed in
this career; you should always be open to learning because
learning opens up the world.
YOU ARE A GREAT ADVOCATE, INCLUDING
PRESENTING AT CONFERENCES AND HAVE A
VERY ENGAGING INTERNAL PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT CALENDAR FOR YOUR TEAM. I
SENSE YOU SEE PROFESSIONAL LEARNING AS
CRITICAL TO GROWTH.
/ĚŽďĞĐĂƵƐĞŵLJŐƌĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐŽŶůLJǁĞŶƚƚŽƐĐŚŽŽůƵŶƟůƚŚĞ
ĂŐĞŽĨϭϮŽƌϭϯ͕ĂŶĚ/ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝƐƚŚĞƟĐŬĞƚ
to anywhere in life͘dŚŝƐŵŽƟǀĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŽǁĂŶƚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŽĞŶũŽLJ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͶŽŶĐĞ LJŽƵ ƐƚŽƉ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ LJŽƵƌ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ
ƌĞĚƵŶĚĂŶƚ͘  ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ĐŽŵĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ă
ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐďŽƚŚĂƐĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĂƐĂƐŝƚĞ͘
>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŽƉĞŶƐ ƵƉ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ǁŚĂƚ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌůĚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ͖ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŵŽƌĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂŶĚďĞŝŶŐ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚǁĞůŝǀĞŝŶ͘/ƚĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚŵĂƩĞƌǁŚĂƚƚŚĞ
ƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞǁŝƚŚŝŶŵLJƚĞĂŵ͕everybody has some rich
ŐŝŌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƵŶĞĂƌƚŚ͘ LJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ
for sharing learning, we enable this͘ /ƚ ŽīĞƌƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƐŚŝŶĞ Ă ůŝŐŚƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ Ă ůŝƩůĞ ďŝƚ͕ ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĂƚ͛ƐĂůƐŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƚĞĂŵǁŽƌŬ͘
YOU HAVE ALSO ADVOCATED FOR DIVERSITY
OF IDEAS AND PRACTICES IN ALL ITS FORMS.
CAN YOU SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS ABOUT THIS
WITH US?
tŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ĂƩĞŶĚ Ă ĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ Žƌ Ă ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕ LJŽƵ ƐƚĂƌƚ ƚĂƉƉŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝĚĞĂƐ Žƌ ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ
ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƚŚŝŶŬ ůŝŬĞ LJŽƵ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůůLJ ƌŝĐŚ͘
WĞŽƉůĞ ĂƌĞ ƐŽ ǁŝůůŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͘ ,ĂǀŝŶŐ ĐŽŵĞ
ĨƌŽŵ Ă ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĂƐŶ͛ƚ ƌĞĂůůLJ ŚŽǁ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ
ǁĞƌĞ ĚŽŶĞ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ůŝŬĞ͕ ŚĞƌĞ͛Ɛ Ă ƉŽůŝĐLJ͕ ŚĞƌĞ͛Ɛ Ă ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ͕
ŚĞƌĞ͛Ɛ Ă ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽů͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ũƵƐƚ ŚŽǁ ǁĞ ĚŽ ƚŚĂƚ͘ tŚĞƌĞĂƐ ŝŶ
ƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJLJĞĂƌƐƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƐĐŽƉĞƚŽƚŚŝŶŬĂŶĚĚŽƚŚŝŶŐƐ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ Ă ƌĞĂů ŐŝŌ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ
ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘tĞƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵďƌĂĐĞƚŚĞƐĞ
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶďĞƐĐĂƌĞĚŽĨƚŚĞŵ͘
7
YOU’VE DONE SOME AMAZING WORK ABOUT
ABORIGINAL PERSPECTIVES EVER SINCE I’VE
KNOWN YOU. IT’S BEEN A LONG MARATHON
FOR YOU, HASN’T IT?
/ƚ͛Ɛ ŶŽƚ ĂŶ ŽǀĞƌŶŝŐŚƚ ŵĂƌĂƚŚŽŶ͕ ƚŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ĨŽƌ ƐƵƌĞ͘ /ƚ͛Ɛ Ă
ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƉ ĚŽǁŶ
ĂŶĚ ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƚĞ ŝŶƚŽ Ăůů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘ /Ĩ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞŶ͛ƚ ĂůůŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ͕ ĞdžƉĞĐƟŶŐ ƐƚĂī ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ũƵƐƟĐĞ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŚĂƌĚ͘ &Žƌ ƵƐ͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ŽƵƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƐĞĞ
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and culture in all
ŝƚƐǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůĨŽƌŵƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƟĞƐǁĂƐƌĞĂůůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶĂ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘tĞŚĂǀĞĂůƐŽǁŽƌŬĞĚĂƚ
ĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƐůĞǀĞů͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŽƵƌĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘tĞŚĂǀĞĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ
ŚŽǁ ďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ŝƚ ůŝǀĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘  DŽƌĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ ǁĞ
ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŐŽŝŶŐŽŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJǁĂůŬƐ͕ĂŶĚhŶĐůĞ:ŝŵŵLJŚĂƐ
ďĞĞŶĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŽŽƵƌĐĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌƉƌŽďĂďůLJĮǀĞŽƌƐŝdžLJĞĂƌƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
ŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂŶĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽďĞĂǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĨŽƌĂůů͘
ŶĚŵŽǀŝŶŐŝŶƚŽE/KǁĞĞŬ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůůLJ
ĂĐƟǀĞĂďŽƵƚƚĂůŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞsŽŝĐĞƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĚƵŵƚŚĂƚ͛ƐĐŽŵŝŶŐ
ƵƉ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĂŬŝŶŐŽƵƌƉŽůŝƟĐƐĐůĞĂƌƚŽĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘tĞĚŽŶ͛ƚ
ďĞůŝĞǀĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĐŽŵĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐŝůĞŶĐĞ͘
SO WHAT AWAITS YOUR CENTRE IN THE NEXT
FIVE YEARS?
&ŽƌƵƐ͕ŝƚ͛ƐĂďŽƵƚĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐƚŽďƵŝůĚĂŶĚĞŵďĞĚƚŚĞďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů
ĂŶĚ dŽƌƌĞƐ ^ƚƌĂŝƚ /ƐůĂŶĚĞƌ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ƐŽ ŝƚ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ĞǀĞŶ
ĚĞĞƉĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƌŝĐŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŽĚĂLJ͘ / ĂůƐŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ
ƵƉƐŬŝůůŝŶŐŽƵƌĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐŵŽƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞ
ƚŽ ĞŶƌŽů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ͘ ŶĚ ĨŽƌ ŵĞ͕
ŝƚ͛Ɛ ĂďŽƵƚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ŵLJ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ͘ /
ĚŽŶ͛ƚǁĂŶƚƚŽůĂŶĚŝŶĂƐƉŽƚǁŚĞƌĞ/ƚŚŝŶŬ/ŬŶŽǁĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ
ŽƌŚĂǀĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ͘/ǁĂŶƚƚŽŬĞĞƉŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĂŶĚƐĞĞ
ƚŚŝƐŐƌŽǁƚŚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘
GIVE ME THREE WORDS THAT DESCRIBE
SUSAN FRANCO AS AN EARLY CHILDHOOD
PROFESSIONAL.
dŚƌĞĞ ǁŽƌĚƐ͘ / Ăŵ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞ͕ ĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ͘
dŚĂƚ͛ƐƉƌŽďĂďůLJǁŚĂƚŵLJƚĞĂŵǁŽƵůĚƐĂLJĂďŽƵƚŵĞ͚͗ĞƐƉŝƚĞ
ƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞďĂůůƐƚŚĂƚĐŽŵĞŇLJŝŶŐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŵĞ͕/ŬĞĞƉƉƵƐŚŝŶŐ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ͛͘/͛ŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞĞŶŽƵŐŚƚŽŬŶŽǁƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶ/ƉƵƚŵLJ
ŚĞĂƌƚĂŶĚŚĞĂĚŝŶƚŽƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐĚĞƐƉŝƚĞĂŶLJĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͕/ǁŽŶ͛ƚ
ŐŝǀĞ ƵƉ͕ ĂŶĚ / ŚŽƉĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ŽƵƌ ĞŶƟƌĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĐĂŶ
ĞŵďƌĂĐĞ͘
8

LEANING INTO LIFE’S

PHILOSOPHY
zŽƵƐƚĂƌĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚůĞƐƐŶŝŐŚƚƐŬLJĂŶĚĂĐĂƌƉĞƚŽĨƐƚĂƌƐ͙
tŽŶĚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞĐůŽƵĚƐĂƐƚŚĞLJĚƌŝŌĂĐƌŽƐƐĂĐĞůĞƐƟĂůŚĞĂǀĞŶ
zŽƵŐĂnjĞĂƚĂƐůĞĞƉŝŶŐŝŶĨĂŶƚ͙
DĂƌǀĞůĂƚƚŚĞƚĞŶĂĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĨƌĂŐŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂďƵƩĞƌŇLJďƌĞĂŬŝŶŐĨƌĞĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽĐŽŽŶ
zŽƵƐŚĂĚĞLJŽƵƌĞLJĞƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞƐƵŶĚŝƐĂƉƉĞĂƌŝŶŐďĞůŽǁĂĚŝƐƚĂŶƚŚŽƌŝnjŽŶ͙
Vibrate with the crash of the waves as they pound the shore
zŽƵůŝƐƚĞŶƚŽƚŚĞǁŝŶĚĂƐŝƚƚĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞůĞĂǀĞƐĂŶĚǁŚŝƐƉĞƌƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƚƌĞĞƐ͙
Or as it howls and whistles playing havoc with the world
zŽƵǁĂŬĞŝŶƚŚĞŶŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂƌŬŶĞƐƐ͙
zŽƵƚƌĞŵďůĞĂƐƚŚƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŶƚƐƚŚĞĂŝƌ͖ŇĂƐŚĞƐŽĨůŝŐŚƚŶŝŶŐŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞĂĚĂƌŬĞŶĞĚƐŬLJ

/ƚŝƐŝŶŵŽŵĞŶƚƐůŝŬĞƚŚĞƐĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĞǀĂƐƚŶĞƐƐ >ŝĨĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ʹ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ďŽƚŚ ŵŽƌĂů ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ĂŶĚ

ĂŶĚǁŽŶĚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞĂŶĚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶǁŚĂƚƉĂƌƚLJŽƵƉůĂLJ
ʹLJŽƵ͕ĂŚĂŶĚĨƵůŽĨƐƚĂƌĚƵƐƚͶĂŵŝƐĐĞůůĂŶLJŽĨ͚ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚĂƚŽŵƐ
ƚŚĂƚ ƐŚŝŵŵĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĞůŝŶŐ͛ ʹ ǁŚĞƌĞ LJŽƵ Įƚ͕
ǁŚLJ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƐŚŽƵůĚ LJŽƵ ďĞ͘ ^Ž ďĞŐŝŶƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞ ŽĨ ĂŶƟƋƵŝƚLJ͕ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ
ŚĂǀĞƉŽƐĞĚƐŝŵŝůĂƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞ'ƌĞĞŬƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ^ŽĐƌĂƚĞƐ
is considered by many to be the founding father of Western
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘,ĞƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞĚƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƉůĂĐĞƐŽĨĂŶĐŝĞŶƚƚŚĞŶƐ͕
ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͕ĂƌƟƐĂŶƐ͕ƉŽĞƚƐĂŶĚŵƵƐŝĐŝĂŶƐ͕ƉĞŽƉůĞ
ĨƌŽŵ Ăůů ǁĂůŬƐ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͕ ƉƌŽƉŽƐŝŶŐ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐͶǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ǀŝƌƚƵĞ͕
ŵŽĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ͕ǁŚLJĚŽLJŽƵƚŚŝŶŬƚŚĂƚ͙dŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďLJ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ Ă ĐŽŶƚƌĂƌLJ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ ^ŽĐƌĂƚĞƐ
ĐĂƵƐĞĚƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞŝƌƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ
Śŝŵ ƚŽ ƉŽŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ ĂŶĚ͕ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚůLJ͕
ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ůŝĨĞ ʹ ďĞ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ͘  ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĂĞŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ^ŽĐƌĂƟĐ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ʹ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞůŝĐŝƚ
ĚĞĞƉ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂƐŽŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƐŵŽƐ ĂŶĚ
ŚƵŵĂŶŬŝŶĚ͘dŚĞŝƌĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶĐĂŶŽŶƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ'ƌĞĞŬƐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐŽĨ
ƚŽĚĂLJ͕ŚĂǀĞĨĂƐŚŝŽŶĞĚĂǀĞƌŝƚĂďůĞŽĂŬƚƌĞĞŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚ
ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲŚƵŵĂŶ ůŝĨĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŝƚ͘
dŚŝƐƋƵĞƐƚĨŽƌĚĞĞƉĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚŶĞǁǁĂLJƐŽĨďĞŝŶŐ
ŚĂǀĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞŝŵƉĞƚƵƐĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĞƚĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚƐŽŵĞŽĨ
ƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐŵŽƐƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚƐ͘
ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŽĨ ĞƚŚŝĐƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ŽƵƌ ƌĞĂƐŽŶ
ĨŽƌ ďĞŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ǁĞ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ͘ /Ŷ ĂƐŬŝŶŐ ǁŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ
ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽĂƐƚŚĞ͚ĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͛ʹƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŽĨůŝĨĞ
ĂŶĚ͚ƵƐ͕͛ǁĞĚĞůǀĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŵĞƚĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂů͘/ƚƐŽƵŶĚƐ
ŝŵŵĞŶƐĞ͕ďƵƚǁĞĂůůŚĂǀĞĂůŝĨĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ǁĞŵĂLJŶŽƚƌĞĂůŝƐĞ
ŝƚ Žƌ ƌĞĨĞƌ ƚŽ ŝƚ ĞǀĞƌLJ ĚĂLJ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ůŝǀĞƐ ŝŶ Ăůů ǁĞ ĚŽ͘ KƵƌ ůŝĨĞ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƐŽƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐ͖ŽƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŽƵƌ
ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ͘
KƵƌůŝĨĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂůƐŽŐƵŝĚĞƐŽƵƌǁŽƌŬůŝĨĞʹǁĞďƌŝŶŐŽƵƌ
ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ďĞůŝĞĨƐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŽŽƵƌǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƐŽĚŽŽƵƌ
ĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƚŚŝƐ ͚ŝŶƚĞƌůĞĂǀĞĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕͛
ƚŚŝƐƉƌĞĐŝŽƵƐŵƵůƟͲŚƵĞĚŶĂƌƌĂƟǀĞƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ
ŽŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ͕ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ͕ ƌĞĂƐŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ
Ă ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ĨŽƌ ŽƵƌ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ʹ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ Ă
ĐĞŶƚƌĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐŚŽƵůĚďĞǀŝďƌĂŶƚ͕ƌĞŇĞĐƚǁŝƐĚŽŵĂŶĚůŝĨĞ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚďƵƌƐƚǁŝƚŚĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚůŝŐŚƚ͘
I have worked out and continue working
out who I am and who I wish to be — a
private inquiry irradiated by the ultimate
question, the great quickening of
thought, feeling, and wonder that binds
us all: What is all this?
Maria Popova, The Marginalian

'ƌĂLJůŝŶŐ ;ϮϬϮϯͿ ĂĚǀŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵŽƐƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ĚŝǀĞ ƚŽŽ
ĚĞĞƉůLJ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ͚ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͛ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͕ ͚ƚŚĞLJ ŵĞƌĞůLJ
ĂŶƐǁĞƌ ƵŶƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐůLJ ďLJ ĂĚŽƉƟŶŐ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ǀŝĞǁƐ͙ŵŽǀĞ
ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŽǁĚ͛͘ zĞƚ ǁŝƐĞ ǀŽŝĐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŽƵƌ ƉĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ
ĐŽƵŶƐĞůƵƐ͚ƚŽŬŶŽǁƚŚLJƐĞůĨ͕͚͛ŬŶŽǁŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨŝƐƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ
ŽĨ Ăůů ǁŝƐĚŽŵ͕ ͚ƚŽ ďĞ ĨƌĞĞ ŝƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŽŶĞ͛Ɛ
ŽǁŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐ͕͛ ͚ƚŽ ĚƌŝŶŬ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ďĞĂƵƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǁŽŶĚĞƌ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ
ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ǁŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ƐĞĞ͕͛ ͚ƐĞůĨͲŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞ
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŝƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ƵƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƌŽƵƚĞ ƚŽ Ă ŚĂƉƉLJ ĂŶĚ
ĨƵůĮůůŝŶŐůŝĨĞ͛;^ŽĐƌĂƚĞƐ͕ƌŝƐƚŽƚůĞ͕^ƚĞŝŶĞƌ͕ĂƌƐŽŶ͕ĚĞŽƩŽŶͿ͘
DĂƌƚŚĂ EƵƐƐďĂƵŵ ;ϭϵϵϴͿ͕ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ ŵŽƐƚ ĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ͕ ĂƉƉƌŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƌĞĨŽƌŵ ʹ
ŵŽǀĞŽƵƌǁŽƌůĚƚŽĂďĞƩĞƌƉůĂĐĞ͕ǁĞŵƵƐƚ͚ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞŚƵŵĂŶŝƚLJ͛͘
<ĞLJƚŽƚŚŝƐŝƐŽƵƌ͚ĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJĞdžĂŵŝŶĞŽŶĞƐĞůĨĂŶĚŽŶĞ͛Ɛ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͛͘ WĞƌŚĂƉƐ ŝĨ ǁĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ ĂƐ ͚ĂƉƉƌĞŶƟĐĞƐ
ŽĨůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ͛ʹƚŽŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ƚŽƚŚĞǁŝƐĚŽŵŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŽ
ŽƵƌĂŝůŝŶŐǁŽƌůĚ͕ŽƵƌůŝĨĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞůLJǁŝůůĐƌĞĂƚĞĂ
ďĞƩĞƌŚƵŵĂŶŬŝŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŝŐŚƚĞƌĨƵƚƵƌĞĨŽƌĂůů͘
ƐŬŝŶŐ ůŝĨĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚĂƵŶƟŶŐ͘ KƵƌ ƐĞůĨͲĞŶƋƵŝƌLJ ǁŝůů
ĂƐŬ ƵƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĞǀŝƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͕
ĂŶĚ ǁŚĂƚ ǁĞ ǀĂůƵĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĂLJ ƉůĂĐĞ ƵƐ ŽŶ Ă ƉĂƚŚ ŽĨ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ
ʹ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽŵĞ ĮŶĚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞŵďƌĂĐĞ͘ ůďĞƌƚ
ĂŵƵƐ͕ Ă ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ ǁŚŽ ǁƌŽƚĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĂďƐƵƌĚŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ
ŚƵŵĂŶĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ͕ƉŽƐĞĚǁŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚ
ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ʹ ͚dŽ ĚĞĐŝĚĞ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ůŝĨĞ
ŝƐ ǁŽƌƚŚ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĂŶƐǁĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͛ ;ϭϵϰϮͿ͘ KŶ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ ƟƉ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĨĂǀŽƵƌ
ƚŽŽƵƚǁĞŝŐŚĂŶLJƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƐĐŽŵĨŽƌƚʹǁĞĐŽŵĞƚŽ
ďĞƩĞƌ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ǁŚĂƚ ǁĞ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ŽƵƌ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ͕
ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJʹƵƐ͘
Only when you are brave enough to
explore the darkness will we discover
WKHLQƪQLWHSRZHURIRXUOLJKW
Brené Brown
>ĞĂŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŽLJŽƵƌůŝĨĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝƐĂŶĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƚŚĂƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ
ƐĞůĨͲƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŚŽŶĞƐƚLJĂŶĚĐŽƵƌĂŐĞʹŝƚĂůƐŽĚĞŵĂŶĚƐĂůĞĂŶ
ŝŶƚŽ LJŽƵƌ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ ƌĞŶĠ ƌŽǁŶ͕ Ă ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ͕
ƐƚŽƌLJƚĞůůĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ĞdžƉĞƌƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ͕
ĞŵƉĂƚŚLJ ĂŶĚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŽĨ
ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ǀŝĞǁĞƌƐ͕ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂƐ ŶŽƚ ŬŶŽǁŝŶŐ
ǀŝĐƚŽƌLJ Žƌ ĚĞĨĞĂƚ ʹ ͚ŝƚ ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ĚĂƌŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŚŽǁ ƵƉ ĂŶĚ ůĞƚ
ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐďĞƐĞĞŶ͛;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘
9
ŶĚ ƐŽ͕ ďĂĐŬ ƚŽ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŐĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ǁŝƐĚŽŵ ʹ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕
ƚŚĞƐĞĞŬŝŶŐŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƟŽŶŽĨůŝĨĞĂůŵŽƐƚĂůů
ďĞŐĂŶʹ^ŽĐƌĂƚĞƐǁŚŽĞdžŚŽƌƚĞĚ͕͚ƚŚĞƵŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚůŝĨĞŝƐŶŽƚ
ǁŽƌƚŚůŝǀŝŶŐ͙͛͘
REFERENCES
KƉĞŶŝŶŐƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͗KŶƚĂƌŝŽsŝƌƚƵĂů^ĐŚŽŽů
'ƌĂLJůŝŶŐ͕<͘;ϮϬϮϯͿWŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŽĨ>ŝĨĞ͕džƉůŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ'ƌĞĂƚYƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŽĨ,Žǁ
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EƵƐƐďĂƵŵ͕D͘;ϭϵϵϴͿƵůƟǀĂƟŶŐ,ƵŵĂŶŝƚLJ͘ůĂƐƐŝĐĂůĞĨĞŶƐĞŽĨZĞĨŽƌŵŝŶ
>ŝďĞƌĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘,ĂƌǀĂƌĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ
dLJůĞƌ͕:͘;ϮϬϭϴͿƉƉƌĞŶƟĐĞƐŽĨ>ŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ
>K'ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJͲĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͘ŽƌŐͬďůŽŐͬĂƉƉƌĞŶƟĐĞƐͲŽĨͲůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ
ĂŵƵƐ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϭϯͿ dŚĞ DLJƚŚ ŽĨ ^ŝƐLJƉŚƵƐ ;ƐƐĂLJ >Ğ DLJƚŚĞ ĚĞ ^ŝƐLJƉŚĞ ϭϵϰϮͿ
hŶŝƚĞĚ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͘WĞŶŐƵŝŶϭƐƚĞĚŝƟŽŶ
ƌŽǁŶ͕͘;ϮϬϭϲͿĂƌŝŶŐ'ƌĞĂƚůLJ,ŽǁƚŚĞŽƵƌĂŐĞƚŽďĞsƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞdƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵƐ
ƚŚĞtĂLJtĞ>ŝǀĞ͕>ŽǀĞ͕WĂƌĞŶƚĂŶĚ>ĞĂĚ͘hŶŝƚĞĚ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͘WĞŶŐƵŝŶh<
^ŽĐƌĂƚĞƐʹƚŚĞƵŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚůŝĨĞ͘WůĂƚŽ͛ƐƉŽůŽŐLJ;ϯϴĂϱʹϲͿ
ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉĞƌƐĞƵƐ͘ƚƵŌƐ͘ĞĚƵͬŚŽƉƉĞƌͬƚĞdžƚ͍ĚŽĐсƉůĂƚ͘нĂƉŽů͘нϯϴĂ
WŽƉŽǀĂ͕D͚͘ƋƵŽƚĞĚƚĞdžƚ͛dŚĞDĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝĂŶ
Metaphysics is concerned with the nature
of reality – it goes over and beyond the
knowledge of the natural world…
ƒ What is our place in the universe?
ƒ What is consciousness?
ƒ Does the world really exist?
ƒ Do we have free will?
ƒ Does God exist?
ƒ What is truth?
Ethics concern what we ought to do and what
it would be best to do…
ƒ What is good? What makes
actions or people good?
ƒ What is right? What makes actions right?
ƒ Is morality objective or subjective?
ƒ How should I treat others?
Ontario Virtual School HZ4U
10
SO YOU WANT TO BE AN
EARLY CHILDHOOD THEORIST
– A STORY
LEANNE LOGAN
STORYTELLING AT YOUR SERVICE
/ƚ ǁĂƐŶ͛ƚ ĞĂƐLJ ďĞŝŶŐ Ă ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͘ ƚ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ
ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ŐůĂnjĞ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ƐŚĞ ƚŽůĚ ƚŚĞŵ
ǁŚĂƚƐŚĞĚŝĚ͕ŽƌƐŽŵĞƐŽƌƚŽĨƉĞƌǀĞƌƐĞƉůĞĂƐƵƌĞĂƚƚŚĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ
of being able to dig deep into the depths of life and death
ǁŽƵůĚƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚŽĨƚŚĞŵ͕ĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽƐŚĂĚŽǁŚĞƌĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŶŝŐŚƚ͕ĂƐŬŝŶŐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘
EŽƚƚŚĂƚƐŚĞǁĞŶƚƚŽŵĂŶLJƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘/ĨƐŚĞ͛ĚďĞĞŶďŽƌŶĂŵĂůĞ
ŝŶ 'ƌĞĞĐĞ ϮϱϬϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ĂŐŽ͕ ƐŚĞ͛Ě ƉƌŽďĂďůLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƐƉĞŶƚ ŵĂŶLJ
ĂŶ ĞǀĞŶŝŶŐ ůŽƵŶŐŝŶŐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨĞĞƚ ŽĨ ŵĂƌďůĞ ƐƚĂƚƵĞƐ͕
ĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁŝŶĞĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŝŶŐŽŶďĞĂŶƐĂŶĚŚŽŶĞLJĐĂŬĞƐĂƐƐŚĞ
ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌ ĨĞůůŽǁ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ ŵĂĚĞ ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƌĞĂƐŽŶ͘ DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ͕ ƉŽůŝƟĐƐ͕ ĞƚŚŝĐƐ͕ ŵĞƚĂƉŚLJƐŝĐƐ͕ ďŝŽůŽŐLJ͕
ĂƐƚƌŽŶŽŵLJ͙ƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŵĂƩĞƌǁĂƐƌŝĐŚ͘
ƵƚŝŶϮϬϮϯ͕ĂƐĂŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͕
ƵĚƌĞLJ͛Ɛ ƉĂƌƚLJ ŝŶǀŝƚĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ͘ ͚WĞŽƉůĞ ǁŝůů ƌƵŶ Ă ŵŝůĞ
ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJŚĞĂƌǁŚĂƚLJŽƵĚŽ͕͛ŚĞƌŵŽƚŚĞƌŚĂĚĐƌƵĚĞůLJǁĂƌŶĞĚ
LJĞĂƌƐĂŐŽǁŚĞŶƐŚĞĮƌƐƚƐĞƚŽƵƚŽŶƚŚŝƐƉĂƚŚ͚͘ŶĚǁŚĂƚŐŽŽĚ
ŝƐďĞŝŶŐĂŽĐƚŽƌŽĨWŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶLJǁĂLJ͍zŽƵ͛ůůŽŶůLJďĞŚĞůƉŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŽŶĞƐǁŚŽĂƌĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJƚŽŽĨĂƌŐŽŶĞ͛͘
KŶĐĞ ƵĚƌĞLJ ǁŽƵůĚ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ ŚĞƌ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ͘ ^ŚĞ ĚŝĚŶ͛ƚ
ĂŶLJŵŽƌĞ͘ ^ŚĞ ŬŶĞǁ ŚĞƌ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ ǁŽƵůĚ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ŵŝdž ƵƉ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶĚƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͘^ŽŵĞƉĞŽƉůĞũƵƐƚĚŽŶ͛ƚŐĞƚƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕
ƐŚĞƚŽůĚŚĞƌƐĞůĨ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚǁĂƐŽŬĂLJ͘
͚ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚ͍͛ŚĞƌĨĂƚŚĞƌŚĂĚŝŵƉůŽƌĞĚ͚͘ŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚLJŽƵůĞĂƌŶŚŽǁ
ƚŽĚŝŐƵƉďŽŶĞƐŽƌĮdžƉƌŽƉĞůůĞƌƐ͍^ŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ͍/ŵĞĂŶ͕
ĂƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚ͍ƚLJŽƵƌĂŐĞ͘tŚĂƚƚŚĞŚĞůůĚŽƚŚĞLJĚŽ͍͛
ƵĚƌĞLJ͛ƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞǁĂƐƉŽŝƐĞĚ͚͘tĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŐŝǀĞŶĨĂĐƚƐĂŶĚ
ĐŽŵĞ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶ͕͟ ƐŚĞ ƐĂŝĚ ƉĂƟĞŶƚůLJ͘
͚ĂƐŝĐĂůůLJǁĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂ͕ĐƌĞĂƚĞĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚŝĚĞĂƐĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŶƐƉĞŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨŽƵƌůŝǀĞƐƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞŵ͛͘
,Ğƌ ĨĂƚŚĞƌ ƐŝŐŚĞĚ͕ ŶŽƚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƟŵĞ͘ ,Ğ ǁĂƐŶ͛ƚ Ă
ĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƚĞĚŵĂŶ͘KƌĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžŽŶĞĞŝƚŚĞƌ͘,ĞůŝŬĞĚƚŽŬĞĞƉ
ƚŚŝŶŐƐƐŝŵƉůĞ͘ƵƚƵĚƌĞLJŚĂĚĂůǁĂLJƐďĞĞŶĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐďƵƚƚŚĂƚ͘
&Žƌ ƚŚĞ ƵŵƉƚĞĞŶƚŚ ƟŵĞ ŚĞ ǁŽŶĚĞƌĞĚ ŚŽǁ ŽŶ ĞĂƌƚŚ ŚĞ͛Ě
ĞŶĚĞĚƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĚĂƵŐŚƚĞƌůŝŬĞƚŚŝƐ͘
͚^ŽǁŚĂƚƐŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ ĚŽ LJŽƵ ĐŽŵĞƵƉ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͍͛ŚĞƌŵŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌũĞĐƚĞĚ͚͘/ŵĞĂŶ͕ŝƚ͛Ɛ
ŶŽƚƌŽĐŬĞƚƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ŝƐŝƚ͍/ŶŵLJĚĂLJǁĞĐĂůůĞĚŝƚ͚ĐŚŝůĚĐĂƌĞ͛͘ĂĐŬ
ƚŚĞŶŵŽƐƚǁŽŵĂŶǁŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƐĞĞŶĚĞĂĚŐŝǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌ
ďĂďŝĞƐƚŽƐŽŵĞŽŶĞĞůƐĞƚŽŵŝŶĚ͘/ƚǁĂƐƵŶŚĞĂƌĚŽĨ͘/ŬŶŽǁ͘/
ŬŶŽǁ͘dŝŵĞƐŚĂǀĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĚďƵƚ͕ŽŚ͕ƚŚŽƐĞƉŽŽƌďĂďŝĞƐ͛͘
dŚŽƐĞ ƉŽŽƌ ďĂďŝĞƐ͘ ƵĚƌĞLJ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĞŵŽƟǀĞ
ǁŽƌĚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŬŶĞǁ ŚĞƌ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ ǁŽƵůĚ ƉƌŽďĂďůLJ ŶĞǀĞƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ
ŚĞƌƐƚĂŶĐĞŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŝƚŚĞƌ͘,ŽǁŵĂŶLJƟŵĞƐŚĂĚƐŚĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚƚŚĂƚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐǁĞƌĞŶŽǁĂƐĂŶĐƚƵĂƌLJ
ĨŽƌŵĂŶLJďĂďŝĞƐĂŶĚLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͍tŝƚŚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐƟŵĞƉŽŽƌ͕
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉŽŽƌ͕ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ ƉŽŽƌ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ŽǁŶůŝǀĞƐ͕ŚŽǁǁĞƌĞƚŚĞLJŵĞĂŶƚƚŽĂůƐŽŵĂŶĂŐĞǁĞůůƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐ
ŽĨƚŚĞŝƌLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͍͚ŶĚĚŽŶ͛ƚĞǀĞŶƐƚĂƌƚŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ
ĂĚĚŝĐƟŽŶ͊͛ƵĚƌĞLJĂĚŵŽŶŝƐŚĞĚŚĞƌƐĞůĨ͘
͚zŽƵ͛ƌĞƌŝŐŚƚDƵŵ͘dŝŵĞƐŚĂǀĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘ŶĚƚŚĞLJ͛ƌĞŐŽŝŶŐƚŽ
ŬĞĞƉ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ͕ ĨĂƐƚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞ͘ WĞƌŚĂƉƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ͛Ɛ
ŶĞǀĞƌ ďĞĞŶ Ă ŵŽƌĞ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ ƟŵĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ďŝŐ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ŝŶ
ůŝĨĞ͕ĂŶĚŚŽǁĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJĮƚŝŶƚŽƚŚĂƚ͛͘
^ŚĞǁĂŝƚĞĚ͘^ŚĞŬŶĞǁŚĞƌŵŽƚŚĞƌǁŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚƐƚŽƉƚŚĞƌĞ͘ƵƚĂƐ
ƚŚĞ ƐŝůĞŶĐĞ ŐƌĞǁ͕ ƐŽ ĚŝĚ ƵĚƌĞLJ͛Ɛ ĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJ͘ tĂƐ ŚĞƌ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ
ĂĐƚƵĂůůLJ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ŚĞƌ ǁŽƌĚƐ͍ tĂƐ ƐŚĞ ůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ͍ ,ĞĂƌŝŶŐ
ĞǀĞŶ͍ƵĚƌĞLJŐƌĂďďĞĚƚŚĞƵŶĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚŐĂƉ͚͘/ĨǁĞĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ
ŚĂǀĞŶƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƌĞĨƌĞĞƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶƚŚĞ
ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ŝƐ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂů͕ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞLJĂƌĞƚĂƵŐŚƚƚŚĂƚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝƐĂƚǁŽͲǁĂLJ
ƐƚƌĞĞƚ͕ ǁĞ ŵŝŐŚƚ ũƵƐƚ ďĞ ƌĂŝƐŝŶŐ Ă ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŵŽƌĞ
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚĂŶĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂƚŶĂǀŝŐĂƟŶŐůŝĨĞƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ
ŽŶĞƐ͛͘
 11

͚ƌĞLJŽƵƐĂLJŝŶŐLJŽƵƌĨĂƚŚĞƌĂŶĚ/ĚŝĚŶ͛ƚĚŽĂŐŽŽĚũŽďƌĂŝƐŝŶŐ
LJŽƵ͍>ŽŽŬĂƚLJŽƵ͊zŽƵ͛ƌĞϰϳLJĞĂƌƐŽůĚ͘zŽƵŚĂǀĞŶŽŚƵƐďĂŶĚ͘
EŽ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ EŽ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ƚŽ ĐĂƌĞ ĨŽƌ LJŽƵ͘ tŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ŐŽŝŶŐ ƚŽ
ŚĂƉƉĞŶǁŚĞŶǁĞ͛ƌĞŐŽŶĞ͍zĞƐ͕/ŬŶŽǁ͘/ŬŶŽǁ͘zŽƵĚŽŶ͛ƚůŝǀĞ
ǁŝƚŚƵƐĂŶLJǁĂLJ͘zŽƵŵĂŬĞŐŽŽĚŵŽŶĞLJʹǀĞƌLJŐŽŽĚŵŽŶĞLJ͘
zŽƵ͛ǀĞŐŽƚŐŽŽĚĨƌŝĞŶĚƐĂŶĚĂũŽďLJŽƵůŽǀĞ͘/ŬŶŽǁ͘/ŬŶŽǁ͘
/ƚ͛Ɛ ũƵƐƚ͕ ǁĞůů͕ ŝƚ ĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚ ƐĞĞŵ ƌŝŐŚƚ͘ tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ůŝĨĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͍ tĞ͛ƌĞ ŶĞǀĞƌ ŐŽŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ŐƌĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ tĞ͛ůů
ŶĞǀĞƌ ďĞ ŐƌĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͘ Ž LJŽƵ ŬŶŽǁ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ŚƵƌƚƐ ŽƵƌ
ŚĞĂƌƚƐ͍/ŶĞǀĞƌŝŶŵLJǁŝůĚĞƐƚĚƌĞĂŵƐƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ/ǁŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚďĞ
ĂŐƌĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚ͘/ŵĞĂŶ͕ǁŚĂƚ͛ƐƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŝƚĂůůŝĨŝƚ͛ƐŶŽƚƚŽ
ŚĂǀĞĨĂŵŝůLJĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͍͛

ƵĚƌĞLJůŽŽŬĞĚĂƚŚĞƌŵŽƚŚĞƌĂŶĚ͕ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƟŵĞŝŶĂůŽŶŐ
ƟŵĞ͕ ƌĞĂůůLJ ƐĂǁ ŚĞƌ͘ ,Ğƌ ƐŽŌ ŐƌĞLJ ŚĂŝƌ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞĞƉ ǁƌŝŶŬůĞƐ
that creased the corners of her eyes and etched lines into her
ĨŽƌĞŚĞĂĚ͘dŚĞǁĂLJŚĞƌŵŽƵƚŚƚƵƌŶĞĚĚŽǁŶĂƚƚŚĞĐŽƌŶĞƌƐ͕
ŵĂŬŝŶŐŚĞƌůŽŽŬƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂůůLJŵĂĚŽƌ͕ǁŽƌƐĞ͕ƐĂĚ͘^ŚĞƚŽŽŬŝŶ
ƚŚĞůŝƩůĞďůŽƚĐŚĞƐŽĨďƌŽǁŶƐŬŝŶŽŶŚĞƌĂƌŵƐʹƚĞůůͲƚĂůĞƐŝŐŶƐ
ŽĨĂŐŝŶŐʹĂŶĚƐĂǁƚŚĞƌŽƵŐŚƐƵŶƐƉŽƚƐƚŚĂƚŶĞĞĚĞĚƐŚŽƚƐŽĨ
ůŝƋƵŝĚŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ͘ŝĚŚĞƌƚŽĞŶĂŝůƐŶĞĞĚĐƵƫŶŐƚŽŽ͍

^ŚĞƚŽŽŬĂĚĞĞƉďƌĞĂƚŚĂŶĚƐůŽǁůLJĞdžŚĂůĞĚ͘^ŚĞ͛ĚŚĂĚƚŚĞƐĞ
ĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐƐŽŵĂŶLJƟŵĞƐǁŝƚŚŚĞƌƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͘^ŚĞŬŶĞǁ͕ŝŶ
ƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶǁĂLJ͕ůŝŬĞŝƚŽƌŶŽƚ͕ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJŚĂĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽŚĞƌ
ďĞŝŶŐĂƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚ͕ĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͕ĂǁŽŶĚĞƌĞƌ͚͘/͛ǀĞŐŽƚƚŽŐĞƚ
ŐŽŝŶŐ͕͛ƐŚĞƐĂŝĚŐĞŶƚůLJ͕ĂŶĚƐŵŝůĞĚĂƐƐŚĞŵŽǀĞĚƚŚĞŵŝŶƚŽ
ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƚŚƌĞĞͲǁĂLJŚƵŐ͘

^ŽŵĞŚŽǁ ŝƚ ŵĂĚĞ ůŝĨĞ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ďĞĂƌĂďůĞ͕ ƚŽ ĞdžŝƐƚ ŝŶ Ă
ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ͘ KĨ ĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJ͘ KĨ ǁŽŶĚĞƌ͘ ^ŚĞ ŬŶĞǁ Perhaps there’s never been a
ŚŽǁŐƌĂƚĞĨƵůƐŚĞǁĂƐƚŽƚŚĞŵ͘ŶĚƐŚĞŬŶĞǁŝƚǁĂƐŵƵƚƵĂů
ʹĞǀĞŶǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŐƌĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͚͘DĂLJďĞŝŶŵLJŶĞdžƚůŝĨĞ͕͛ƐŚĞ more necessary time to have
ƋƵŝƉƉĞĚĂƐƐŚĞƉŝĐŬĞĚƵƉŚĞƌĐĂƌŬĞLJƐƚŽŚĞĂĚŚŽŵĞ͚͘DĂLJďĞ early childhood theorists and
ƚŚĞŶ/͛ůůĐŚŽŽƐĞďŽŶĞƐŽƌƉƌŽƉĞůůĞƌƐ͊͛,ĞƌĨĂƚŚĞƌĐŚƵĐŬůĞĚĂƐ
ŚĞƐĞƩůĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐŽĨĂ͚͘KǀĞƌŵLJĚĞĂĚďŽĚLJ͕͛ŚĞůĂƵŐŚĞĚ͘ philosophers thinking about
ƵĚƌĞLJƐŵŝůĞĚĂƐƚŚĞĚŽŽƌĐůŝĐŬĞĚĐůŽƐĞĚďĞŚŝŶĚŚĞƌ͚͘KŬĂLJ͕͛ the big things in life...
ƐŚĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ͕͚ƚŚĂƚ͛ůůĂƚůĞĂƐƚŐŝǀĞŵĞƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƚŽĚŝŐ͛͘
12

UNDER THE SPOTLIGHT

WENDY SHEPHERD

dŚĞ͚ƵƌŝŽƵƐtĞŶĚLJ^ŚĞƉŚĞƌĚ͙͛ĂŶĂƉƚƉŽƌƚƌĂLJĂůŽĨŚŽǁtĞŶĚLJ^ŚĞƉŚĞƌĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐůŝĨĞ͘͘͘
dŚĞ͚ĐƵƌŝŽƵƐ͛tĞŶĚLJŝƐĂŶŝŶƋƵŝƐŝƟǀĞƚŚŝŶŬĞƌ͕ƚŚĞ͚ĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJ͛tĞŶĚLJĂƩƌĂĐƚƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘tŝƚŚĂůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ
ĞĂƌĂŶĚĂƚƌĞĂƐƵƌĞƚƌŽǀĞŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŽŝŵƉĂƌƚ͕tĞŶĚLJĞŶŐĂŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨůŝĨĞ
ʹĂŬĞĞŶŽďƐĞƌǀĞƌŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͖ŚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐĂƌĞŵĂŶLJʹŵƵƐŝĐ;ƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĐƐĂŶĚƉŽƉͿ͕Ăƌƚ͕ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ƉŽůŝƟĐƐ͕
ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͙ĂŶĚ ƐŚĞ ŚĂƐ Ă ǁŝĐŬĞĚ ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ŚƵŵŽƵƌ͘
ŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ Ăƚ ůĂƌŐĞ ŬŶŽǁ tĞŶĚLJ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨ Ăůů ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƐŽĨƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘ƐƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚŝŶŐŝƌĞĐƚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞDŝĂDŝĂŚŝůĚĂŶĚ&ĂŵŝůLJ
ĞŶƚƌĞ^ƚƵĚLJĞŶƚƌĞ͕tĞŶĚLJĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚĞŵďƌĂĐĞĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐĂŶĚ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞĨƵůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ǀĞƌƚŚĂŶŬĨƵůĨŽƌƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJƚŽƐƚƵĚLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJǁŝƚŚƌ>ĂƵƌŝĞ
>ĞůĂŝƌĞ͕tĞŶĚLJďĞůŝĞǀĞƐƚŚŝƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĂƐŽƵŶĚƉƌĞŵŝƐĞĨŽƌŚĞƌƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͘KǀĞƌƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕tĞŶĚLJŚĂƐŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚŝŶ
ƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŽĨƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐďĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĂůŵŽĨĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͕ĂŶĚŝƚŝƐƚŚŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĚŝďůĞ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵƵŵŽĨůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŝŶĨŽƌŵƐĂůůtĞŶĚLJĚŽĞƐ͘,ĞƌŐŽͲƚŽƚŚŝŶŬĞƌʹZƵůĚŽůĨ^ƚĞŝŶĞƌ͙ŚŝƐŚŽůŝƐƟĐĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƵƉŝůƐ͛ŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů͕ĂƌƟƐƟĐ͕ĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŝƚŚĂĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ
ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕ƌĞƐŽŶĂƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŚĞƌůŝĨĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶĚũŽLJĨŽƌůŝǀŝŶŐ͘

WŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚďLJ>ƵŬĞ^ƚĂŵďŽƵůŝĂŚ
 13

WHERE IS YOUR FAVOURITE PLACE TO BE AND THREE WORDS TO DESCRIBE IT?

WĂƌŝƐʹƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ

THE COCKTAIL THAT ENCAPSULATES YOUR PERSONALITY...

dŚĞWŝŶŬWĞĂƌůƐŝƉƉĞĚĂƚƚŚĞ'ĞŽƌŐĞŝŶƋ͕WĂƌŝƐ

WHAT BRINGS YOU JOY?

&ůŽǁĞƌƐ͕ŇŽǁĞƌƐ͕ŇŽǁĞƌƐ

GIVEN THE FOCUS OF THIS ISSUE OF PEDAGOGY - NAME ONE AND ONLY ONE
PHILOSOPHER/THEORIST WHO HAS MOST INFLUENCED YOUR THINKING?
ZƵĚŽůƉŚ^ƚĞŝŶĞƌ͕ƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĞƌŽĨĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞtĂůĚŽƌĨ^ĐŚŽŽůʹ^ƚĞŝŶĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ

IF YOU COULD TRAVEL ANYWHERE IN AUSTRALIA, WHERE AND WHY?

^ǁĂŶƐĞĂ͕dĂƐŵĂŶŝĂʹ<ĂƚĞ͛ƐĞƌƌLJ&ĂƌŵũĂŵ͕ƚŚĞďĞĂƵƚLJŽĨƐĞĂƐŝĚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚƐƚŽŶĞĐŽƩĂŐĞƐ

WHERE WOULD WE MOST LIKELY FIND YOU ON A SUNDAY AFTERNOON?

ŶĂƌƚŐĂůůĞƌLJ͊

WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT LESSONS IN LIFE?

dŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůŶĞƐƐ͕ŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŽƚŚĞƌƐĂŶĚLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ

THREE PEOPLE YOU WOULD LOVE TO INVITE TO A DINNER PARTY

,ĠůŽŢƐĞĚĠůĂŢĚĞ>ĞƟƐƐŝĞƌ͕ŬŶŽǁŶƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůLJĂƐŚƌŝƐƟŶĞĂŶĚƚŚĞYƵĞĞŶƐ͕ŽĐŽŚĂŶĞůĂŶĚ^ĂůǀĂĚŽƌĂůŝʹŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͕/
ŬŶŽǁ͕ďƵƚŚŽǁŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ͊

IF YOU HADN’T EXPLORED A CAREER IN EARLY EDUCATION - DO YOU HAVE A

PASSION THAT WOULD HAVE TAKEN YOU IN ANOTHER DIRECTION?
/ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌĞƐŝŐŶʹĨƌŽŵĐƵďďLJŚŽƵƐĞƐĂŶĚďĞLJŽŶĚ

IF YOU COULD SPEAK WITH THE 16-YEAR-OLD YOU, WHAT WOULD YOU SAY?
ĞŵŽƌĞĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚ

SELECT THREE MOVIES FOR A MOVIE MARATHON

ŚŽĐŽůĂƚ͕dŚĞ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ/ƐƐƵĞ͕ŵĞůŝĞ

WHAT LEARNING ʹWORDS OF WISDOM HAVE YOU MOST OFTEN SHARED WITH THE
MANY ECE STUDENTS YOU HAVE TAUGHT?
ŶŐĂŐĞĚĂŝůLJŝŶƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƌĞĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŬĞĞƉŝŶŐĂũŽƵƌŶĂů;ƚŚĂŶŬLJŽƵ͕ƌůŵĂ&ůĞĞƚ͊Ϳ

WHAT WORKS WITH A CUP OF TEA?

:ƵƐƚŽŶĞďŝƐĐƵŝƚ͊

DO YOU HAVE ANY ‘SPECIAL’ SKILLS?

/ǁŝƐŚ/ĐŽƵůĚƐĂLJǁĂƚĞƌĐŽůŽƵƌƉĂŝŶƟŶŐ͊

THE MEAL THAT YOU MUST ALWAYS ORDER IF IT’S ON THE MENU?
ŚĞĞƐĞƐŽƵŋĞŽƌŽLJƐƚĞƌƐŽƌďŽƚŚ͘ŶŽLJƐƚĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĞĨŽůůǁĞĚďLJĂĐŚĞĞƐĞƐŽƵŋĞͲŚĞĂǀĞŶ͊

WHAT IS THE BEST PART OF BEING A GRANDPARENT?

>ŽŽŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ
14
,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56
TEACHERS, PEDAGOGISTAS,
ATELIERISTAS & CHILDREN
DR STEFANIA GIAMMINUTI
SENIOR LECTURER EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, CURTIN UNIVERSITY, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
dŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁŚŽ ŽƵƌ ͚ŐŽͲƚŽ͛ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ
ŵŝŐŚƚďĞƵƐƵĂůůLJĐŽŶũƵƌĞƐƵƉŝŵĂŐĞƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞĨĂƌƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ
ĨƌŽŵ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘ &ŝƌƐƚ ĂŶĚ
ĨŽƌĞŵŽƐƚ͕ ŵLJ ͚ŐŽͲƚŽ͛ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚLJŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͖ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝƐƚĂƐ
ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞůŝĞƌŝƐƚĂƐ ǁŚŽ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ
LJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJƚŚĂƚ
ƚƌŽƵďůĞƐĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůǀŝĞǁƐŽĨǁŚĂƚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌĞĐĂŶ
ďĞ͘dŚŝƐŝƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĚĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŽƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŐĞƩĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌLJƚŚĂƚƉƵƐŚƚŚĞďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐŽĨǁŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞ
ƌĞĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚĂƐ͚ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͛ĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ͘
dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ
Ă ůĞŐŝƟŵĂƚĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ƚŚĂƚ
ŵĞƌŝƚƐ ĚĞĞƉ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐ LJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ĂƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽƌLJͲďƵŝůĚĞƌƐ͖ ŝŶ ZĞŐŐŝŽ
ŵŝůŝĂ͕ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ͚ŐŽͲƚŽ͛ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ƌŝŐŚƚ͘
dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐŝŶZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂĂƌĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ͚ĂƐƉƵďůŝĐŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůƐ
΀ǁŚŽ΁ƐŚŽƵůĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉĂĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƚŚĂƚƵŶŝƚĞƐƚŚĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞŽĨ
ĐƌŝƟƋƵĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͛;'ŝƌŽƵdž͕ϮϬϭϯ͕Ɖ͘ϰϲϰͿ͘
dŚƵƐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĂŶĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ
ŚŝŵƐĞůĨ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ͚ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ŬŝŶĚŽĨƚĞĂĐŚĞƌǁŚŽŝƐĂŶĞǁƚLJƉĞŽĨŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů͕ĂƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌ
ŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚƐŽĐŝĂůĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ͛
;ĂŐůŝĂƌŝ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϲ͕ Ɖ͘ϮϭϬͿ͘ WƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ ZĞŐŐŝŽ
ŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂůůƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů͕ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů͕ĂŶĚƉƌĂŐŵĂƟĐ
ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ŶĐĞƐĐŚŝ Θ DĂĐĐĂĨĞƌƌŝ͕ ϮϬϮϮ͖ &ŝůŝƉƉŝŶŝ Θ
sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ϮϬϭϭ͖sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ŽŶŝůĂƵƌŝ͕DĞŶŝŶŶŽ͕ΘdĞĚĞƐĐŚŝ͕ϮϬϭϵ͖
sĞĐĐŚŝΘZƵŽnjnjŝ͕ϮϬϭϱͿ͘dŚŝƐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJƚŽŝŵƉĂĐƚĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ƉŽůŝĐLJ͕
ĂŶĚĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐƌŝƟƋƵĞĂŶĚĂƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ
ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŚĂƐĞdžƉĂŶĚĞĚƚŽŵĂŶLJƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐǁŚŽ͕ǁŚŝůĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ
ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͕ ĂƌĞ ŝŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵů ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͖ƚŚĞŝƌŐĞŶĞƌŽƵƐ
ĞīŽƌƚƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂůƐŽ
ŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŵ͚ŐŽͲƚŽ͛ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐŽŶǁŚŽƐĞ
ƐŚŽƵůĚĞƌƐ/ƐƚĂŶĚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŽĨǁŚLJ/ƌĞĂĚƚŚĞŝƌǁŽƌŬŝƐ
ŽŌĞŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐ/ŶĞĞĚƚŽĨƵĮů͖ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
/ƌĞĂĚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŽƐĞĞŬƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ/ůĂĐŬǁŚĞŶ
ƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽŵĂŬĞƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĂŶĚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͛ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĐƌĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ;ŚƵŵĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲŚƵŵĂŶͿ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂĐĞƐ͕
Žƌ/ƐĞĞŬƚŚĞŝƌŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƚŽƉƵƌƐƵĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉĂƚŚǁĂLJƐ͕ƚŽŵĂŬĞ
ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĐĐƵƌ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ / ĐŽͲůĞĂĚ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŽƉƌŽƉĞůŽƵƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƐ͘
KĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕/ĂůƐŽƌĞĂĚƚŚĞƐĞƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞ/ůŝŬĞƚŚĞŝƌǁŽƌŬ͕
ĂŶĚŶŽƚƐŝŵƉůLJďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐƉůĞĂƐƵƌĂďůĞƚŽƌĞĂĚ;ĂƚƟŵĞƐ͕ŝŶ
ĨĂĐƚ͕ŝƚĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƌǁŚĞůŵŝŶŐůLJĐŽŵƉůĞdžͿ͕ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚ
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŵĞĂŶĚŚĞůƉƐŵĞŵĂŬĞƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕
ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐŵĞƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƉĂƚŚǁĂLJƐ
ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ůĞĂŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ͘ ůů
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŵĞƌŐĞƐŽƵƚŽĨĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ
ƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŽƌĨƌŽŵďƌŽĂĚĞƌ
ĮĞůĚƐ ŽĨ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ &ƌŽŵ ŵLJ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ
ƚŽ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ Žƌ ŝŶĚĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ ĂďŽƵƚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ŝĨŽŶĞĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚ͘
>ĂƚĞůLJ͕ / ŚĂǀĞ ůŽŽŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽůŽŐLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŚƵŵĂŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ͗
͚ĂīĞĐƚ͛;DĂƐƐƵŵŝ͕ϮϬϭϱ͖^ĞŝŐǁŽƌƚŚΘ'ƌĞŐŐ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͖͚ƚŚĞŵŝŶŽƌ
ŐĞƐƚƵƌĞ͛ ;DĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ϮϬϭϲͿ ͚ƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͛ ;ƌĂŝĚŽƫ͕ ϮϬϭϵͿ͖
͚ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞƐ͛;/ŶŐŽůĚ͕ϮϬϮϭͿ͖͚ĐĂƌĞ͛;WƵŝŐĚĞůĂĞůůĂĐĂƐĂ͕
ϮϬϭϳͿ͖͚ĞƚŚŝĐĂůŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐ͛;ǀĂŶŽŽƌĞŶ͕ϮϬϭϰͿ͖ĂŶĚ͚ŬŝŶƐŚŝƉ͛
;ŝƌĚ ZŽƐĞ͕ ϮϬϮϮ͖ ǀĂŶ ŽŽƌĞŶ Θ ŚƌƵůĞǁ͕ ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ dŚĞƐĞ
ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ŐƵŝĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ŝŶƚŽ ŵĂƩĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ŝŵƉĂĐƟŶŐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ůŽĐĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ
ŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘ Ɛ / ĚǁĞůů ĚĞĞƉůLJ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ǁĞůĐŽŵĞ &ŝƌƐƚ
EĂƟŽŶƐǀŽŝĐĞƐŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕ĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕
/ ĮŶĚ ŵLJƐĞůĨ ƌĞͲƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ;ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ĨŽƌ
ƚŚŝŶŐƐĂƌĞŶĞǀĞƌƌĞĂĚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞǁĂLJǁŚĞŶǁĞƌĞƚƵƌŶƚŽƚŚĞŵ
Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƟŵĞƐͿ ƚŚĞ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽůŽŐŝƐƚ ĂŶĚ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŚƵŵĂŶŝƟĞƐ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌ ĞďŽƌĂŚ ŝƌĚ ZŽƐĞ͕ ǁŚŽ
ŝŶǀŝƚĞƐ ƵƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ͚ŽƉĞŶŶĞƐƐ͕͛ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ͚ƚŽ ŚŽůĚ
ŽŶĞ͛ƐƐĞůĨĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƐ͛;ŝƌĚZŽƐĞ͕ϮϬϬϰ͕Ɖ͘ϮϮͿ͘
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&ŝƌƐƚ EĂƟŽŶƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ ŝŶ ďƌŽĂĚ

ĮĞůĚƐ ŽĨ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲŚƵŵĂŶ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ Ăůů ďĞ
ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ĂƐ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǁŚŽŵ ǁĞ͕
ĂƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ͘ tĞ ŚĂǀĞ
ĂŶ ŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚƌŽƵďůĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƌƌŽǁ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐ ŽŶůLJ ŽŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ
ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͖ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŽĨ ͚ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐͲ
ǁŝƚŚ͛ ;,ĂƌĂǁĂLJ͕ ϮϬϭϲͿ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ͚ĞŶůĂƌŐĞƐ ŽƵƌ ŽŶƚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ
ƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƐĞŶƐĞŽĨŬŝŶƐŚŝƉĂŶĚĂůůŝĂŶĐĞ͛;ŝƌĚZŽƐĞ͕ϮϬϮϮ͕Ɖ͘ϱϱͿ͘
/ůŽŽŬƚŽ͚ŐŽͲƚŽƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ĨŽƌŬŝŶƐŚŝƉĂŶĚĂůůŝĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚŽƵŐŚƚĂŶĚ
ĂĐƟŽŶ͘

REFERENCES
ŶĐĞƐĐŚŝ͕ ͕͘ Θ DĂĐĐĂĨĞƌƌŝ͕ ͘ ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘ ;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ ĐĐŽƌƉĂŵĞŶƟ͗ ZĞƐŽŶĂŶĐĞƐ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚŵƵƐŝĐ͘ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͗ZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘

ŝƌĚZŽƐĞ͕͘;ϮϬϬϰͿ͘ZĞƉŽƌƚƐĨƌŽŵĂǁŝůĚĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͗ƚŚŝĐƐĨŽƌĚĞĐŽůŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘
^LJĚŶĞLJ͗hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨEĞǁ^ŽƵƚŚtĂůĞƐWƌĞƐƐ͘

ŝƌĚ ZŽƐĞ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ ^ŚŝŵŵĞƌ͗ ŇLJŝŶŐ ĨŽdž ĞdžŚƵďĞƌĂŶĐĞ ŝŶ ǁŽƌůĚƐ ŽĨ ƉĞƌŝů͘
ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͗ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘

ƌĂŝĚŽƫ͕Z͘;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘WŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ͕h<͗WŽůŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘

ĂŐůŝĂƌŝ͕W͕͘ĂƐƚĂŐŶĞƫ͕D͕͘'ŝƵĚŝĐŝ͕͕͘ZŝŶĂůĚŝ͕͕͘sĞĐĐŚŝ͕s͕͘ΘDŽƐƐ͕W͘;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘
;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĐŚŽŽůƐŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͗ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŚŝƐ
ǁƌŝƟŶŐƐĂŶĚƐƉĞĞĐŚĞƐ͕ϭϵϰϱͲϭϵϵϯ͘ďŝŶŐĚŽŶ͕KdžŽŶ͗ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘

&ŝůŝƉƉŝŶŝ͕d͕͘ΘsĞĐĐŚŝ͕s͘;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘dŚĞtŽŶĚĞƌŽĨ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͗dŚĞ,ƵŶĚƌĞĚ
>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐŽĨŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͗ZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘

'ŝƌŽƵdž͕,͘;ϮϬϭϯͿ͘EĞŽůŝďĞƌĂůŝƐŵ͛ƐǁĂƌĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐŝŶĚĂƌŬƟŵĞƐ͘ƵůƚƵƌĂů
^ƚƵĚŝĞƐͲƌŝƟĐĂůDĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ϭϯ͕ϰϱϴͲϰϲϴ͘ĚŽŝ͗ϭϬ͘ϭϭϳϳͬϭϱϯϮϳϬϴϲϭϯϱϬϯϳϲϵ

,ĂƌĂǁĂLJ͕͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘^ƚĂLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞdƌŽƵďůĞ͗DĂŬŝŶŐŬŝŶŝŶƚŚĞŚƚŚƵůƵĐĞŶĞ͘
ƵƌŚĂŵ͗ƵŬĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘

/ŶŐŽůĚ͕d͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞƐ͘ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ͗WŽůŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘

DĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘dŚĞŵŝŶŽƌŐĞƐƚƵƌĞƵƌŚĂŵ͗ƵŬĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘

DĂƐƐƵŵŝ͕͘;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘WŽůŝƟĐƐŽĨĂīĞĐƚ͘ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ͗WŽůŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘

WƵŝŐĚĞůĂĞůůĂĐĂƐĂ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘DĂƩĞƌƐŽĨĐĂƌĞ͗ƐƉĞĐƵůĂƟǀĞĞƚŚŝĐƐŝŶŵŽƌĞ
ƚŚĂŶŚƵŵĂŶǁŽƌůĚƐ͘DŝŶŶĞĂƉŽůŝƐ͗hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨDŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂWƌĞƐƐ͘

^ĞŝŐǁŽƌƚŚ͕'͘:͕͘Θ'ƌĞŐŐ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ŶŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJŽĨƐŚŝŵŵĞƌƐ͘/ŶD͘'ƌĞŐŐ
Θ'͘:͘^ĞŝŐǁŽƌƚŚ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͕dŚĞĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞŽƌLJƌĞĂĚĞƌ;ƉƉ͘ϭͲϮϱͿ͗ƵŬĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ
WƌĞƐƐ͘

ǀĂŶŽŽƌĞŶ͕d͘;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ĂƌĞ͗>ŝǀŝŶŐ>ĞdžŝĐŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů,ƵŵĂŶŝƟĞƐ͘
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů,ƵŵĂŶŝƟĞƐ͕ϱ͕ϮϵϭͲϮϵϰ͘

ǀĂŶŽŽƌĞŶ͕d͕͘ΘŚƌƵůĞǁ͕D͘;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘<ŝŶ͗dŚŝŶŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĞďŽƌĂŚŝƌĚ
ZŽƐĞ͗ƵŬĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘

sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ s͕͘ ŽŶŝůĂƵƌŝ͕ ^͕͘ DĞŶŝŶŶŽ͕ /͕͘ Θ dĞĚĞƐĐŚŝ͕ D͘ ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘ ;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘
ŽƌĚĞƌĐƌŽƐƐŝŶŐƐ͗ ŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĚŝŐŝƚĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͘ ZĞŐŐŝŽ
ŵŝůŝĂ͕/ƚĂůLJ͗ZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘

sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ s͕͘ Θ ZƵŽnjnjŝ͕ D͘ ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘ ;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ DŽƐĂŝĐ ŽĨ ŵĂƌŬƐ͕ ǁŽƌĚƐ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘
ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͗ZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
 ALL YOU REALLY
NEED IS LOVE,
BUT A LITTLE
CHOCOLATE
NOW AND THEN
DOESN’T HURT
CHARLIE BROWN

Charles M. Schulz – Charlie Brown

 17

,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56

I NEED TO READ MORE

LISA BRYANT
JOURNALIST & EARLY CHILDHOOD CONSULTANT

tŚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐŵLJƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂďŽƵƚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ Feminism has formed me and my understanding of patriarchy

ĐĂƌĞ͍ tŚŽ ĂƌĞ ŵLJ ŐŽͲƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͍ / Ăŵ ŶŽƚ ĂŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌ Žƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ŝƚ ǁŽƌŬƐ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĂŶĚ
ĂƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͕ďƵƚƐŽŵĞŽŶĞǁŚŽŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƉŽůŝƟĐƐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘&ĞŵŝŶŝƐƚǁƌŝƚĞƌƐ/ƌĞĂĚǁŚĞŶ/ǁĂƐLJŽƵŶŐĞƌƐƵĐŚĂƐ
ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ / Ăŵ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ďLJ ĂƌĞ ZŽďŝŶDŽƌŐĂŶ͕'ĞƌŵĂŝŶĞ'ƌĞĞƌ͕ŽƌŝƐ>ĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ŶŶĞ^ƵŵŵĞƌƐ
ĚŝƐƉĂƌĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŚĂǀĞ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ĨŽƌŵ ǁŚĂƚ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ĂŶĚĂŝƚůŝŶDŽƌĂŶ͘ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶĨĞŵŝŶŝƐƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ
ĂďŽƵƚ ŚƵŵĂŶŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ǁŽŵĞŶ͛Ɛ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ :ĂŶĞ ĂƌŽ͕ ůĞŵĞŶƟŶĞ &ŽƌĚ͕ :ĂŶĞ 'ŝůŵŽƵƌ͕ :ĞŶŶĂ WƌŝĐĞ͕ sĂŶ
ĂŶĚŚŽǁŽŶĞƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƚŽŶĞƐĞůĨĂƐĂŶĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞĂŶĚĂƐ ĂĚŚĂŵ͕:ĞƐƐ,ŝůůĂŶĚ'ƌĂĐĞdĂŵĞ͘
ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽŵĂŬĞƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂďĞƩĞƌƉůĂĐĞ͘
dŚĞŶ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ŵLJ
dŚŝƐůŝƐƚĞdžƉŽƐĞƐƐŽŵƵĐŚĂďŽƵƚŵLJƐĞůĨ͘,ŽǁŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ/Ăŵ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚŵLJŽǁŶ͘WĞŽƉůĞůŝŬĞ
ďLJǁŽŵĞŶ;ŶŽƚĂďĂĚƚŚŝŶŐͿ͕ďƵƚŚŽǁǁŚŝƚĞŵLJǁŽƌůĚŝƐ͘EŽƚ ƌĞŶĠƌŽǁŶ͕ůĂŝŶĚĞŽƩŽŶ͕ĂŶĚD͘^ĐŽƩWĞĐŬ͘
ŽŶĞ ďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ŝƐ ŽŶ ŵLJ ůŝƐƚ͘ ,ĂƌĚůLJ ĂŶLJ ŶŽŶͲŶŐůŽ
ŽŶĞƐ͘DŽƐƚĂƌĞĨƌŽŵƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͕ŶŐůĂŶĚŽƌŵĞƌŝĐĂ͘DŽƐƚĂƌĞ KŶĞ͛ƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝƐĂůƐŽƐŚĂƉĞĚďLJĂůůǁĞŵĞĞƚ͘/ĂŵƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ
ŵLJ ƉĞĞƌƐ Žƌ ŽůĚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ŵĞ͘ / Ăŵ ĞŵďĂƌƌĂƐƐĞĚ ĂďŽƵƚ Ăůů ŽĨ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŶLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƚŚŝƐ͕ďƵƚŝƚĂůƐŽƐĂLJƐĂůŽƚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĞƌĂ/ǁĂƐĞĚƵĐĂƚĞĚŝŶ͘/ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ/ŚĂǀĞƐƉŽŬĞŶƚŽ͕ǁƌŝƩĞŶǁŝƚŚĂŶĚĂƌŐƵĞĚǁŝƚŚ͘ŶĚ
ĂŵĞŵďĂƌƌĂƐƐĞĚƚŚĂƚŵLJƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŝƐƐŽůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐŽ ĂďŽǀĞĂůů͕ďLJŵLJĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
ŵĂŶLJŐƌĞĂƚĨĞŵŝŶŝƐƚƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ/ŚĂǀĞŶŽƚLJĞƚƌĞĂĚĂŶĚƐŽŵĂŶLJ
ƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƐƚĨĞŵŝŶŝƐƚƐ/ŚĂǀĞ͘/ĂŵĞŵďĂƌƌĂƐƐĞĚƚŚĂƚ/ŚĂǀĞƌĞĂĚ
ƐŽůŝƩůĞŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐŽĨŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘/ŶŵLJĚĞĨĞŶĐĞ͕/
<RXKDYHDULJKWWRSXW\RXUVHOIƪUVW
ŚĂǀĞ ƐƉĞŶƚ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ŵLJ ůŝĨĞ ĂƐ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ without feeling guilty...
ĞĂƌŶĞƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƌŽďďĞĚŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƟŵĞƚŽƌĞĂĚǁŝĚĞůLJĂŶĚ <RXDUHƪQHMXVWWKHZD\\RXDUH
ĚĞĞƉůLJ͘/ĂŵĂůƐŽĨŽƌĞǀĞƌĞŵďĂƌƌĂƐƐĞĚĂƚŵLJůĂĐŬŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
All you have to do is believe it...
Ƶƚ/ĂĚŵŝƚƚŚŝƐŶŽǁƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶŚŝĚŝŶŐŝƚďĞĐĂƵƐĞďĞŝŶŐŽƉĞŶ
ĂďŽƵƚǁŚĂƚŽŶĞŝƐŵŽƐƚĂƐŚĂŵĞĚŽĨŵĂŬĞƐŝƚĞĂƐŝĞƌĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐ ...life is chancy, and control is an illusion
ǁŚŽĂůƐŽďĞĂƌƐŝůĞŶƚƐŚĂŵĞ͘ ...life is short. Have as much fun as you can.
You are here because you are here.
tŚĞŶ/ĮƌƐƚƐƚĂƌƚĞĚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ŝƚǁĂƐƚŚĞǁƌŝƟŶŐƐŽĨ
&ƌĂŶWƌĞƐƐ͕ǀĂŽdžĂŶĚĞďƌĞŶŶĞŶƚŚĂƚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚŵĞƚŚĞ
Enjoy every minute of the ride.
ŵŽƐƚ͘&ƌĂŶďĞĐĂƵƐĞƐŚĞǁƌŝƚĞƐƐŽĐůĞĂƌůLJĂŶĚŚĂƐƐƵĐŚŝŶƐŝŐŚƚ Jane Caro
ŝŶƚŽǁŚĞƌĞŽƵƌĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌĞĨĂŝůƐ͘ǀĂ
ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƐŚĞŝƐĂĮĞƌĐĞĨĞŵŝŶŝƐƚĂŶĚŝŵĂŐŝŶĞƐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂƐŝƚ
ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ŚŽǁ ŝƚ ŝƐ͘ Ğď ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƐŚĞ ǁƌŽƚĞ ƚŚĞ
ŵŽƐƚƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌĞǀĞƌ͘dŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ/ŵĞĞƚŽƌ
ŬŶŽǁĂůƐŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŵĞͶƉĞŽƉůĞůŝŬĞdĂŶLJĂ'ŽĚĚĂƌĚĂŶĚZŽnj
ŽƌŶŝƐŚ͘dŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞ/ƚĂůŬƚŽĂďŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůLJĂŶĚ
ĚĂŝůLJ͕>ĞĂŶŶĞ'ŝďďƐ͕>ŝĂŵDĐEŝĐŚŽůĂƐ͕<Ăƌů,ĞƐƐŝĂŶ͕ŶƚŚŽŶLJ
^ĞŵĂŶŶ͕ĂŶĚZĞĚZƵďLJ^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŵĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƚŚĞLJ
ŵĂLJƌĞĂůŝƐĞ͘
18
FROM PHILOSOPHY
TO PEDAGOGY:
ANCHORED IN AKO
JENNA CLOSE
SEMANN & SLATTERY
&Žƌ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ ŵLJ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŵŝƌƌŽƌĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ
ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ůŝŬĞ
ZĞŐŐŝŽ ŵŝůŝĂ ĂŶĚ Z/͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƵĐŚŝŶŐ ƵƉŽŶ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ůŝŬĞ
ƌŽŶĨĞŶďƌĞŶŶĞƌ͛Ɛ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ dŚĞŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ WŝĂŐĞƚ͛Ɛ
^ƚĂŐĞƐ ŽĨ ŽŐŶŝƟǀĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ Ăůů ǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵů
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͖ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ / ŚĂĚ ŶĞǀĞƌ ďĞĞŶ ƚŽ ZĞŐŐŝŽ͕ ĂŶĚ /
ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞĚƚŽĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞŚŽǁŵLJƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂůŝŐŶĞĚǁŝƚŚWŝĂŐĞƚ͛Ɛ͘
DLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJůĂĐŬĞĚĂĚŝƐƟŶĐƚƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŵLJŽǁŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕
ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐŵĞĂƵŶŝƋƵĞĂŶĚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͘
&Žƌ ƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶ ǁŽƌƐĞ͕ ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ / ǁĂƐ ŝŶĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĂďůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĞǀĞƌLJ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĨƌĞƐŚ
ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͘
/ŶŵLJĨŽƵƌƚŚLJĞĂƌŽĨƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͕/ǁĂƐĞdžƉŽƐĞĚƚŽ^ŝŵŽŶ^ŝŶĞŬ͛Ɛ
ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨ͚dŚĞ'ŽůĚĞŶŝƌĐůĞ͛͘dŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐŚŽǁŵĂŶLJ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĐĂŶ ĐůĞĂƌůLJ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ǁŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŽ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞLJ
ĚŽ ŝƚ ďƵƚ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ƚŽ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁŚLJ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ͘
tŚĞŶ / ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ƚŽ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝƚ ƚŽŽŬ ŽŶ ŶĞǁ
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ͘
/ ǀŝĞǁ ƚŚĞ ͚ǁŚĂƚ͛ ĂƐ ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƌ
ĚĂŝůLJƌŽƵƟŶĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƚĂŶŐŝďůĞĂƐƉĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĚĞĮŶĞŽƵƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ͚ŚŽǁ͛ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ŽƵƌ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ǁĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJ ƚŽ
ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƐĐĂīŽůĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ
͚ǁŚLJ͛ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŽůĚƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͕ Ă ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĂƚ ĚƌŝǀĞƐ ŽƵƌ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌŵƐ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐĞ ŽĨ Ă ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘
/ ĮƌŵůLJ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬ ĂƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ƌĞƐŝĚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞ͚ǁŚLJ͕͛ƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƚŚĂƚĨƵĞůƐŽƵƌƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ͘
DLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƌĞĂůůLJĚŝĚŶ͛ƚŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚŵLJǁŚLJ͘
/ƚŚŝŶŬƚŚĂƚĂƐƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ǁĞĚƌĂǁŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶƐŝŐŚƚĨƌŽŵ
ŽƵƌŽǁŶůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ǁĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJƌĞŇĞĐƚƵƉŽŶŽƵƌĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ
;ďŽƚŚƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿ͕ĂŶĚƵƐĞƚŚĞŵĂƐƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ
ĨŽƌĞŶƌŝĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐǁĞĐƌĞĂƚĞ͘
<ŝĂǁŚĂŬĂƚƃŵƵƌŝƚĞŚĂĞƌĞǁŚĂŬĂŵƵĂ͗dŚŝƐǁŚĂŬĂƚĂƵŬŝ;DĈŽƌŝ
ƉƌŽǀĞƌďͿ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ͚tĞ ǁĂůŬ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ
ďĂĐŬǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƌĞLJĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͛͘
/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕/ŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ
ƌĞŇĞĐƚĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƚǁŝƚŚŵLJǁŚLJ͘tŚLJĚŝĚ/ĐŚŽŽƐĞƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ
ĂƐĂƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƉůĂĐĞ͍
 LJĞĂƌ ďĞĨŽƌĞ / ǁĂƐ ĞdžƉŽƐĞĚ ƚŽ ^ŝŶĞŬ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌŬ͕ / ĂƩĞŶĚĞĚ Ă
WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂLJ ;W>Ϳ ǁŝƚŚ EĂƚŚĂŶ tĂůůŝƐ͕ ǁŚŽ
ƐŚĂƌĞĚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŽĨƌƌƵĐĞWĞƌƌLJ͕ĂŶĂĐƟǀĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͕ĐůŝŶŝĐŝĂŶ͕
and researcher in the neurosciences and children’s mental
ŚĞĂůƚŚ͘tĂůůŝƐŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚŚƌĞĞ
ƚŚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞůŝĨĞůŽŶŐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͗ĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĞǀŝĞǁŽĨŽŶĞ͛Ɛ
ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚƐĞůĨĂƐĂůĞĂƌŶĞƌ͘
ƚƚŚĞƟŵĞ͕ƚŚŝƐƐŝŵƉůĞƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐƚƌƵĐŬĂĐŚŽƌĚǁŝƚŚŝŶŵĞĂŶĚ
ŚĞůƉĞĚŵĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƚŚĞŝŵŵĞŶƐĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŵLJŽǁŶƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕ďƵƚ/ĚŝĚŶ͛ƚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚŝƐĂƐĂƉƌŽŵƉƚƚŽƌĞǀŝĞǁ
ŵLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘
EŽǁ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ^ŝŶĞŬ͛Ɛ ͚'ŽůĚĞŶ ŝƌĐůĞ͛ ĂƐ Ă ƉƌŽŵƉƚ͕ / ƌĞĐĂůůĞĚ
EĂƚŚĂŶ͛ƐǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚďĞŐĂŶƚŽƌĞǀŝĞǁŵLJƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƟŵĞ ŝŶ ĨŽƵƌ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ ZĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŵLJ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ ŝĚĞĂƐ
ĂďŽƵƚŚŽǁ/ǁĂƐŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ
ĂŶĚZ/͕/ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚƚŽƋƵĞƐƟŽŶǁŚLJ/ĨĞůƚƚŚĞŶĞĞĚƚŽůŽŽŬƐŽ
ĨĂƌ ĂďƌŽĂĚ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ dĞ Ž DĈŽƌŝ ǁŽƌůĚǀŝĞǁƐ
ŚĂĚďĞĞŶƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĨŽƌŵLJŽǁŶƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůůŽǀĞŽĨůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘/
ƌĞĂůŝƐĞĚƚŚĂƚŵLJƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐĐŚŽŽůĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞǁĂƐĂƌĂƌĞŐĞŵͶĂ
ŶƵƌƚƵƌŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ǁŚĞƌĞ Ă ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ŵLJ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ǁĂƐ ŝŐŶŝƚĞĚ͕ ŵLJƐĞůĨ ĂƐ Ă ůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵLJ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ
ĞŵƉŽǁĞƌĞĚ͘/ǁĂŶƚĞĚƚŽĞŵƵůĂƚĞƚŚĂƚĨŽƌĂůůĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘

/ƚǁĂƐƟŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂŚŝ;ǁŽƌŬͿ͘
/ŶŝƟĂůůLJ͕ / ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ũƵƐƚ ǁŽƌĚƐ͕ ǁŽƌĚƐ / ĨĞůƚ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚ
ŵLJ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ Žƌ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ / ĂƐƉŝƌĞĚ ƚŽ͘ tŽƌĚƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚŵĞŝŶĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŚĂĚĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞŝƌ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐĂƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͘
dŚŝƐĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞŚĞůƉĞĚŵĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐƚŚĂƚƐŚĂƉĞĚ
ŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚǁŚŽ/ĂŵƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůůLJĂŶĚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůLJ͘
ƒ Aroha – ůŽǀĞ͕ĐĂƌĞ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ
ʹƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŽƚŚĞƌƐĂŶĚƐĞůĨͿ
ƒ Whakamana –ĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƵƉůŝŌŝŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚĨŽƐƚĞƌŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ƐĞůĨͲďĞůŝĞĨ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ
ƒ Whanaungatanga –ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚŶĞƐƐ͕
ďĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ͕ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
ƒ Whakauru –  ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ŚĂƐ Ă ǀŽŝĐĞ͕ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ
ƒ Mana – ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚLJ͕ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ƵƉŚŽůĚŝŶŐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǀĂůƵĞƐ͕
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽƚŽĐŽů
ƒ <ĂŝƟĂŬŝƚĂŶŐĂʹ guardianship of and responsibility for the
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůǁŽƌůĚ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽn
/ ĨĞůƚ ŝŶĐƌĞĚŝďůLJ ĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞ ǁŚĞŶ / ƌĞͲƌĞĂĚ dĞ tŚĈƌŝŬŝ͕
approaching it from the lens of my purpose rather than solely
ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŽĨǁŚĂƚĂŶĚŚŽǁ͘/ƚǁĂƐƚŚĞŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ
ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵƚƌƵůLJƌĞƐŽŶĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŵĞ͕ĂůŝŐŶŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŵLJĚĞĞƉůLJ
ŚĞůĚǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ͘
tŝƚŚ Ă ƌĞĂĸƌŵĞĚ ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ŵLJ ǁŚLJ͕ / ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƌĞǁƌŝƚĞ ŵLJ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘ / ůŝŬĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ ƐŝŵƉůĞ ǁŽƌĚƐ ƚŽ ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞ
ŵLJ ǁŽƌŬ͘ dŚĞ ďĞĂƵƚLJ ŽĨ ƚĞ ƌĞŽ DĈŽƌŝ ůŝĞƐ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ
ĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĐŽŶĐŝƐĞĂŶĚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů
ǁŽƌĚƐ͘/ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚŵLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJǁŽƵůĚďĞƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞĚďLJƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌĚĂŬŽ͘
ŬŽŵĞĂŶƐƚŽďŽƚŚƚĞĂĐŚĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶ͖ƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌĂƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĂďůĞ͘ŬŽŝƐŐƌŽƵŶĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ ŽĨ ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕
ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ďŽƚŚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ
ďƌŝŶŐƚŽůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŝŶŐƚŚĞǁĂLJƚŚĂƚ
ŶĞǁŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐĐĂŶŐƌŽǁŽƵƚŽĨƐŚĂƌĞĚ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͘ŬŽĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐƚŚĂƚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂƌĞďŽƚŚ
ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƟǀĞ͘
19
/ďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚŝƐĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚĞĚƉƌĞĐŝƐĞůLJǁŚĂƚ/ŚĂĚďĞĞŶƐƚƌƵŐŐůŝŶŐ
ƚŽ ĐŽŶǀĞLJ͕ ĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ Ă ŵĞƌĞ ŚĂŶĚĨƵů ŽĨ ǁŽƌĚƐ͘ /
ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞĚƚŚĂƚŝĨĂŬŽǁĂƐƚŽďĞƚŚĞĐŽƌĞŽĨŵLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕/
ŚĂĚƚŽĚŽŝƚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚLJ͘
dŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĂŬŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂůůŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ/ŚĂĚĂůƌĞĂĚLJ
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐǀĂůƵĂďůĞ͕ďƵƚŝƚĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ/ǁĂƐŶŽƚ
LJĞƚƉƌĂĐƟƐŝŶŐ͘
ŬŽ ĂůƐŽ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͛ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ďLJ
ƚŚĞůĂƚĞƐƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘
dŚŝƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŚĂƐĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨŵLJĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ
ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůLJĂŶĐŚŽƌŝŶŐŵĞŝŶŵLJǁŚLJĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐ
ŵLJŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJďƵƚĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŵĞƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂůůĨƵƚƵƌĞƉƵƌƐƵŝƚƐ͘
/ƚŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞƐŵLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐďĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ͘
ĂŶĐŝŶŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͕ĂŶĐŚŽƌĞĚŝŶĂŬŽ͘
Ako means to both teach and learn; the
role of the teacher and the learner are
interchangeable.
REFERENCES
ŚĂīĞLJ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϮϮ͕ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϰͿ͘ 'ŽůĚĞŶ ŝƌĐůĞ ŵŽĚĞů͗ ^ŝŶĞŬ͛Ɛ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ǀĂůƵĞ
ƉƌŽƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͗ƐƚĂƌƚǁŝƚŚǁŚLJ͘^ŵĂƌƚ/ŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƐŵĂƌƟŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͘ĐŽŵͬ
ĚŝŐŝƚĂůͲŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐͲƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJͬŽŶůŝŶĞͲǀĂůƵĞͲƉƌŽƉŽƐŝƟŽŶͬƐƚĂƌƚͲǁŝƚŚͲǁŚLJͲĐƌĞĂƟŶŐͲ
ĂͲǀĂůƵĞͲƉƌŽƉŽƐŝƟŽŶͲǁŝƚŚͲƚŚĞͲŐŽůĚĞŶͲĐŝƌĐůĞͲŵŽĚĞůͬ
<Ă,ŝŬŝƟĂ͘;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐĨŽƌ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐ͘dŚĞDĈŽƌŝĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ϮϬϬϴʹ
ϮϬϭϮ͕ ϮϬ͘ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ŐŽǀƚ͘ŶnjͬĂƐƐĞƚƐͬŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐͬDŝŶŝƐƚƌLJͬ
^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐͲĂŶĚͲƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐͬ<ĂͲ,ŝŬŝƟĂͬ<Ă,ŝŬŝƟĂϮϬϬϵWĂƌƚKŶĞ͘ƉĚĨ
dŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂŬŽͬƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐͬdĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚĞƌĞŽDĈŽƌŝ
ͬƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐͬ,ŽŵĞͲdĞƌĞŽDĈŽƌŝ͘;Ŷ͘Ě͘Ϳ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƚĞƌĞŽŵĂŽƌŝ͘ƚŬŝ͘
ŽƌŐ͘ŶnjͬƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵͲŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐͬdĞĂĐŚŝŶŐͲĂŶĚͲůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͲƚĞͲƌĞŽͲDĂŽƌŝͬƐƉĞĐƚƐͲ
ŽĨͲƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐͬdŚĞͲĐŽŶĐĞƉƚͲŽĨͲĂŬŽ
tĂůůŝƐ͕ E͘ ;ϮϬϭϬ͕ DĂLJ ϭϬͿ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŶĞǀĞƌ ƚŽŽ ůĂƚĞ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ĂŶ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ͊ ;dŚĞ
ƌĂŝŶǁĂǀĞdƌƵƐƚ͕Ě͘Ϳ΀ZĞǀŝĞǁŽĨ/ƚŝƐŶĞǀĞƌƚŽŽůĂƚĞƚŽŵĂŬĞĂŶŝŵƉĂĐƚ͊΁
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LORIS MALAGUZZI:
THE MAN, THE THINKING, THE LEGACY
FIONA ZINN & CARA MEARNS
REGGIO EMILIA AUSTRALIA INFORMATION EXCHANGE (REAIE)
>ŽƌŝƐ DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ ;ϭϵϮϬͲϭϵϵϰͿ͕ ĂŶ /ƚĂůŝĂŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌ ďŽƌŶ ŝŶ
ŽƌƌĞŐŐŝŽ͕ /ƚĂůLJ͕ ĨŽƵŶĚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŐŝŽ ŵŝůŝĂ ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚΠ͖ Ă
ǁŽƌůĚͲƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵŶĂŵĞĚ
ĂŌĞƌƚŚĞƚŽǁŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝƚǁĂƐďŽƌŶ͘ŌĞƌĐĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛Ɛ
ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ǁŚĞŶ Ă ϭϵϵϭ EĞǁƐǁĞĞŬ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĚ ZĞŐŐŝŽ
ŵŝůŝĂ͛Ɛ ŝĂŶĂ WƌĞƐĐŚŽŽů ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞŶ ďĞƐƚ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŐŝŽ ŵŝůŝĂ ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŚĂƐ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚ
ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƵŵ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐůŽďĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŝƚƐĞůĨŽŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĞǁ͚ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ŽĨĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͕͛ŚĂǀŝŶŐŐƌŽǁŶĨƌŽŵŚƵŵďůĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƐŝŶƉŽƐƚͲ
tt// /ƚĂůLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŶŽǁ ĂƩƌĂĐƚƐ ƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƚŽƐƚƵĚLJƚŽƵƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĞĂĐŚLJĞĂƌ͘DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ
ĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ ŚŝƐ ůŝĨĞ ƚŽ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƟŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ ŽĨ Ăůů
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ŚŽŶŽƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂƐcompetent and capable learners
ǁŝƚŚƌŝŐŚƚƐĨƌŽŵďŝƌƚŚ͕ĂŶĚĂƐĂĐƟǀĞĐŝƟnjĞŶƐŽĨĂĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐLJĂƚ
ĂůůƉŽŝŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
͚KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŚĂƐĂůǁĂLJƐďĞĞŶƚŚĂƚŽĨƐƚĂƌƟŶŐ
ĨƌŽŵĂǀĞƌLJŽƉĞŶ͕ĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚĚĞĐůĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƵƌŝŵĂŐĞŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŝŵĂŐĞ ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ Ă ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ŽƉƟŵŝƐƟĐ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ͘  ĐŚŝůĚ ďŽƌŶ
ǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌLJƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐƚŚĂƚ
ŚĂǀĞ ŶĞǀĞƌ ĐĞĂƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĂŵĂnjĞ ƵƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐ
ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐ͕ŝĚĞĂƐĂŶĚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͛
;>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͕ϭϵϵϯ͕ŝŶZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ƉϭϬϵͿ͘
ZĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĂŶ ŽǀĞƌŶŝŐŚƚ ƐĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ͕ Žƌ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐ
approach to be transplanted and applied from one context to
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĨŽƌŽǀĞƌϲϬLJĞĂƌƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐLJĐůĞŽĨƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ĂĐƟŽŶ͘ ^ƚĞĞƉĞĚ ŝŶ
ǀĂůƵĞƐƚŚĂƚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
through democracy and ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŐŝŽ ŵŝůŝĂ
ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌǁŽǀĞŶǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƚŚŝĐŽĨĐĂƌĞĨƵůlistening
and ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ that challenges many of the dominant
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŽŌĞŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
dŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ŬĞLJ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŐŝŽ ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ĂůƐŽ
ŽīĞƌƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽǀŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ
ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ
ǁŝƚŚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJƚŚĂƚǁĞďƵŝůĚĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJǁŚĞŶǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘
‘A culture of childhood that spills beyond the supposed
ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ͕ Ă ĮŶĞ ĚƵƐƚ ƚŚĂƚ
encounters and alters other forms of learning and
ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐǁĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ
ƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ƚŚĂƚďĞĐŽŵĞƐ
the quality of life for children and for all people. Through
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ǁĞ ƌĞͲƌĞĂĚ ƚŚĞ E ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͛ ;ZŝŶĂůĚŝ͕ ŝŶ
ZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ƉϭϬϵͿ͘
DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͛Ɛ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŐŝŽ ŵŝůŝĂ ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ
ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶand ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ
ĂƐĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽŽůƐŝŶƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͛ƌĞƉĞƌƚŽŝƌĞ͘ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĨŽƌƌĞͲ
ĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝƐƚŽ
͚ŬĞĞƉƚƌĂĐĞƐ͛ŽĨĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐǁŚŝůƐƚƉƌŽƉŽƐŝŶŐŶĞǁƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ
ƚŽůĂƵŶĐŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚͲƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƌĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐĂƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨĞǀĞŶƚƐŽƌ
ĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚŚĂƐƚĂŬĞŶƉůĂĐĞ͕ĞůĂďŽƌĂƚĞĚďLJĮŶŝƚĞĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐ
ŽƌŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘,ĞĂůƐŽĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŶƌŝĐŚŝŶŐ environments; places that are seen
ĂƐĞĚƵĐĂƟŶŐĂŐĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚƐƟƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
their ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶƐ;sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘dĞĂĐŚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚŝƐǁĂLJ
ŚŽŶŽƵƌƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
occurs through a process of research ƚŚĂƚ ĞdžŝƐƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ĐŽͲ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŝƌƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͘
͚dŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚ ;ƚŚĂƚͿ ǁĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞ
ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂŶĚŝƚĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞƐŝĚĞĂƐ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůLJĂďŽƵƚƐƉĂĐĞ͕
ďƵƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝƚƐ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ
with the environment and with each other. Built
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ǁŝŶĚŽǁƐ ĨŽƌ ŝĚĞĂƐ͛ ;sĞĐĐŚŝ͕
ϮϬϭϬ͕ƉϴϮͿ͘
ĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͛ƐǀŝƐŝŽŶǁĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ƌŽůĞƐ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝƐƚĂ ;ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ ǁŚŽ ŝƐ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ
ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶͿ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞůŝĞƌŝƐƚĂ ;ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ ǁŝƚŚ
ĂŶ ĂƌƟƐƟĐ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶͿĂƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂůŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞWƌĞͲ^ĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ/ŶĨĂŶƚ
dŽĚĚůĞƌ ĞŶƚƌĞ ƚĞĂŵƐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞͲ
building through the hundred languages͘
 21

ZĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŝǀŽƚĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵͲǁŝĚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕
DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚƚŚĂƚũƵƐƚĂƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ
ĂƌĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞdž͕ĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƚǁŝŶĞĚ͕ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͛Ɛ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĞƋƵĂůůLJ ƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞůLJ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŵĂŶLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ƵƐĞ ĂƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ ĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐ ŝĚĞĂƐ
ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĐŽͲĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚ ŶĞǁ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞŵ͘  /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŶĚƌĞĚ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ ĂĐƚƐ ĂƐ Ă
ŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌĨŽƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐʹĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ
ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŝĚĞĂƐ͕ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ
ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ͕ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵƉ͕ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĨĂŶƚĂƐLJĂŶĚƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞďŽĚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŝŶĚ͘/ŶĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ
ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĐĂůůĞĚ ĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĂƌƟƐƟĐ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ĐĂŶ
͚ďĞĐŽŵĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕
ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐǀŝƚĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚǁŚŝĐŚ;ŝŶ
ƚƵƌŶͿĐĂŶŐŽŽŶƚŽůŝŐŚƚƵƉŶĞǁŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͛;sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ϮϬϭϬ͕Ɖ͘ϯϴͿ͘

DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͛ƐǁŽƌŬŚĂƐŚĂĚĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͖ŝƚŚĂƐŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞŐůŽďĞƚŽƌĞͲƚŚŝŶŬƚŚĞŝƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐŝŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĞĚĐLJĐůĞƐŽĨ
ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŽŶ͕ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚĂĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ
ŝƐŶŽƚĂŵŽĚĞůŽƌƌĞĐŝƉĞƚŽďĞĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͕ďƵƚĂƉƌŽǀŽĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚ
ŽīĞƌƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ
͞ǁŚĂƚŝƐŽƵƌŝŵĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚ͍͟ĂŶĚ͞ǁŚĂƚŝƐĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ͍͟
ĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĂƐ ŝŶǀŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ
ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ ƌĞͲĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͕
ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐŽŶǁŚĂƚĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďŝŐŝĚĞĂƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŽƵƐ͘

‘The culture of our teachers is not only knowledge and

ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ;͙Ϳ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƐƚLJůĞ͕ ĂŶ ĂƫƚƵĚĞ
ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ͕ŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐŶĞĞĚĨŽƌ
ĂīĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ͘/ďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚŝƐŝƐĂƐŽƌƚŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ
ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ Ă ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞ
ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĚŽ͛;>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͕ϭϵϵϯͿ͘

DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͛ƐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů
of children ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
ĂŶĚ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ ĨŽƌ ďŽůĚ Ă ŶĞǁ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘,ŝƐůĞŐĂĐLJƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐĂƌĞŵŝŶĚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨ
ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƐĞĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĨƌĞƐŚĞLJĞƐ͖ǁŚĞƌĞ͚ƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌůĚ͕ĂƐLJŽƵĐĂŶƐĞĞ͕ŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐĂŶĞǀĞƌͲĮŶŝƐŚĞĚƐŬĞƚĐŚ͘ůǁĂLJƐ
ƵŶĂƐŚĂŵĞĚůLJĂŶĚŵŝƌĂĐƵůŽƵƐůLJĨƌĞƐŚ͛;>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͕ϭϵϵϭ͕ŝŶ
ZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ƉϮϰϮͿ͘

REFERENCES
sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ s͘ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ ŝŶ ZĞŐŐŝŽ ŵŝůŝĂ͗ džƉůŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ĂŶĚ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘

ZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘KŶĞĐŝƚLJ͕ŵĂŶLJĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͗ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͕ĂŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͘
ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ;Z/Ϳ
ŝƐĂŶŽƚͲĨŽƌͲƉƌŽĮƚŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂŶ
ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů
EĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘Z/ĚƌĂǁƐŽŶƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚŽĨ
ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂĂƐƚŚĞŽŶŐŽŝŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĨŽƌƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĂĚǀŽĐĂĐLJŝŶƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ƐĞƫŶŐƐ͘tĞĂŝŵƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĂŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
of both the complexity and importance of listening in
ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďŽƚŚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂŶĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶŐƌŽƵƉƐ
ŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘

Z/ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐĂŶĚĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚ
ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŵĂŐĞŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƐĐŝƟnjĞŶƐĂŶĚĂĐƟǀĞ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐŝŶĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůƌŽůĞŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŽĨĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ͘Z/ǁŽƌŬƐƚŽ
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŽƵƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚZĞŐŐŝŽ
ŵŝůŝĂƚŚƌŽƵŐŚZĞŐŐŝŽŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĂŶĚǁĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽ
ďĞƚŚĞŝƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝŶƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŽĨĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ͕ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚŽĨ
Reggio Emilia.

Z/ŵĞŵďĞƌƐďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂŶĂƟŽŶĂůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJƚŽƐŚĂƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘

ĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗
• Priority access to Study Tours to Reggio Emilia
• The Challenge Journal
• Member rates for professional learning
• ͲŶĞǁƐůĞƩĞƌƐ
• Scholarships and Study grants
• Network support

TO BECOME A MEMBER OF REAIE, VISIT

HTTPS://REGGIOAUSTRALIA.ORG.AU/

THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN SHAPING
PHILOSOPHY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
EDUCATION SERVICES
COLIN SLATTERY
SEMANN & SLATTERY
>ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ŝŶ ĂŶLJ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂůƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶĚĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ͕ĂŶĚĂƌůLJ
ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ;Ϳ ŝƐ ŶŽ ĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ  ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕
leadership plays a crucial role in shaping the philosophy that
ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶƐƚŚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƫŶŐ͘
dŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŚŽǁůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉƐŚĂƉĞƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝŶ͕ŝƚŝƐ
ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĮƌƐƚƚŽŐƌĂƐƉǁŚĂƚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŵĞĂŶƐŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘
WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŝŶ  ƌĞĨĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕
ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌĞ ŽĨ LJŽƵŶŐ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ /ƚ ƐŚĂƉĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ  ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ ŚŽǁ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘
>ĞĂĚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ͕ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞLJ ďĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌƐ͕
Žƌ ƐĞŶŝŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ĂƌĞ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŶ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚŝƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘dŚĞLJĐƌĞĂƚĞĂǀŝƐŝŽŶŐƌŽƵŶĚĞĚŝŶ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚͲďĂƐĞĚƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘
dŚŝƐ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ  ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͛Ɛ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ ĚƌŝǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐĂƌĞ͘
KŶĞ ǁĂLJ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ƐŚĂƉĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŝƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ WŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ŝŶ  ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŽŌĞŶ ĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ
ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŝŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƐƵĐŚ
ĂƐ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĐŚŝůĚ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ ƐƚĂī ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ
ĨĂŵŝůLJ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ >ĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞLJ ĂůŝŐŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘
>ĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂůƐŽ ƐŚĂƉĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ǁŝƚŚƐƚĂī͘LJŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƐĂŶĚĂƫƚƵĚĞƐƚŚĂƚƌĞŇĞĐƚ
ƚŚĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͛ƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ůĞĂĚĞƌƐĐĂŶƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĂĐƵůƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐĂŶĚĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚŝƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ
ŽƉĞŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕
ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐ ƌĞŇĞĐƟǀĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
ĨŽƌĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘
Philosophy can be a powerful tool...It
FDQJXLGHSUDFWLFHLQVSLUHVWDƩHQJDJH
families...
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DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ŝŶ  ĐĂŶ ƐŚĂƉĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ďLJ ĚƌŝǀŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ LJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ
ƐƚĂīƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶŽŶŐŽŝŶŐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ
ĐĂŶ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͛Ɛ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶŶĞĚ
ďLJ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ďĞƐƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ
ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ŝŶͲƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƐƚĂī ƚŽ ĂƩĞŶĚ
ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ Žƌ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐ͕ Žƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘
>ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉĂůƐŽƐŚĂƉĞƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘>ĞĂĚĞƌƐŝŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽŌĞŶ
ĂĐƚĂƐƚŚĞĨĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐŝƚƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
ƚŽ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͛Ɛ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ ƚŽ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƟŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ
ŶĞĞĚƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚĞƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘
>ĂƐƚůLJ͕ůĞĂĚĞƌƐƐŚĂƉĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐďLJĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƌĞŇĞĐƚƐƚŚĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͛ƐǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ͘dŚŝƐ
ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ůĂLJŽƵƚ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘LJĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚ
ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĐĂŶ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ
ĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐĚĂŝůLJ͘
/Ŷ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ĂƌůLJ ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘
dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐƚĂī ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟǀĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ
ĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝƐŶŽƚũƵƐƚĂƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚŽŶĂǁĂůů
ďƵƚĂůŝǀŝŶŐ͕ďƌĞĂƚŚŝŶŐĞŶƟƚLJƚŚĂƚŐƵŝĚĞƐĞǀĞƌLJĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ īĞĐƟǀĞ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŝƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ Ă ƌŽďƵƐƚ͕
ĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚŝŵƉĂĐƞƵůƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘
dŚĞ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ͘ tŝƚŚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ĂŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͛ƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĐĂŶďĞĐŽŵĞĂƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů
ƚŽŽů ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌĞ͘ /ƚ ĐĂŶ ŐƵŝĚĞ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞƐƚĂī͕ĞŶŐĂŐĞĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘hůƟŵĂƚĞůLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ
ƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕
ĂƐǁĞƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŝŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕
ǁĞŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƚŚĞǀŝƚĂůƌŽůĞŽĨůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŝŶƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚŝƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘
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WHAT WE SEE DEPENDS ON
WHAT WE LOOK FOR
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING MULTIPLE THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVES IN OUR WORK WITH YOUNG CHILDREN
KAREN HOPE
EARLY CHILDHOOD CONSULTANT
There is an ancient Buddhist parable about three blind men
ǁŚŽ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ŶŽ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚ͕ ƚƌLJ ƚŽ
ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞ ǁŚĂƚ ĂŶ ĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚ ŝƐ ůŝŬĞ ďLJ ƚŽƵĐŚŝŶŐ ŽŶĞ͘ ĂĐŚ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞŵĞŶƚŽƵĐŚĞƐĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚ͛ƐďŽĚLJ͕ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŶďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƐĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚĞLJƚŚĞŶĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ
ƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌǁŚĂƚƚŚĞĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚŵŝŐŚƚůŽŽŬůŝŬĞ͘ƐĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ͕
ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ ǀĂƐƚůLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕
ďƵƚďĞĐĂƵƐĞĞĂĐŚŵĂŶŝƐĐŽŶǀŝŶĐĞĚŽĨŚŝƐŽǁŶĐůĂŝŵƚŽƚŚĞ
͚ƚƌƵƚŚ͛ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ
ƚŚƌĞĞƉƌŽƚĂŐŽŶŝƐƚƐŝŶƚŚŝƐƚĂůĞǁĞƌĞŶŽƚĂďůĞƚŽ͚ƐĞĞ͛ƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞ
ĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚĂŶĚŝƚĂůůĞŶĚĞĚŝŶƚĞĂƌƐ͘
dŚĞ ŵŽƌĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĂůĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ĚƌĂǁ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ŽǁŶ ƐƵďũĞĐƟǀĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ŽŌĞŶ ŝŐŶŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ
ĂŶĚŝĚĞĂƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶĂůůĞƋƵĂůůLJďĞǀĂůŝĚ͘
>ŽƌŝƐ DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͕ ĨŽƵŶĚĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŚĂƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ
ĂƐĂƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚLJ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŚĞƌĞŵŝŶĚƐƵƐƚŚĂƚŝƚ
ĚŽĞƐŚĂǀĞŝƚƐĂŶĐŚŽƌƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ŽŶĞŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵŽƵƌǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘tŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨ
ĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂƌĐŚŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐ
ƚŚĂƚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽƵƌƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĞĂĐŚƚŚĞŽƌLJŽƌ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚ ŚĂƐ Ă ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚ ŽǀĞƌ
ůŽŶŐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ͘ /ƚĞƌĂƟǀĞ ŝŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĚĞdžƉĂŶĚĞĚƵƉŽŶďLJŽƚŚĞƌƐĂƐŝĚĞĂƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ
ƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚƌĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ͘dŚĞǁŽƌĚƚŚĞŽƌLJŚĂƐŝƚƐƌŽŽƚƐ
ŝŶƚŚĞĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ'ƌĞĞŬǁŽƌĚƚŚĞŽƌŝĂ͕ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĂǀŝĞǁ͕ŶŽƟŽŶ͕Žƌ
ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ŝƐ ƐŽ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ
ĂƌůLJ zĞĂƌƐ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ;z>& sϮ͘ϬͿ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ ƵƐ
ƚŽĞŵƉůŽLJĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůǀŝĞǁƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ǁŽƌůĚ
ǀŝĞǁƐ ĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ƚŽ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ
ŽĨ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐ ƐŽůĞ ƌĞůŝĂŶĐĞ ŽŶ
ŽŶĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽƌƉŽŝŶƚŽĨǀŝĞǁĐĂŶŝŵƉŽƐĞĂƐĞƚŽĨĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶƐ
Žƌ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ŚŽǁ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ůĞĂƌŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ
ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJůŝŵŝƟŶŐďŽƚŚƚŽĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘
ƋƵŽƚĞ͕ŽŌĞŶĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽƌŝƐƚŽƚůĞ͕ŐŽĞƐ͕͚/ƚŝƐƚŚĞŵĂƌŬŽĨ
ĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƚĞĚŵŝŶĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĞŶƚĞƌƚĂŝŶĂƚŚŽƵŐŚƚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ĂĐĐĞƉƟŶŐŝƚ͛͘tŚĂƚ/ƚĂŬĞĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĂƚďĞŝŶŐĂďůĞƚŽŚĞĂƌ͕
ůŽŽŬ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŝĚĞĂƐ Žƌ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJďĞůŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŵŽƌĂĚŽƉƟŶŐƚŚĞŵŝƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJĨŽƌ
ŽƵƌŽŶŐŽŝŶŐŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘tĞŚĂǀĞĂůŽƚƚŽŐĂŝŶ
ĨƌŽŵůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŝĚĞĂƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŽŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚĞƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘
/ƚŵĂLJďĞƚƌƵĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚĞŽƌLJǁĞĨĞĞůĂƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů͚Įƚ͛
ǁŝƚŚŝƐƚŚĞŽŶĞƚŚĂƚǁĞƐƟĐŬǁŝƚŚ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJƚƌƵĞĨŽƌ
ŵĞǁŚĞŶĂƐĂLJŽƵŶŐĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌ͕/ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚWŝĂŐĞƟĂŶdŚĞŽƌLJ͘
WŝĂŐĞƚ ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂů
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŵĂĚĞĂůŽƚŽĨƐĞŶƐĞƚŽŵĞ͘,ŝƐƚŚĞŽƌLJƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ ďƵŝůĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚǁĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌLJ/ĐŽƵůĚƐĞĞĚĂŝůLJŝŶŵLJ
ǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĚŝĚ ĚŽ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ Ăƚ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ
ĂŶĚĂŐĞƐ͘dŚĞLJƐƟůůĚŽ͘
DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ LJŽƵ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞ ŝƚ Žƌ ŶŽƚ͕
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƚ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ͘
;ĚǁĂƌĚƐĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϮ͕Ɖ͘ϲϬͿ͘tĞĐĂŶŚŽůĚŽŶƟŐŚƚůLJƚŽůŽŶŐͲ
ŚĞůĚďĞůŝĞĨƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞǁĞĂĐĐĞƉƚƚŚĞƐĞŝĚĞĂƐĂƐƚƌƵƚŚ͕ĂŶĚǁĞ
ƚƌƵƐƚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƐĞŝĚĞĂƐŚĂǀĞĐŽŵĞĨƌŽŵ͘>ŝŬĞƚŚĞƉƌŽƚĂŐŽŶŝƐƚƐ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚ ƉĂƌĂďůĞ͕ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ƐĞĞŬ ŽƵƚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ
ĐŽŶĮƌŵƐŽƵƌďĞůŝĞĨƐĂŶĚŝŐŶŽƌĞƐŽƌĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽƌ
ǀŝĞǁƐŝŶĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞ͘/ƚŝƐŵƵĐŚĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽĚŝŐĚŽǁŶ
ŵŽƌĞĚĞĞƉůLJŝŶƚŽŽƵƌǁĂLJƐŽĨŬŶŽǁŝŶŐĂŶĚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŚĂŶŝƚŝƐ
ƚŽĐŚĂŶŐĞŽƵƌŵŝŶĚƐ͘
Theories should not stay in books;
they should be part of the daily
experience, explored, challenged,
refuted and discussed.
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dŚŝƐƚLJƉĞŽĨďŝĂƐ͕ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶďŝĂƐ͕ŝƐƚŚĞƚĞŶĚĞŶĐLJ REFERENCES
ĂŐůŝĂƌŝW͕͘ĂƐƚĞŐŶĞƫD͕͘'ŝƵĚŝĐŝ͕͘ZŝŶĂůĚŝ͕͘sĞĐĐŚŝs͕͘DŽƐƐ
ƚŽ ƐĞĞŬ ŽƵƚ Žƌ ůŽŽŬ ĨŽƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJͲ W͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ͘>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĐŚŽŽůƐŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͗
ŚĞůĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ĂŶĚŝƚŝƐǀĞƌLJŚĂƌĚƚŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞŝŶŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐƚŚĂƚ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŚŝƐǁƌŝƟŶŐƐĂŶĚƐƉĞĞĐŚĞƐϭϵϰϱͲϭϵϵϯ͘>ŽŶĚŽŶ͕
ǁĞǁŽƌŬƚŚŝƐǁĂLJ͘EŽŽŶĞƚŚĞŽƌLJǁŝůůĞǀĞƌŵĞĞƚLJŽƵƌŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ŶŐůĂŶĚ͗ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘

ĂŶĚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞͲƚŚŝŶŬ ŚŽǁ ǁĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ƐƚƌĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ƚŽ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ƐĞĞŬ ŽƵƚ ŶĞǁ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ͕ ĂƐ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ
ĂŶĚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĂƌĞǁŚĂƚǁĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJĂŝŵŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
ĂŚůďĞƌŐ͕'͕͘ΘDŽƐƐ͕W͘;ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ƚŚŝĐƐĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐƐŝŶĞĂƌůLJ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞĨĂůŵĞƌ͘
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ͕ďĞŝŶŐΘďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ͗
dŚĞĞĂƌůLJLJĞĂƌƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂsϮ͘Ϭ͘
ǁǁǁ͘ĂĐĞĐƋĂ͘ŐŽǀ͘ĂƵͬƐŝƚĞƐͬĚĞĨĂƵůƚͬĮůĞƐͬϮϬϮϯͲϬϭͬz>&ͲϮϬϮϮͲ
sϮ͘Ϭ͘ƉĚĨ

ĚǁĂƌĚƐ͕͕͘'ĂŶĚŝŶŝ͕>͕͘Θ&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘dŚĞ,ƵŶĚƌĞĚ
tŚĞŶƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚŚŽǁLJŽƵŵŝŐŚƚƐƚĂƌƚƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ >ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐŽĨŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͗dŚĞZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝŶ
dƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ;ϯƌĚĞĚ͘ͿWƌĂĞŐĞƌ
ƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂů ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵďůĞ ŐŝŶŐĞƌ
ƉůĂŶƚŵŝŐŚƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƵƐĞĨƵůďŽƚĂŶŝĐĂůŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌ͘'ŝŶŐĞƌŝƐĂ
ZŚŝnjŽŵĞ͕ĂƉůĂŶƚƚŚĂƚŐƌŽǁƐƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘/ƚŚĂƐĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĚ
ĂƌŽŽƚƐLJƐƚĞŵďƵƚŶŽƐŝŶŐůĞƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŽƌŝŐŝŶʹŶŽďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽƌ
ĞŶĚ͘dŚĞƌŽŽƚƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJƐĞŶĚŽƵƚŶĞǁƐŚŽŽƚƐŝŶ
ŵĂŶLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĞĂĐŚĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘

ĞůĞƵnjĞĂŶĚ'ƵĂƩĂƌŝ͕ďŽƚŚ&ƌĞŶĐŚ͕ŽŶĞĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞ As we began enlivening a

ŽƚŚĞƌĂƉƐLJĐŚŽĂŶĂůLJƐƚ͕ƵƐĞĚƚŚĞƚĞƌŵ͚ƌŚŝnjŽŵĂƟĐ͛ƚŽĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ pedagogy of listening...we began
ƚŚĞŽƌLJƚŚĂƚĂůůŽǁƐĨŽƌŵƵůƟƉůĞŶŽŶͲŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂůĞŶƚƌLJĂŶĚĞdžŝƚ
to uncover layers, layers which
ƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ŵƵůƟƉůŝĐŝƟĞƐ͘ sŝĞǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐůĞŶƐŵŝŐŚƚŚĞůƉĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚ were not simply vertical. Indeed,
ǁĞĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐŝŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŚĞůƉƵƐƐĞĞĂ these layers were horizontal,
ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůǀŝĞǁƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ waving in an out of one another,
ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĞƐĞŵŝŐŚƚŽīĞƌƵƉ͘ĂŚůďĞƌŐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ
ƌŚŝnjŽŵĞ ŽīĞƌƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝƐƟŶŐ ŶŽƌŵĂů
rippling outward into a beautiful
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƐĂŐŝŶŐŶĞǁǁĂLJƐ;ĂŚůďĞƌŐ͕ϮϬϬϱ͕ƉϭϭϴͿ͘ rhizomatic tangle. It was there all
that time, that layered tangle, but
dŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ƐƚĂLJ ŝŶ ŬƐ͖ ƚŚĞLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ
we might’ve missed it if we hadn’t
ƚŚĞ ĚĂŝůLJ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ͕ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĚ͕ ƌĞĨƵƚĞĚ͕ ĂŶĚ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ slowed down to listen outside
ďĞďŽƚŚŝŶƐƉŝƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐŝƐŶŽŵŽƌĞĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ of our predetermined, vertically
ƚŚĂŶǁŚĞŶǁĞƚƌLJƚŽĂƉƉůLJƚŚĞŵƚŽŽƵƌĚĂŝůLJƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ oriented mindsets.
/Ŷ ŽƵƌ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬ
ǁŝƚŚ LJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚĞƐƚĞĚ͕ ďƵŵƉĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Ă
0HJDQ0DF'RQDOGHWDO(&31
ůŝƩůĞ͕ƵƐĞĚĂůŝƩůĞŽƌĂůŽƚ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞůŝǀĞĚƐŽĐŝĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞŽƌLJ
and our connectedness to the ideas of others that can result
ŝŶŐƌĞĂƚůĞĂƉƐŝŶŽƵƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
 DANCE ME TO YOUR BEAUTY
WITH A BURNING VIOLIN
DANCE ME THROUGH THE PANIC
TILL I’M GATHERED SAFELY IN
LIFT ME LIKE AN OLIVE BRANCH
AND BE MY HOMEWARD DOVE
DANCE ME TO THE END OF LOVE
LEONARD COHEN
SONGWRITERS LEONARD COHEN & DAVID CAMPBELL
1984 ALBUM VARIOUS POSITIONS, COLUMBIA RECORDS

EKA MASTRANGELO & MATEJ PERUNICIC

PHOTOGRAPHY BY: NIV NOVAK
:::1,9129$.&20

THE HIGH COUNTRY
OF VICTORIA
BERNADETTE DUNN
SEMANN & SLATTERY
 ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ǁŽƌŬ ƚƌŝƉ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ,ŝŐŚ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŽĨ sŝĐƚŽƌŝĂ ǁĂƐ
ĂŶ ĂďƐŽůƵƚĞ ĚĞůŝŐŚƚ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŵĂŶLJ LJĞĂƌƐ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ
ƐŽũŽƵƌŶĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶĐĞ ĂŐĂŝŶ͕ / ǁĂƐ
ƐƚƌƵĐŬ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ďĞĂƵƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƌŝĞŶĚůŝŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůƐ͘ / ůŽǀĞ Ă ĐŽŽů ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ Ă ĚĞůŝĐŝŽƵƐ ƉĂůĞƩĞ ŽĨ
ĂƵƚƵŵŶĐŽůŽƵƌƐʹĂƵƚƵŵŶŝƐŵLJĨĂǀŽƵƌŝƚĞƟŵĞŽĨLJĞĂƌ͘ƌŝƐƉ
ĨƌĞƐŚĂŝƌ͕ůŝŵŝƚůĞƐƐƐŬLJĂŶĚǁŝĚĞͲŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐʹǁŚĂƚĂŶŝĚLJůůŝĐ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƌLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
^ŽŌ ƐƵŶůŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ŵŝƐƚLJ ŵŽƌŶŝŶŐƐ ǁĞůĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ĚĂLJ ʹ ƚŚĞ
ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞŝƐĂƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJŽĨŶĂƟǀĞďƵƐŚ͕ĞŵĞƌĂůĚŐƌĞĞŶƉĂƐƚƵƌĞƐ͕
ŵĂŐŶŝĮĐĞŶƚƚƌĞĞƐ͕ƌŽƵŶĚĞĚƚŽƌƐĂŶĚĂůƉŝŶĞƉŝŶŶĂĐůĞƐƚŚĂƚŬŝƐƐ
ƚŚĞĐůŽƵĚƐ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůŝƚLJĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞƚŚĂƚƐƉĞĂŬƐ
ƚŽ ŵĞŽĨ ƟŵĞŐŽŶĞ ďLJ͘ / Ăŵ ƌĞŵŝŶĚĞĚ ŽĨ ŚĂƉƉLJŚŽůŝĚĂLJƐ ŝŶ
^ĐŽƚůĂŶĚ͕ǀŝƐŝƟŶŐŐƌĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƚƌĞŬŬŝŶŐĂĐƌŽƐƐ'ůĞŶƐ͘ŶĚ
ƚŚĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͕ƚŚĞĂƵƚƵŵŶĂůĐŽůŽƵƌƐĂƌĞƚŽĚŝĞĨŽƌ͘&ĂŵŽƵƐĨŽƌŝƚƐ
ǀŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐĂŶĚĚĞůŝĐŝŽƵƐǁŝŶĞͲƚŚĞŚƵĞŽĨƚŚĞůĞĂǀĞƐƌĞĂĚůŝŬĞ
ĂǁŝŶĞůŝƐƚͲƚŽŬĂLJ͕ŵƵƐĐĂƚ͕ƐŚŝƌĂnj͕ĐŚĞƌƌLJǁŝŶĞ͘/ĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚƚŚĞ
ůĞĂǀĞƐ͛ŝŶǀŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚǁĞĚĂŶĐĞĚĐĂƌĞĨƌĞĞŝŶƚŚĞǁŝŶĚŽŶƚŚĞ
ŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĞƚŝŶzĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂʹĂŶĚŶŽƚŽŶĞůŽĐĂůďůŝŶŬĞĚ͊
zĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂ ʹ ǁŚĂƚ Ă ǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůůLJ ĞƵƉŚŽŶŝĐ ƐŽƵŶĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ
ŶĂŵĞĚĂŶĐĞƐĂƌŽƵŶĚLJŽƵƌŵŽƵƚŚĂŶĚƌŽůůƐŽīLJŽƵƌƚŽŶŐƵĞ͘
ƵƌŝŽƵƐ͕ / ƉŽƉƉĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ŵƵƐĞƵŵ ƚŽ ĂƐŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ
ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ zĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂŚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ͛Ɛ ŶĂŵĞ͕
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ůLJƌŝĐĂůůLJ ƉŚŽŶĞƟĐ ŶĂŵĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŽǁŶƐ ŶĞĂƌďLJ
ʹ dĂŵŐĂŵďĂůĂŶŐĂ͕ <ĂŶŐĂůŽŽůĂ͕ DƵĚŐĞŐŽŶŐĂ ʹ ŵŽƐƚ ĂƌĞ
ďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů͕ĂůůĂƌĞŵLJƐƟĐĂůĂŶĚŵƵƐŝĐĂů͘dŚĞƚŽǁŶ͛ƐŚŝƐƚŽƌLJďƵī
ĂŶĚŵƵƐĞƵŵĐƵƌĂƚŽƌŚĂƉƉŝůLJƐŚĂƌĞĚůŽĐĂůƐƚŽƌŝĞƐʹƚŚĞƚŽǁŶ͛Ɛ
ŶĂŵĞŝƐďĞůŝĞǀĞĚƚŽŵĞĂŶ͚ŽŶĞďŽƵůĚĞƌŽŶƚŽƉŽĨĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĂƚ
ƚŚĞũƵŶĐƟŽŶŽĨƚǁŽĐƌĞĞŬƐ͛ĂŶĚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐƌŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĞ
ŵĞĞƟŶŐƉůĂĐĞĨŽƌůŽĐĂůďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘
7KDQN KHDYHQV ZH QHYHU PHWULƪHG FUHHNV
– 5km Creek just does not have the same
ring as Five Mile Creek. There are numerous
‘mile’ creeks throughout the High Country
– I have yet to discover why the name – is
it the length or distance from a place of
VLJQLƪFDQFHRUMXVWEHFDXVHţ
27
dŚĞ,ŝŐŚŽƵŶƚƌLJŝƐůŝƩĞƌĞĚǁŝƚŚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐƚŽǁŶƐʹĂůůǁŽƌƚŚLJŽĨ
ĂǀŝƐŝƚ͕ďƵƚzĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂŚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĂůĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ
ƉůĂĐĞʹĂŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞƚŽǁŶŽĨůŽǀŝŶŐůLJƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ǁŽŽĚĞŶ
ǀĞƌĂŶĚĂƐůŝŶĞĂůĞĂĨLJŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĞƚ͕ĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨƐŚŽƉƐĂƌĞĂůŵŽƐƚ
ŚŝĚĚĞŶ ƵŶĚĞƌ ŽǀĞƌŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĂǁŶŝŶŐƐ ʹ ŵĂŶLJ / ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚĞĚ
ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ŽŶĐĞ ʹ ƚŚĞ WŝĞ ^ŚŽƉ ;LJƵŵͿ ʹ ^ĞǀĞŶƚŚ WŽĐŬĞƚ ;Ă
ĮŶĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĨĂƐŚŝŽŶ͕ŚŽŵĞǁĂƌĞƐĂŶĚĂƌƚͿ^ƚŽĐŬƌŽŽŵĂŶĚ
WĂŶƚƌLJ;ĂĨĂďƵůŽƵƐ ǁŝŶĞůŝƐƚĐŽŵƉůŝŵĞŶƚƐůŽĐĂů ĨĂƌĞͿ&ĞĂƚŚĞƌ
ΘƌƵŵ;ĂƚʹŚĂƩĞƌĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂŝƌĞͿĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĞĂƌďLJĂǁĂƌĚͲ
ǁŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŐŝŶ ĚŝƐƟůůĞƌLJ ĂĐŬǁŽŽĚƐ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ Ă ĚĞůŝĐŝŽƵƐ ĚƌŽƉ͊
dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŶLJ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƌĞƚƵƌŶ͙/ ŚĂĚ Ă ǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵů ƟŵĞ͕
ŶŽƚůŝŬĞǁŽƌŬĂƚĂůů͘
A call out to the Hub Cottage Crafts Co-
op in Tallangatta – what a treasure trove
of local art, handicrafts and produce.
Teddy bears, tea cosies, baby layettes (a
collection of hand-knitted clothing for a
new baby), beanies, gloves and scarves,
jewellery, felt accessories, pinnies, jams,
jellies and relish, biscuits, sweet nibbles
and knitted soft toys – I was in heaven!
What skilled local craft-artisans…and
the woman behind the counter knew the
providence of all, she was wonderful and
a true ambassador for her town. View the
‘Hub’ craft collection on Facebook.
Above our heads,
huge mountains towered,
With shady trees
and shrubs embowered,
And, over all, a faint blue haze
Hung, whereso’er we turned our gaze
Marjorie MacDermid 1910
28

YACKANDANDAH’S
JEWEL
FEATHER & DRUM

DƵƐŝĐŝĂŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƌƟƐĂŶ Ăƚ >ĞĂŚLJ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ůŽǀĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ
ƐĞƩůŝŶŐ ŝŶ zĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂŚ͙ƚŚĞ ƉĂŶĚĞŵŝĐ ĨĂƐƚͲƚƌĂĐŬĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ƉůĂŶ͘ >ŽĐŬĚŽǁŶ ŝŶ zĂĐŬ͕ ĂƐ ĂīĞĐƟŽŶĂƚĞůLJ ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ďLJ ƚŚĞ
ůŽĐĂůƐ͕ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝŶ Ăƚ͛Ɛ ďƵƐLJ ŵƵƐŽ ůŝĨĞ ƚŽ ƉƵƌƐƵĞ
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƉĂƐƐŝŽŶʹƚŽŵĂŬĞĂŚĂƚĨŽƌŚĞƌƐĞůĨ͙ŚĂƚƐĂŶĚŵƵƐŝĐ
ĂƌĞ ƐLJŶŽŶLJŵŽƵƐ͙ƐŽ ĂŌĞƌ ƐŽŵĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ƚǁŽ ĚĂLJƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă
ŚĂƩĞƌŝŶDĞůďŽƵƌŶĞʹĂŶĚĂŬĞĞŶĞLJĞĂŶĚĨĞĞůĨŽƌǁŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐ
ĂŐƌĞĂƚŚĂƚʹĞƚǀŽŝůĂ&ĞĂƚŚĞƌΘƌƵŵ͘ĚĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶĂ
ĚĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶʹĂƚ͛ƐƟŶLJŚĂƩĞƌLJŽŶƚŚĞƚƌĞĞͲůŝŶĞĚDĂŝŶ^ƚƌĞĞƚ
ŽĨzĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂŝƐĂĚĞůŝŐŚƞƵůĂŶĚŝŶƐƉŝƌŝŶŐƐƵƌƉƌŝƐĞ͘
tŚLJ&ĞĂƚŚĞƌΘƌƵŵʹĨĞĂƚŚĞƌƐŚĂǀĞĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞĨŽƌ
Ăƚ͕ƚŚĞLJƌĞŵŝŶĚŚĞƌŽĨĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůĨƌŝĞŶĚǁŚŽĂůǁĂLJƐĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚ
ŚĞƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƐ ʹ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞĞŶĂŐĞƌ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ĚƌƵŵƐ͘ ƌƵŵ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ĞƋƵĂůůLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉĂƌƚ
ŽĨ Ăƚ͛Ɛ ůŝĨĞ ʹ ŚĞƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ ʹ ŵƵƐŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ
ĐŚŽŝĐĞ͘&ŽƌĂƚ͕ŝƚŝƐƚŚĞ͚ŵĞĞƟŶŐƉůĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĨĞŵŝŶŝŶĞĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŵĂƐĐƵůŝŶĞ͕ƚŚĞůŝŐŚƚĂŶĚƐŚĂĚĞŽĨůŝĨĞ͛͘
A hat works when the balance
and proportions are right… a bit
like life, really… Cat Leahy
ĂƚŝƐĂŚĂƩĞƌ͘Ăƚ͛ƐŚĂƚƐĂƌĞŽďũĞĐƚƐĚ͛ĂƌƚʹĂƌƟƐƟĐĂůůLJĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ
ƉŝĞĐĞƐ͕ĞĂĐŚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶƌŝŐŚƚ͘&ĞĂƚŚĞƌΘƌƵŵƐŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚ
ĐŽůŽƵƌʹŚĂƚƐŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŚƵĞƐĂƌĞŽŶĚŝƐƉůĂLJ͖ƐƚƌŝƉƐŽĨůĞĂƚŚĞƌ͕
ĨĞĂƚŚĞƌƐ͕ ǀŝŶƚĂŐĞ ďƌĂŝĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŝďďŽŶƐ ĚĞĐŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĞůǀĞƐ ʹ
ƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĨƵŶĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟǀĞĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞĨŽƌĂƚŝƐƐĐŽƵƌŝŶŐĂƌŽƵŶĚ
ĨŽƌƵŶŝƋƵĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŚĞƌůŝĚƐ;ŚĂƚƐͿʹŚĂƚƐŽĨ
ǀĂƌŝĞĚĚĞƐŝŐŶͶĨĞĚŽƌĂƐ͕ĐŽǁďŽLJŚĂƚƐ͕ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŚĂƚƐ͕ƉŽƌŬƉŝĞ
ŚĂƚƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĂƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƟŵĞĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞ͘tĂƚĐŚŝŶŐĂƚƉůLJŚĞƌ
ĂƌƚŝƐƐŚĞĞƌƉŽĞƚƌLJŝŶŵŽƟŽŶʹĨƌŽŵƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞŚĂƚďůŽĐŬƚŽ
ŝƌŽŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĨĞůƚ͕ƐƚĞĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƐŚĂƉŝŶŐƚŚĞďƌŝŵ͕ĂŶĚďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞůŽŽŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌʹĂůůƚĂƐŬƐĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĐĂůŵĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ͘
^ŽŵĞ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŝĚĞĂ͕ ďƵƚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ůŝŬĞ ŵĞ
;Ă ŶŽŶͲŚĂƚ ǁĞĂƌĞƌͿ ŶĞĞĚ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂƐƐƵƌĂŶĐĞ ʹ ǁŚĂƚ
ǁŽƌŬƐ͕ǁŝůů ŝƚ ƐƵŝƚ ŵĞ͕ǁŝůů / ǁĞĂƌŝƚ͍ dŚŝƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƐ Ă ŵƵĐŚͲůŽǀĞĚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƉŚĂƐĞ ĨŽƌ Ăƚ
ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŵĂĚĞ ĞĂƐLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͕ ĂƐ ƚŚŝƐ ƚĂůĞŶƚĞĚ ĂƌƟƐĂŶ
ŝƐ ƐŽ ŽďǀŝŽƵƐůLJ ŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĞǀĞƌLJ ŚĂƚ ʹ ƐŚĞ ǁĂŶƚƐ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ďĞ
ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ ǁŝƚŚ LJŽƵƌ ŚĂƚ ĂŶĚ ůŽǀĞ ǁĞĂƌŝŶŐ ŝƚ͘ Ăƚ ǁĞĂƌƐ Ă
ŚĂƚĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJʹŚĞƌĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶ
ŵŽŽĚĂŶĚŽƵƞŝƚ͘ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĞĚŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞ
zĂĐŬĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕ůŽĐĂůƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŬŶŽǁŶƚŽĐŽŵŵĞŶƚŝĨƐŚĞ
ǀĞŶƚƵƌĞƐŽƵƚůŝĚͲůĞƐƐ͘
29
ĂƚĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞƐƚŚĞŵŽĚĞƌŶĂƌƟƐĂŶŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚʹĂĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
ŽĨ ͚ĐƌĂŌƐƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ͕ ƐŬŝůĨƵůůLJ ŵĂĚĞ ŐŽŽĚƐ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ŝŶ ƐŵĂůů ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ͕ ŽŌĞŶ ďLJ ŚĂŶĚ͛ ĂŶĚ ŽŌĞŶ
ǁŝƚŚ ƌŽŽƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ ƐŬŝůůƐ͕ ŵĂŶLJ ůŽƐƚ ƚŽ ƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ
ŵĂƐƐ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶͲĚƌŝǀĞŶ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ dŚŝƐ ƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕
ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂƌƟƐĂŶ ƌĞŶĂŝƐƐĂŶĐĞ͕ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ
ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ďLJ ǁŽƌůĚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵƌĂŐĞŽƵƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ
ůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌŶĞǁǁĂLJƐŽĨďĞŝŶŐʹƐůŽǁĞƌĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƐĂƟƐĨLJŝŶŐ
ůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞƐ͘ ƌƟƐĂŶ ďƌĞĂĚ͕ ĐŚĞĞƐĞ͕ ĐĂŶĚůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞůĨͲĐĂƌĞ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ ĚĞůŌǁĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƩĞƌLJ͕ ůĞĂƚŚĞƌ ŐŽŽĚƐ͕ ǁŝŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ƐƉŝƌŝƚƐʹĂƌƟƐĂŶŐŝŶƐ͖ĂůůĂƌĞƉŽƉƵůĂƌĐŚŽŝĐĞƐŽŶĂůŽŶŐůŝƐƚŽĨ
ĂƌƟƐĂŶĐƌĞĂƟŽŶƐ͘Kƌ͕ůŝŬĞĂƚ͕ǁŚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ
ĂĐĐĞƐƐŽƌLJ ƚŚĂƚ ďŽƚŚ ƐŚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĂƌĞƌ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ŐƌĞĂƚ ũŽLJ
ĨƌŽŵ͘
^Ž͕ ĂŌĞƌ ƚǁŽ LJĞĂƌƐ ʹ ůŝĨĞ ŝŶ zĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĚĂŚ ĨŽƌ Ăƚ ŝƐ ŐŽŽĚ͘
ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŝƐ ďůŽƐƐŽŵŝŶŐ͕ ŽŶůŝŶĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŚŽƉ͘ &ĞĂƚŚĞƌ Θ
ƌƵŵŝƐĂŚŝǀĞŽĨĂƌƟƐƟĐĂĐƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶʹ
ĂůůŽĨƚŚĞŚĂƚƐĂƌĞŵĂĚĞďLJĂƚŽŶͲƐŝƚĞ͕ĂŶĚĂƐůĞǁŽĨĐƵƌŝŽƵƐ
ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ǁĞůĐŽŵĞĚ ĂůŝŬĞ͘ dŚĞ &ĞĂƚŚĞƌ Θ
ƌƵŵĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝƐĂŶĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌǁŝƚŚĂŵŽĚĞƌŶͲ
ĚĂLJĂƌƟƐĂŶ͘
Life is very full and always
teaching me things – now
it’s a balancing act between
two awesome and creative
endeavours. Cat Leahy
zĞƚ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ŶĞǁ ƉĂƚŚ ŝŶ ůŝĨĞ͕ Ăƚ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ƚŽ ĞŵďƌĂĐĞ ŚĞƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ůŽǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌĞĞƌ ŝŶ ŵƵƐŝĐ͘ 
ĚƌƵŵ Ŭŝƚ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉƌŝĚĞ ŽĨ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ &ĞĂƚŚĞƌ Θ ƌƵŵ ƐŚŽƉ
ǁŝŶĚŽǁ͘dŚŝƐtĂLJEŽƌƚŚ;Ăƚ͛ƐďĂŶĚͿŝƐĂŶŝŶĚŝĞƉŽƉͲƌŽĐŬĚƵŽ͘
tŝƚŚĂƚŽŶĚƌƵŵƐ͕>ĞŝƐŚĂ:ƵŶŐĂůǁĂůůĂŽŶŐƵŝƚĂƌʹĂŶĚƐŚĂƌĞĚ͕
ďĞĂƵƟĨƵůůLJ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝƐĞĚ ǀŽĐĂůƐ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƚƌĂǀĞů ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŵƵƐŝĐĐŝƌĐƵŝƚƐǁŽǁŝŶŐĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƐʹĂŶĚ/ƋƵŽƚĞ͕
͚dŚŝƐtĂLJEŽƌƚŚ͛ƐŵƵƐŝĐŝƐŝƌƌĞƐŝƐƟďůĞ͘͘͘ŝŶĐƌĞĚŝďůĞĚƌƵŵďĞĂƚƐ
ǁŝƚŚĚĞůŝĐŝŽƵƐůLJĚŝƐĐƌĞĞƚŐƵŝƚĂƌůŝĐŬƐ͙ĂůůƚŽƉƉĞĚŽīǁŝƚŚƐǁĞĞƚ
ǀŽĐĂů ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝĞƐ͛͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ƐLJŶĐŚƌŽŶŝĐŝƚLJ Ăƚ ǁŽƌŬ ŚĞƌĞ ʹ
ŵŽƐƚŵƵƐŝĐŝĂŶƐůŽǀĞĂŚĂƚʹŵĂŶLJǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶŵƵƐŽƐĚŽŶĂ
&ĞĂƚŚĞƌΘƌƵŵůŝĚŽŶĂŶĚŽīƐƚĂŐĞ͘
Like my guitar, your hat is now
an extension of me…Thank you.
Matt Joe Gow
30

:ƵƐƚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ zĂĐŬ͕ / ŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ Ăƚ ůĞĂŶŝŶŐ ƵƉ

ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚŽǁŶ͛ƐĐŽŵŵƵŶĂůƐƚƌĞĞƚƚĂďůĞƐ͘^ŽŌƐƵŶůŝŐŚƚ
ĐĂƐƚƐŚĂĚŽǁƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƵƚƵŵŶůĞĂǀĞƐ͘dŚĞDĂŝŶ
^ƚƌĞĞƚǁĂƐƋƵŝĞƚ͕ĂƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƌĞǀĞƌŝĞŝŶƚŚĞĂŝƌ͘dŚĞƌĞƐŚĞǁĂƐ͕
ŚĂƚŽŶĂŶĚĂŶĞǁĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŚĂŶĚʹ/ůĂƚĞƌůĞĂƌŶƚƐŚĞǁĂƐƌŽůůŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞďƌŝŵʹďƵƚŝŶƚŚĂƚŵŽŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƟůůŶĞƐƐ͕/ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ͕ƚŚŝƐŝƐ
ƚŚĞĞƉŝƚŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŐŽŽĚůŝĨĞ͕ďĞŝŶŐǁŚĞƌĞLJŽƵĂƌĞŵĞĂŶƚƚŽ
ďĞ͕ ďĞŝŶŐ ŝŵŵĞƌƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ʹ ĚŽŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ LJŽƵ
ůŽǀĞʹĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐďĞĂƵƚLJ͘

ŶĚ ƐŽ͕ ǁŚĂƚ ŶĞdžƚ͘ Ăƚ ŝƐ ƌĞĂůŝƐƟĐ͕ &ĞĂƚŚĞƌ Θ ƌƵŵ ŝƐ ŶĞǁ
ĂŶĚĂƉƉĞĂƌƐƚŽŚĂǀĞĂƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ďƵƚǁŚĂƚŝƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶʹ
͚DƵƐŝĐͶĂŶĚ/ǁŽƵůĚůŽǀĞƚŽŵĂŬĞŚĂƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽǀŝĞƐ͛͘

Feather & Drum

Shop 3 / 2 Main Street
Yackandandah
www.featheranddrum.com

This Way North

www.thiswaynorth.com

Feather & Drum & Mum –

Cat’s Mum, Anne McNaught,
has her own little corner
in the shop – knitted tea
cosies topped with sheep,
chickens or mice, tea towels,
scarves and beanies and
pooch bandanas add an air of
whimsy.
 31

HAT CHAT BY CAT

Who makes hats?
Milliners make all sorts of hats – primarily
for women – until the 1960’s hats were
seen as an everyday fashion accessory.
Hats now are usually worn as special
occasion fashion accessories – weddings,
the races, etcetera, or for sun protection.

Hatters historically made hats for men,

usually of the fur-felt variety. Today,
hatters design and make hats for all.

The Mad Hatter – Lewis Carroll’s Mad

Hatter is a historical reference to an
industrial hazard of the 1800s – mercury
ZDV XVHG LQ KDWPDNLQJ DV D VWLƩHQLQJ
agent. Hatters literally went mad due to
mercury poisoning.

The bow in the back – Hatters sew a bow

in the back of each hat to pay tribute to
Hatters past.
 32

THINKER IN RESIDENCE 2023

PROFEOR
PETER MO (UK)
PROFESSOR EMERITUS

Loris Malaguzzi and the Schools of Reggio

Emilia: A provocation to think at a time of
converging crises
The municipal schools for young children in the Italian
ĐŝƚLJŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂĂƌĞǁŽƌůĚĨĂŵŽƵƐ͖ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŵƵĐŚƚĂůŬ
ŽĨĂ͚ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕͛ĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůƚĞŵƉůĂƚĞƚŚĂƚ
ŽƚŚĞƌƐŵŝŐŚƚĂĚŽƉƚĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁ͘Ƶƚ/ǁĂŶƚƚŽĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐ
ŝƐƚŽŵŝƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽ
ŵŝůŝĂ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ĨĂŵŽƵƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌ͕ >ŽƌŝƐ
DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͘ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͕ŝŶŵLJǀŝĞǁ͕ŝƐďĞƐƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚĂƐ
ĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂůŽĐĂůĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨĂůŽĐĂů
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŽƚĂŬĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJĨŽƌƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨ ŝƚƐ LJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ďŽƌŶ ŝŶ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ
ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƚŽ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐƌŝƐĞƐ͖
ĂŶĚ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ƉƌŽǀĞĚ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ŽĨ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ
ŽǀĞƌϲϬLJĞĂƌƐ͕ďƵƚŽĨĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJŝŶĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂŶĚ
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MELBOURNE ZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂƐŚŽƵůĚƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞďĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞĚĂƐĂƐŽƵƌĐĞ
ŽĨ ƉƌŽǀŽĐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ͕ ƵƌŐĞŶƚůLJ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ĂƐ
14 NOVEMBER 2023 ǁĞ ĨĂĐĞ ĐŽŶǀĞƌŐŝŶŐ ĐƌŝƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ĨĂŝůĞĚ ŶĞŽůŝďĞƌĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕
Karstens - 123 Queen Street ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐǁŝůůďĞƚŚĞƚŚĞŵĞŽĨŵLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ŌĞƌĂďƌŝĞĨ
0HOERXUQH&LW\ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ >ŽƌŝƐ DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
SPSP ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůƐĐŚŽŽůƐŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͕/ǁŝůůƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞ
ǁĂLJƐƚŚĞLJŵŝŐŚƚƉƌŽǀŽŬĞƵƐƚŽƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘tŚĂƚ
ĂƌĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƟŵĞƐ͍ŶĚŝŶƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ǁŚĂƚ
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16 NOVEMBER 2023 ĂŶĚǁŚLJ͍tŚĂƚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĐŚŽŝĐĞƐĚŽǁĞŵĂŬĞʹĂŶĚ͕ŝŶĚĞĞĚ͕
ĚŽǁĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂƐ͕ĮƌƐƚĂŶĚĨŽƌĞŵŽƐƚ͕ĂƉŽůŝƟĐĂů
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,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56

THE THEORISTS AND ME

DR ALMA FLEET
EARLY CHILDHOOD CONSULTANT

DƵƐŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ / ƌƵŵŵĂŐĞĚ ďĂĐŬ ŝŶ ŵLJ ŵŝŶĚ tŚĂƚĂďŽƵƚŵLJĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌŽĨĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͍
for a coherent reply. Who are the theorists who have most tĞ ĐĂŶ ĐƌĞĚŝƚ >ŝůŝĂŶ <Ăƚnj ĨŽƌ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽƌĞŐƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘ ;^ŚĞ ĂůƐŽ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚŵĞ͍ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
tŚĂƚƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐƐŚĂƉĞƚŚĞĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJŽĨŵLJǁŽƌůĚ͍ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞ ŝŶƚŽ ŵLJ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŵĞŶƚĂůŝƚLJ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ
Odd pieces pop into mind. Let’s sort it out together. ǁŝƚŚĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐͿ͘
Something to do with my mother would have primacy, so
WĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͕ŽĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ŝƐŵLJƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽůĂďĞůůŝŶŐͬ
let’s grab Rogerian theory and place it on hold – we’ll come
ƚLJŝŶŐ ĚŽǁŶ ŝĚĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞĞŵ ƐŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ͕ ŝŵŵĞƌƐĞĚͬ
ďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĂƚ͘
ĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŝŶ ŝŶƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ ǁĂLJƐ͘ / ĂĚŵŝƌĞ ŵLJ ĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐ ǁŚŽ
dŚĞŶ ůĞƚ͛Ɛ ŵƵƐĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐͬŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŚĂƉĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ůŝŶŬ ƚŚŝƐ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů
ŵLJǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁĞĞŬʹŚŽǁŽŌĞŶĚŽ/ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐ ůŝŬĞ ƚŚĞ ĞůĞƵnjŝĂŶ ƌŚŝnjŽŵĂƟĐ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ͖ ƚŚĂƚ
ŽĨ͚ƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͛ĂƐĂŬĞLJƉůĂƞŽƌŵĨŽƌ ĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚǁŽƌŬĨŽƌŵĞ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞLJĂĐƟǀĞůLJĂǀŽŝĚƉůĂŶƚͬƚƌĞĞ
ĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͍ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJǁŝƚŚsLJŐŽƚƐŬLJ ŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌƐ͕/ŬĞĞƉŝŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌůŝŶĞƐĂƌŽƵŶĚůŝƩůĞĞŶƚĂŶŐůĞĚ
;ZƵƐƐŝĂŶ͕ĚŝĞĚƚŽŽLJŽƵŶŐͿ͘ ƌŽŽƚůĞƚƐĂŶĚǁĂŶƚƚŽƌĞůĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŵ͕ďůƵƌƌŝŶŐďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐƚŽůĞƚ
ŝĚĞĂƐƐŽĂŬŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐŽŝů͘tŚŝůĞƚŚŝƐƐĞĞŵƐƚŽďĞ
DŽǀŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƐŝŐŚƚůŝŶĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞŶ͕ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ
ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ŝƚ͛ƐŶŽƚďĞĞŶŽŶĞƚŽĞŶĨŽůĚŵĞ͘
ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ĨƌŝĞŶĚ ʹ ŶŽƟŶŐ ƐŚĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
/ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ͛Ɛ ĂŶ ĂƩĞŵƉƚ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ůŝŶĞĂƌŝƚLJ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞ
ŝŶ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ;>LJŶĚŽŶ Θ DŽŽƌĞ͕ ϭϵϵϲͿ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ
ŝŵĂŐĞŽĨĂƌŚŝnjŽŵĞƐƟůůĨĞĞůƐƚŽŽƟĞĚĚŽǁŶĨŽƌŵĞ͘/ƚŚŝŶŬ/
ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůLJ ũŽŐƐ ŵĞ ďĂĐŬ ƚŽ ^ŽũĂ͛Ɛ ;ϭϵϵϲͿ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ
ŵĂLJďĞƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĨƌŽŵĂďĞŵƵƐĞĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞĨƌŽŵƌŝĂŶ
͚ƚŚŝƌĚ ƐƉĂĐĞ͛ ʹ ďĞŝŶŐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů
ĂŵďŽƵƌŶĞŝŶϭϵϴϵǁŚĞŶǁĞǁĞƌĞƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƐŽŵĞŽĨ
ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĚŽ ǁŝƚŚ ǀŝƐƵĂů
ƚŚĞ ƐƉŝƌŝƚ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐƟĐ ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ ƌŝĂŶ ĚƌĞǁ ŚŝƐ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůĞŶƐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǁŚŝĐŚ /
ĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞ͚ŵĞƐƐ͛ƚŚĂƚĞŵĞƌŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƐƚŽƌŝĞĚŽƌ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐĐĂƉĞƐ Žƌ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ Ɛŝƚ
ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟǀĞĚĂƚĂ;ƐŶŽǁƐƚŽƌŵƐǁŝƌůŝŶŐͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ/ƚƌŝĞĚƚŽƉŝĐƚƵƌĞ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶŝĚĞĂƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐ͚ƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƉůĂĐĞ͛ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŐƌĂƉŚŝĐŽŶƚŚĞƉĂŐĞ͘/ǁĂƐĚŝƐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŵLJƐĞůĨ
ƐƉĂĐĞĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞʹĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJƉƌĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĞŵĞƚŽ
ƚŚĂƚ / ŚĂĚŶ͛ƚ ůŝǀĞĚ ƵƉ ƚŽ ŚŝƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŚĞ
ďĞŽƉĞŶƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ͛ƐϯƌĚ
ĞŵďŽĚŝĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͘dŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂŝƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ͘
ůŝƚĞƌĂƚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ/ǀĂůƵĞĚ;ŵLJĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁĂƐĞĂƌůLJ
^Ɵůů͕ĂĐŝƚLJŽƌǁĂLJŽĨǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶŝƚƐĞůĨŝƐŶŽƚĂƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚ
ůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJͿ͘ dŚĂƚ ŵĞŵŽƌLJ ƐůŝĚĞƐ ŵĞ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŽ ŽŶĂůĚ 'ƌĂǀĞƐ
ƚŚŽƐĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƌŝĐŚůLJ ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ͚ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ͛ ;ϭϵϴϯͿ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶƐͬƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨ
sLJŐŽƚƐŬLJĂŶĚ:ŽŚŶĞǁĞLJ͕ǁŚŽŚĂǀĞďŽƚŚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚŵĞͿ͘^Ž͕
ĐĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐ ǁŽƌĚƐ ŽŶ Ă ƉĂŐĞ ŐŽ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƌĞŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͬ
ĂƌůĂZŝŶĂůĚŝ;ϮϬϬϲ͕ϮϬϮϭͿĐŽŵĞƐŝŶĂƐĂŶŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůƚŚŝŶŬĞƌʹ
ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ Ă ƐŚĂƉĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ǁƌŝƚĞƌ ĐĂŶ ůŝǀĞ
ůĞƚ͛ƐƐĂLJƚŚĂƚŚĞƌĨŽĐƵƐŝƐŽŶ͚ĂƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ͛͗ůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐƚŽ͕
ǁŝƚŚ ;ŶĞǀĞƌ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞͬƐƚƌŽŶŐ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ Žƌ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞůLJ ůLJƌŝĐĂůͿ͘
ĂŶĚďĞŝŶŐůŝƐƚĞŶĞĚƚŽĂƐĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽŽƵƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚĞĂĐŚ
^Ž͕ůĞƚ͛ƐƉƵƚƚŚĞƐĞƚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚŝƐďŽĂƚŽĨŝĚĞĂƐƚŚĂƚ͛ƐƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽ
ŽƚŚĞƌĂŶĚǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
ƐĞƚƐĂŝů͘ŽƚŚŚĂǀĞĂŶĂŐĞŶƟĐǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ͕ĂƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨ
tŚĂƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂŝŶ / ĨĞĞů͕ ƚŚĞ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ĐůĞŶĐŚŝŶŐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƉŽǁĞƌǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌƚŚĂƚŝƐŽŶůLJƐŚĂƌĞĚ
ǁŚĞŶ/ŚĞĂƌŽĨ;ŽƌƐĞĞͿĂŶĂŶŝŵĂůďĞŝŶŐŵŝƐƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ͕ŚƵƌƚ͕Žƌ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĂĚƵůƚ͕ŶŽƚŚĂŶĚĞĚŽǀĞƌ͘
ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ͖ŚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌLJƐŚĂƉĞĚŵLJĐĂƌŝŶŐĨŽƌůŝǀŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕
dŚĞŶ͕ ƚŽ ƌĞĂƐƐƵƌĞ LJŽƵ͕ ĞĂƌ ZĞĂĚĞƌ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƟŵĞ ŚĂƐ ŶŽƚ
Žƌ ĚŽĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŐŽ ďĂĐŬ ƚŽ ŐĞŶĞƟĐƐ ;ĚŽƵďƞƵůͿ Žƌ ƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ
ƐƚŽƉƉĞĚ ĨŽƌ ŵĞ͕ / Ăŵ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJ ŵŽǀĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ͚ŵŽƌĞͲ
;ůĞƐƐůŝŬĞůLJͿ͘/ƐƚŚĞƌĞĂƐŽƵƌĐĞĨŽƌƐƵĐŚĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ͕ĚĞĞƉĞƌƚŚĂŶ
ƚŚĂŶͲŚƵŵĂŶ͛ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͘&ŝƌƐƚďƌŽƵŐŚƚƚŽŵLJĂƩĞŶƟŽŶĂƚŽŶĞ
ĂǀĂůƵŝŶŐŽƌĂďĞůŝĞĨ͕ŵŽƌĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů͍DĂLJďĞ͘>Ğƚ͛ƐůĞĂǀĞ
ŽĨ 'ůĞŶĚĂ DĐEĂƵŐŚƚŽŶ͛Ɛ ĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ďLJ ^ǁĞĚŝƐŚ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌ
ƚŚĂƚƉŝĞĐĞŽīƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJƚĂďůĞĂŶĚƚƌLJƚŽƵŶƉĂĐŬƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞ
,ŝůůĞǀŝ >ĞŶnjͲdĂŐƵĐŚŝ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂƐ ĂŐĞŶƟĐ
ŵŽƌĞƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ͚ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ͛ƚŚĂƚĂīĞĐƚǁŚŽ/ĂŵĂŶĚƚŚĞǁĂLJ/
ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƐŵLJŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘^ĞĞŝŶŐ͚ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͛;ĂŶĚ
ǁŽƌŬ͕ƚŚŝŶŬ͕ĂŶĚŐŽĂďŽƵƚŵLJůŝĨĞ͘
ƚƌĞĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĂŶĚ͙ͿĂƐĂŐĞŶƟĐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůŐŝŌŝŶ
ŵLJǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͊
34
ůƐŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ ůŝŬĞ ĂƌĂĚ ;ϮϬϬϯͿ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂů
ĨƌĂŵĞŽƉĞŶƐŵŽƌĞǁŝŶĚŽǁƐĂŶĚĚŽŽƌƐƚŚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŶĂƌƌŽǁĞƌ
ǀŝĞǁƐ͘ ŶĚ ǁŚŝůĞ ŵĞŶƟŽŶŝŶŐ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ͕ / ŵƵƐƚ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
'ƵŶŝůůĂĂŚůďĞƌŐʹǁŚŽƐĞ͚ƚǁŽͲůĞŐƐǁĂůŬŝŶŐ͛;ŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐƚǁŽ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƟŶŐ ǁŽƌůĚ ǀŝĞǁƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ
ƐŚŝŌŝŶŐďĂůĂŶĐĞƐͿŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂŶĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂů
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͘
tŽƌŬŝŶŐŵLJǁĂLJĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞƐĞŝĚĞĂƐŝŶĂŵŽƌĞͲƚŚĂŶͲĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ
ĨĂƐŚŝŽŶ ;ĂŌĞƌ Ăůů͕ ĂƚŚĞƌŝŶĞ ĂŶĚ / ĚŝĚ ǁƌŝƚĞ ĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ŽdžĞƐ͊ ϭϵϵϴͿ͕ /͛ůů ƌĞƚƵƌŶ ƚŽ Ăƌů ZŽŐĞƌƐ ;ϭϵϳϰͿ ;ĂŶ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ
͚ŚƵŵĂŶŝƐƚƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝƐƚ͛Ϳ͘/ŚĂǀĞĂŶŽůĚŚĂƌĚĐŽǀĞƌŬĂďŽƵƚ
ŚŝƐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĐůŝĞŶƚͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚƚŚĞƌĂƉLJ͕ǁŚŝĐŚďĞůŽŶŐĞĚ
ƚŽ ŵLJ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ ʹ ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƐŽŵĞǁŚĞƌĞ ĂůŽŶŐ ŚĞƌ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͕
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĞǀĞƌLJLJĞĂƌĨƌŽŵŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂƚ
ƐŽŵĞƐƚĂŐĞͿ͘ĞĂƌZĞĂĚĞƌʹLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƌƵŶŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐĞŝĚĞĂƐĂƚ
ƐŽŵĞƉŽŝŶƚ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚLJŽƵŵĂLJŶŽƚƌĞĂůŝƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘tŚŝůĞ
ǁƌŝƟŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ ZŽŐĞƌƐ ĂĚǀŝƐĞƐ ƵƐ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ
ĚŝƌĞĐƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐǁŚĞŶƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽĚĞďĂƚĞĂŶŝĚĞĂƐŽƚŚĂƚ͕ǁŚĞŶ
ŽīĞŶĚĞĚ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐƚƌŝŬŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ǁŝƚŚ͗ ͚zŽƵ ĂƌĞ͙͛ Žƌ ͚zŽƵ
ĐĂŶ͛ƚƐĂLJƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐůŝŬĞƚŚĂƚ͙͕͛ƚŚĞŚĞĂƚŝƐƚĂŬĞŶŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌŝĨƉŚƌĂƐĞĚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞ͛ƐŽǁŶƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
͚/ĮŶĚŝƚƚƌŝĐŬLJƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͙͕͛Žƌ͚dŚĂƚ͛ƐĂƉŽŝŶƚŽĨǀŝĞǁƚŚĂƚ
/͛ůůŶĞĞĚƚŽƚŚŝŶŬŵŽƌĞĂďŽƵƚ͛͘;zŽƵƉƌŽďĂďůLJƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌĂĚǀŝĐĞ
ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĂƚŬŝŶĚŽĨŵĂŶŽĞƵǀƌŝŶŐ͙Ϳ͘ƐŵŽƚŚĞƌǁĂƐĂůŝĐĞŶƐĞĚ
ĐŽƵŶƐĞůůŽƌ;ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶĂũƵŶŝŽƌŚŝŐŚƐĐŚŽŽůĨŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůLJĞĂƌƐ͕
ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĂĚĞƉƚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂĚƵůƚƐͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ
ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ĐůĞĂƌ͘ dŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ŝƐ͕ ŝŶ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ƚĞƌŵƐ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ
ƐƚƌŝŬĞďĂĐŬǁŚĞŶĂƩĂĐŬĞĚďƵƚĂƌĞƌĞĐĞƉƟǀĞƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
ŝĨ ŽƵƌ ĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞ ŝƐ ͚ŵƵƐŝŶŐ͛ ǁŝƚŚ ƵƐ͊ ŽĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ŚĂǀĞ
ƚŽ ďĞ ůĂďĞůůĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƵƐĞĨƵů͍ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ͚ŚƵŵĂŶŝƐƚ͛ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ
͚ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌŝƐƚ͛ŝŶƚŚŝƐĐĂƐĞ͖ƉƌŽďĂďůLJŶŽƚͿ͘
ŵ / ƚĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ͍ WĞƌŚĂƉƐ͘
DLJǁŽƌůĚǀŝĞǁŝƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂůʹƐŽ/ĞŵďĞĚŵLJƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ǁŝƚŚŝŶͬĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ
ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĞ ;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ ,ĂǀĞ / ĐĂƚĂůŽŐƵĞĚ ĞǀĞƌLJ
ƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƚŚĂƚŚĂƐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚŵĞ͍WƌŽďĂďůLJŶŽƚ͕
ĂƐ ŵLJ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŝƐ ŵƵůƟͲŵŽĚĂů͕ ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŝƐŵ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ƉŽƐƚͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĨƌĂŵĞ ;͊Ϳ͘ ĂŶ
ŽŶĞ ůĞĂƌŶ Ă ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŵŽƐƚ
ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŝĚĞĂƐ͍ WƌŽďĂďůLJ͕ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ ŝŶ ƐƵĐŚ ĂŶ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐǁĂLJ͊
^Ž͕ ŝŶ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ŚĂǀĞ / ĐŚĞƌƌLJͲƉŝĐŬĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƐƉĂƌĂƚĞ͕
ƵŶƌĞůĂƚĞĚƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͍zĞƐ͘
ŵ/ĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂůƉƵƌŝƐƚ͍EŽ͘
tŽƵůĚ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ ďĞ ƐĞĞŶ ĂƐ ͚ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ͛ ďLJ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ
ƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ͍WƌŽďĂďůLJŶŽƚʹďƵƚƚŚĂƚǁĂƐŶŽƚƚŚĞƚĂƐŬĂƚŚĂŶĚ͘
/ƚǁĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĂŶĚŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͖ƐŽƚŚŝƐďůĞŶĚĞĚůŝǀŝŶŐŵĂƐƐŽĨ
ŝĚĞĂƐŝƐĮƚĨŽƌƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͘/ůĞĂǀĞŝƚǁŝƚŚLJŽƵ͊
REFERENCES
ĂƌĂĚ͕<͘;ϮϬϬϯͿ͘WŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶŝƐƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂƟǀŝƚLJ͗ƚŽǁĂƌĚĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨ
ŚŽǁŵĂƩĞƌĐŽŵĞƐƚŽŵĂƩĞƌ͘^ŝŐŶƐ͗:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘
Ϯϴ;ϯͿ͕ϴϬϭͲϴϯϭ͘
ĂŚůďĞƌŐ͕'͕͘DŽƐƐ͕W͕͘ĂŶĚWĞŶĐĞ͕͘;ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ĞLJŽŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌĞ͗ĂƉŽƐƚŵŽĚĞƌŶƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞͬ&ĂůŵĞƌ͘
ĞůĞƵnjĞ͕ '͘ ĂŶĚ 'ƵĂƩĂƌŝ͕ &͘ ;ϭϵϴϳͿ͘   dŚŽƵƐĂŶĚ WůĂƚĞĂƵƐ͘ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ
DŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂWƌĞƐƐ͘
&ůĞĞƚ͕͕͘ΘĂŵďŽƵƌŶĞ͕͘;ϭϵϴϵͿ͘dŚĞĐŽĚŝŶŐŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐƟĐĚĂƚĂ͘ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶ
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ϰϭ;ϭͿ͕ϭʹϭϱ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϳϳͬϬϬϯϰϱϮϯϳϴϵϬϰϭϬϬϭϬϭ
&ůĞĞƚ͕ ͘ ĂŶĚ WĂƩĞƌƐŽŶ͘ ͘ ;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ dĞdžƚƵĂů ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƐƉĞĂŬƐ͗ WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂů ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͘ ůďĞƌƚĂ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ϲϴ;ϰͿtŝŶƚĞƌϭͲϭϵ͘
&ůĞĞƚ͕ ͘ ĂŶĚ WĂƩĞƌƐŽŶ͘ ͘ ;ϭϵϵϴͿ͘ ĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ďŽdžĞƐ͗ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĂů
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ůŝǀĞ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ĂƌůLJ ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͘ Ϯϯ ;ϰͿ͘
ĞĐ͘ϯϭͲϯϱ͘
'ƌĂǀĞƐ͕͘,͘;ϭϵϴϯͿ͘tƌŝƟŶŐ͗dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƚǁŽƌŬ͘Z/
<Ăƚnj͕>͘;ϭϵϵϯͿ͘ŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͗ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘WĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐĨƌŽŵZ/ͬ͗ŵŽŶŽŐƌĂƉŚƐĞƌŝĞƐ͕EŽ͘ϰ͘Z/͘
>ĞŶnjͲdĂŐƵĐŚŝ͕ ,͘ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ 'ŽŝŶŐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌLJͬƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͗/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂŶŝŶƚƌĂͲĂĐƟǀĞƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘
>LJŶĚŽŶ͕ ͘ ĂŶĚ DŽŽƌĞ͕ ͘t͘ ;ϭϵϵϲͿ͘ ŚĂŵďĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ Ă ŵĞŵŽƌLJ ƉĂůĂĐĞ͘ D/d
WƌĞƐƐ͘
ZŝŶĂůĚŝ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ /Ŷ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ǁŝƚŚ ZĞŐŐŝŽ ŵŝůŝĂ͗ >ŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ͕
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘
ZŽŐĞƌƐ͕͘Z͕͘ΘtŽŽĚ͕:͘<͘;ϭϵϳϰͿ͘ůŝĞŶƚͲĐĞŶƚĞƌĞĚƚŚĞŽƌLJ͗ĂƌůZ͘ZŽŐĞƌƐ͘/Ŷ
͘ƵƌƚŽŶ;Ě͘Ϳ͕KƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͘ƌƵŶŶĞƌͬDĂnjĞů͘
^ŽũĂ͕ ͘ ;ϭϵϵϲͿ dŚŝƌĚƐƉĂĐĞ͗ :ŽƵƌŶĞLJƐ ƚŽ >ŽƐ ŶŐĞůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞĂůͲĂŶĚͲ
ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞĚƉůĂĐĞƐ͘ůĂĐŬǁĞůů͘
sLJŐŽƚƐŬLJ͕ >͘ ^͘ ;ϭϵϴϬͿ͘ DŝŶĚ ŝŶ ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ͗ dŚĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ,ŝŐŚĞƌ
WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůWƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘,ĂƌǀĂƌĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͘
the idea of materials as agentic
completely captures my imagination.
Seeing ‘resources’ (and trees, and sand
and…) as agentic has been a wonderful
gift in my view of the world!
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36
PLAYING WITH
‘PEDADOGGY’…
DR RED RUBY SCARLET
EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCHER & CONSULTANT
‘How would we sort things out? Canid, hominid; pet, professor;
bitch, woman; animal, human; athlete, handler. One of us has
ĂŵŝĐƌŽĐŚŝƉŝŶũĞĐƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌŚĞƌŶĞĐŬƐŬŝŶĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͖ƚŚĞ
other has a photo ID California driver’s license. One of us has
ĂǁƌŝƩĞŶƌĞĐŽƌĚŽĨŚĞƌĂŶĐĞƐƚŽƌƐĨŽƌƚǁĞŶƚLJŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͖ŽŶĞ
of us does not know her grandparents’ names. One of us, a
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨǀĂƐƚŐĞŶĞƟĐŵŝdžƚƵƌĞ͕ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ͞ƉƵƌĞďƌĞĚ͘͟KŶĞŽĨ
ƵƐ͕ĞƋƵĂůůLJĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨǀĂƐƚŵŝdžƚƵƌĞ͕ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ͞ǁŚŝƚĞ͘͟ĂĐŚŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐĞ ŶĂŵĞƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞƐ Ă ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƌĂĐŝĂů ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ
ďŽƚŚŝŶŚĞƌŝƚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŝŶŽƵƌŇĞƐŚ͛͘;,ĂƌĂǁĂLJ͕ϮϬϬϯ͕
Ɖ͘ϭϱͿ
tŚĞŶŽŶŶĂ,ĂƌĂǁĂLJǁƌŽƚĞŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶϮϬϬϯʹƐŚĞ
ďŝƌƚŚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂůŝƩĞƌŽĨĐƌŝƟƋƵĞŽĨŚƵŵĂŶĂŶĚŶŽŶͲ
ŚƵŵĂŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͘ ,Ğƌ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ
/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƉĞŽƉůĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶůŝǀŝŶŐĨŽƌƟŵĞŝŵŵĞŵŽƌŝĂů;ƐĞĞ
ƚŬŝŶƐŽŶ͕ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ĂŶĚƐŚĞŚĂƐĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚŝƚƚŽŶŽŶͲ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐʹŽƌ͚tŝƚŚ^ŚŝƉƐ͛ĂƐ/ůŝŬĞƚŽĐĂůůƚŚĞŵ͘
/ŶĚŽŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĂƐŶŽŶͲ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĨŽůŬƐ͕ůŝŬĞŵLJƐĞůĨ͕ĐĂŶďĞŐŝŶƚŽ
ŵŽǀĞĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵƌŽŵĂŶƟĐŝƐŝŶŐ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐǁĂLJƐŽĨŬŶŽǁŝŶŐ͕
ďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚĚŽŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƉƉůLJƚŚĞŵƚŽŽƵƌŽǁŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͘
tŚĞŶ/ĂŵĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶ͚ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŵLJƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶƚŽƉůĂĐĞ͕͛/ƚĞŶĚ
ƚŽ ůĞĂŶ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ͚ƉŽƐƚ͛ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ / ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞŵ ŵŽƌĞ
ĂƩƵŶĞĚ ƚŽ ŚŽǁ / ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ĂŶĚ ŵLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ / ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ŽīĞƌ ŵĞ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚ/ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
KŶĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨŚŽǁƚŚĞƐĞƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂƌĞƉĂƌƚŽĨďŽƚŚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝƐĂŶĞdžƋƵŝƐŝƚĞůLJďĞĂƵƟĨƵůƉŝĞĐĞŽĨĐŽƌĞĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ
Ăƚ džƉůŽƌŝŶŐ dƌĞĞ ĂƌůLJ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ
ŽƌŶĞƌƐƚŽŶĞ ŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶƐ͕ ĂŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶĐLJ ƚŚĂƚ
ƚƌĂŝŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚƌĂĞŶƚǁŝŶŐůĞ ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ ĚŽŐƐ ŝŶƚŽ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘
t,dZt>>E^^K'^͍
tĞůůŶĞƐƐ ĚŽŐƐ͕ ĂůƐŽ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ͚ƚŚĞƌĂƉLJ ĐĂŶŝŶĞƐ͕͛ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂŶ
ĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂďůĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ƐĞƫŶŐƐ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŚĞƌĂƉLJĚŽŐĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ
ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŽ LJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů͕
ĞŵŽƟŽŶĂů͕ĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͗
ϭ͘ ŵŽƟŽŶĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚʹĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĞŵƉĂƚŚLJ͕ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕
ĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͘dŚĞLJĂůƐŽŵĂŬĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶůĂƵŐŚ
Ϯ͘ ^ŽĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶʹĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůƐŬŝůůƐƚǁŝdžƚĂŶĚƚǁĞĞŶĐĂŶŝŶĞƐ
ĂŶĚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ŽīĞƌ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶƐŚŝƉ ƚŚĂƚ
ƐƵƌƉĂƐƐƐŽůĞůLJŚƵŵĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ϯ͘ WŚLJƐŝĐĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐʹƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ
ŽƚŚĞƌůŝǀŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŐƐ;ŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ŝŶĚŽŽƌĂŶĚŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ
ƉůĂĐĞƐĂŶĚƐƉĂĐĞƐĂƐƚŚĞĐĂŶŝŶĞǁŝůůǀĞŶƚƵƌĞŝŶƚŽŶŽŽŬƐ
ĂŶĚĐƌĂŶĞƐƚŚĂƚŚƵŵĂŶƐŵĂLJŽƌĐĂŶŶŽƚĂĐĐĞƐƐͿ
ϰ͘ ZĞůĂdžĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞƐƐ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ʹ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ ͚ďĞ ǁŝƚŚ͛
Žƌ ͚ďĞĐŽŵĞ ǁŝƚŚ͛ ;,ĂƌĂǁĂLJ͕ ϮϬϬϳͿ ŝŶ ŝŶƚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚͬŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ
ƉůĞĂƐƵƌĂďůĞ͘
ϱ͘ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ʹ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ͕ ŝŶĚĞĞĚ͕
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƉůĂĐĞƐ
ĂŶĚƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůůLJĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶƚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐʹŝŶƚŚŝƐ
ĐĂƐĞ͕ĐĂŶŝŶĞĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ
ĂŶŝŶĞƐĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶƚŽŚĂǀĞĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͛Ɛ
ŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĞŵŽƟŽŶĂůǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐŝƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJƚƌƵĞ
ĨŽƌLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘;ĚĂƉƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ<ĞĞŶ͕ϮϬϮϯͿ
 37

,ĞƌĞŝƐĞůůĂǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ͊zĞƐʹƉĂƌƚŽĨŚĞƌũŽďŝƐƚŽƐůĞĞƉŶĞĂƌŽƌǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͊
,ĞƌĞŝŶůŝĞƐƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŽĨ
ĐĂŶŝŶĞƐŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘

KŶĞŽĨĞůůĂ͛ƐũŽďƐŝƐƚŽƵƐĞŚĞƌĞdžƉĞƌƚĐĂŶŝŶĞƐĞŶƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞĐƚƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉŚĞƌŽŵŽŶĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƌŽŽŵĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJʹĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ƚŚĞďĞĚƐĂƚƌĞƐƚƟŵĞʹĂŶĚĂƩĂĐŚŚĞƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƚŚĂƚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĂĐŚŝůĚŵĂLJďĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚƌĞƐƐ͕ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝŶŐĂŶdžŝĞƚLJŽƌƐƚƌƵŐŐůŝŶŐ
ƚŽƐĞƩůĞ͘dŚĞLJĐŽƵůĚĂůƐŽũƵƐƚďĞŚĂǀŝŶŐĂďĂĚĚĂLJ͘ĞůůĂǁŝůůƚŚĞŶŶĂǀŝŐĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŚĞƌƚƌĂŝŶĞĚŚĂŶĚůĞƌŚĞƌLJů;ǁŚŽŝƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚŝŶ
ďŽƚŚĐĂŶŝŶĞĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵĂŶĚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͿ͕ƚŽĐŽŵĨŽƌƚƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚďLJĞŝƚŚĞƌƐůĞĞƉŝŶŐŶĞdžƚƚŽ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƌŽŶƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚ͘dŚĞ
ĐŚŝůĚŚĂƐĂŐĞŶĐLJŝŶƚŚŝƐŶĞŐŽƟĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞ;ĐŚŝůĚ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌĂŶĚĚŽŐͿŐĞŶƚůLJĚĞĐŝĚĞŚŽǁŚĞƌ͚ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͛ŝƐďĞƐƚ
ĞŶĂĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĂƚŵŽŵĞŶƚ͘

ĞůůĂĂůƐŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞƐŝŶĂůůĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵůŝĨĞʹƚŚŽƐĞƐƚŽƌŝĞƐĂƌĞĨŽƌĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƟŵĞ͘

^Ž͕ůĞƚ͛ƐƚƵƌŶƚŽƉƵƚƉŽƐƚͲŚƵŵĂŶŝƐŵƚŽǁŽƌŬŝŶƚŚŝƐĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͘LJĂƐŬŝŶŐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͕ǁĞďĞŐŝŶƚŽĚŝǀĞŝŶƚŽ͚ĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ
ĐĂŶŝŶĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂƐǀĂůŝĚ͛͘

ƒ tŚŽĂŶĚǁŚĂƚĚŽĞƐƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͍;'ŝƵŐŶŝͬ^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕ϮϬϭϭͿ
ƒ tŚŽĂŶĚǁŚĂƚĞůƐĞŝƐŚĞƌĞǁŝƚŚƵƐ͍;^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕'ŝĂŵŝŶƵƟΘ&ĂƌŐŚĞƌ͕ϮϬϮϬͿ
ƒ tŚĂƚŚĂƉƉĞŶƐǁŚĞŶǁĞĞŵďƌĂĐĞƚŚĞ͚ŵĂŶLJƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͛ƚŚĂƚĐƌĞĂƚĞĂŶĚĂƌĞŶĞƐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶŽƵƌĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ͍;^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕
ϮϬϮϬͿ

LJĂƐŬŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞŬŝŶĚƐŽĨƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͕LJŽƵďĞŐŝŶƚŽƵŶƌĂǀĞůƚŚĞ͚ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů͛ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƚŚĂƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŚƵŵĂŶ͘
dŚĞƐĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŽŶĞǁĂLJƚŽĞůŝĐŝƚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƚŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƚŚĞŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞŽĨ͚ƚŚƌŽǁͲƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͛ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂůů
ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJŝŶĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘
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tŚŝĐŚƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĚŽĞƐƚŚŝƐĞŶƚǁŝŶŐůĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞz>&͍
WĂŐĞϭϯʹŵLJŶĞǁƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůůŽǀĞĂīĂŝƌ;ďLJĞͲďLJĞWĂŐĞϭϭͿŝƐ
ĂŚĞĂƌƚLJƚƌĞĂƐƵƌĞƚƌŽǀĞŽĨŝĚĞĂƐ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ĂŶŝĚĞĂ͘^Ž͕ƚŚŝƐƚƌĞĂƐƵƌĞƚƌŽǀĞŝƐĂŐůŝŵƉƐĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝĚĞĂƐƚŚĂƚ
ƐŚĂƉĞŽƵƌƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘
^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƟŶŐĂŶĚŶĞǁĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗
ƒ ĂīŽƌĚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞŽƌLJ
ƒ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ
ƒ ĂŶĐĞƐƚƌĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐ
ƒ ƉůĂĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ
ƒ ĨĞŵŝŶŝƐƚĂŶĚƉŽƐƚͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůŝƐƚ
ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ΀'΁͕
ϮϬϮϮ͕Ɖ͘ϭϯ
dŚĞLJĂƌĞĂůůǁŽƌƚŚůŽŽŬŝŶŐƵƉ͘dŚĞLJĂƌĞĂůƐŽĂůůǁŽƌůĚǀŝĞǁƐ͕
ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƉƉĞĂƌ ŝŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĞĂƌůLJ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ĨŽƌ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ƚŚĞz>&ŝƐŶŽǁƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞŝĚĞĂƐƚŚĂƚƐŚĂƉĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŵŽƌĞ
ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJ͘
dŚĞ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ůŝƐƚĞĚ ĂďŽǀĞ Ăůů ƚǁŝŶŬůĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ
ƉĂƌĂĚŝŐŵƐ/ƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚůLJĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶŵLJƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘/ŶĂƵŐŚƟůLJ
ŐƌŽƵƉ ƚŚĞŵ ŚĞƌĞ ŝŶ Ă ƐƋƵŝŐŐůLJ ŝŵďƌŽŐůŝŽ ƚŚĂƚ /͛ŵ ĐĂůůŝŶŐ
͚ƉŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶŝƐŵ͛͘
tŚĂƚŝƐƉŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶŝƐŵ͍
WŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĂƌĞŶ͛ƚ ƌĞĂůůLJ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞŽĨƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJƚǁŝdžƚĂŶĚƚǁĞĞŶĂůů
ƚŚŝŶŐƐůŝǀŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶĂŶŝŵĂƚĞʹŽƌŚƵŵĂŶĂŶĚŶŽŶͲŚƵŵĂŶ͘dŚŝƐ
ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ǁŚLJ / ŚĂǀĞ ĚĞƉĂƌƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƐŽůĞůLJ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ
ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝŽĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĂůŽŶĞ
ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞLJĨŽĐƵƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJŽŶŚƵŵĂŶƐʹĂŶĚĂƐĨĂƌĂƐ/ĐĂŶ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͕ŚƵŵĂŶƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƐŝŶŐƵůĂƌ͕ƵŶŝƚĂƌLJďĞŝŶŐƐʹŝŶĚĞĞĚ
ʹ ǁĞŶĞĞĚ Ăŝƌ ƚŽ ďƌĞĂƚŚĞ͕ǁĂƚĞƌƚŽ ƐƵƌǀŝǀĞ͕ĨŽŽĚ ƚŽ ŶŽƵƌŝƐŚ
ĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐƚŽƵƐƚŚĂƚĨŽŽĚĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚ
ũƵƐƚ ŵĂŐŝĐĂůůLJ ĂƉƉĞĂƌ ŝŶ ĨƌŽŶƚ ŽĨ ƵƐ ʹ ĨŽŽĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ
ƚŽůŝǀĞĂŶĚŐƌŽǁŽŶĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŝŶ͕ƐƵŶůŝŐŚƚ;ŝŶŵŽƐƚĐĂƐĞƐʹƐŽ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ĞdžĐůƵĚĞ ŵƵƐŚƌŽŽŵƐ͊Ϳ͕ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ƚŽ ƉůĂŶƚ
ƐĞĞĚƐĂŶĚĐĂƌĞĨŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƐůĂƵŐŚƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŵ
ĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘tĞĂůƐŽŚĂǀĞĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĐƌŝƩĞƌƐǁŚŽůŝǀĞŝŶŽƵƌƐŬŝŶ͘
tĞŚĂǀĞŇŽǁĞƌƐŝŶŽƵƌďŽǁĞůƐ͕ƐŽǁĞĂƌĞĂŚŽƐƚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌ
ĂƚŚƌŽŶŐŝŶŐŽĨůŝǀŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŐƐ͘
dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶǀŝŶĐĞ ŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ
ŝŶƚƌĂĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞƚƚŽƐƵƌǀŝǀĞĂŶĚƚŚƌŝǀĞ͘
^ŽǁŚĂƚĚŽĞƐƚŚŝƐůŽŽŬůŝŬĞŝŶĂĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ͍
tĞůů͕ŝƚŝƐĞǀĞƌLJǁŚĞƌĞ͊DŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝ͕^ƚĞŝŶĞƌ͕&ƌŽďĞůĂŶĚůĂƚĞƌ
ĞǁĞLJĂŶĚ'ĂŶĚŝŶŝĂůůƉůĂĐĞĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽŶ͚ƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂƐ ͚ƚŚŝƌĚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͛ ;'ĂŶĚŝŶŝ͕ ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞLJ
ĚŝĚŶ͛ƚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚĞ͚ŶĞƐƐŶĞƐƐ͛;ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJʹƚŚĞƋƵŝŶƚĞƐƐĞŶĐĞ
ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐͿ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ƌŝŐŚƚ͘ dŚĞLJ ƐƟůů ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƚŽ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ŝŶ ŚƵŵĂŶŝƐƚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚůLJ
ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶƚ ďĞŝŶŐƐ ǁŚŽ ĐŽƵůĚ
ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲŚƵŵĂŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘
WŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶŝƐƚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ͚ĂīŽƌĚĂŶĐĞ͛ ŽĨ Ăůů ƚŚŝŶŐƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĚŽƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘^Ž͕ĚŽŐƐŚĂǀĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
ƚŚĂƚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ͘ &ůŽŽƌƐ͕ ŇŽǁĞƌƐ͕ ĨĞĂƚŚĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ŝƚƐ ŽǁŶ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ͘
WŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶŝƐŵ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞũĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽŵŽƌƉŚŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚŝŶŐƐʹƚŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶǁĞĐƌĞĂƚĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶŝƐƚ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĂŶŝŵĂůƐ ;ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞͿ͕ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ
ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŵŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝŶƚŽĂŚƵŵĂŶŝƐƚ
ŽŶĞ͘&ŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞʹĚŽŐƐĂƌĞŶ͛ƚŽƵƌďĂďŝĞƐ;LJĞƐ͕/ƐĂŝĚŝƚ͊Ϳ͕ƚŚĞLJ
ĂƌĞ ŽƵƌ ͚ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͛ ;,ĂƌĂǁĂLJ͕ ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ
intrarelated withƚŚĞŵ͘
ĞůůĂ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ŚŽǁ ƉŽƐƚŚƵŵĂŶ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ǁŽƌŬ
ŝŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ ůů ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ŝƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ƚŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƚŚĂƚĚŽŐƐŚĂǀĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĂƚŚƵŵĂŶƐĚŽŶ͛ƚʹ
ƚŚĞƌĞŝŶůŝĞƐƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶǁĞĞŶŐĂŐĞ
ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂLJ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ͕ ŽƵƌ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ
ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJƌĞŇĞĐƟǀĞŽĨĂůůƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚŝŶŐƐŝŶƉůĂĐĞƚŚĂƚ
ǁĞƌĞůLJŽŶĂŶĚĐĂŶůĞĂƌŶĨƌŽŵŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘
ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŵĞŶƚƐ͗
dŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞǁĂƐǁƌŝƩĞŶŽŶďĞĂƵƟĨƵů'ĂĚŝŐĂůŽƵŶƚƌLJ
dŚĂŶŬ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ZŽďLJŶ >ĞŐŐĞ͕ DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ ŽĨ džƉůŽƌŝŶŐ
dƌĞĞ͕ ĂŶĚ <ƌLJƐƟŶĞ <ĞĞŶ͕ DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ ŽĨ ŽƌŶĞƌƐƚŽŶĞ
Companions
 39

REFERENCES
ƚŬŝŶƐŽŶ͕ ^͘ ;ϮϬϭϳͿ͘ WŽƐƐƵŵ ƐŬŝŶ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͗  ŐƵŝĚĞ ĨŽƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͘ďďŽƚƐĨŽƌĚ͕sŝĐƚŽƌŝĂ͗&<ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ/ŶĐ͘

ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ΀'΁;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ͕
ĞŝŶŐĂŶĚĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ͗dŚĞĂƌůLJzĞĂƌƐ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ;sϮ͘ϬͿ͘
ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŝĂůŽƵŶĐŝů͘

'ŝƵŐŶŝ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͚͘ĞĐŽŵŝŶŐǁŽƌůĚůLJǁŝƚŚ͛͗ŶĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƌůLJzĞĂƌƐ
>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͘ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ/ƐƐƵĞƐŝŶĂƌůLJŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͕ϭϮ;ϭͿ͕ϭϭͲϮϳ͘

'ĂŶĚŝŶŝ͕ >͘ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ ŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ^ƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶ ͘
ĚǁĂƌĚƐ͕>͘'ĂŶĚŝŶŝΘ'͘&ŽƌŵĂŶ;ĚƐͿdŚĞ,ƵŶĚƌĞĚ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐŽĨŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͗
dŚĞZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝŶdƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘^ĂŶƚĂĂƌďĂƌĂ͕Ͳ>/K͘

,ĂƌĂǁĂLJ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϬϯͿ dŚĞ ŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ DĂŶŝĨĞƐƚŽ͘ ŚŝĐĂŐŽ͗ WƌŝĐŬůLJ

WĂƌĂĚŝŐŵWƌĞƐƐ͘

,ĂƌĂǁĂLJ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ tŚĞŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŵĞĞƚ͘ DŝŶŶĞĂƉŽůŝƐ͗ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ

DŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂWƌĞƐƐ͘

<ĞĞŶ͕<͘;ϮϬϮϯͿ͘ŽƌŶĞƌƐƚŽŶĞŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶƐŽƌĞĂŶŝŶĞƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͘džƉůŽƌŝŶŐ
dƌĞĞĂƌůLJ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ;/ŶƚĞƌŶĂůKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂůƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵͿ͘

^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕ Z͕ Z͕͘ 'ŝĂŵŝŶƵƟ͕ ^͘ Θ &ĂƌŐŚĞƌ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ ƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĂŶƟͲďŝĂƐ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͗ZĞĐŽŶĮŐƵƌŝŶŐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƉůĂĐĞƐ͘/Ŷ^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕Z͘Z͘;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘dŚĞ That Music Book
ŶƟͲŝĂƐ ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŝŶ ĂƌůLJ ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ;ƉƉ͘ ϮϵͲϰϬͿ͘ ƌƐŬŝŶĞǀŝůůĞ͗ DƵůƟsĞƌƐĞ
WƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ͘

^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕ Z͘ Z͘ Θ ŽƌĚƵŬĞƐ͕ E͘ ;ϮϬϮϬ͕ ƵŐƵƐƚ ϮϳͿ͘ ƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ϮϭƐƚ ƌZĞĚZƵďLJ^ĐĂƌůĞƚ͕>ŽƵŝƐĞ
ĞŶƚƵƌLJ͗ZŽďŽƚƐ͕ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐ΀tĞďŝŶĂƌ΁͘dŚĞ/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶZŽŽŵ͘
ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ƚŚĞŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƌŽŽŵ͘ĐŽŵ͘ĂƵͬĐŽƵƌƐĞƐͬƌŽďŽƚƐͲƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐͲ ŽƌƌĂƚΘĞŶŶLJdŚĂƚĐŚĞƌ
ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ

dĂLJůŽƌ͕͘Θ'ŝƵŐŶŝ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘ŽŵŵŽŶǁŽƌůĚƐ͗ZĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ͚dŚĂƚDƵƐŝĐŽŽŬ͛ŝƐĂĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ
ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ /ƐƐƵĞƐ ŝŶ ĂƌůLJ ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͕ between three early childhood educators
ϭϯ;ϮͿ͕ƉƉ͘ϭϬϴͲϭϭϵ͘
ǁŚŽĂůƐŽŚĂƉƉĞŶƚŽďĞŵƵƐŝĐŝĂŶƐ;ĂŶĚ
ĚƌĂŵĂƚƵƌŐŝĐĂůƚŚĞƐƉŝĂŶƐ͊Ϳ͘dŚŝƐĨĂďƵůŽƵƐ
ŶĞǁŬĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞƐ͕ŐƵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ
ĂůůƚŚŝŶŐƐŵƵƐŝĐĂů͘ŶƟͲŝĂƐ͕ĐƌŽƐƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ĂŶĚ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐĂƌĞƚǁŝŶŬůĞĚ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ
ĂŶĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ
Steadfastness, it seems, ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐŝŶŽƵƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘
is more about dogs than about us.
One of the reasons we We know that music is the universal language
love them so much… of the world and children learn best through
ŵƵƐŝĐĂŶĚĚƌĂŵĂ͘/ƚŝƐĂŵƵƐƚƌĞĂĚĨŽƌĂŶLJŽŶĞ
Because of the dog’s joyfulness, ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͙
our own is increased.
It is no small gift. WZh,^KWzd
Mary Oliver, Dog Songs Dh>d/sZ^͘KD͘hͬ
WZKhdͬd,dͳDh^/ͳKK<ͬ
40

A FAMILY CENTRED
APPROACH…
IN CONVERSATION WITH JOSH PINCH
PRESCHOOL EQUIPMENT (PSE)

WƌĞƐĐŚŽŽůƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ;W^ͿŝƐĂƚŚŝƌĚͲŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĨĂŵŝůLJďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐʹĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϭϵϵϮďLJLJƌŝůĂŶĚŶŶĂ>ƵƚĐŚŶĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ
ĂŶĚĞƚŚŽƐŐƵŝĚĞW^͛ƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉƚŽĚĂLJ͘

/Ŷ ϭϵϵϮ͕ LJƌŝů ĂŶĚ ŶŶĂ >ƵƚĐŚŶĞƌ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ƐĞǀĞŶƟĞƐ͘ ^ĞƫŶŐ ƵƉ Ă ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƚŚŝƐ ůĂƚĞ ŝŶ ůŝĨĞ ǁĂƐ ŶŽ ĞĂƐLJ ƚĂƐŬ͘ Ɛ
ŐƌĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞLJŚĂĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂŶŝĐŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚʹƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨƉůĂLJƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌLJŽƵŶŐ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ŽŶĐĞƌŶĨƵĞůůĞĚƉƵƌƉŽƐĞĂŶĚƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚůĞĚƚŽĂĐƟŽŶʹŶŶĂƐƚĂƌƚĞĚƐŽƵƌĐŝŶŐďĞĂƵƟĨƵůƟŵďĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽƐĞůůĂƚ
ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ƐŽƚŚĞW^ĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞďĞŐĂŶƚŽŐƌŽǁ͘ŶŶĂĂŶĚLJƌŝů͛ƐƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ͕ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďĞĂƵƚLJŽĨƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ
ƟŵďĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞĨ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĚĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͲŵĂĚĞ ƟŵďĞƌ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚ
ƚŚĞŵĐŽŶƚƌĂƌLJƚŽƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƉůĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĂLJ͘tŚŝĐŚ͕ƚŚĞLJƌĞĂůŝƐĞĚ͕ǁĂƐƐĂƚƵƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŵĂƐƐͲƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ͕ƉŽŽƌͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJŐŽŽĚƐ͘ŶĚ
ƐŽ͕ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞLJďĞŐĂŶƐĞůůŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌďĞĂƵƟĨƵůƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͲŵĂĚĞƟŵďĞƌĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞƚŽĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͕ŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶƐĂŶĚ
ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ͘dŚĂƚƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƋƵĂůŝƚLJĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌŵƐƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐW^ĚŽĞƐƚŽĚĂLJ͘

Ɛ ƚŚĞ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĞdžƉĂŶĚĞĚ͕ LJƌŝů ĂŶĚ ŶŶĂ ƐŽƵƌĐĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ůŽĐĂů ĐĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚͲĨŽƌͲƉƌŽĮƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJͲďĂƐĞĚ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉůLJ ĐŚĂŝŶ ďĞĐĂŵĞ Ă ǀŝƚĂů ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ŽĨ W^͛Ɛ
ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐ͘^ƵĐĐĞƐƐŐƌŽǁƐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĂƵŐŚƚĞƌ<ĂƌĞŶůĂƌŬũŽŝŶĞĚƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͘KǀĞƌƚŚĞŶĞdžƚϭϱLJĞĂƌƐ͕<ĂƌĞŶ
ǁŽƌŬĞĚĐůŽƐĞůLJǁŝƚŚŚĞƌƉĂƌĞŶƚƐƚŽĞdžƉĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƌĂŶŐĞĂŶĚďƵŝůĚĂůŽLJĂůĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌďĂƐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͘W^ĨŽƌŵĞĚ
ĐůŽƐĞƟĞƐǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůƐĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚƉƌĞƐĐŚŽŽůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͖ƚŚĞƐĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŝŶƐƉŝƌĞŵĂŶLJ
ŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ͘
 41

/Ŷ ϮϬϭϱ͕ :ŽƐŚ WŝŶĐŚ͕ ŶŶĂ ĂŶĚ LJƌŝů͛Ɛ ŐƌĂŶĚƐŽŶ͕ ũŽŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ʹ ĂŶĚ W^ ĂĚĚĞĚ Ă ƚŚŝƌĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ƐƚŽƌLJ͘
tŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ƐƉĞŶĚ ƟŵĞ ǁŝƚŚ :ŽƐŚ ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐ ƚĞĂŵ͕ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ
ŚĞůƉ ďƵƚ ďĞ ŝŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝĚĞ ƚŚĞLJ ŚŽůĚ ŝŶ ǁŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ
ĚŽ͘zŽƵĂƌĞĚƌĂǁŶďLJƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ͕ĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐŵĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕
ĂůůĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂůƚŽW^͛ƐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐʹĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶƚŽ
ƚŚĞƉƐLJĐŚĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶLJďLJLJƌŝůĂŶĚŶŶĂĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽƵƚƐĞƚ͘
ŶĚƐŽ͕ƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽŐƌŽǁ͕ƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŽƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ
ŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŽLJĂůĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐĂŶĚW^͛ƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽ
ĚŽǁŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĚŽƚŽƚŚĞǀĞƌLJďĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘

/ŶƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϮ͕W^͛ƐŵĂƌŬĞƚƉůĂĐĞŚĂƐŚĂĚƚŽĂĚĂƉƚ
ƚŽ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝƐ Ă ƐŝŐŶ
ŽĨƚŚĞƟŵĞƐ͘hŶĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞůLJ͕ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͲŵĂĚĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ
ĐĂŶ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ W^͛Ɛ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ
ďĂƐĞ͘ W^͛Ɛ ƵƉĚĂƚĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ʹ ŝƚƐ ƌĞǀŝƐĞĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŝƐ ƚŽ
ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞŝŶƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂǁŚĞƌĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǁŚŝůĞĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐƚŽ
ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŚŝŐŚͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ůŽĐĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ
ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐ ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͘ LJ ĞŵďƌĂĐŝŶŐ
ƚŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕W^ĐĂŶĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŇŽƵƌŝƐŚ͙ƚŽďĞĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶĂů
ĂƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ďĞĂƵƟĨƵů ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ
ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƉĞĂŬ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJ
ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŝƚ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͘

sŝĞǁƚŚĞWƌĞƐĐŚŽŽůƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ>ŽŽŬŽŽŬĨĞĂƚƵƌŝŶŐĂĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ
ŽĨƐŝŵƉůLJŐŽƌŐĞŽƵƐ͕ŚŝŐŚͲĞŶĚĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐʹ,Z͗
ƉƌĞƐĐŚŽŽůĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘ĐŽŵ͘ĂƵͬůŽŽŬŬͲϮϬϮϯͬ
 42

PHILOSOPHY AND THE

CREATIVES...
Poets and philosophers are both engaged with a struggle to understand human life, meaning, and our place in the
cosmos…They are both careful observers of others and of themselves… they are able to see things that are invisible
to others and make them visible ͲMary Midgely

dŚĞYƵĂƌƌĞů͕ƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJǀƉŽĞƚƌLJĚĞďĂƚĞ͕ŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƌŐƵĞĚƐŝŶĐĞ^ŽĐƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚWůĂƚŽ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĂŶĐŝĞŶƚĂŶĚĂŶƵŵďĞƌ
ŽĨĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐǀŝĞǁ͚ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶĚƉŽĞƚƌLJĂƐŽŶĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ
ŵƵƚƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽǁĂƌĚŶĞǁŵŽĚĞƐŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ͛;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘KŶĞƐƵĐŚǀŝĞǁĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƉŽĞƚƌLJ
ĂƐŐŝŌƐŽĨůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘dŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞŐŝŌƐ͕ĂƚƟŵĞƐ͕ŚĞůƉƵƐƚŽŐĂŝŶǁŝƐĚŽŵʹƚŚĞƉŽĞŵ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŇŽǁŽĨůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͕ƐŚŝŵŵĞƌŝŶŐ
ĞŶůŝŐŚƚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ďĞĂƵƟĨƵůƉŚƌĂƐĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞĂŶĚƌĞǀĞĂůĂŶĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƌĞĂůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŽŌĞŶŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞƐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͙ĂŶĚŽīĞƌƐĂŶ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨďĞŝŶŐ͘tĞŚĂǀĞƚĂŬĞŶĂƌƟƐƟĐůŝĐĞŶƐĞƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨ͚ŐŝŌ͛ŽƚŚĞƌĐƌĞĂƟǀĞƐʹĂƌƟƐƚƐ͕ĐŽŵƉŽƐĞƌƐ
ĂŶĚǁƌŝƚĞƌƐʹĂƐƚŚĞLJ͕ƚŽŽ͕ĐĂƵƐĞƵƐƚŽƉĂƵƐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌůŝĨĞ͘͘͘

Z&ZE͗'ŚŽƐŚ͕Z͘ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϭϵͿWŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJĂŶĚWŽĞƚƌLJ͗ŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘h^͘ŽůƵŵďŝĂhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ

Understanding is not a piercing of the mystery, but an acceptance of it,

a living blissfully with it, in it, through and by it - Henry Miller

The most courageous act is still to You can’t always get what you want
think for yourself – Aloud - The Rolling Stones
- Coco Chanel
No man was ever yet a great poet
Actions are the first tragedy in life, words without being at the same time
are the second. Words are perhaps the worst. a great philosopher
Words are merciless - Oscar Wilde - Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Who said we are here to <PMY]M[\QWVQ[V¼\_PWQ[OWQVO\WTM\UM#

laugh at the odds and live Q\¼[_PWQ[OWQVO\W[\WXUM)aV:IVL
our lives so well that death
will tremble to take us? Think and wonder, wonder and think…Think left
- Charles Bukowski and think right and think low and think high. Oh,
the thinks you can think up if only you try!
<PMZM¼[VW\PQVOaW]KIVSVW_\PI\Q[V¼\SVW_V – Dr Seuss
6W\PQVOaW]KIV[MM\PI\Q[V¼\[PW_V°
)TTaW]VMMLQ[TW^M4W^MQ[ITTaW]VMML To be, or not to be, that is the question
8I]T5K+IZ\VMa2WPV4MVVWV - William Shakespeare (Hamlet)

I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you - Walt Whitman
 43

We have it within ourselves enough to fill the present

day and overspread the future years with hope
- William Wordsworth
Perfect happiness? To live in contact with those I love,
with the beauties of nature, with a quantity of books Whosoever loves much
and music, and to have, within easy distance, a French performs much, and can
theatre - Marcel Proust accomplish much, and what is
done in love is well done!
What do we live for, if it is not to make life >IV/WOP
less difficult for each other? - George Eliot
Imagine there’s no heaven…
Imagine there’s no countries…
It’s okay, it’s okay, it’s okay, it’s okay Imagine no possessions…
If you’re lost, we’re all a little lost, Imagine all the people
and it’s alright Sharing all the world
- Jane Kristen Marczewski (Nightbirde) You may say I’m a dreamer
But I’m not the only one
The more you study delight, the more delight there is I hope someday you’ll join us
\W[\]La°1NMT\UaTQNM\WJMUWZMN]TTWNLMTQOP\ And the world will live as one
6W\_Q\PW]\[WZZW_WZNMIZWZXIQVWZTW[[ - John Lennon (The Beatles)
*]\UWZMN]TTWNLMTQOP\:W[[/Ia8WM\IVL/IZLMVMZ
1¼TTVM^MZJMTQSMW\PMZXMWXTM
I am here, that I may wonder! - J]\\PI\¼[ITZQOP\JMKI][M1¼UIJMIZ
Johann Wolfgang Goethe – Michael Bond (Paddington Bear)

The most political thing you do Feeling lost, crazy and desperate belongs
Q[JMaW]Z[MTN·*Wa/MWZOM to a good life as much as optimism,
certainty and reason.
Music takes us out of the actual and whispers to us dim - Alain de Botton
secrets that startle our wonder as to who we are, and
The true realism, always
for what, whence, and whereto - Ralph Waldo Emerson
and everywhere, is that
WN\PMXWM\["\WÅVLW]\
Bach is an astronomer, discovering the most where joy resides, and give
marvellous stars. Beethoven challenges the universe. it voice far beyond singing
I only try to express the soul and the heart of man :WJMZ\4W]Q[;\M^MV[WV
- Fredric Franois Chopin
 44

RESEARCH WATCH
WHAT’S IN A PHILOSOPHY STATEMENT? A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF EARLY
CHILDHOOD CENTRE PHILOSOPHY STATEMENTS IN AOTEAROA/NEW ZEALAND

KIRI GOULD & JACOBA MATAPO

UNIVERISTY OF AUCKLAND & AUCKLAND UNVIERISTY OF TECHNOLOGY

Thank you to Kiri and Jacoba for so graciously and generously /EdZKhd/KE
allowing us to feature their work...while the research has a
The aimŽĨƚŚŝƐƐŵĂůůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐƚŽƐĞĞŬƚŚĞƉŽůŝƟĐĂů
New Zealand focus it is also relevant when considering early
in the philosophy statements of early childhood centres in
childhood centre philosophy statements in Australia.
ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĐŽŵĞƐ Ăƚ Ă ƟŵĞ ǁŚĞŶ
ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƚŽƌLJ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ŝŶ
<ŝƌŝ'ŽƵůĚͲhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨƵĐŬůĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ;dĞƐĂƌ͕ϮϬϭϱͿ͘&ĂƌƋƵĂƌĂŶĚ'ŝďďŽŶƐ;ϮϬϭϬͿƉŽŝŶƚŽƵƚ
:ĂĐŽďĂDĂƚĂƉŽͲƵĐŬůĂŶĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ
ƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚĐĂƌĞŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžƐŝƚĞŽĨƉŽůŝƟĐƐ͘dŚĞƌŝƐĞŽĨ
,Ğ<ƵƉƵ^ƉĞĐŝĂůĞĚŝƟŽŶ͗sŽůƵŵĞϰ͕EƵŵďĞƌϯͲƉƌŝůϮϬϭϲ
ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůƉŽůŝĐLJƚŚĂƚůĞĂǀĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƚŽƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƉůĂĐĞĂŶĚƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂůĐŚŽŝĐĞŚĂƐŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚ
ĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĐĞŶƚƌĞƐƵƐĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽƐŚĂƌĞƚŚĞ
ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ;Ϳ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶŶŝŶŐǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐƚŚĂƚĨƌĂŵĞƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘
ĐŚĂŵƉŝŽŶ ĞƋƵŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ
/ƚĐŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ďĞĂƌŐƵĞĚƚŚĂƚ͕ŝŶĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJƉƌŝǀĂƟƐĞĚĂŶĚ
ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞŚŽǁƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐŚĂǀĞƐŚĂƉĞĚ;ŽƌĂƌĞ
ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟƐĞĚ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ
ĐŽŶƚĞƐƚĞĚďLJͿƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌďLJƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐĂĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
ŵĂƌŬĞƚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŽƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƵƐĞƌƐ
ŽĨƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĨƌŽŵĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĞƚLJƉĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƵƐĞĚ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ
ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞ
ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƚŽ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ϱϬ ĞĂƌůLJ
ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ ŽĨ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ŐƵŝĚĞ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĐĞŶƚƌĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐŽƚĞĂƌŽĂEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ͕ĂƌŐƵŝŶŐƚŚĂƚ
ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ
Ă ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ƌĞǀĞĂů ǁŚŝĐŚ
ĂƐŶĂƉƐŚŽƚŽĨǁŚĂƚŝƐƐƚĂƚĞĚƚŽďĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂďůĞ
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌĂƌĞƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŝĐŚ
ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ dŚĞLJ ŵŝŐŚƚ ĂůƐŽ ƵŶĐŽǀĞƌ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƐŝůĞŶĐĞĚ ĂŶĚͬ
ĂƌĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƐŽƵŐŚƚ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ
ŽƌŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚ͘ĞŶƚƌĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĂůůŽǁĂŐůŝŵƉƐĞ
ŚŽǁĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƌĞŇĞĐƚŽƌƌĞƐŝƐƚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ
ŽĨŚŽǁĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĂƚŐůŽďĂů͕ŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞůƐ
ƉƌĞǀĂŝůŝŶŐ ;ĂŶĚ͕ Ăƚ ƟŵĞƐ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƚŽƌLJͿ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ĨŽƌ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ďƌŽĂĚĞƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ʹ ďŽƚŚ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJ
ƐĞĐƚŽƌƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞƐ͘
ĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ŶŽƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ
ƉůĂLJĂŶĚƉůĂLJͲďĂƐĞĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐ
'ŝďďŽŶƐ;ϮϬϭϬ͕Ɖ͘ϭϯϴͿĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐƚŚĂƚĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚ͘ ůƐŽ͕ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů ĂŶĚ
;ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚͿ
ŶĞŽͲĐŽůŽŶŝĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐƉĞƌƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚĂƐĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů
ĚƌĂǁƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ͞ŝĚĞĂůƐ͕ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ ŝŶƚŽ
ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂĐĂƉĂďůĞ͕ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚĂŶĚŇĞdžŝďůĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ
ĂƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚŽĨǁŚĂƚǁĞƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘͟dŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ
ǁŽƌŬĞƌ͕ǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚ͘dǁŽĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽ
of centre philosophy statements is to point the reader to
ĞƋƵŝƚLJĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůũƵƐƟĐĞŐŽĂůƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌǁĞƌĞůĞƐƐƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚ
ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ
ʹ ƚŚĞƐĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂƚƚŚĂƚĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘WĞƚĞƌƐ;ϮϬϬϵͿƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŽĨ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐĮŶĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĂŶĂƌƌĂƟǀĞŽĨƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĂƚ
Ă ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ĮŶĚ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĂĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶŽĨƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘dŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
ƌĞͲĞŶŐĂŐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ͕ ďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂůůLJ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ
ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐĂŶĚũƵƐƟĮĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐŚĂƉƉĞŶƐŝŶ
ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨdĞtŚĈƌŝŬŝ;DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ϭϵϵϲͿ͘
ĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞŐŽĂůƐĂŶĚƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ
ŽĨƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘
 45

WK>/d/>>E^W EŽƚĂůůƚŚĞǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕
ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŵŽƐƚ ĚŝĚ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ĂƐƐƵŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ Ă
/Ŷ ͕ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƐĞĞŶĂƐƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ
ŐůŽďĂůƌŝƐĞŽĨŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůƌĞĨŽƌŵŚĂƐŚĂĚĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶ
ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ
 ƉŽůŝĐLJ ƐŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϴϬƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŝƚƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ
ŽĨ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĐĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ
ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ DŽƐƚ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ dĞ tŚĈƌŝŬŝ ʹ ,Ğ ǁŚĂƌŝŬŝ ŵĂƚĂƵƌĂŶŐĂ Ă ŶŐĂ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĞƌĞƐƵĐĐŝŶĐƚ
ŵŽŬŽƉƵŶĂ Ž ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ͗ ĂƌůLJ ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ;DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ
;ůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶĂƉĂŐĞůŽŶŐͿ͘^ŽŵĞǁĞƌĞĂƐƐŚŽƌƚĂƐĂĨĞǁƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐ͘
ŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ϭϵϵϲͿ͘ĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƉŽůŝĐLJŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚ
Some philosophy statements included graphics that helped to
ǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĂŐĞŶĚĂƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ
ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƚŽƌŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌǁŽƌĚƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŽŶĞ
ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͕ ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐ ͚ĂƚͲ
ŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ƌŝǀĞƌ ƐƚŽŶĞƐ ŝŶƐŝĚĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ Ă
ƌŝƐŬ͛ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĨŽƌ ƐĐŚŽŽů͕
ŬĞLJƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶŶŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚǁĂƐƉůĂĐĞĚ͘
ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƌŽůĞƐĂƐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŐůŽďĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
;Ăůů Θ sŝŶĐĞŶƚ͕ ϮϬϬϱ͖ DŝƚĐŚĞůů͕ ϮϬϬϱ͕ &ĂƌƋƵĂƌ Θ 'ŝďďŽŶƐ͕
/Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ǁĞ ĂƌŐƵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ
ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů ƚĞŶĞƚƐ ŽĨ ĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐŵ͕ ĨƌĞĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕
ƚŚĞ ĨĂǀŽƵƌĞĚ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ŝĚĞĂƐ
ĐŚŽŝĐĞ͕ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ
ĂŶĚ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ŶĞƵƚƌĂů͕ ďƵƚ ĂƌĞ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ
ŽŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůLJ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͕ ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌŽƵƐ
ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůLJ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ͘ 'ĞĞ ;ϮϬϬϱ͕ Ɖ͘ ϳͿ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ͞
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƐƵďƐŝĚŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƌĂƉŝĚ
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝƐĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ /Ŷ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐĞ ŽĨ ĨŽƌͲƉƌŽĮƚ
ŽĨƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ƐŚĂƉĞĚďLJŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů͕ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƐĞŶƐĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
͚ƌĞƐŚĂƉĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŽĨ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉŽůŝƟĐƐ͛
ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐŝŐŶƐ͕ƐLJŵďŽůƐ͕ĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘͟dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕
;DĂLJ͕ϮϬϬϵ͕Ɖ͘ϮϳϲͿ͘
ĂŶLJ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ĨŽƌ ͞ďŽƚŚ
ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŐŝǀĞ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ĚĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚŝƐ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ǀŽŝĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽīĞƌ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĂƚĞdžƚ͕ĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ
ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƌĞĂůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘DĂLJ;ϮϬϬϮͿƉŽŝŶƚƐ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŽƌŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂůͲŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͕
ŽƵƚƚŚĂƚŵĂŶLJĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŚĂǀĞ
ĐƌĞĂƚĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚĞdžƚƐ͟;tŽĚĂŬ͕ϮϬϬϭ͕
ŐƌŽǁŶŽƵƚŽĨĚĞƐŝƌĞĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘/ŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕
Ɖ͘ ϭϮͿ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ
dĞ tŚĈƌŝŬŝ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽīĞƌƐ Ă ďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲƉƌĞƐĐƌŝƉƟǀĞ
ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĂƚĂůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞůďLJƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐŽƌƚĞĂŵƐǁŚŽĂƌĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ
ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ƚŚĂƚ ͞ŝŶǀŝƚĞƐ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ǁĞĂǀĞ
ŝŶĂǁŝĚĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘
ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ Ăůů ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƫŶŐƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͕ĂŶĚŝƚƵƌŐĞƐĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͟;dĞƐĂƌ͕ϮϬϭϱ͕
KƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐŚĂǀĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂůĞŶƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚŝƐ
Ɖ͘ ϭϬϲͿ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ dĞ tŚĈƌŝŬŝ ŽīĞƌƐ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŚĂƐ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚ͘ tĞ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƵƌ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĂƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ
ĐĞŶƚƌĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐŚĂƐŶŽƚďĞĞŶŶĞƵƚƌĂů͘ZĂƚŚĞƌ͕ǁĞ
ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ ŝŶ  ŝŶ ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ
ŚĂǀĞƚĂŬĞŶƚŚĞĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ
;dĞƐĂƌ͕ ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ͕
;ĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĞLJǁŽƌŬŝŶͿƐŚŽƵůĚƐĞĞŬƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ
are shaped by and resist global discourses about children’s
ĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚŝŶĞƋƵŝƚLJŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘tĞďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ǁŽƌƚŚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘ ƚ ĞĂĐŚ
ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ
ůĞǀĞů͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ŽĨ
ƚŚŽƐĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĞdžŝƐƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽ͕ŽƌƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶĞƋƵŝƚLJ͘dŚŝƐ
 ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƐŚĂƉĞĚ ďLJ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘ ,Žǁ͕
ĂůŝŐŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽĚĚ͛Ɛ ;ϮϬϬϱ͕ Ɖ͘ ϭϱͿ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ
ƚŚĞŶ͕ĚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŝƌǁĂLJŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ
ƐŚŽƵůĚ͞ĞŵďŽĚLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ
ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐŚŝƉ͟ĂŶĚĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐƚŚĂƚŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƉŽůŝĐLJ;ƐŽĐŝĂů
ŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͍
ĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůͿĐĂŶĐƌĞĂƚĞĂƐŵŽŬĞƐĐƌĞĞŶƚŚĂƚĚƌĂǁƐƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ
ĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͘
Z/d/>/^KhZ^E>z^/^
In this resĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ǁĞƵƐĞĚĐƌŝƟĐĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ΀΁ /Ŷ ůŝŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƵƌ ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƐŽĐŝĂů ũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ ǁĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ 
ƚŽ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ϱϬ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĂƐĂŵĞƚŚŽĚĨŽƌĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞƌĞ ĨƌĞĞůLJ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŽŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŝƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ
ǁĞƌĞƌĂŶĚŽŵůLJĐŚŽƐĞŶĂŶĚƐƉůŝƚĞǀĞŶůLJďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞEŽƌƚŚĂŶĚ ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞŚŽǁƚŚŽƐĞĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŚĂǀĞĂƌŝƐĞŶŽƵƚŽĨďƵƚ
^ŽƵƚŚ /ƐůĂŶĚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƚLJƉĞƐ ĂƌĞĂůƐŽƐŚĂƉĞĚďLJƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞƐŽĨƉŽǁĞƌ;&ĂŝƌĐůŽƵŐŚ͕ϮϬϬϯͿ͘
ŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶƐ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJͲďĂƐĞĚĚĂLJĐĂƌĞ
ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͕ƐŵĂůůƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůLJŽǁŶĞĚĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĐĞŶƚƌĞƐďĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ
ƚŽĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ͘
 46
 ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞǀĞĂů ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĞƋƵŝƚLJ ĂƐ ŝƚ ŝƐ
ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ͕ůĞŐŝƟŵŝƐĞĚĂŶĚĞǀĞŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƚĞĚďLJůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘/ŶƚŚĞ
ĐĂƐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐǁĞƌĞĨĞƌƚŽĂƌĞŝŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌŵ͘
dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞĚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŵĂĚĞ ĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚ ďLJ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƵďůŝĐĂůůLJ
ƐŚĂƌĞĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘/ŶŝƚƐƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚƐĞŶƐĞ͕ĂĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ
ĐĂŶďĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚĂƐĂ͙͞ƐŚĂƌĞĚůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞĨŽƌƚĂůŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚĂ
ƚŽƉŝĐ͕ƐŚĂƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĨŽƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŝƚ͕ĂŶĚƐŚĂƌĞĚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ
ĨŽƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŝƚ͟;DĂĐEĂƵŐŚƚŽŶ͕ϮϬϬϱ͕Ɖ͘ϮϬͿ͘ŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ
ĂƌĞ ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ŝŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ͞ŵĂŬĞ ĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ
ŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞ͕ ƚƵƌŶ ƐƵďũĞĐƟǀĞ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐ
ŝŶƚŽ ĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚůLJ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ ƚƌƵƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽŵĞ
ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞůĨͲĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂůŝƐƟĐ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ĚƵďŝŽƵƐ
ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů͟ ;ĂŚůďĞƌŐ Θ DŽƐƐ͕ ϮϬϬϱ͕ Ɖ͘ ϭϳͿ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ ƚŚĞLJ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ͖ ƚŚĞLJ
ǁŽƌŬƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞƚŚĞŵĂƐŶŽƌŵĂůǁĂLJƐŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƚŚŝŶŐƐ
;ŝƌĚ͕ϮϬϬϯͿ͘ƐĞĞŬƐƚŽƵŶĐŽǀĞƌĂŶĚĚŝƐƌƵƉƚƚŚĞƐĞƚĂŬĞŶͲĨŽƌͲ
ŐƌĂŶƚĞĚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐďLJĂƐŬŝŶŐŚŽǁƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞĐŽŵĞƚŽďĞ͕ǁŚĂƚͬ
ǁŚŽƚŚĞLJƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĂƚͬǁŚŽƚŚĞLJĞdžĐůƵĚĞ͘
dŚŝƐůĞĂĚƐƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĂƚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ
ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ
ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉŽǁĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ;ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂůůLJͿ
ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĐƌŝƟĐĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ƚĞdžƚ
ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞĨŽƌĚŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘dĞĂĐŚĞƌ͛ƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ
ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ŶĞŐŽƟĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞĂŵ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ
ƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ďƵƚǁŝůůĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƚŚĂƚĂƌĞ͕ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ĂƚƟŵĞƐĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ͘dŚĞLJŵƵƐƚ
ŵĂŬĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚǁŚĂƚƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĂƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘
dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐ;ĂŶĚĞdžĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐͿƌĞŇĞĐƚĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ͕
ĞǀĞŶ ŝĨ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ůĂƌŐĞůLJ ĂŶ ƵŶĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐ ĂĐƚ ŽŶ ďĞŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ǁƌŝƚĞƌƐ͘
/^h^^/KEKE&/E/E'^
This reseĂƌĐŚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
purpose and place of philosophy statements for early childhood
ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͘ĂŚůďĞƌŐĂŶĚDŽƐƐ;ϮϬϬϱͿŵĞŶƟŽŶƚŚĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞŽĨ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŝŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟƐĞƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĂŶƚĞĚ
ƚƌƵƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŝŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ hƐŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ
ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ ǁĞ ŵŝŐŚƚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ŽĨ Ă ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ Ă ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ ĂďŽƵƚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕ƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐĂŶĚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ďĞŝŶŐ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ͕
ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ǁŽƌĚƐ͕ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘dŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĨŽƌŚŽǁĐĞŶƚƌĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞĂƌƌŝǀĞĚĂƚǁĞƌĞŶŽƚƵƐƵĂůůLJƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĞ
ǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐ͘/ƚǁĂƐŶŽƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽŬŶŽǁ͕ŝŶƚŚŝƐƐŵĂůůƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ǁŚŽ
ǁĂƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚĂŶĚǁŚĂƚĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐƚŽŽŬƉůĂĐĞ͘
dŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ĂůƐŽĐĂƵƐĞĚƵƐƚŽƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕
ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJǁŚĞƌĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƐǁĞƌĞƉĂƌƚŽĨĂŐƌŽƵƉŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĞƐǁŝƚŚ
ƐŚĂƌĞĚŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŵŝŐŚƚŚĂǀĞ
ŚĂĚ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ďƵƚ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞƌĞ ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘
/Ŷ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ͕ ǁĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ ƉůĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉŽǁĞƌ
ŽĨƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽůĞĂĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ŝƚĐŽƵůĚ
be argued that philosophy statements are also used by centres
ƚŽƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƉůĂĐĞďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞLJĂůůŽǁ
ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƵƐĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ǁŚĂƚ
ŬŝŶĚŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĂŶĚǁŚĂƚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŽĐĂƌĞ
ĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂƌĞ͘'ŝǀĞŶƚŚŝƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŶĂǀŝŐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͕
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJƐƵƐƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͛ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĞǀĞƌͲŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĮƚ
ŵĂƌŐŝŶƐ͘ WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŵŝŐŚƚ ďĞ ƐĞĞŶ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌŝƐŬLJ ƚŽ
future business if they challenge the current popular discourses
ĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞĐĂƌĞĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŽĨLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
^ĞǀĞƌĂů ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ϱϬ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘dŚĞƐĞďŽƚŚĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞĚ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĞĚ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ
ĚŽŵŝŶĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶ ͘ tĞ ŚĂǀĞ
ĐŚŽƐĞŶĨŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞ͘
dŚĞĮƌƐƚƚǁŽǁĞƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐʹƐƉŽŬĞŶŝŶƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJ
ŽĨ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ
ĂďŽƵƚĐŚŝůĚͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐĂŶĚƉůĂLJ͕ĂŶĚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĂďŽƵƚ
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚǁŽ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĐŚŽƐĞŶďĞĐĂƵƐĞ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚƉŽůŝĐLJ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚŚĞŝƌŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĂďŽƵƚĞƋƵŝƚLJĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ƚŚĞLJ
ǁĞƌĞŶŽƚƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ
ƐŽŵĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐŚŽǁĞĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůĂŶĚŶĞŽͲ
ĐŽůŽŶŝĂůŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕
ƚŚĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝƐŵ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ
ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ͘
,/>ͳEdZEW>zͳ^W'K'/^
WůĂLJĂƐƚŚĞŵĂŝŶǀĞŚŝĐůĞĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐǁĂƐĂĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ
ĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐĂŶĞŶƚƌĞŶĐŚĞĚĂŶĚ
ƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞĚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ;dŚŽŵĂƐ͕tĂƌƌĞŶΘĞǀĞƌŝĞƐ͕
ϮϬϭϭͿ͘>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐǁĞƌĞŵŽƐƚůLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂ
ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞĚƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚ͛ƐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ
ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĨŽĐƵƐ ĨƌŽŵ ǁŚŝĐŚ Ă ŶĞŐŽƟĂƚĞĚ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ
ƵŶĨŽůĚĞĚ͘ ^ĞǀĞŶƚLJ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ
ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚ ƉůĂLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŚŝůĚͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐ͘ ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ͕ ͞tĞ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ŝŶ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶ ĞŶũŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂĐƟǀĞĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĐŚŝůĚͲŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚƉůĂLJĂŶĚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ
ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕͟ ĂŶĚ͕ ͞tĞ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉůĂLJ͕͟ĂŶĚ͕
͞tĞďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚƉůĂLJŝƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚƚŽŽůĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕͟ǁĞƌĞƚLJƉŝĐĂů͘

WůĂLJǁĂƐƵƐƵĂůůLJĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐĐŚŝůĚͲůĞĚŽƌĐŚŝůĚͲŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ͘
&ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ͕
ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌ͕ ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ǁĞƌĞ
Ăůů ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŝĚĞĂƐ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͗ ͞KƵƌ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŝƐ
ďĂƐĞĚƵƉŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĞĂĐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĐŚŝůĚ͛ƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͘͟
/ƚ ŝƐ ƵŶƐƵƌƉƌŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉůĂLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŚŝůĚͲĐĞŶƚĞƌĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ƚŽ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŚĂǀĞƐƵĐŚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐǀŽŝĐĞŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ
EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ͛Ɛ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƟůů ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ďLJ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐZŽƵƐƐĞĂƵĂŶĚ&ƌŽĞďĞů͕ǁŚŽĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƚŚĞŝĚĞĂ
ŽĨ Ă ͚ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŚŝůĚ͛ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂLJ ĂƐ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ǀĞŚŝĐůĞ ĨŽƌ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘
/Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ WŝĂŐĞƚ͛Ɛ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂƐ ƵŶĨŽůĚŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƉůĂLJ͕ĂŶĚsLJŐŽƚƐŬLJ͛ƐƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
emphasises the importance of children learning through play
ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞĂƐŬŝůůĞĚŐƵŝĚĞ͕ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ůů
ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ;ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐDĈŽƌŝƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂůĂŶĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůŝĚĞĂƐͿ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ dĞ tŚĈƌŝŬŝ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞƐ
ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ
ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůůLJ͕ůŽĐĂůůLJ͕ĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů͘
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĐŚŝůĚͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚĂŶĚƉůĂLJͲďĂƐĞĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐŚĂǀĞĚĞĞƉ
ƌŽŽƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŽƚĞĂƌŽĂEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘
dŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ƚŚĂƚ ƉůĂLJ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞĚ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŝŶ
the sector possibly stands in resistance to concerns about a
ĐƌĞĞƉŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ;ůĐŽĐŬ͕ϮϬϭϯ͖^ƚŽǀĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϯͿ͘&Žƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ůĐŽĐŬ;ϮϬϭϯͿǁŽƌƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞŽĨŝŶŽƚĞƌŽĂ
EĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚŝƐƉůĂLJůĞƐƐ͕ŶŽƟŶŐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞDŝŶŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͛Ɛ
ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ ŵĂŬĞƐ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ŶŽ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƉůĂLJ ;ďƵƚ ƉůĞŶƚLJ ƚŽ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚͿ͘ DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ ůĐŽĐŬ
;ϮϬϭϯͿ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ EĂƟŽŶĂů
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĐŚŽŽů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ Ă ĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚ ƉƵƐŚ͕
ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƐĐŚŽŽů ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ
ĨŽƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͘ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů ĐŚŝůĚ
ŝƐ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů
ĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ʹ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů ĐŚŝůĚ ŝƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐƚ͕
ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌŝƐƚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞ;&ĂƌƋƵŚĂƌ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘/ƚŵŝŐŚƚďĞƚŚĂƚ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ƉůĂLJ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŬŝŶĚŽĨƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞƐŚŝĞůĚŝŶǁŚŝĐŚ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝƐĂďůĞƚŽďĞĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ͕
ƐŚĂƌĞĚĂŶĚůŽĐĂůůLJŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ǁŽƌƚŚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŚŽǁ ǁĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ
ƉůĂLJ͕ ǁŚŽƐĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ƉůĂLJ͕ĂŶĚǁŚŽŵŝŐŚƚďĞƐŝůĞŶĐĞĚŽƌŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝnjĞĚďLJƚŚŝƐĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͘^ĞǀĞƌĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌƐƐĞĞŬƚŽƚƌŽƵďůĞƚŚĞĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨƉůĂLJ
ŝŶ͘ĂŶĞůůĂĂŶĚsŝƌƵƌƵ;ϮϬϬϰͿĂƌŐƵĞƚŚĂƚƉůĂLJƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞ
ďŝĂƐĞƐĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞtĞƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚ͞ƚŚĞĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƉůĂLJ
ĂƐ Ă ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞ ƚŽ Ăůů ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ Ă ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ
ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨŶŽƌŵĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͕ůĂďĞůƐĨŽƌƚŚŽƐĞ
considered abnormal because they can not or choose not to
ƉůĂLJ͟ ;Ɖ͘ ϭϬϴͿ͘ ŚĂŶ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŽƵƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŽƚ Ăůů ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ŝŶ
EĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ͕ĂŶĚ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ƐŽŵĞŝŵŵŝŐƌĂŶƚĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ǀĂůƵĞ
ƉůĂLJĂƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJǀĞŚŝĐůĞĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞǁĂLJ͘
47
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŽĨ ƉůĂLJ ĐĂŶ ƐĞƌǀĞ ƚŽ ŝƐŽůĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ
ĚŝƐĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ 
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉůĂLJ ŝƐ Ă ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ
ƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞƐƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƉůĂLJŝŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂůƐŽ
ŝŶǀŝƚĞƐƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐƚŽŚĞĂƌŽƚŚĞƌǁĂLJƐŽĨƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŵŝŐŚƚďĞŵŽƌĞŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁŽƌůĚǀŝĞǁƐ͘
dŚĞĐŚŝůĚĂƐĂĐĂƉĂďůĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů
KƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϱϬ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ͕ ϳϴй
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚĞƌŵƐ͖ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ ĂƐ
͚ĐĂƉĂďůĞ͕͛ ͚ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ͛ ĂŶĚ ͚ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͛͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ
become increasingly embedded in the lexicon of early childhood
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶŽƚĞĂƌŽĂEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ͘tĞĂůƐŽƐĞĞ
ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ͕
ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ dĞ tŚĈƌŝŬŝ;DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ϭϵϵϲͿ͕ <Ğŝ dƵĂ Ž
ƚĞ WĂĞͬƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͗ ĂƌůLJ ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ džĞŵƉůĂƌƐ
;DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ZĞǀŝĞǁ
ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐ ŶŽƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ;ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ZĞǀŝĞǁ KĸĐĞ͕ ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ ^ƵĐŚ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƩĞŵƉƚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ
ĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂŶŝĚĞŽůŽŐLJĨŽƌƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͕ĞƚŚŝĐƐ
ŝŶ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͘
dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚǀĂƌŝĞĚ͕ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ
ĂŶŝŵĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚĂƐĂĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ͕ĐĂƉĂďůĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͘ ͞tĞ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂƌĞ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ Ăŝŵ ƚŽ
ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨƵůů ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕͟ ͞KƵƌ Ăŝŵ ŝƐ ĨŽƌ Ăůů
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͕͟ ĂŶĚ͕ ͞tĞ
ďĞůŝĞǀĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƌĞƵŶŝƋƵĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĂŶĚǁĞĂƐƉŝƌĞƚŽďƵŝůĚ
ƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞĂƐĐĂƉĂďůĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͘͟
/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ ƚĞdžƚƐ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ
ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ƚŽ ĂƐŬ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ ŝŶ
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞĂƌĞŶŽƚŶĞƵƚƌĂůĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƐŵĂLJƚƵƌŶ
ƐƵďũĞĐƟǀĞƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐŝŶƚŽŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƌĞĂůŝƟĞƐ͘&ŽƵĐĂƵůƚ;ϭϵϴϬͿ
ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐŚŽǁƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶƐƵďũĞĐƚŝƐŐŽǀĞƌŶĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĂŶĚ
ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƐ ĂŶ ŝŵĂŐĞ
ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ͕ ŽŶĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ
ĚĞĮŶĞĚ͕ŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĂĐĞ͕ƐĞdžĂŶĚĐůĂƐƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJƐŽĐŝĞƚLJŚĂǀĞƚƌŽƵďůĞĚŚŽǁƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶ
ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ŐůŽďĂů
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ ŶĞǁ ŵŽĚĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕
ĂŶĚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƚĞ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŵŽŶĞLJ
ĂŶĚ ŐŽŽĚƐ ĂƌĞ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƚĞƌƌĂŝŶƐŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘/ŶĂŶĞǀĞƌͲŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŐůŽďĂůŵĂƌŬĞƚ͕
ƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƟƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͛ƐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŽīĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽĨĐŚŽŝĐĞ
ĂŶĚ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĂƚ͕ŐŽǀĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƚĂŬĞƐƉůĂĐĞůŽĐĂůůLJ͘͟tĞĂƌĞŶŽ
ůŽŶŐĞƌ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĞĚ ďLJ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĞĚ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĞƐ͖ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͕ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ
ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ďŽƌĚĞƌͲĐƌŽƐƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůŝďĞƌƚLJ ŽĨ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞƐ ƚĂŬĞ
ŽŶŵƵůƟƉůĞ͕ĨƌĂĐƟŽŶĞĚĂŶĚŚLJďƌŝĚŝĚĞŶƟƟĞƐ͟;KƐďĞƌŐ͕ϮϬϬϵ͕Ɖ͘
ϯϱͿ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƟƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ  ŝŶ ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ ŽīĞƌƐ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŐƵŝƐĞŽĨĐŚŽŝĐĞ͖ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐŵĂLJĐŚŽŽƐĞĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ
ƚŽƚŚĞŝƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚĂƐƚĞƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘
 48
tĞ ĂƐŬ͕ ĚŽĞƐ ƚŚŝƐ ƌŚĞƚŽƌŝĐ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŵĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͚ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͕͛ ͚ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ͛ ĐŚŝůĚ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͍
/Ŷ Ă ƉŽƐƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͕ ĂŚůďĞƌŐ
ĂŶĚ DŽƐƐ ;ϮϬϬϱͿ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ĂŶ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ƐƵďũĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ
the child that relates directly to the philosophy statements
ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƐƚƵĚLJ͘ dŚĞ ͚ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ͕ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ
ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ĐŚŝůĚ͛ ŝƐ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚ ŝŶ ŶĞǁ ĨŽƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟǀŝƐŵ͘
dŚŝƐƐƵďũĞĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞĞŵƉŽǁĞƌĞĚĐŚŝůĚƚŚĂƚƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽůǀĞƐ͕
ĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƚƐŝƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚƚŽĮƚƚŚĞŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͕
ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐůŝďĞƌĂůŝƐƚƐ͛ŝĚĞĂůƐŽĨĐŝƟnjĞŶƐŚŝƉ͘͞dŚŝƐƐƵďũĞĐƚ
ŝƐĂŶĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌŝĂůƐĞůĨ͕ĂŇĞdžŝďůĞĂĐƚŽƌƌĞĂĚLJƚŽƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƚŽ
ŶĞǁĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĞŵƉŽǁĞƌĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐĞůĨͲƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ
ƐĞůĨ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͙ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ŐůŽďĂů ĐŝƟnjĞŶ͕ ǁŽƌŬĞƌ͕ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ͕
ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͕ ƌĞĂĚLJ ĨŽƌ ƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƟĞƐ ŝŶ ǁŽƌŬ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŝŶ ΀ƚŚĞ΁
ĨĂŵŝůLJ͟;ĂŚůďĞƌŐΘDŽƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϱ͕Ɖ͘ϯϴͿ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĂŚůďĞƌŐ
;ϮϬϬϯͿ͕ǁŝƚŚŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ǁĂLJ ŽĨ
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŝŶŐƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘
tĞĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĂƚ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌ
ŵĂŶLJĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ŝƚŝƐĂůƐŽƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐ͕ĂƐŝƚŵĂLJďĞƐĞĞŶĂƐŶĞǁ
ŵŽĚĞƐŽĨƐĞůĨͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͘ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶĂƐĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ŶĞƵƚƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƵĂůŝnjĞĚ͕
ĂƐ ĂůůƵĚĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ,ĂƌƚƵŶŐ
;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͕ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ŽĨ
ƉŽǁĞƌ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ Ă ƚLJƉĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ
ŚŽŵŽŐĞŶŝƐĞĂŶĚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůŝƐĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŝŶĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚďŝŶĂƌLJǁŝƚŚ
ĂĚƵůƚƐ͘ŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƉƉĞĂƌƐƚŽďĞůŝƩůĞƌŽŽŵĨŽƌƚŚŽƐĞ
ǁŚŽĚŽŶŽƚĐŽŶĨŽƌŵƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĚŝƐĐƵƌƐŝǀĞůĂďĞůƐ͘
The exclusion of inclusion
/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŽŶůLJ ϭϲй
ŽĨ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘
/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ĂƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ǀĂƌŝĞĚ
ĨƌŽŵ ďƌŽĂĚ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ĐůĂŝŵƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƚŽ ŵŽƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ
commitments of accessibility for all children and inclusion
ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ͕ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ͞tĞ
ďĞůŝĞǀĞŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŚŽůŝƐƟĐĂůůLJ͕ŝŶĂƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚ
ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕͟͞tĞďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŝƐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚŝƐĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĂůůĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕͟ĂŶĚ͕͞tĞ
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ŝŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ĂŶ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚŝƐŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĂŶĚǁĞůĐŽŵŝŶŐ͘͟
tŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌͲƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ǁĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ
ŚŽǁ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ǁŚĂƚ ƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ >LJŽŶƐ ;ϮϬϭϮͿ ǁĂƌŶƐ
ŚŽǁ ƉƌŝǀĂƟƐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͛ ǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ĞĂƌůLJ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘tŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůǀŝĞǁ͕ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ͕
ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJĂŶĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞďĞĐŽŵĞŬĞLJŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐƚŚĂƚůĞĂĚ
ƚŽƚŚĞŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͛ƐĞīŽƌƚƐŝŶĞƋƵŝƚLJĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂů
ũƵƐƟĐĞƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ;>LJŽŶƐ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘
dŚĞƌĞƐƵƌŐĞŶĐĞŽĨĚĞĮĐŝƚǀŝĞǁƐŽĨĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚLJŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞdžĂƐƉĞƌĂƚĞĚ
ďLJƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚŵŽĚĞůŽĨĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĂďŽƵƚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐŝŶŐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ͘
dŚŝƐŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐůĞŐŝƟŵŝƐŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ
ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŝƐŽŶĚĞĮĐŝƚǀŝĞǁƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ͘ ͞dŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ ŝƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂƐ ĚŝƐͬĂďůĞĚ ďLJ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞdž
ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƌĞŐŝŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ͕
ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞĮĐŝƚƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĞƐƵŶĚĞƌůŝŶĞĚ͟
;>LJŽŶƐ͕ ϮϬϭϮ͕ Ɖ͘ ϯϵͿ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ƐŽĐŝĂů ũƵƐƟĐĞ
ŝƐƐƵĞ͕ ĂƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ
ŚĂǀĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ĞŶƌŽůŵĞŶƚĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘džƚƌĞŵĞĐĂƐĞƐƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐ
ďĞĞŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽŵĞĞƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚŐŝǀĞŶůŝŵŝƚĞĚĂĐĐĞƐƐ
ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŚŝůĚ ŝŶ ŚŽƵƌƐ ŽĨ ĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ;DĂĐƌƚŚƵƌ͕ WƵƌĚƵĞ Θ
ĂůůĂƌĚ͕ϮϬϬϯ͖DĂĐĂƌƚŶĞLJ͕ϮϬϬϴ͖WƵƌĚƵĞ͕'ŽƌĚŽŶͲƵƌŶƐ͕ZĂƌĞƌĞͲ
ƌŝŐŐƐ͕^ƚĂƌŬΘdƵƌŶŽĐŬ͕ϮϬϭϭͿ͘
tĞ ĂƐŬ͖ ŝĨ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ƌŝŐŚƚ ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ
͕ŚŽǁĚŽƌŝŐŚƚƐĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ;ĚŝƐͿƐĞƌǀĞƵƐ͍^ŬĞƉƟĐĂůŽĨƌŝŐŚƚƐ
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ ĂŚůďĞƌŐ ĂŶĚ DŽƐƐ ;ϮϬϬϱͿ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ĐƌŝƟƋƵĞ ŽĨ
ůŝďĞƌĂůŝƐƚǀŝĞǁƐŽĨƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĞƉĂƌĂĚŽdžŝĐĂůƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ
ƉŽƐĞĚŝŶĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͘dŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨƌŝŐŚƚƐŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƵĂů
ĂŶĚŝƐŶĞŝƚŚĞƌŶĞƵƚƌĂůŽƌǀĂůƵĞĨƌĞĞ͘dŚĞŬĞLJĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĂƌĞǁŚĞŶ
ƌŝŐŚƚƐĂƌĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚŝŶĂĚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƵĂůŝƐĞĚǁĂLJ͕ĂƐŝĨĂƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů
ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵĸĐĞƐĂŐŽŽĚůŝĨĞ;ŝĨĂŶLJͿ͘WĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůŝďĞƌĂů
ĂŶĚ ůĞŐĂů ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ
ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŝŶĐŝĚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƐĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͕ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĂƟŽŶĂů͘ZŝŐŚƚƐ
ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĂĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚƵĂůĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͕
ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ŽĨ ƚĂĐƟĐĂů ƉŽůŝƚĐĂů ǀĂůƵĞ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŝƐ
ĂůǁĂLJƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂƉŽǁĞƌͲƌĞůĂƟŽŶ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂŐĞŶĐLJƚŽƚŚŽƐĞ
ǁŝƚŚ ůĞƐƐ ƉŽǁĞƌ͘ džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽƵƌ ƌĞĂĐŚ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ŽĨ Ă ůŝďĞƌĂůŝƐƚ
ǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ĂŚůďĞƌŐ ĂŶĚ DŽƐƐ ;ϮϬϬϱͿ ŚĂǀĞ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ĂŶ
͚ĞƚŚŝĐŽĨƚŚĞĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ͛ĂŶĚ͚ĞƚŚŝĐƐŽĨĐĂƌĞ͛ŝŶĂƌĞͲŝŵĂŐŝŶŐŽĨ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽƌĞŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ŝŶƚĞƌͲĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ͘ /Ĩ ǁĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ
ƚŚŝƐŝŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐĂĚŝĂůŽŐŝĐĂůƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌ
ĞƚŚŝĐĂů ĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ
ŵĂLJĞŵĞƌŐĞ;ĂŚůďĞƌŐΘDŽƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘/ƚŝƐŶŽƚƚŽƐĂLJƚŚĂƚǁĞ
ƌĞƐŝƐƚƌŝŐŚƚƐĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ŝƚŝƐƌĂƚŚĞƌĂŶŽƉĞŶŝŶŐĨŽƌĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂďŽƵƚ
ƌŝŐŚƚƐĂƐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůĐŽĚĞƐĞŶƚƌĞŶĐŚĞĚŝŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůůŝďĞƌĂůŝƐŵ͘
d,DZ'/E>/^d/KEK&/h>dhZ>W'K'/^
ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͛Ɛ ďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͕ dĞ
tŚĈƌŝŬŝ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽƵƚůŝŶŝŶŐ
dĞdŝƌŝƟďĂƐĞĚŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŽŶůLJϱϰйŽĨƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
statements analysed indicated a commitment to bicultural
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Žƌ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĂƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͛
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐǁĂƐŵŽƐƚůLJ
ŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨdĞdŝƌŝƟŽtĂŝƚĂŶŐŝ͘
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&Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ͞Ɛ ĂŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ǁĞ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŚĞ ĚƵĂů 'ŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƉƉĞĂƌ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞŽĨŽƚĞĂƌŽĂͬEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚĂŶĚǁŽƌŬƚŽƵƉŚŽůĚƚŚĞƐƉŝƌŝƚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚ ĂďŽǀĞ͕ ǁĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ
ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞdĞdŝƌŝƟ͟ĂŶĚ͞tĞĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĞďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĐƵƌƐŽƌLJ ŵĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ dĞ dŝƌŝƟ Ž tĂŝƚĂŶŐŝ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚŝŶdĞdŝƌŝƟŽtĂŝƚĂŶŐŝĂŶĚƐĞĞŬƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐǁĂƐŶŽƚŵĞƌĞůLJĂƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞ͘tĞ
ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘͟ dŚĞƐĞ ĂŐƌĞĞ ǁŝƚŚ ZŝƚĐŚŝĞ ;ϮϬϭϭ͕ Ɖ͘ ϳϵϲͿ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƉŚŽůĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ
centre philosophy statements did not usually elaborate on ƌŝŐŚƚƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŵŽƌĞ͞ƚŚĂŶũƵƐƚĂĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ͟ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂƚ
ŚŽǁdĞdŝƌŝƟƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐǁŽƵůĚďĞƵƉŚĞůĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĮŶĚǁĂLJƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͞ĨŽƌŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƚĂŵĂƌŝŬŝ
ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐǁĂƐƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌǁŚĈŶĂƵƚŽĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŚĞŝƌƟŬĂŶŐĂ͟;Ɖ͘ϴϭϯͿ͘
ĂƐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĂďŽƵƚƉĂƌĞŶƚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ͘
KE>h^/KE
KŶůLJ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ϱϬ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
At the begŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌ͕ǁĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ĞůĂďŽƌĂƚĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ŽĨ DĈŽƌŝ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůƉŽůŝĐLJ͕
ĞƉŝƐƚĞŵŽůŽŐLJ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ dĞ dŝƌŝƟ Ž tĂŝƚĂŶŐŝ͘ dŚŝƐ
ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŵ͕ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ
ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ Ă ŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶ͕ ĂůƐŽ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĨŽƌ
ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞŐůŽďĂůǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͕ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ŽƚŚĞƌ ŬŝŶĚƐ ŽĨ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ͕ ĂƐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨŽĐƵƐ͕ ĞƋƵŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂŶĚǁŝĚĞƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘dŚĞŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚŝƚƐ
ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͕dĞ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌŽƵŶĚŶŽƟŽŶƐŽĨƟŬĂŶŐĂĂŐƌĞĞĚƵƉŽŶ
tŚĈƌŝŬŝ͘ tĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĞĚ ŚŽǁ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŵŝŐŚƚ ƌĞƐŝƐƚ Žƌ ĞůĞǀĂƚĞ
ďLJƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘
ƚŚĞƐĞĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚĞƐĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
ŽĨ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ϱϬ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
dŚĞ ƐŝůĞŶĐŝŶŐ ŽĨ DĈŽƌŝ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ͕ ŬŶŽǁŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚŽŝŶŐ ŝŶ
ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚ ƌĞǀĞĂů ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŶĞŽͲ
ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ďLJ ZĂƵ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽůŽŶŝĂů ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ Ăƚ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂů ůĞǀĞůƐ
ZŝƚĐŚŝĞ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ ǁŚŽ ŵŽƵƌŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
;&ĂƌƋƵŚĂƌ͕ ϮϬϭϮ͖ dĞƐĂƌ͕ ϮϬϭϱ͖ ZĂƵ Θ ZŝƚĐŚŝĞ͕ ϮϬϭϭͿ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ
ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJŽĨĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶǁĂLJƐƚŚĂƚ
ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘WůĂLJĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ
Ăĸƌŵ ĂŶĚ ƵƉŚŽůĚ ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂƉƉĞĂƌĂƐĂŶĞŶƚƌĞŶĐŚĞĚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞĂďŽƵƚŚŽǁĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ĨƌŽŵ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ĚŽ ƐŽ͘ dĞ tŚĈƌŝŬŝ ŝƐ Ă ďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ůĞĂƌŶ͘tĞŚĂǀĞƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞŵƵůƟƉůĞƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƐ
ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͕ ǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ĞƉŝƐƚĞŵŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘
ƚŽƚŚŝƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐƌĞƐŝƐƚĞĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŶĞŽͲ
dĞƐĂƌ ;ϮϬϭϱͿ ĂƌŐƵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŝƐ ďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ͞ŐŝǀĞ ŝƚ
ůŝďĞƌĂůŐĂnjĞŽŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂLJƚŽǁĂƌĚŽī
ƚŚĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƚŽƌĞƐŝƐƚƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůĂŶĚŶĞŽͲĐŽůŽŶŝĂů
ƚŚĞƐĐŚŽŽůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ͘/ŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚ͕ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂƌĞĂƐŬĞĚƚŽ
ŐĂnjĞ͟;Ɖ͘ϭϬϲͿ͘DŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚĞDŝŶŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͛ƐDĈŽƌŝ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŚŽǁŵĂŬŝŶŐƉůĂLJĂŶŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƚƌƵƚŚŵŝŐŚƚŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ <Ă ,ŝŬŝƟĂ͗ DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐ ;ϮϬϬϴͲ
ĂŶĚƐŝůĞŶĐĞƚŚĞĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚƉůĂLJŝƐŶŽƚĂůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ͘
ϮϬϭϮͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉŚĂƐĞ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ƚŚĂƚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ͕ ĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŶŐ ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐ
ĞŶƚƌĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĂǀŝƐŝŽŶ
;ϮϬϭϯͲϮϬϭϳͿ͕ƐĞƚŽƵƚƚŽƉƵƌƉŽƐĞůLJĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĐŽůŽŶŝĂůĂŶĚƌĂĐŝƐƚ
ŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƐĐĂƉĂďůĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͕
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽDĈŽƌŝĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŽĨŇĞdžŝďůĞĨƵƚƵƌĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐ
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ĞŵďƌĂĐĞ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ĂƐ
ĂŶĚǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƉůĂĐĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ
ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ;DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ϮϬϬϴ͕
ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚƉůĂĐĞ͕
ϮϬϭϯͿ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƚ ŽƚŚĞƌ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ƐƋƵĞĞnjĞ ŽƵƚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŵŽƌĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ
ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůƉŽůŝĐLJƚŚĂƚŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJĨĞůƚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ
ũƵƐƚǁĂLJƐŽĨƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂƐǁĂƐ
ƚŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƉƌŝǀĂƟƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ
ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐƉĞƌƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
ƚŽŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƌŝŐŚƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƉůĞŶƚLJŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƉŽůŝĐLJĂŶĚ
dŚĞ ĐŽůŽŶŝƐŝŶŐ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůŝƐŵ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐĞĞŶ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ
ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͕ƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞŶŽƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŽƌĞŶƚƌĞŶĐŚĞĚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ŽĨ DĈŽƌŝ ďŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂů
ĨŽƌƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ͘dŚĞƐŝůĞŶĐŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŵƵƐƚĮŶĚ
ŽĨƚŚĞŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚĂƐĂĐĂƉĂďůĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚ
ǁĂLJƐƚŽƌĞƐŝƐƚƚŚĞŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂůƚƵƌŶĂŶĚƌĞŝŶǀĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƚŚĂƚ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ ĞĂƌůŝĞƌ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƚǁŽ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ
ĂƌĞŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ͕ĚŝĂůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůůLJũƵƐƚ͘
ĨŽƌĚŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂƌĞĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘dŚĞŶĞŽͲůŝďĞƌĂů
ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ
ŝŶ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝŶŐ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚ REFERENCES
&ŽƌĂĨƵůůůŝƐƚŽĨƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŐŽƚŽ͗
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ ŝƐ Ăƚ ŽĚĚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀŝƐƚ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŚĞŬƵƉƵ͘ĂĐ͘ŶnjͬĂƌƚŝĐůĞͬǁŚĂƚƐͲƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJͲƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚͲĐƌŝƚŝĐĂůͲ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝƐƟĐǁŽƌůĚͲǀŝĞǁŽĨDĈŽƌŝ;ZŝƚĐŚŝĞ͕ϮϬϭϭ͖dĞƐĂƌ͕ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞͲĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐͲĞĂƌůLJͲĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚͲĐĞŶƚƌĞͲƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ
50
EN-GAUGE
INFINITY AND ME
Author: Kate Hosford
Illustrator: Gabi Swiatkowska
͚'ĂďŝĂŶĚ/ŚŽƉĞƚŚĂƚ/ŶĮŶŝƚLJĂŶĚDĞǁŝůů
ďƌŽĂĚĞŶƚŚĞǁĂLJƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚ
ŝŶĮŶŝƚLJ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůLJĂƐĂŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕
ďƵƚĂƐĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚĂƐǁĞůů͘/Ĩ
ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƵŶĨĂƚŚŽŵĂďůLJďŝŐĞdžŝƐƚƐ͕ǁŚĂƚ
does that say about us and our place in
ƚŚĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞ͍dŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞƐŽƌƚŽĨĞdžŝƐƚĞŶƟĂů
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶďĞŐŝŶŐƌĂƉƉůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂƚ
ĂLJŽƵŶŐĂŐĞ͛͘ʹ<ĂƚĞ
NIGHT WALK TO THE
SEA - A STORY ABOUT
RACHEL CARSON, EARTH’S
PROTECTOR
Author: Deborah Wiles
Illustrator: Daniel Miyares
dŚŝƐůƵŵŝŶŽƵƐƉŝĐƚƵƌĞŬďLJĂŶĂǁĂƌĚͲ
ǁŝŶŶŝŶŐĂƵƚŚŽƌĂŶĚĂĐĐůĂŝŵĞĚŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚŽƌŝƐƚŚĞ
perfect tool to discuss the importance of the
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůǁŽƌůĚǁŝƚŚLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘/ƚƚĞůůƐƚŚĞ
ƐƚŽƌLJŽĨLJŽƵŶŐZŽŐĞƌĂŶĚŚŝƐĂƵŶƚZĂĐŚĞůĂƐ
ƚŚĞLJĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞďĞĂƵƚLJŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂƚŶŝŐŚƚ͘
dŚĞŬŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ŽĨĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂĐƟǀŝƐƚZĂĐŚĞůĂƌƐŽŶ͘
MY LITTLE BARLAAGANY
Author & Illustrator: Michelle Greenwood
ďĞĂƵƟĨƵůƉŝĐƚƵƌĞŬĨĞĂƚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ƐƚƵŶŶŝŶŐǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚĂƌƚŽĨ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĂƌƟƐƚ
DĞůŝƐƐĂ'ƌĞĞŶǁŽŽĚ͘tƌŝƩĞŶŝŶĂůLJƌŝĐĂů͕
ǁŚŝŵƐŝĐĂůŇŽǁŽĨǁŽƌĚƐ͕ĂƌůĂĂŐĂŶLJŝƐĂ
message from mother to child about the
ĨĂŵŝůLJůĂŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞũŽLJĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŝƚ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ͘ZĞĂĚĞƌƐĂƌĞŝŶǀŝƚĞĚƚŽďĞƉĂƌƚŽĨ
ƚŚŝƐŵĞƐƐĂŐĞĂŶĚũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͘dŚĞŬŽīĞƌƐ
an opportunity to learn about Gumbaynggirr
ĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŽŵĞŽĨŝƚƐďĞĂƵƟĨƵůůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘
'ƌĞĞŶǁŽŽĚ͛ƐŐŽƌŐĞŽƵƐĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌƐ͕
ƐŚĂƉĞƐĂŶĚƉĂƩĞƌŶƐĮůůĞǀĞƌLJƉĂŐĞ͕ĞĂĐŚǁŝƚŚ
precise and special meaning that helps tell the
ƐƚŽƌLJ͘
KLARA AND THE SUN
Author: Kazuo Ishiguro
dŚĞƌŝƐĞŽĨĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞĂƐŬƐďŝŐ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚǁŚĂƚŝƚŵĞĂŶƐƚŽďĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶͶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƚŽŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽďĞůĞŌ
ƚŽƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ͘dŚĞůĂƚĞƐƚŶŽǀĞůďLJƌŝƟƐŚ
EŽďĞů>ĂƵƌĞĂƚĞ<ĂnjƵŽ/ƐŚŝŐƵƌŽ͕<ůĂƌĂĂŶĚƚŚĞ
^ƵŶ͕ŝƐŶĂƌƌĂƚĞĚďLJĂŶ͚ƌƟĮĐŝĂů&ƌŝĞŶĚ͛ĂŶ
ƐƵĐŚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐĞǀĞƌ͚ĐŽƵŶƚ͛ĂƐƌĞĂů͍ŶĚ
ǁŚĂƚĨŽůůŽǁƐŝĨƚŚĞLJĚŽ͍/ƐŚŝŐƵƌŽďƌŝŶŐƐŚŝƐ
ƚƌĂĚĞŵĂƌŬƐƵďƚůĞƚLJĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶƚŽďĞĂƌ
on a poignant story of a robot’s desire to be
ůŽǀĞĚ͕ĂŶĚƚŽĨĞĞůůŽǀĞĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘
THE THINGS THAT MATTER
MOST
Author: Gabbie Stroud
'ĂďďŝĞ^ƚƌŽƵĚŝƐĂƚĞĂĐŚĞƌǁŚŽƐĞĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ
ŚĂƐĞdžƉĂŶĚĞĚƚŽĞŵďƌĂĐĞĂŶĞŶƟƌĞŶĂƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞƚŚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚŵĂƩĞƌŵŽƐƚŝƐĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚůLJ
ŵŽǀŝŶŐŶŽǀĞů͘ƌŝŵŵŝŶŐǁŝƚŚůŽǀĞĂŶĚ
ŚĞĂƌƚĂĐŚĞĂŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĂŶĚŚŽƉĞ͕ƚŚŝƐŝƐĂ
ƌĂǁĂŶĚƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞǁŽƌŬ͕ŝƚƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌƐĂƌĞ
ǀŝǀŝĚůLJĂŶĚƚĞŶĚĞƌůLJĚƌĂǁŶ͘/ƚŝƐĂŶƵŶŇŝŶĐŚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚĚĞĞƉůLJŵŽǀŝŶŐĂĐĐŽƵŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdž
ƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJŽĨŚƵŵĂŶůŝǀĞƐǁŽǀĞŶŝŶƚŽĂŶĚ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚĂƐĐŚŽŽůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘
JUSTICE FOR ANIMALS A
COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY
2023
Author: DĂƌƚŚĂEƵƐƐďĂƵŵ
DĂƌƚŚĂEƵƐƐďĂƵŵ͛ƐǁŽƌŬŚĂƐĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƚŚĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶŝƟĞƐ͕ďƵƚŝŶƚŚŝƐŬ͕ŚĞƌĨŽĐƵƐŝƐ
ƐƚĂƌƚůŝŶŐ͕ďŽƌŶŽĨĂŶĂƌĚĞŶƚůŽǀĞĨŽƌŚĞƌůĂƚĞ
ĚĂƵŐŚƚĞƌĂŶĚĨŽƌĂůůĂŶŝŵĂůƐŽŶĂƌƚŚ͘͟
͞,ĞƌĞ͕ĂƐŝŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŽƌŬƐ͕ŚĞƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ
ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚ͕ĞůĞŐĂŶƚůLJǁƌŝƩĞŶ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐ
ͶƐŽĮŶĞůLJƚƵŶĞĚƚŚĂƚƌŝƐƚŽƚůĞŚŝŵƐĞůĨǁŽƵůĚ
need to be in top form to engage her on the
ƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘ZĞǀŝĞǁƐ͗:ĞƌĞŵLJĞŶĚŝůͲ<ĞLJŶĞƌĂŶĚ
DĂƩŚĞǁ^ĐƵůůLJ

THE VOICE TO PARLIAMENT HANDBOOK
Authors: Thomas Mayo & Kerry O’Brien
Cartoons: Cathy Wilcox
͚tĞŝŶǀŝƚĞLJŽƵƚŽǁĂůŬǁŝƚŚƵƐŝŶĂŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ
ƉĞŽƉůĞĨŽƌĂďĞƩĞƌĨƵƚƵƌĞ͚͘
dŚĞsŽŝĐĞƚŽWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ,ĂŶĚŬŝƐĂŶĞĂƐLJͲƚŽͲĨŽůůŽǁŐƵŝĚĞĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞŵŝůůŝŽŶƐŽĨƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶƐǁŚŽŚĂǀĞĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌƚŚĞ
hůƵƌƵ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ,ĞĂƌƚ͕ďƵƚǁĂŶƚƚŽďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ
ǁŚĂƚĂsŽŝĐĞƚŽWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂĐƚƵĂůůLJŵĞĂŶƐ͘/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐůĞĂĚĞƌ
dŚŽŵĂƐDĂLJŽĂŶĚĂĐĐůĂŝŵĞĚũŽƵƌŶĂůŝƐƚ<ĞƌƌLJK͛ƌŝĞŶŚĂǀĞ
ǁƌŝƩĞŶƚŚŝƐŚĂŶĚŬƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶůLJĂƐŬĞĚ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚǁŚLJƚŚĞsŽŝĐĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĞŶƐŚƌŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ
ŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŚŽǁŝƚŵŝŐŚƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ
ĂīĞĐƟŶŐ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŐĞŶƵŝŶĞůLJĐůŽƐĞƚŚĞŐĂƉ
ŽŶŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐĂƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚďĂƐŝĐůĞǀĞůŽĨŚƵŵĂŶĚŝŐŶŝƚLJ͘
BODY COUNTRY
Author: Susie Anderson
ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƉŽĞƚƌLJĨƌŽŵĂŶ
ĂǁĂƌĚͲǁŝŶŶŝŶŐƉŽĞƚ͘dŚĞďŽĚLJĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŝƐĂŶ
ĞǀŽĐĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǁŽƌůĚƚŚĂƚƚŽŽŽŌĞŶ
ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞƐĂŶĚĂŵĞĚŝƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁĂŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚǁŽŶĚĞƌŝŶŐŽŶŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌ
ƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ
ĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƐĞůĨĂŶĚůŽǀĞ͘
͚/ŬĞĞƉůŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞƐƚĂƌƐ
ƚŽƐĞĞƚŚĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞũŽŬĞŝƐ
/ĂŵƚŚĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĞ͛͘
51
FINDING OUR HEART: A STORY ABOUT
THE ULURU STATEMENT FOR YOUNG
AUSTRALIANS
Author: Thomas Mayo
Illustrator: Blak Douglas
͛tŚĞŶǁĞĂůůĐĂŵĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĂƚhůƵƌƵ͕ǁĞŝŶǀŝƚĞĚĂůůƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ
ƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽĂĐĐĞƉƚŽƵƌǀŽŝĐĞĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂƐĂŐŝŌ͛͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐŬƚŽƚƌĞĂƐƵƌĞ͘&ŝŶĚŝŶŐKƵƌ,ĞĂƌƚŝƐĂŐŽƌŐĞŽƵƐůLJ
ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůůLJǁƌŝƩĞŶŬƚŚĂƚŐĞƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽƌĞŽĨ
ǁŚLJǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŽŵĂŬĞďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůĂŶĚdŽƌƌĞƐ^ƚƌĂŝƚ/ƐůĂŶĚĞƌǀŽŝĐĞƐ
ĂŵƵĐŚďŝŐŐĞƌƉĂƌƚŽĨƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚůĂǁ͘dŚĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞŝƐ
ƉĞƌĨĞĐƚĨŽƌƉƌĞͲƐĐŚŽŽůĂŶĚĂďŽǀĞʹĂŵƵƐƚƌĞĂĚ͘
RESPECT
Authors: Aunty Fay Muir and Sue Lawson
/ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚŽƌ͗>ŝƐĂDĂƌƟŶ
Our Way is old.
Older than the red earth.
KůĚĞƌƚŚĂŶŇŝĐŬĞƌŝŶŐƐƚĂƌƐ͘
Our way is respect.
ZĞƐƉĞĐƚŝƐĂŶĞdžƋƵŝƐŝƚĞƉŝĐƚƵƌĞŬ͘/ƚ
ǁŚŝƐƉĞƌƐĂƐŽŌĂŶĚŚĞĂƌƞĞůƚŵĞƐƐĂŐĞĂďŽƵƚ
the basic cultural principle that informs all
ďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůĂŶĚdŽƌƌĞƐ^ƚƌĂŝƚ/ƐůĂŶĚĞƌEĂƟŽŶƐ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͘DƵŝƌĂŶĚ>ĂǁƐŽŶ͛Ɛ
ĞůŽƋƵĞŶƚƐƉĂƌƐĞƚĞdžƚŝƐŽīƐĞƚďLJ<ĞŶŶĞĚLJ͛Ɛ
ůƵŵŝŶŽƵƐŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŵĞĂůŝǀĞŽŶƚŚĞ
ƉĂŐĞ͘dŚŝƐƚĞŶĚĞƌ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůƐƚŽƌLJƌĞŵŝŶĚƐƵƐ
ƚŽƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽƚŚĞƌƐĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐĂŶĚ
ǁĞůĐŽŵĞƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƚŽďŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘
 52

Unlocking Practitioner Inquiry

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ABOUT THE BOOK

Key components of practitioner inquiry provide an effective approach to lasting educational
change. By including narratives of practice from across diverse early childhood settings, this
book investigates issues that arise during implementation of inquiry-focussed professional
learning cycles. It presents practitioner inquiry as a vehicle for empowering educators and
educational systems.

Research-based, this book brings together theory and practice from authors and
internationally recognised commentators to inform and inspire early childhood educators.
Chapters are thematically grouped in three focus areas. The first centres on background
contextual information to set the scene, the second offers real-life stories based on authors’
experiences and the third provides insight into broader issues of leadership and
professional learning. Voices of educators, teachers and leaders are included to provide
multiple points of entry for readers with different interests, backgrounds, and levels of
expertise.

As a resource to support ongoing professional practice in the prior-to-school sector, this

book is essential reading for early years educators, teachers and leaders of educational
change. It is relevant for those investigating how educators in early childhood centres,
executive offices and consultancy positions can use data-based, locally relevant
investigations of practice to improve educational outcomes.

,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56
IMAGINING THE
POSSIBILITIES NOT
YET IMAGINED!
ADAM CHRISTIE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SA
ƐĂƉƌĞͲƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͕/ǀŝǀŝĚůLJƌĞĐĂůůƚŚĞŵŽŵĞŶƚĂŶĞĂƌďLJ
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƉŽĞƟĐĂůůLJƌĞŵĂƌŬĞĚ͕͚dŚĂƚƐĞĞŵƐƐŽ&ƌŽĞďĞůŝĂŶ͛͘dŚŝƐ
ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐƉĂƌŬĞĚĂĚĞĞƉĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚ/ƐĞĞŵŝŶŐůLJĂŶĚ
ƉŽůŝƚĞůLJŶŽĚĚĞĚĂƚƚŚĞƟŵĞ͕ƌĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƚŽƉůĂLJǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
>ĂƚĞƌ ƚŚĂƚ ĞǀĞŶŝŶŐ͕ / ͚ŐŽŽŐůĞĚ ŝƚ͕͛ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚ
&ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚ&ƌŽďĞů͘^ƵĚĚĞŶůLJŚĞƌƉŽĞƟĐƌĞŵĂƌŬƐĞĞŵĞĚƚŽŵĂŬĞ
ƐĞŶƐĞ͘ ^ŚĞ͕ Ă ǀŝƐŝƟŶŐ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͕ ǁĂƐ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚĂƌLJ ŽŶ
ǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƚĞĂŵŚĂĚŐŽŶĞĂďŽƵƚƐĞƫŶŐƵƉƚŚĞŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵůůLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůůLJ ƐĞƚ͘
dŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƚŽĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂů
ǁŽŶĚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ĮŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ
ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ / ƌĞĐĂůů ŚĞƌ
ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ĂƐ ƐŚĞ ƐƚŽŽĚ ďĂĐŬ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƟĐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞĂŵ Ăƚ ǁŽƌŬ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ Ăƚ
ƚŚŝƐ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŵLJ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ
ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƐŚŝŌ͕ ƌĞĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƋƵŝƚĞ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŽƌLJĐŽƵůĚŚĞůƉŵĞƐĞĞ͕ŬŶŽǁ͕ŽƌĐŽŵĞƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŵLJ
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJ͘dŚŝƐƵŶĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌŚĂƐ
ƐĞĞŶ ŵĞ ĚƌĂǁ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ sLJŐŽƚƐŬLJ͕
DĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝ ĂŶĚ &ůĞĞƌ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ ƐŚĂƌĞ Ă ƐŽĐŝĂůͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŽŶůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶ/ĂŵƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ĂďŽƵƚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ / Ăŵ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ŚŽǁ / ĐĂŶ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞůLJ
ďƌŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŐƌŽƵƉƐĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ / Ăŵ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŶLJ
ǁĂLJƐ/ĐĂŶƐĐĂīŽůĚĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƚŽŵĂŬĞǀŝƐŝďůĞƚŚĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ
ŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉ͘dŚŝƐŇĞĞƟŶŐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌŚĂƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶ
ĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŽĨŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͕ĨŽƌƚŚŝƐŵŽŵĞŶƚŚĂƐĨŽƌĞǀĞƌ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚŵLJƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞ
ŽĨƚŚĞŽƌLJ͘/ƐƟůůĐĂƚĐŚŵLJƐĞůĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚ&ƌŽďĞů͛ƐƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ
ŝŶĂĐƟŽŶ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJĂƐ/ĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶƉůĂLJǁŝƚŚĂŶĚĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘/ŶϭϵϭϮ͕&ƌŽďĞůƐĂŝĚ͕͚WůĂLJŝƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ
ŽĨ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĨŽƌ ŝƚ ĂůŽŶĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĞĞ
ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŝŶ Ă ĐŚŝůĚ͛Ɛ ƐŽƵů͛͘ dŚŝƐ ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ŝĚĞĂ
ůĞĂǀĞƐƵƐŵƵĐŚƚŽƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚŝŶŽƵƌĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJŝŶ
ŽƵƌĂĚǀŽĐĂĐLJĨŽƌƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
53
dŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ͙ ŝƚ͛Ɛ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌŝƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĨƵŶ͊^ŽŵĞƟŵĞƐŝƚ͛ƐŶŽƚ
ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ͕ǁĞĐĂŶĐĂůůŽŶƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚŽĨƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐƚŽŚĞůƉ
ƵƐ ŵĂŬĞ ƐĞŶƐĞ ͙ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ Ă ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŵŽǀŝĞ͕ / ůĂƵŐŚĞĚ
ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞŵLJĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƚƚŚĞƉŚƌĂƐĞ͚,ĂŬƵŶĂŵĂƚĂƚĂ͛;Ă^ǁĂŚŝůŝ
ƉŚƌĂƐĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƐĞĚ ďLJ dŚĞ >ŝŽŶ <ŝŶŐ ŝƐŶĞLJ DŽǀŝĞ͕ϭϵϵϰͿ
ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ͚ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽƚƌŽƵďůĞƐ͛͘KĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ǁĞĂƌĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝŶ
ƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞLJĞƚƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐŝƚ͛ƐŶŝĐĞƚŽĨƌĞĞŽƵƌŵŝŶĚƐ͙ĂŶĚ
ŚŽůĚƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌƉůĂĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞǁĞĐĂŶũƵƐƚ͚ďĞ͛͘DĂLJďĞƚŚŝƐ͕ƚŽŽ
ŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝĚĞĂŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ƉůĂĐĞǁŚĞƌĞ
ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ͚ŶŽƚƌŽƵďůĞƐ͛ĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐʹĂŶŝĚĞĂůŝƐƟĐ
ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ / ŬŶŽǁ͘ WĞƌŚĂƉƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂLJ͕ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ
ĂďŽƵƚ ŚĞůƉŝŶŐ ƵƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ŝŶ ǁĂLJƐ ŶŽƚ LJĞƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ͕
ďƵƚ ŝƚ ƚŽŽ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ŶŽƚ LJĞƚ
ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞĚ͊
People with great passions,
people who accomplish great deeds,
people who possess strong feelings,
even people with great minds and a
strong personality, rarely come out of
good little boys and girls
/HY69\JRWVN\
REFERENCES
WŽƵŶĚ͕>͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ,ŽǁĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶůĞĂƌŶ͘>ĂƵŐŚƚŽŶ͕h͘<͗͘ƐƐĞŶƟĂůZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ͕ďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ͗dŚĞĞĂƌůLJ
LJĞĂƌƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂsϮ͘Ϭ͘ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
Θ ĂƌĞ YƵĂůŝƚLJ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͘ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĂĐĞĐƋĂ͘ŐŽǀ͘ĂƵͬƐŝƚĞƐͬĚĞĨĂƵůƚͬ
ĮůĞƐͬϮϬϮϯͲϬϭͬz>&ͲϮϬϮϮͲsϮ͘Ϭ͘ƉĚĨ
ŚĂƌůĞƐ ^ƚƵƌƚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ;^hͿ͕ ϮϬϬϵ͕ ĂƌůLJ zĞĂƌƐ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ
ŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵ͕ŽĐƵŵĞŶƚϳ͕>ŝŶŬŝŶŐdŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐƚŽWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
ŚĂŬƵŶĂŵĂƚĂƚĂDĞĂŶŝŶŐΘKƌŝŐŝŶͮ^ůĂŶŐďLJŝĐƟŽŶĂƌLJ͘ĐŽŵ
54
… I FORGET …
RIC M C CONAGHY
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
/ŚĞĂƌĂŶĚ/ĨŽƌŐĞƚ͕/ƐĞĞĂŶĚ/ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ͕/ĚŽ/ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͙/
ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽƚ ďŽƚŚĞƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƵƚ ƚŚŝƐ ŝŶ ƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶ ŵĂƌŬƐ ĂƐ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ
ďŽƵŶĐĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĨŽƌŵƐĨŽƌĚĞĐĂĚĞƐŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ĐŝƌĐůĞƐ ;ĂŶĚ ďĞLJŽŶĚͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶ ŵĂƌŬƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚ Ă
ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚLJƚŽŝƚƐƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘
tƌŽŶŐůLJ ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ŵŽƐƚůLJ ƚŽ ŽŶĨƵĐŝƵƐ͕ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ďĞĞŶ
ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ĨƌŽŵ ,Ğƌď dƌƵĞ ƚŽ ĂŶ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ
ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ/ŶĚŝĂŶ͘/ŶĂůůůŝŬĞůŝŚŽŽĚ͕ŝƚŝƐĂǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŽŶĂƚŚĞŵĞ
ĨƌŽŵyƵŶnjŝ͘KƌŶŽƚ͘
/ƚ ŬŝŶĚĂ ƐŽƵŶĚƐ ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ͘ /ƚ ŬŝŶĚĂ ũƵƐƚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ǁĞ ůĞĂƌŶ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘KƚŚĞƌƐǁŽƵůĚĂƌŐƵĞǁĞŶĞĞĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕
ƚŚĞ ůĂƩĞƌ ďĞŝŶŐ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐĞůĨͲůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ŚĂƐ ƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂůůLJ ĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌĂĚŝŐŵƐ͘ ^ŽŵĞ
ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ƐĞĞŬ ƚŽ ƐƟĐŬ Įƌŵ ƚŽ Ă ƐƚƌŝĐƚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ ǁŚŝůƐƚ
ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ƐŚŽƉ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐŵŽƌŐĂƐďŽƌĚ ŽĨ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ Ăƚ
ƚŚĞƟŵĞĂŶĚĂƌĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJǁŚŽŝƚŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌ͘/ŐƵĞƐƐ
ŝƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐ ŽŶ ǁŚĞƌĞ LJŽƵ ǁĂŶƚ LJŽƵƌ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ ƚŽ ůĂŶĚ ǁŚĞŶ
ĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞLJŵŝŐŚƚƚĂŬĞŽīĨƌŽŵ͘
,ĂǀŝŶŐŚŽǀĞƌĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĨŽƌĂŶĞƚĞƌŶŝƚLJ͕
/ĂŵŽŌĞŶƚĂŬĞŶĂďĂĐŬďLJƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚĂƌŽƵŶĚ
ƚŚŝƐŽƌƚŚĂƚ͘WĂƐƐŝŽŶŝƐŐŽŽĚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƚĂŬĞƐĂƌĞŚŝŐŚ͘ƵƚƚŚĞƌĞ
ƐĞĞŵƐƚŽďĞĂƐĞŶƐĞƚŚĂƚŝĨƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝƐƌŝŐŚƚ͕ƚŚĞŶƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ
ŵƵƐƚďĞǁƌŽŶŐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐŵŽƐƚĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞŽƵƚƌĂŐĞĨĂďƌŝĐĂƚŽƌ
ůĂƵŐŚŝŶŐůLJ ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĂƐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŵĞĚŝĂ͘ ŶƟͲƐŽĐŝĂů ŵĞĚŝĂ
ǁŽƵůĚďĞĂŵŽƌĞĂƉƚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ͕ŵĞƚŚŝŶŬƐ͘EŽƚƚŚĂƚ/ǁŽƵůĚ
ŬŶŽǁ ĐŽƐ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŚĂǀĞ ĂŶLJ͙ďƵƚ ĂƐ Ă ƉĂƌĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ LJŽƵŶŐ
ĂĚƵůƚƐ͕ / ŚĂǀĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůLJ ŚĂĚ ƚŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂƌƚďƌĞĂŬŝŶŐ
ƌĞǀĞƌďĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚŝƐďĞĂƐƚ͘
ƵƚƚŚĞďŝŶĂƌLJŝƐũƵƐƚƐŽĮŶŝƚĞ͘ůĂĐŬĂŶĚǁŚŝƚĞƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
ĞŶƚŚƌĂůƐŽŶůLJďLJĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŚĂĚĞƐŽĨŐƌĞLJ͘ĂsŝŶĐŝ͕ƵƌĞƌ͕
<ĂƚŚĞ <Žůůǁŝƚnj ĂŶĚ DŝĐŚĞůĂŶŐĞůŽ ŐŝǀĞ ĨŽƌŵ ĂŶĚ ĞŵŽƟŽŶ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŵĂƌŬͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘
dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĞŝƚŚĞƌͲŽƌ ďƵƚ Ă ŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ͕
ŵĞĚŝĂĂŶĚŵŽŽĚ͘
ŶĚƐŽ͕LJĞƐ͕/ŚĞĂƌĂŶĚ/ĨŽƌŐĞƚ͕LJĞƉ͕ƚŚĂƚŝƐŵĞ͕ƋƵŝƚĞĂůŽƚ͘
&ƌŽŵ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůĂƚĞƐƚ ĂƵĚŝŽďŽŽŬ͕ ƐƚƵī ŐŽĞƐ
ŝŶĂŶĚŽŶůLJƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐŝƐƌĞƚĂŝŶĞĚĨŽƌƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ͘/ƐĞĞ
ĂŶĚ/ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ͙ŵŽƐƚůLJ͘dŚĂƚƐĂŝĚ͕/ĐĂŶǁĂƚĐŚĂŵŽǀŝĞLJĞĂƌƐ
ĂŌĞƌ ƐĞĞŝŶŐ ŝƚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ŶƵĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ŵĂũŽƌ
ƉůŽƚ ƉŽŝŶƚ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚ ůŝŬĞ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŶĞǁ͘ / ĚŽ / ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͙ĂůƐŽ
ŵŽƐƚůLJ͘ƵƚƐŽŵĞƚĞĐŚƐƚƵīƚŚĂƚ/ŽŶůLJŚĂǀĞƚŽĚŽŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶĂůůLJ
ĐĂŶďĞĨƵůůLJƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚǁŚĞŶ/ƵƐĞŝƚ͕ďƵƚŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞƌĞǀŝƐĞĚ
;ŽŬĂLJ͕zŽƵƚƵďĞĚ͊ͿŝĨ/ŶĞĞĚƚŽĚŽŝƚĂŐĂŝŶƐŝdžŵŽŶƚŚƐůĂƚĞƌ͘^Ž͕ŝƚ
ŝƐĂůůĂďŝƚŇƵŝĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŚĂƌĚůLJƐƵƌƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĐŽƐ/ĂŵϳϭйǁĂƚĞƌ
͙ŽƌǁĂƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͍͊Ύ
/ĂŵŶŽƚƵŶŝƋƵĞŝŶƚŚŝƐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJƚŽŚĂǀĞƚŽůĞĂƌŶĂŶĚƌĞͲůĞĂƌŶ͘
Ɛ ǁĞ ĨƵŵďůĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŽƵƌ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ďŝƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƟĐŬ
ĂŶĚ ďŝƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĨĂůů ĂǁĂLJ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ĨŽůŬƐ ĂƌĞ ĨŽƌŵŝĚĂďůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƐŽŵĞŶŽƚƐŽŵƵĐŚ͘^ŽŵĞŝƐƚŚĞŝƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŽŵĞ
ŝƐƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƟƚƵĚĞ͕ƐŽŵĞŝƐƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨǁŚĂƚŝƐďĞŝŶŐƚĂƵŐŚƚ͘
Ƶƚ/ǁŝůůŶĞǀĞƌƐƚŽƉƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽůĞĂƌŶĂŶĚůŽǀŝŶŐŝƚĂŶĚƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘
/Ŷ ĐůŽƐŝŶŐ͕ / ƌĞƐŽƌƚ ƚŽ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƌĂƚĞĚ ƚƌƵƚŚͲ
ƚĞůůĞƌƐŽĨŽƵƌƟŵĞ͕DƌdĞƌƌLJWƌĂƚĐŚĞƩ͚͘dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚŽƐĞ
ƐĞĞŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌƵƚŚ ŝƐ ĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůLJ ƚŽ ďĞ ƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽ
ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ŝƚ͛͘ ;DŽŶƐƚƌŽƵƐ ZĞŐŝŵĞŶƚͿ͘ / ůŝŬĞ ŝƚ ƐŽ
ŵƵĐŚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƐĐƌĂǁůĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ƉŝĞĐĞ ŽĨ ƉĂƉĞƌ ƐƟĐŬLJͲƚĂƉĞĚ ƚŽ ŵLJ
ƐƚƵĚŝŽǁĂůů͕ƐŽ/ĚŽŶ͛ƚĨŽƌŐĞƚ͘
ΎĂƌƚŚ͛ƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞϳϭйǁĂƚĞƌ͕ŵĂůĞĂĚƵůƚďŽĚLJϲϬйǁĂƚĞƌ;ͲŝƐŚͿ͘
The presence of those seeking the truth
LVGHƪQDWHO\WREHSUHIHUUHGWRWKRVH
who think they have found it
Monstrous Regiment - Terry Patchett

CULTIVATING SELF-COMPASSION:
CREATING CULTURES OF KINDNESS
RACHEL FLOTTMAN
ETHICAL INTERACTIONS
Compassion is the radicalism of our time
- Dalai Lama
If your compassion does not include
yourself, it is incomplete-DFN.RUQƪHOG
<ƌŝƐƟŶ EĞī͛Ɛ ƐĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ
ĐĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ǁĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ŽƵƌ ďĞƐƚ ĨƌŝĞŶĚ ʹ
ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJǁŚĞŶƟŵĞƐĂƌĞƚŽƵŐŚͲŝƐŐĂŝŶŝŶŐƚƌĂĐƟŽŶŐůŽďĂůůLJ͘
^ĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ ŚĞůƉƐ ƵƐ ƚŽ ĂĐĐĞƉƚ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƌ ůŝǀĞƐ͕
ĂƌĞŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐƚ͘ŶĚƚŚĂƚŽƵƌŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐƟŽŶŵĂŬĞƐƵƐŚƵŵĂŶ͘/ƚ
ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐĂůůŽĨƵƐ͘
/ƚŝƐƐĞĞŶƚŽďĞŵŽƌĞƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůƚŚĂŶƐĞůĨͲĞƐƚĞĞŵ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐďĂƐĞĚ
ŽŶĨĞĞůŝŶŐ͚ŐŽŽĚ͛ĂďŽƵƚLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ͕ĂĨĞĞůŝŶŐǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ
ƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĂůůƚŚĞƟŵĞ͕ĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƐŽŵĞŽŶĞƚŽďĞ͚ǁŽƌƐĞ
Žī͛ƚŚĂŶǁĞĂƌĞ͘^ĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ ĂůůŽǁƐ
ƵƐ ƚŽ Ɛŝƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ŐƵŝĚŝŶŐ ŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ͕ ǁĂƌŵƚŚ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚŽŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐƚŽƐŽŽƚŚĞĂŶĚƌĞĂƐƐƵƌĞŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ
ǁŚĞŶ ǁĞ ŶŽƟĐĞ Ă ŇĂǁ Žƌ ĨĂŝůƵƌĞ͘ /ƚ ƐĞĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞĂĐŚ ůŝǀŝŶŐ
ĐƌĞĂƚƵƌĞŚĂƐĞƋƵĂůǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚǁŽƌƚŚ͘tĞĐĂŶĂůǁĂLJƐďĞŬŝŶĚ
ƚŽŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͖ǁĞĐĂŶŶŽƚĂůǁĂLJƐĨĞĞů͚ŐŽŽĚ͛ĂďŽƵƚŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͘
tĞ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ă ůŽĐĂů
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂƌĞĂ ŝŶ DĞůďŽƵƌŶĞ͛Ɛ ŽƵƚĞƌ EŽƌƚŚ ƚŚŝƐ LJĞĂƌ ƚŽ
ďƵŝůĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞʹƚŽŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞĂĚǀĞƌƐŝƚLJǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJŵĞĞƚ
ŝƚ͘ tĞ͛ǀĞ ƵƐĞĚ Ă ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚͲďĂƐĞĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐ
Ăůů ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ĂĚǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ŽǁŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͘ tĞ͛ǀĞ
ĚĞĞƉĞŶĞĚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ŝŶŶĂƚĞ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƟĞƐ ďLJ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
Ă Įƌŵ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞŵŽƟŽŶ
ůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ Ɛŝƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĂƌĚ ĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ
ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂŐĞŶĐLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ
ŽƵƌ ĮŶĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞůĨͲ
ĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ͘KƵƌƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐʹďĂĐŬĞĚƵƉďLJĞLJŽŶĚůƵĞʹŝƐƚŚĂƚ
ǁŚĞŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŚĂǀĞĂǁĂƌŵ͕ŬŝŶĚ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ƚŚĞLJĐĂŶŐĞƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁŚĞŶƚŚŝŶŐƐŐŽƚƚŽƵŐŚ
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͕ ƉĂƌĞŶƚ͕ Žƌ ĨƌŝĞŶĚ ŝƐŶ͛ƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ
ƚŚĞŵ͘
tĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĚĞůŝŐŚƚĞĚ ďLJ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƚƵƌŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ ŝŶǁĂƌĚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ďĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ĐŚĂŵƉŝŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă
ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJŵĂŶLJĂĚƵůƚƐƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞǁŝƚŚ͘tĞǁĞƌĞĞdžĐŝƚĞĚƚŽŐĞƚŝŶ
ĞĂƌůLJ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞƚŽŽŵƵĐŚƐĞůĨͲĚŽƵďƚĐƌĞƉƚŝŶ͕ƚŽƉƵƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŽŶ
ĂƉĂƚŚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƐĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ͘
55
tĞ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ďLJ ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐ ŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ ʹ ŝŶ Ăůů ŝƚ͛Ɛ
ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ tĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ŬŝŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ŬŝŶĚ
ǁŽƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŬŝŶĚ ǀŽŝĐĞƐ͘ džƉůŽƌŝŶŐ ŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ ďƌŽĂĚůLJ ǁĂƐ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐŽƚŚĂƚǁĞĚŝĚŶ͛ƚĨĂůůŝŶƚŽĂƚƌĂƉŽĨƚŽdžŝĐƉŽƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ
ĂŶĚ ƵďŝƋƵŝƚŽƵƐ ͚ƐĞůĨͲĐĂƌĞ͛ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐŚĂŵĞͲďĂƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ
ŚĞĂǀŝůLJ ŵĂƌŬĞƚĞĚ ƚŽ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ /ŶƐƚĞĂĚ͕ ǁĞ
ǁŽƌŬĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ƐŚŽǁ ŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ
ĂŶĚ ůŽǀĞ͖ ŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŐŝŌƐ ĂŶĚ ͚ŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕͛ ďƵƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ǁŚĂƚŬŝŶĚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐůŽŽŬůŝŬĞ͕ŬŝŶĚǀŽŝĐĞƐ͕ŬŝŶĚǁŽƌĚƐ͕ŬŝŶĚ
ƚŽŶĞƐ͘
KƵƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƚĞĂŵďĞŐĂŶŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƚŚŝƐŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚůLJ
ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ʹ ŬŝŶĚ ǀŽŝĐĞƐ͕ ŬŝŶĚ ǁŽƌĚƐ͕ ŬŝŶĚ ƚŽŶĞƐ ʹ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĐŽƵůĚ ƐƚĂƌƚ ĐŽƉLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ĂŶĚ͕ ĂƐ WĞŐŐLJ K͛DĂƌĂ
ĨĂŵŽƵƐůLJƐĂLJƐ͕ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŝƐĞƚŚĞŵ͘
tĞ͛Ě ŚĞĂƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƚĞĂŵ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ƐĂLJ ͚tŽǁ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ůŽŽŬƐ
ƚŽƵŐŚ͕/ƌĞĐŬŽŶLJŽƵĐĂŶĚŽŝƚ͕LJŽƵ͛ƌĞŐƌĞĂƚĂƚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͛Žƌ͚KŚ͕
/ŬŶŽǁ͕LJŽƵŵŝƐƐLJŽƵƌŵƵŵ͘dŚĂƚ͛ƐŚĂƌĚŝƐŶ͛ƚŝƚ͍dŚĞĨĞĞůŝŶŐ
ǁŝůůƉĂƐƐďƵƚǁŚĂƚĐĂŶ/ĚŽǁŚŝůĞŝƚ͛ƐƐƟůůƚŚĞƌĞ͍͕͛Žƌ͚zŽƵĂƌĞ
&h>Kh^ĂƚƚŚĂƚ͕͊͛Žƌ͚dŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚĐŽůůĂŐĞ/͛ǀĞƐĞĞŶŝŶĂ
ůŽŶŐƟŵĞ͊͘͟dŚĞƐĞǁŽƌĚƐǁĞƌĞƐŽŵĞŐĞŶƚůĞĂĸƌŵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ
ĞǀĞŶ͕ĚĂƌĞ/ƐĂLJŝƚ͕ƉƌĂŝƐĞ;ƚŚŽƵŐŚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŶĚĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐͿ͘
ƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ͕ǁĞƐĞƚƵƉĂƐƉĂĐĞŝŶƚŚĞƌŽŽŵĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚʹŵŝŶĚĨƵůŶĞƐƐŝƐĂŬĞLJƉĂƌƚŽĨƐĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶʹŝƚ
ĂůůŽǁƐƵƐƚŽƐŝƚǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂŶĚďĞĐƵƌŝŽƵƐĂďŽƵƚŝƚ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌ
ƚŚĂŶ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ĂŶdžŝŽƵƐ͘ &Žƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐ
ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶƚƌŽƐƉĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĚŝƚĂƟǀĞͲ
ůŝŬĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĐĂŶďĞĞŶũŽLJĂďůĞ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĂĐĞ͕ǁĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĂŶ
ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞŽĨǁĂƌŵƚŚĂŶĚůŽǀĞ͕ŽīĞƌŝŶŐĂƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ
ƉƌŽǀŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ďĞĂƵƟĨƵůŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ǁĂƌŵůŝŐŚƟŶŐ͕ƐŽŌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ
and cushions and natural materials so that children could sit
ŝŶƉĞĂĐĞĂŶĚ͚ďĞ͛ŽƌƌĞŇĞĐƚ͘
Ɛ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ďĞĐĂŵĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞƐĞ
ǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĞĂĐĞŽĨƐŝƫŶŐŝŶƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͕ǁĞďĞŐĂŶŝŶǀŝƟŶŐ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĂŶĚĚƌĂǁĂĸƌŵĂƟŽŶĐĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͘
ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĂĸƌŵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͚/ĂŵĂǁĞƐŽŵĞ͕͚͛/ĂŵůŽǀĞĚ͕͛
/ Ăŵ ŚƵŵĂŶ͛ ĂŶĚ ͚/ ďĞůŽŶŐ͛ ĂŶĚ ǁĞƌĞ ƉĂŝƌĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ďĞĂƵƟĨƵů
ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘
KƵƌ ƉůĂŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ǁŝůů ďĞ ůĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ
ďĞĂƵƟĨƵůůLJƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĐĂŶŐŽƚŽƐĐŚŽŽůǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵʹƐŽƚŚĂƚ
ƚŚĞLJĂůǁĂLJƐŚĂǀĞŬŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ͗ŬŝŶĚǀŽŝĐĞƐ͕ŬŝŶĚǁŽƌĚƐ͕ŬŝŶĚƚŽŶĞƐ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵĞǀĞŶǁŚĞŶǁĞ͛ƌĞŶŽƚƚŚĞƌĞ͘
zŽƵĐĂŶƌĞĂĚŵŽƌĞĂďŽƵƚƐĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚƐĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ͘ŽƌŐ
and see more of these case studies by following me on Facebook
Žƌ/ŶƐƚĂŐƌĂŵΛĞƚŚŝĐĂůͺŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
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,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56
IN PRAISE
OF HABITS
ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƌ<ĞƌƌLJZŽďŝŶƐŽŶĂŶĚƌŝƐƐĞ:ŽŶĞƐŝĂnj;ϮϬϭϳͿ͕
ƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŝƐ ĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ŵŽƌĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďůĞ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ
ĂǁĂƌĞ͕ůĞƐƐŶĂŝǀĞ͕ŵŽƌĞǁŽƌůĚůLJĂŶĚĂďůĞƚŽƐǁŝƚĐŚůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ
ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĐŽĚĞƐ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ īƌŝĐĂ dĂLJůŽƌ ;ϮϬϭϯͿ
ĚŝƐƉĞůƐ ƚŚĞ ŵLJƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŵĂŶƟĐŝƐĞĚ ǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ďƵƚ
ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ĂƐƐĞŵďůĂŐĞƐ͕ Ă ďƌŝĐŽůĂŐĞ ŽĨ
ĐŽŵŵŽŶǁŽƌůĚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĐƌĞĂƚĞĂǀŝďƌĂŶƚĂŶĚǀĂƌŝĞĚ
ǁŚŽůĞ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĂǁĂƌĞ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ
ŐůŽďĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĐĂůĂŵŝƟĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐƚŽĂĚƵůƚĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞ ŵĞĚŝĂ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĂŐŽŐ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ ĂƐ
teachers and educators need to allay their fears and respond
ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůLJĂŶĚƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞůLJƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘
'ŝǀĞŶŽƵƌďƌĂǀĞŶĞǁǁŽƌůĚ͕ƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝƐǁŚĞƚŚĞƌǁĞĂƌĞ
preparing our early childhood teachers and educators for the
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƐ͘
ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŶŽ ĂŐƌĞĞĚͲƵƉŽŶ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ǁŚĂƚ
ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐ Ă ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ƚĞƌŵ
ƚŚĂƚŝƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂŶĚƵƐĞĚǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͚͘ŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐ
ƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐĂŐƌŽƵƉŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƟŶŐ
ƚŚĞŝƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĂŶŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ͕ƌĞŇĞĐƟǀĞ͕ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ͕
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͲŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚĂŶĚŐƌŽǁƚŚͲƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐǁĂLJ͕ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĂƐĂ
ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞ͛;dŽŽůĞĂŶĚ>ĞǁŝƐϮϬϬϮͿ͘dŚŝƐĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ǁŽƌŬƐ ĨŽƌ Ă ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ Žƌ ƐĐŚŽŽů ĂŶĚ ĂƉƚůLJ
ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐĂŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͘
^Ž͕ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌLJ ďĞƐƚ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ĨŽƌ ŽƵƌ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ǁŚĂƚ ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐ͕ ĂƫƚƵĚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
by our future professionals to ensure the early childhood
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŇŽƵƌŝƐŚĞƐ͍
dŚĞ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐ ϮϭƐƚͲ
ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂƐ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ tĞ
ŶĞĞĚ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƐŬŝůůƐ ʹ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ͕ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵͲƐŽůǀŝŶŐ͘
WĞƌƐŽŶĂůĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůƐŬŝůůƐʹĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ
ƐŬŝůůƐƚŚĂƚĞŶĂďůĞƵƐƚŽůŝǀĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚůLJ͕ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůLJĂŶĚǁŝƚŚ
ĐĂƌĞ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ dŚĞ ϮϬϭϵ K &ƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
^ŬŝůůƐϮϬϯϬZĞƉŽƌƚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐĂƐŝŵŝůĂƌƐŬŝůůƐĞƚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞŵŽƟŽŶĂů ƐŬŝůůƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĞŵƉĂƚŚLJ͕
ƉĞƌƐĞǀĞƌĂŶĐĞ͕ĞĸĐĂĐLJ͕ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĞŵŽƟŽŶĂů
ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘
tĞŶĞĞĚƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚʹĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĂŶĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ĐĂŶ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞůLJ͘ &ŽůůŽǁ ƚŚĞ
ƌƵůĞƐŽĨŐŽŽĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞďƵƚƐƟůůďĞĂďůĞƚŽƚŚŝŶŬůĂƚĞƌĂůůLJĂŶĚ
ůŽŽŬĂƚĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĂŵĂĐƌŽƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞʹƚŚĞďŝŐƉŝĐƚƵƌĞ
ƐƚƵīʹƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽǀŝĞǁǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƐĂƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞ
ĂŶĚ ǁŚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝƌĞ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ ĐĂƚŚĞĚƌĂůƐ͕ ƐLJŶĂŐŽŐƵĞƐ͕
ƚĞŵƉůĞƐ͕ŽƌŵŽƐƋƵĞƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶũƵƐƚƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƵƉĨŽƌǁŽƌŬƚŽ
ďƌĞĂŬ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀĞ ƌŽĐŬƐ͘ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ ǁŚŽ
understand the importance of being present in the moment
ĂŶĚƐĞĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝŶĞǀĞƌLJĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚ
ĂLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚ͘tŚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚƐŝŵƉůLJĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐĂĐŚŝůĚ͕
ŽĨ ĂŶLJ ĂŐĞ͕ ŝŶ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘
dŚĞ ĂƫƚƵĚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ďLJ ŽƐƚĂ ĂŶĚ <ĂůůŝĐŬ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ʹ ,ĂďŝƚƐ ŽĨ DŝŶĚ ;ϭϵϵϱͿ
ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞůŝĨĞůŽŶŐ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ŽƐƚĂ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌŬ /ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶƚ ĞŚĂǀŝŽƌƐ ;ϭϵϴϭͿ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ
ƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂůǁŽƌŬĨŽƌŶĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐƚŚĞŚĂďŝƚƐ
ŽĨ ĞĸĐĂĐŝŽƵƐ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͘ ŶĚ ŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞ ƚŚŝƌƚLJ LJĞĂƌƐ
ůĂƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ͘
ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŽƐƚĂ͕ ͚,ĂďŝƚƐ ŽĨ DŝŶĚ͛ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ
ŽĨǁŚĂƚŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶƚƉĞŽƉůĞĚŽǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ
ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐŽĨǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŶŽƚĂůǁĂLJƐĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚ͘
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DŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ŝŶ&ƌŽŵdĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƚŽdŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͗WĞĚĂŐŽŐLJĨŽƌ ,ŽǁŵŝŐŚƚLJŽƵĞŶĐŽƵĂŐĞƚŚĞƐĞǁĂLJƐŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐʹƚŚĞƐĞ
ZĞŝŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐ KƵƌ tŽƌŬ ;ϮϬϭϵͿ͕ ŶŶ WĞůůŽ ĂŶĚ DĂƌŐŝĞ ĂƌƚĞƌ ŚĂďŝƚƐŽĨŵŝŶĚŝŶLJŽƵƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͍
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŬŝůůƐ͕ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĞůƉ ƵƐ
ŐƌŽǁ Ă ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵƐ͘ dŚĞŝƌ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ĂůŝŐŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƐƚĂ ĂŶĚ <ĂůůŝĐŬ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ,ĂďŝƚƐ ŽĨ DŝŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ We need future professionals who
ĂĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌŐŽĂůƐĞƫŶŐ͕ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ
understand the importance of being
ĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͘
present in the moment and see
dŚĞŽƐƚĂĂŶĚ<ĂůůŝĐŬ,ĂďŝƚƐŽĨDŝŶĚĂƌĞ͗ the potential for learning in every
ƒ dŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ;ŵĞƚĂĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶͿ engagement with a young child.
ƒ WĞƌƐŝƐƟŶŐ
ƒ DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐŝŵƉƵůƐŝǀŝƚLJ
ƒ >ŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĞŵƉĂƚŚLJ
ƒ dŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŇĞdžŝďůLJ ŶĚĂƐůŵĂ&ůĞĞƚŽŌĞŶƌĞŵŝŶĚƐƵƐ͙

ƒ YƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƉŽƐŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ’For heaven’s sake – think people think!

ƒ dŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůLJ
'ŽƚŽ͗
ƒ ^ƚƌŝǀŝŶŐĨŽƌĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJ
ǁǁǁ͘ŚĂďŝƚƐŽĨŵŝŶĚŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͘ŽƌŐͬůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͲƚŚĞͲŚĂďŝƚƐͬ
ƒ dŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚĐůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ
ƒ ƉƉůLJŝŶŐƉĂƐƚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŽŶĞǁƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ REFERENCES
ZŽďŝŶƐŽŶ͕ƌ<͕͘ŝĂnj:ŽŶĞƐ͕͘;ϮϬϭϳͿŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƒ Gathering data through all of the senses ϮŶĚĞĚŝƟŽŶ͘KƉĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ
ƒ ƌĞĂƟŶŐ͕ŝŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŶŐ dĂLJůŽƌ͕͘;ϮϬϭϯͿZĞĐŽŶĮŐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͘>ŽŶĚŽŶh<͘
ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ
ƒ dĂŬŝŶŐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐ
ƒ Finding humour WĞůůŽ͕͕͘ĂƌƚĞƌ͕D͘;ϮϬϭϵͿ͘&ƌŽŵdĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƚŽdŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͗WĞĚĂŐŽŐLJĨŽƌ
ZĞŝŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐKƵƌtŽƌŬ
ƒ ZĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚǁŽŶĚĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂǁĞ
hůŵĞƌ͕D͘;ϮϬϮϰͿZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĨƌŽŵ͗
ƒ ZĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐŽƉĞŶƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚĞŶŶĞƐƐĞĂŶ͘ĐŽŵͬƐƚŽƌLJͬůŝĨĞͬĨĂŵŝůLJͬϮϬϭϰͬϭϬͬϮϴͬŚĂďŝƚƐͲŵŝŶĚͲ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐͲƐƵĐĐĞĞĚͬϭϳϴϱϲϰϳϯͬ

dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ĂŶĚĂĚƵůƚƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞĂƫƚƵĚĞƐĂŶĚǁĂLJƐŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͘
/ƚŝƐ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĂƚĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ĂƫƚƵĚĞƐ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ Ăůů
This framework for thinking is as
ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĐĞŶĚ Ăůů ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ
ĂůƐŽ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŽ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ĂŌĞƌ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ HVVHQWLDOQRZDVZKHQLWZDVƪUVW
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŚĂďŝƚƐ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĚ ĂƌĞ ŵŽƌĞ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŽ ďĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů introduced over 30 years ago. When
ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐĂŶĚǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘;hůŵĞƌϮϬϭϰͿ we commit to growing the habits both
individually and as a community, we
dŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ Ă ŚŝŐŚůLJ ƐŬŝůůĞĚ
become more thoughtful, responsive,
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ ʹ ƚŚŝƐ ŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚĂƚĞƐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ
ƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐŽƵŶĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ and innovative. Over the years, during
ŽĨŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐǁŚŽĂƌĞŝŶŇƵĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚĂŐŝůĞƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͕ PDQ\VRFLDOSROLWLFDOVFLHQWLƪFDQG
ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ĐĂŶ ůĞĂĚ͕ ǁŽƌŬ economic changes, the 16 Habits of
ĂŶĚŵŽǀĞǁŝƚŚĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĞĞĚƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐĂŶĚ
Mind still stand, and their application in
ďĞĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĂĐƟǀŝƐƚƐĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͙ĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͕ďĞůŝĞĨƐĂŶĚĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚďLJŽƐƚĂĂŶĚ
practice has grown our thinking.
<ĂůůŝĐŬŝŶƚŚĞϭϲ,ĂďŝƚƐŽĨDŝŶĚ͘ +DELWVRIPLQGLQVWLWXWH
58
ABC KIDS EARLY EDUCATION RESOURCE LAUNCH
Unpacking the Bluey phenomenon in early education
LAURA STONE
PRODUCER AND PROJECT LEAD AT ABC KIDS EARLY EDUCATION
^ŝŶĐĞ ŝƚ ĮƌƐƚ Śŝƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŵĂůů ƐĐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϴ͕ ƚŚĞ ůƵĞLJ
ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶŚĂƐƚŽƵĐŚĞĚƵƐĂůůŝŶĞŝƚŚĞƌƐŵĂůůŽƌďŝŐǁĂLJƐ͘
WĞƌŚĂƉƐ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ƐůŽǁůLJ ĐƌĞƉƚ ŝŶƚŽ LJŽƵƌ ĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ ďLJ ǁĂLJ
ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƌĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ďĂĐŬƉĂĐŬƐ Žƌ ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐ͖ ŵĂLJďĞ
LJŽƵ͛ǀĞ ŶŽƟĐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŚŽǁ͛Ɛ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞ ƚƵƌŶ ŽĨ ƉŚƌĂƐĞ ŚĂƐ
ƉĞƌŵĞĂƚĞĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐƐƉĞĞĐŚ͚for real life!’; or perhaps you’re
ĂƉƌŽƵĚĂĚƵůƚĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐƚǁŚŽƚĂŬĞƐĚĞůŝŐŚƚŝŶƐĐƌŽůůŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ůƵĞLJĨĂŶƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐŽŶƐŽĐŝĂůŵĞĚŝĂ͊
ůƵĞLJ͛Ɛ ĂĚƵůƚ ĨĂŶ ďĂƐĞ ŝƐ ũƵƐƚ ĂƐ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞ ĂƐ ŽƵƌ ƉƌĞͲ
ƐĐŚŽŽůĞƌƐ͘/ƚŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞĂĐŽͲǀŝĞǁŝŶŐĚƌĞĂŵ͕ĐůŽĐŬŝŶŐƵƉŽǀĞƌ
ϭϬϬŵŝůůŝŽŶǀŝĞǁƐƐŝŶĐĞĮƌƐƚůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ Ă ͚ƵŶŝĐŽƌŶ͛ ƚƌĂŝƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĨĂƐƚͲƉĂĐĞĚǁŽƌůĚŽĨŐůŽďĂůĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐŵĞĚŝĂ͕ďƵƚƐŽŵĞŚŽǁƚŚŝƐ
ƐĞǀĞŶͲŵŝŶƵƚĞ ĂŶŝŵĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ Ă ƋƵŝŶƚĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůůLJ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ
ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŽĨ ůƵĞ ,ĞĞůĞƌƐ ƵŶŝƚĞƐ ǀŝĞǁĞƌƐ LJŽƵŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŽůĚ ʹ ďŽƚŚ
ŚĞƌĞ ŝŶ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ ĂŶĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŝŶĚĞĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐƉŽƉĐƵůƚƵƌĞƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶŽĨŽƵƌƟŵĞƐ͘
dŚŝƐďĞŐƐƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ǁŚĂƚĐĂŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĚŽǁŝƚŚŝƚ͍zŽƵĐĂŶƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶƚŚŝƐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶǁŚŝůƐƚ
ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐĂŶŽŶůŝŶĞƚƌĞĂƐƵƌĞƚƌŽǀĞŽĨďƌŝŐŚƚŝĚĞĂƐŝŶƚŚĞĂůůͲ
ŶĞǁůƵĞLJ^ĞƌŝĞƐϯĂƌůLJĚƵĐĂƟŽŶdŽŽů<ŝƚ͕ŶŽǁůŝǀĞŽŶƚŚĞ
<ŝĚƐĂƌůLJĚƵĐĂƟŽŶǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͗
ǁǁǁ͘ĂďĐ͘ŶĞƚ͘ĂƵͬĂďĐŬŝĚƐͬĞĂƌůLJͲĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͬďůƵĞLJͲĞĂƌůLJͲ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ
>hzEd,/E^W/Z/E'z>K&W>z
dŚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ
ƚŽĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶŽƵƌĚŝŐŝƚĂůĂŐĞʹ
ǁŚŝůĞĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞũŽLJĨƵůƌŝƉƉůĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨ͚ƚŚĞďŝŐŐĞƐƚůŝƩůĞ
ƐŚŽǁ ŽŶ ĞĂƌƚŚ͛ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉůĂLJ͘
ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ƐƉƌŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚ ĨƌŽŵ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵƵůƟŵŽĚĂů ƉůĂLJ͘  WĂĐŬĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ
ŽƉĞŶͲĞŶĚĞĚ ƉƌŽǀŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĂĐŚ ĞƉŝƐŽĚĞ͕ ƚŚŝƐ
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ
ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ ďŽƚŚ ƉƌŝŽƌ ƚŽ ƐĐŚŽŽů ĂŶĚ ĞĂƌůLJ
ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐĐŚŽŽůƐĞƫŶŐƐ͘
Bluey embraces the early childhood ethos of play as the
ďĞƐƚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ
ŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ Ɛ ǁĞ ŬŶŽǁ͕ ƉůĂLJͲďĂƐĞĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŝƐ ǀŝƚĂů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĞĂƌůLJLJĞĂƌƐĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶƌĞĂůͲůŝĨĞĂŶĚĂŶŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ
ǁŽƌůĚƚŚĂƚ͗
ƒ ŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ƒ &ŽƐƚĞƌƐĚŝǀĞƌŐĞŶƚĂŶĚĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƐŬŝůůƐ
ƒ WƌŽŵŽƚĞƐůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͕ůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
ƒ ƵŝůĚƐŶƵŵĞƌĂĐLJĂŶĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐ
ƒ EƵƌƚƵƌĞƐ ƐŽĐŝĂůͲĞŵŽƟŽŶĂů ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ ƐĞůĨͲŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ ĂŶĚ
resilience
/d͕K>>KZd͕Zd
<ŝĚƐĂƌůLJĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƚĞĂŵĞĚƵƉǁŝƚŚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ
WƌŽũĞĐƚ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ^ƚƵĚŝŽƐ
ƚŽ ďƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƚŚŝƐ ĨƌĞĞ  ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƚĞĂŵ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ
Ϯϱ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ϴ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞĂƌůLJ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐĞƫŶŐƐŝŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝĚĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ
ƚƌŝĂůůŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ͕ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ
ƐŽƵŶĚĚŝŐŝƚĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJLJĞĂƌƐƐĞĐƚŽƌʹŝŶƉƌŝŽƌƚŽ
ƐĐŚŽŽů͕ĂŶĚĞĂƌůLJƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐĐŚŽŽůƐĞƫŶŐƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƌ<ĂƚĞ
,ŝŐŚĮĞůĚ ;ĞƉƵƚLJ ,ĞĂĚ ŽĨ ^ĐŚŽŽů Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ĂƚŚŽůŝĐ
hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJͿĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůĂLJĞƌŽĨĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵƌŝŐŽƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘
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‘Working with practicing educators and teachers is fundamental to our approach when producing quality
educational resources. It means we are delivering resources that have been designed and tested in learning
environments. These are not just ideas or brainstorms, but activities and guidance that come directly from
people who spend every day with children and supporting their learning. Participatory approaches to
resource development will always provide richer and more relevant content’
- Daniel Donahoo, Producer, Project Synthesis.

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ŽĨ ƐƚƌĞƚĐŚĂďůĞ ĨŽůůŽǁͲƵƉ ŝĚĞĂƐ Ͳ ƉƌŽǀŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
and teachers to adapt and integrate across the curriculum
ĂŶĚƚĂŝůŽƌƚŽĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͘
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ŝƐĐŽǀĞƌ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂLJĨƵů ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĂƚ ůƵĞLJ ^ĞƌŝĞƐ ϯ ŚĂƐ
ďĞĞŶ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ WƌĂĐƟĐĞ ^ƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŽīĞƌ ƌĞĂůͲůŝĨĞ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐĨƌŽŵƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐĐŚŽŽů ĂŶĚ ĞĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
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ĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ůƵĞLJ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕͛sŝĚĞŽ^ƚŽƌŝĞƐ͛ĂŵƉůŝĨLJƚŚĞǀŽŝĐĞƐĂŶĚĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ
ŽĨ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ĞǀĞƌLJ ĚĂLJ͘
ĂĐŚ ĞƉŝƐŽĚĞ ŽīĞƌƐ Ă ďŝƚĞͲƐŝnjĞĚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ
ǁĂLJƐƚŽƵƐĞƚŚŝƐdŽŽůŬŝƚ͘

KEEdE^,Z
dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂƌĞŝŶǀŝƚĞĚƚŽĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚŽŶŶĞĐƚĂŶĚ
^ŚĂƌĞ ĂƐƐĞƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŵĞĚŝĂ ƉŽƐƚƐ͕ ĞŵĂŝůƐ͕ ŶĞǁƐůĞƩĞƌƐ Žƌ
ŶŽƟĐĞďŽĂƌĚƐ͘ĂĐŚĐĂƌŽƵƐĞůŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ͚ǀĞŶƵĞKĨ
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:ƵƐƚĂƐĂŶĚŝƚĞŵďŽĚŝĞƐ͚ĂĚ'ŽĂůƐ͛ŝŶůƵĞLJ͕ĂůLJƉƐŽĚŽĞƐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨŽƌĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞŐůŽƌŝŽƵƐ'ůĂƐƐŚŽƵƐĞWƌŝŵĂƌLJ^ĐŚŽŽů͘;/ŵĂŐĞ͗>ƵĚŽ^ƚƵĚŝŽͿ
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dŚĞƚĞĂŵĂƚ<ŝĚƐĂƌůLJĚƵĐĂƟŽŶůŽŽŬĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƚŽƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞůƵĞLJdŽŽů<ŝƚĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
^ĞĐƚŽƌŝŶKĐƚŽďĞƌĂƚƚŚĞĂŶŶƵĂůĂƌůLJŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶĚĞůĂŝĚĞ͘KƵƌƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐǁŝůůůĞĂĚĂƐĞƐƐŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ
ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůƉůĂLJĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ƉĂƚŚǁĂLJƐĨŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐŵĞĚŝĂŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĞĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘

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 Revitalise your space
for fresh inspiration.

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A PEDAGOGY FOR OUR TIME
MARK POWELL
DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION SERVICES – MONTESSORI AUSTRALIA
Ɛ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ĐŽŵĞƐ ŽĨ ĂŐĞ͕ ƌĞƉĞƟƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŝŶĚͲ
ŶƵŵďŝŶŐũŽďƐŽŶĂƐƐĞŵďůLJůŝŶĞƐĂŶĚŝŶŽĸĐĞƐĂƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ
ďĞŝŶŐĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚďĞĐĂƵƐĞ/ͲƉŽǁĞƌĞĚƌŽďŽƚƐĚŽƚŚĞƐĞƚĂƐŬƐ
ďĞƩĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͙ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŶĞĞĚŝŶŐ ǁĞĞŬĞŶĚƐ͕ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
Žƌ ƟŵĞ Žī ƚŽ ĐĂƌĞ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĐŬ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͊ tŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚŝƐ ůĂƚĞƐƚ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ǁŝůů ůĞĂĚ ƚŽ ŵĂƐƐ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ
ƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ͕ďƵƚŝƚǁŝůůƵŶĚŽƵďƚĞĚůLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨǁŽƌŬ͙
ĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘,ŽǁĐĂŶǁĞĚĞƐŝŐŶůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐƚŽ
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĨŽƌĂǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞǁŚŽƐĞŽƵƚůŝŶĞƐĂƌĞƐŚŝŌŝŶŐ
ďĞĨŽƌĞŽƵƌĞLJĞƐ͍
DŽĚĞƌŶǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞƐŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌƉƵƚĂŚŝŐŚǀĂůƵĞŽŶŽďĞĚŝĞŶĐĞ͕
ƌĞƉĞƟƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĞŵŽƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ Žƌ ĞǀĞŶ ŐŽŽĚ ŐƌĂĚĞƐ͘ /ŶƐƚĞĂĚ͕
ƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞƉůĂĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐĂƌĞĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚĂƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌĞŵŝƵŵ ŝƐ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ƵƐĞ
ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŐůĞĂŶĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ
ŽŶ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ Ă ǁĂLJ ĨŽƌ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ ƚŽ ƵƉͲƐŬŝůů ŽŶĞ
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘ dǁĞŶƚLJͲĮƌƐƚͲĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ůŝŵŝƚƐ ĂŶĚ ůŽƚƐ ŽĨ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ƚŚĞLJ
ƚĂŬĞ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ ƐĞůĨͲŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨŽůůŽǁͲ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ͘ hŶŝŶƚĞƌƌƵƉƚĞĚ ǁŽƌŬ ƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůůŽǁĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐƚŽŐĞƚŝŶƚŽ͚ŇŽǁ͛ǁŚĞƌĞ
ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŵŽƐƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ͘ ƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕
ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞƌƌŽƌ ĐĂŶ Ăůů ďĞ
ůĞĂƌŶĞĚ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ ĞĂƐŝůLJ ƚĂƵŐŚƚ͘ dŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŝƐĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐŬŝůůƐ͕
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŶĞĞĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽƚĂŬĞƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚůŝǀĞƚŚĞŵĚĂŝůLJ͘
ůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐĂƌĞǁŚĞƌĞ
ƚŚĞƌƵďďĞƌŵĞĞƚƐƚŚĞƌŽĂĚ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂĸŶŝƚLJǁŝƚŚLJŽƵŶŐŚƵŵĂŶƐ
ŝƐǁŚĞƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĞĚŐĞŽǀĞƌƌŽďŽƚƐ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚĨŽƌŶŽǁ͘
ŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞƚƌƵƐƚƚŚĂƚĂůůŽǁƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĐŽͲĐƌĞĂƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂƌĞ ŬĞLJƐ ƚŽ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ
ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŐŝǀĞ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƚŽLJŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞ͘dŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ ŝƐ ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůůLJ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ďLJ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚ ĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŝƚƐďůƵĞƉƌŝŶƚ͘
dŚĞƐŽůĂƌƐLJƐƚĞŵŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ͕ďĞůŽǁ͕ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĂůĞĂƌŶĞƌͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ
ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵĚĞƐŝŐŶĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌĞĚƚŽĂĐƟǀĂƚĞƌĞĂůĐŚŽŝĐĞ͕ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ /ƚƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ
ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞͲLJĞĂƌ ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶŐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĞƌŐŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵůŝŬĞƚŚĞ^ƵŶĞŶĞƌŐŝƐĞƐŽƵƌƐŽůĂƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘/ƚŐŽĞƐŵƵĐŚ
ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵƐ ;ƐŝŶŐůĞͲLJĞĂƌ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵƐ
ŵĞƌŐĞĚͿďLJŐƌŽƵƉŝŶŐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůƐƚĂŐĞƐƌĂƚŚĞƌ
ƚŚĂŶďLJĐŚƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŐĞ͘dŚŝƐŐŝǀĞƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƟŵĞƚŽŵĂƚƵƌĞ
ĂƚƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶƉĂĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶĂĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůǁŝŶĚŽǁ͘/ƚƐŵĂŶLJ
ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͛ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ŵĞŶƚĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĂƌĞŵƵůƟůĂLJĞƌĞĚĂŶĚďƵŝůƚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ƐŽ
ƚŚĞLJƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŽŶĞĂŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘

dŚŝƐ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŵŝŵŝĐƐ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ ĂƐ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĐLJĐůĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ LJŽƵŶŐĞƐƚ ;ƚŚĞ ͚ĂǁĞƐƚƌƵĐŬ
ĨŽůůŽǁĞƌ͛Ϳ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚĚůĞ ĐŚŝůĚ ;ƚŚĞ ͚ŽďƐĞƌǀĂŶƚ ĂŶĚ
ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐŽǀĞƌĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚĂƉƉƌĞŶƟĐĞ͛Ϳ͕ĂŶĚĮŶĂůůLJƚŚĞĞůĚĞƐƚ
;ƚŚĞ͚ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĂŶĚŶƵƌƚƵƌŝŶŐůĞĂĚĞƌ͛Ϳ͘ŚŝůĚƌĞŶĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ
ĞĂĐŚ ƌŽůĞ ŽǀĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌ ĂƐ ƚŚĞLJ ƉĂƐƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵƵůƟĂŐĞ
ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŶĨĂŶƚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚƌĞĞͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ͕ ϯ ƚŽ ϲͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ͕
ϲ ƚŽ ϵͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ͕ ϵ ƚŽ ϭϮͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ͕ ϭϮ ƚŽ ϭϱͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ
ϭϱ ƚŽ ϭϴͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂů ƌĞĂĚŝŶĞƐƐ
ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ ƐLJƐƚĞŵͶƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ
ĐŚƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŐĞͶĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͛ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ǁŚŝůĞ ĨƌĞĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ
ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂƐƚŚĞŝƌƉĞĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŐĞ͘/ƚĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐ
ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJďLJƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐĂŶŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůŵĞŵŽƌLJŽĨƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕
ŶŽƌŵƐĂŶĚƌŝƚƵĂůƐŝŶƌĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘
dŚŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŇĂƩĞŶƐ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂƐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ
ĂƌĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ǁŽƌŬĞĚ ŽƵƚ ďLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ŶĞĞĚŝŶŐ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞŝŵƉŽƐĞĚďLJĂĚƵůƚƐ͘^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚĞŶĚƚŽƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ
ŵŽƌĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĞůLJƚŽĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽůĚĞƌƉĞĞƌƐǁŚŽŵƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐƌĞůŝĞǀĞƐĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐŽĨƚŚĞŶĞĞĚƚŽ
ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵ͕ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŽ
ŽďƐĞƌǀĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĚŝƐƚƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞͲLJĞĂƌ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ŽƌŝĞŶƚƐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ŵŝŶĚƐ ƚŽ
ĂŶ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ďLJ ƉƌŽŵƉƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ůŽŽŬ
ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵŵŽŶĂůŝƟĞƐ͘ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŚĂƐ ƐŚŽǁŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŝŶ
ŚŽŵŽŐĞŶŽƵƐŐƌŽƵƉŝŶŐƐƚĞŶĚƚŽƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ĐůŝƋƵĞ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŝŶ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ
ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶŐƐƚĞŶĚƚŽůŽŽŬĨŽƌǁĂLJƐƚŚĞLJĂƌĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞ͘;dŚŽƌŶĞ͕
ϭϵϵϯͿ
dŚĞƚŚƌĞĞͲLJĞĂƌĚĞƐŝŐŶŵĂŬĞƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌĞĂůĐŚŽŝĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĞŶŐŝŶĞ
ŽĨ ŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ͘ ŚŽŝĐĞ ŝƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ ŝƐ ĨƌĞĞĚ
ĨƌŽŵŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵĂƚŽŶĐĞ͘ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ůĞĂƌŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟǀĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ƐŚĞůǀĞƐďLJĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚůĞƐƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĞĂĐŚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ĞƌƌŽƌƚŚĂƚĚƌĂǁ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͛ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƚŽŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐ͕ƐŽƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌŝƐ
ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJƚŽŽďƐĞƌǀĞĂŶĚŐƵŝĚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƚŽǁĂƌĚĨŽůůŽǁͲƵƉ
ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƚŚĂƚƐƵŝƚƚŚĞŝƌƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŶĞĞĚƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ
ƚŚĞŝƌŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐ͘tŝƚŚĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŚĂŶĚůĞĚŵŽƐƚůLJ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŽůĚĞƌ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĐĂŶ ŐŝǀĞ ƐŵĂůů ŐƌŽƵƉ Žƌ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐĞĚ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƌĞĂĚŝŶĞƐƐ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĂŐĞ͘
/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐĞĚ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ƌŽƵƟŶĞ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĂŶ
ĞdžĐĞƉƟŽŶƚŽďĞŵŽďŝůŝƐĞĚŽŶůLJǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ͘
63
'ŝǀŝŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƌĞĂů ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ƵŶůĞĂƐŚĞƐ ŚŝĚĚĞŶ ƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ŽĨ
ŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŽĞĂƐŝůLJĞdžƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚǁŚĞŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƌĞŚĞƌĚĞĚ
ĂŶĚĐĂũŽůĞĚ͘>ĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶĂŶĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŝĨƚŚĞLJ͛ǀĞŚĂĚƐŽŵĞƐĂLJŝŶĐŚŽŽƐŝŶŐŝƚ͘tŚĞŶŐŝǀĞŶƌĞĂůĐŚŽŝĐĞ
ĨƌŽŵĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƚŚĞŝƌ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐĂƚƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶƉĂĐĞ͘dŚĞLJĚŽŶ͛ƚŚĂǀĞƚŽŬĞĞƉƵƉ
ǁŝƚŚƉĞĞƌƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĐŽŶĨŽƌŵƚŽƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ͛ƐƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞ͕ƐŽ
ƚŚĞLJĂǀŽŝĚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽƌƌŽƐŝǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞͲLJĞĂƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂůƐŽ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĚĞĞƉ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ďƵŝůĚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ďŽŶĚƐ ŽĨ ƚƌƵƐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ
ƐĂŵĞ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚƌĞĞ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ƌĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ǁĞůů͕ ƐŽ ƚŚĞLJ ŬŶŽǁ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐǁŝůůĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƚŚĞŝƌŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵŽƟǀĂƚĞƚŚĞŵ͘
dŚŝƐ ƚƌƵƐƚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ ŽƌĚĞƌůLJ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ ŽĨ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ
ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͕ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĨĞĞů ƐĂĨĞ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ
ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐ ĂƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ůĞĂƌŶ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĨĂŝůƵƌĞƐ͘ŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐǁŚŽ
ǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵ͕ĂŶĚĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚƚŽ
ƐŚŽǁŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘
dŚĞƌĞ͛ƐĂůƐŽŵŽƌĞƚƌƵƐƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚ
ƚŚŝƐ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ĞĂĐŚ ĐŚŝůĚ ŝƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌĨŽƌƚŚƌĞĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞ͛ƐĂŶŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ
ƚŽŐĞƚƚŽŬŶŽǁƉĂƌĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŐŽŽĚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚ
ƚŚĞŵ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵŵŽĚĞů͕ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌĂŝĚĞƐĂƌĞ
ŐĞŶƵŝŶĞƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌůĞĂĚƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶŝƟŶĞƌĂŶƚǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ
ǁŝƚŚŇĞĞƟŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘
&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞͲLJĞĂƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŐĞŶƵŝŶĞ
ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ůĞĂƌŶ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ Ăƚ ůĞĂƐƚ ĂƐ ŵƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͘ WĞĞƌͲƚŽͲƉĞĞƌ
learning is enhanced because students are free to choose
ǁŚĞŶ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ ǁŚŽŵ ƚŚĞLJ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ŝŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘
ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ Ăůů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƉĂĐĞ͕ ƐŽ Ă ŵƵůƟĂŐĞ
ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĂŶLJ ƚǁŽ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŵĂLJ ŝŵƉůLJ Ă
ŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ͕ŽƌŝƚŵĂLJďĞĂĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵĂůƐ͘
^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚŝƐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞ
room—adults included—can be both student and teacher at
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƟŵĞƐ͘
Giving children real choice
unleashes hidden reserves of
motivation
64
^ƵĐŚ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶ
ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϭϱǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚDŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝƉƵďůŝĐƐĐŚŽŽů
ŽƉĞŶĞĚŝŶ^LJĚŶĞLJ͘ĂƐĞĚŽŶĚĞĐĂĚĞƐŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨ ŚŽǁ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ůĞĂƌŶ͕ DĂƌŝĂ DŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĂŶ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ŬĞLJ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͕
ƚŚĂƚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŝƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ĚŽ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ
ŚĂƉƉĞŶƐďĞƐƚǁŚĞŶŝƚ͛ƐŶŽƚĨŽƌĐĞĚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƌĞƐĞůĨͲ
ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚďLJďĞŝŶŐŐŝǀĞŶůŽƚƐŽĨĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞ͘
ƌDŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝĂŝŵĞĚŶŽƚƚŽƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĨŽƌƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ
ďƵƚ ƚŽ ĂŝĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ďLJ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐ Ă ůŽǀĞ
ŽĨ ĨƌĞĞůLJ ĐŚŽƐĞŶ ǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ŽǁŶ ƐĂŬĞ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ
ŽĨ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƉƌŝnjĞƐ Žƌ ĨĞĂƌ ŽĨ ƉƵŶŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞƐĞ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟǀĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐ
ƚŚĞ ĮŶĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƚĞŶĚĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ ĨƌĞĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞ
ĂŐŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘DŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐůĞĂƌŶƚŽĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞĨƌĞĞůLJĂƐ
ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͕ƐĞƫŶŐƚŚĞŵƵƉƚŽ
ƚŚƌŝǀĞŝŶŽƵƌŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚǁŽƌůĚ͘
DŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝ ŝƐ Ă ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌͲĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂƌŽƵŶĚϭϲ͕ϬϬϬDŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝƐĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ
ĐŽƵŶƚůĞƐƐ ŵŽƌĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ŝŶ ϭϱϰ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ
ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͕ ϵй ŽĨ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚͲĨƵŶĚĞĚ ;ĞďƐ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘
ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ Ă ƟŵĞͲƚĞƐƚĞĚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌĞĚ Ăƚ ŝƚƐ ĐŽƌĞ
ƚŽƉƌĞƉĂƌĞLJŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞĨŽƌĂǁŽƌůĚǁŚŽƐĞŽŶůLJĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŝƐ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘
REFERENCES
dŚŽƌŶĞ͕͘;ϭϵϵϯͿ͘'ĞŶĚĞƌƉůĂLJ͗'ŝƌůƐĂŶĚďŽLJƐŝŶƐĐŚŽŽů͘ZƵƚŐĞƌƐhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ
WƌĞƐƐ
DŝƌĂ ĞďƐ Ğƚ Ăů͘ ;ϮϬϮϮͿ͘ ͞'ůŽďĂů ŝīƵƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ DŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝ ^ĐŚŽŽůƐ͗  ZĞƉŽƌƚ
&ƌŽŵƚŚĞϮϬϮϮ'ůŽďĂůDŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝĞŶƐƵƐ͕͟ŝŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨDŽŶƚĞƐƐŽƌŝZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕
sŽůƵŵĞϴ͕/ƐƐƵĞϮ͕&ĂůůϮϬϮϮ͘
 TRANSFORMING
THE ADULT
NATIONAL CONFERENCE

UNLOCK YOUR POTENTIAL

TRANSFORM YOURSELF
INSPIRE CHANGE

Educators and school leaders are invited to Montessori Australia's national

conference of transformative experiences that will help you to unlock your
potential and inspire positive change in your personal and professional life.

18 PRESENTERS | 20 SESSIONS | KEYNOTE SPEAKERS INCLUDE:

8JMMJBN
.BJFS EMERGENCE AND TRANSFORMATION: SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT IN MONTESSORI


,BQPOP
$JPUUJ TRANSFORMING A MOVEMENT: MOBILISING MONTESSORI TO ADDRESS SOCIAL REFORM

&MJ[BCFUI
#SBOEU PROFESSIONAL GROWTH THROUGH PERSONAL TRANSFORMATION

4IBXOFF
4DINJE SELF-LEADERSHIP: FROM REACTION TO CONNECTION

'JPOB
.D,FO[JF TRANSFORMING OURSELVES TOWARDS STUDENT AGENCY

Includes Public & Faith Based School Symposium for those interested in incorporating Montessori into their school

28 & 29 OCTOBER 2023 | SYDNEY

3&(*45&3
IUUQTDPOGFSFODFNPOUFTTPSJPSHBV
 66

,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56
ALISSA HADDAD, EDUCATIONAL LEADER, BLACKFRIARS CHILDREN’S CENTRE

DLJ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů ƐƚĂŶĚƉŽŝŶƚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐƵĞ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ ŚŽŶŽƵƌŝŶŐ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐƌŝŐŚƚƐŝŶĂůůŵLJƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘ŶLJƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŽƌƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ
ŵƵƐƚĂīŽƌĚĂŚŝŐŚĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͕ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƚLJƌŝŐŚƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚ͘
/ĮŶĚ/ĚĞĨĂƵůƚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŚĂƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚƉŽǁĞƌĂŶĚĂŐĞŶĐLJ͕ĂŶĚ
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵů ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ͘ ,ĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŽĨ ŵLJ ŐŽͲƚŽ͛Ɛ͗ ŵŵŝ WŝŬůĞƌ͖ EĞƵƌŽƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͖ ĂŶĚ ^ĞĐƵƌĞ
ĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƐWůĂLJƐƉĂĐĞΠ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘

DR EMMI PIKLER (1902-1984)

DLJ ŐŽͲƚŽ ĨŽƌ ŝŶĨĂŶƚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵŵŝ WŝŬůĞƌ ;,ƵŶŐĂƌŝĂŶ WĂĞĚŝĂƚƌŝĐŝĂŶͿ͕ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĨŽƌ ŚĞƌ
ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ŶƵƌƐĞƌLJ ŝŶ ƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ ĐĂůůĞĚ >Ž͛ĐnjLJ͘ Ɛ / ŚŽůĚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů ĂůŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƐƌŝŐŚƚƐŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ŵŵŝWŝŬůĞƌĂůƐŽĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĂů͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚ It is only when a
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨ ŽƌƉŚĂŶĞĚ ;ĂŶĚ ĂůůͿ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƚŽ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐ͕ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵůůLJ
ĂƩƵŶĞĚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐĂŶĚĨƌĞĞĚŽŵŽĨŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘
child is emotionally
VDWLVƪHGWKDWWKH\
/ǀĂůƵĞƚŚĞǁĂLJWŝŬůĞƌƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJŐƵŝĚĞƐŽƵƌƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĨĂŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƉŽǁĞƌ͘ will engage in
dŚƌŽƵŐŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵůĂŶĚŶƵƌƚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕WŝŬůĞƌƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂƚĞƐĂ authentic play
ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨƚƌƵĞĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďLJĂƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵůƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĂƩƵŶĞŵĞŶƚ͘
'U(PPL3LNOHU
dŚĞŝŶĨĂŶƚŝƐĂīŽƌĚĞĚĨƵůůĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͕ĂƐůŽǁ͕ƵŶŚƵƌƌŝĞĚŵŽŵĞŶƚǁŚĞƌĞƚƌƵƐƚŝƐĂƚƚŚĞĐŽƌĞ͘/ŶĨĂŶƚƐĂƌĞ
ƐƉŽŬĞŶǁŝƚŚƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŽ͕ĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐŚŽůĚďĂĐŬŽŶŝŶƚĞƌĨĞƌŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐ
ƉůĂLJƐĐĞŶĞƐ͘/ŶĨĂŶƚƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƌƵƐŚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚďƵƚĂƌĞĂůůŽǁĞĚĂĨƌĞĞĚŽŵŽĨŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ The relationship
ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚ͘EŽŚŝŐŚĐŚĂŝƌƐ͕ŶŽďŽƵŶĐĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŶŽƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐƚŚĞLJĐĂŶŶŽƚŐĞƚƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶƚŽ is all. It is a matter
ĂŶĚŽƵƚŽĨ͘dŚŝƐŝƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝƐƐĞĞŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƵƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŵĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶ;ŶŽƚďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů of life to the baby
ŵĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶͿĞŶĂďůĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨŵLJĞůŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐŽĨŝŶƚƌŝŐƵĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕
'U(PPL3LNOHU
ĂŶĚŝŶĨĂŶƚƐĂƌĞŶŽƚĞŶƚĞƌƚĂŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚƚŽLJƐŽƌĚŝĚĂĐƟĐƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͘,ĞƵƌŝƐƟĐƐďĞĐŽŵĞ
ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚĞĂĐŚĐĂƌĞŐŝǀŝŶŐŵŽŵĞŶƚŝƐŚŽŶŽƵƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJƟŵĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞŶĞƐƐ͘/ǀĂůƵĞ
ƚŚŝƐ͊

EhZK^/E
/ĮŶĚ/ŽŌĞŶůĂŶĚŽŶƚŚĞ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŚŝůĚǁĞďƉĂŐĞƐĂƐĂŐŽͲƚŽĨŽƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝƌŶĞƵƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘dŚĞĐŚŝůĚ͛ƐďƌĂŝŶŐŽĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŚŝůƐƚƚŚĞLJĂƌĞǁŝƚŚƵƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌ
ĞĂƌůLJLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƐŽ/ĂŵĂůǁĂLJƐŬĞĞŶƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŚŽǁĂŐŽŽĚ͘K͘^͘ŽĨŚŽƌŵŽŶĞƐ;ĚŽƉĂŵŝŶĞ͕ŽdžLJƚŽĐŝŶ͕ƐĞƌŽƚŽŶŝŶΘĞŶĚŽƌƉŚŝŶƐͿĐĂŶ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJŝŶŚĞůƉŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŚŝŐŚůLJĞŵŽƟŽŶĂůƟŵĞƐ͘EĞƵƌŽƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŚĂǀĞĞŶĂďůĞĚŵĞ
ƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚǁŚLJƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĐŽƌƟƐŽůŝƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJƚŽŬĞĞƉƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚŝŶĂĐĂůŵƐƚĂƚĞĐŽŶĚƵĐŝǀĞƚŽůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂůƐŽ
ŚŽǁŵLJĞůŝŶĂƟŽŶŶĞĞĚƐƚŽŽĐĐƵƌďĞĨŽƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ͘/ĚĞĨĂƵůƚƚŽƵƐŝŶŐŶĞƵƌŽƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ
ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐǁŚĞŶŐƵŝĚŝŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƐ͘

^hZ'/EE/E'^W>z^WΠ>ZE/E'
WŽƐƚͲKs/͕ŽƵƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƚŚĞŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐĂĨĞƚLJĂƐƚŚĞLJƌĞƚƵƌŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶďĂĐŬ
ŝŶƚŽŐƌŽƵƉĐĂƌĞƐĞƫŶŐƐ͘&ŽƌƐŽŵĞŽĨŽƵƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ƚŚŝƐǁĂƐƚŚĞŝƌĮƌƐƚƟŵĞŝŶĂƐĞƌǀŝĐĞďĞŝŶŐĂŵŽŶŐƐƚůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
WĂƌƚŶĞƌŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƌZŽďLJŶŽůďLJ͕ƌĞůŝŶĚĂ&ƌĞŝnjĞƌĂŶĚŝůŝƐŚ,ƵŐŚĞƐ͕ŽƵƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚŽƉƚĞĚƚŚĞ^ĞĐƵƌĞĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƐƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŚĂƚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƚŚĞŽƌLJĚƵƌŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĂůƟŵĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŵŽƌŶŝŶŐĂƌƌŝǀĂůƐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌŚĂŶĚŽǀĞƌƐ͘^ĞĐƵƌĞ
ĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƐWůĂLJƐƉĂĐĞΠ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝŶĚƵĐĞƐĂƉůĂĐĞŽĨƐƟůůŶĞƐƐ͕ďŽƚŚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůůLJĂŶĚĞŵŽƟŽŶĂůůLJ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚŝƐƐƟůůŶĞƐƐƚŚĂƚĂůůŽǁƐĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ƚŽ ďĞ ĞŵŽƟŽŶĂůůLJ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ĂƐ ǁĞ ŚĞůƉ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞ ƚŚŽƐĞ ďŝŐ ĞŵŽƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌŶŝŶŐ͕ ŚŽůĚ ŶĞŐŽƟĂƚĞĚ
ŐŽŽĚďLJĞƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌĨĂŵŝůLJĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJƟŵĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨůĂƵŶĐŚƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚĐĂŶƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚ
ĞŶƚĞƌƉůĂLJƉĞĂĐĞĨƵůůLJ͘ĐĂůŵƐƚĂƌƚƚŽƚŚĞĚĂLJŝƐǀŝƚĂůĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘
THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER
CONFERENCE 2023
CONNECTING PRACTICE TO THEORY: FINDING IDEAS
AND IDEALS OF POSSIBILITY ALONGSIDE THE EYLF

The role of educational leadership focuses on curriculum and pedagogy rather than on management and
administration. It has been argued that educational leadership is, in effect, leadership for learning (NZCA,
Óä£Î®°/…ˆÃˆ˜Ã«ˆÀˆ˜}Vœ˜viÀi˜Vi]˜œÜˆ˜ˆÌÃwv̅Þi>À]ˆÃ՘ˆµÕi°7i«Àœ“ˆÃiޜÕ>`>Þœvi˜}>}i“i˜Ì>˜`
provocation – our purpose is to support those individuals in the role of educational leader. Join a stellar
lineup of speakers who will assist and guide you to consider ways of transforming the educational practices
>ÌޜÕÀÈÌi̜Ü>À`È“«ÀœÛi`µÕ>ˆÌÞœÕÌVœ“ið

LOCATIONS AND DATES EDUCATIONAL LEADER CONFERENCE PROGRAM

MELBOURNE6HSWHPEHU 9:00am 7iVœ“i>˜`œÀˆi˜Ì>̈œ˜̜̅iVœ˜viÀi˜Vi

Novotel Melbourne Preston 9:15am Dr Deborah Harcourt
215 Bell Street, Preston
Planning for the possible: In search of utopia
10:05am Adam Christie
CANBERRA6HSWHPEHU Pedagogical Documentation and pedagogical
Novotel Canberra
leadership as participatory pedagogies:
65 Northbourne Avenue, Canberra
designing and assessing learning together
10:55am Morning tea
SYDNEY6HSWHPEHU
>Àˆ˜}Ï>˜`7…>Àv­œÌœ˜iœÕÃi® 11:30am Kelly Goodsir
48 Pirrama Road, Pyrmont Pedagogical Companionship: Inviting
contradictions, spaces for not-knowing and
BRISBANE6HSWHPEHU generating new ways together
Victoria Park 12:20pm Lunch
Îä™iÀÃ̜˜,œ>`]iÀÃ̜˜
1:30pm Kirsty Liljegren
Intentionality: It’s the thought that counts
TASMANIA6HSWHPEHU
2:20pm Anthony Semann
/…ii˜ÀÞœ˜iÃƂÀÌœÌi
£n՘ÌiÀ-ÌÀiiÌ]œL>ÀÌ ÌviiÃˆŽi>wÀÃÌ`>Ìi\ Ո`ˆ˜}>œ˜}ÌiÀ“
relationship with the EYLF

ADELAIDE6HSWHPEHU 3:00pm Close

Adelaide Pavilion
Cnr South Terrace & Peacock Road, Adelaide

PERTH 6HSWHPEHU
Karstens Perth
Level 1 /111 St Georges Terrace, Perth
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www.pedagogymagazine.com
 69

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BY FOLLOWING THE STEPS BELOW...
 PENELOPE: I AM CERTAIN YOU WILL FIND
YOUR PURPOSE ONE DAY.
EVERYONE MUST EVENTUALLY

COLIN: HAVE YOU FOUND YOURS?

PENELOPE: OF COURSE NOT, BUT I IMAGINE IT TO BE

SOMETHING ANIMATE AND SATISFYING.
THE TYPE OF VENTURE THAT SPEAKS NOT TO WHO I AM
BUT RATHER WHO I AIM TO BE.
MY PURPOSE WILL CHALLENGE ME TO BE BRAVE
AND WITTY. MY PURPOSE WILL PROPEL ME FAR BEYOND THE
WATCHFUL GLARE OF [OTHERS] MY MAMA.
MY PURPOSE SHALL SET ME FREE.

COLIN: WHAT COULD POSSIBLY MEASURE UP TO

ALL THAT? YOUR DREAMS ARE GRANDER
THAN YOU LET ON, PEN.

PENELOPE: YES, THEY ARE MERE FANTASY…

BUT I DO BELIEVE WE MUST ALLOW OURSELVES THOSE
PRIVATE MOMENTS SO WE MAY FACE REALITY
ARMED WITH OUR REVERIES.

– BRIDGERTON, SERIES 2
(PENELOPE FEATHERINGTON & COLIN BRIDGERTON)

FRIEDRICH FRÖBEL
INFLUENCING EARLY CHILDHOOD PRACTICE IN AUSTRALIA TODAY
LEORA AKSMAN-GLOSZ
FROEBEL AUSTRALIA
dŚĞƌĞ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŬĞLJ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů͕ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů͕ ĂŶĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐǁŚŽŚĂǀĞŐůŽďĂůůLJŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ &ZK> ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ ůŽŽŬƐ
ƚŽƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƐŽĨ&ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚ&ƌƂďĞůƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶƚŚĞϮϭƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘
/ŶƚŚĞϭϴϬϬƐ͕ŝƚǁĂƐƚŚĞƐĐŚŽŽůƐŽĨ:ŽŚĂŶŶ,ĞŝŶƌŝĐŚWĞƐƚĂůŽnjnjŝ
ĂŶĚZŽďĞƌƚKǁĞŶƚŚĂƚŝŐŶŝƚĞĚƚŚĞŇĂŵĞĂƌŽƵŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ƉŽůŝĐLJƚŽĞdžƉĂŶĚĨƵƚƵƌĞƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͘ƐƉƌĞĚĞĐĞƐƐŽƌƐŽĨƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů
ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞLJ
ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ;&ŽůůĂƌŝ͕ϮϬϭϭ͖,ŽƌůĂĐŚĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϭͿ͘
/Ŷ ϭϴϯϳ͕ &ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚ &ƌƂďĞů ƉůĂLJĞĚ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂů ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ,Ğ ŽƉĞŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐĮƌƐƚ͚ŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶ͛ŝŶ'ĞƌŵĂŶLJʹŐƌŽƵŶĚĞĚŝŶ͚ƉůĂLJĂŶĚ
ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕͛ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůŐŽĂůŽĨƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŚŽǁƚŽ
ůĞĂƌŶ͕ŽďƐĞƌǀĞ͕ƌĞĂƐŽŶ͕ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉůĂLJ͘,ĞǁĂƐ
ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŽĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝƐŵŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌŽůĞŝŶŐƵŝĚŝŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐŝƚƚŽ
ĂŶ ĂƩĞŶƟǀĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶĞƌ͘ ŵƉůŽLJŝŶŐ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƵŶŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚŶĞƐƐ͕ &ƌƂďĞů ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ
͚ŐŝŌƐ͛ ;&ƌŽĞďĞůŐĂďĞŶͿ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚŝƐ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ƌŽƐƚĞƌŵĂŶ
;ϭϵϵϳ͕Ɖ͘ϭϲϬͿƐƚĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŐŝŌƐǁĂƐŶŽƚĂďŽƵƚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽĨŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚĨĂĐƚƐ
ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌĂŶĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶƟĂů͕ŚŽůŝƐƟĐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĨŽƌ͚ƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨ Ă ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ͕ ŝŶƋƵŝƐŝƟǀĞ ĐŚŝůĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ƵŶŝŶŚŝďŝƚĞĚ ĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJ
ĂŶĚŐĞŶƵŝŶĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĨŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ĨĂŵŝůLJĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͛;ĂƐĐŝƚĞĚ
ŝŶůŬŝŶĚ͕ϭϵϵϳͿ͘
&ƌƂďĞů ƐĂǁ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŬĞLJ ƚŽ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͘  ĐƟǀĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ǁŽƵůĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĂůůŽǁ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĨŽƌ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů
ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕ĐŽƵƉůĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ƚŽ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ Ă ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ;ůĂLJƚŽŶ͕ ϭϵϱϵ͖ &ŽůůĂƌŝ͕
ϮϬϭϭ͖>ŝĞďƐĐŚŶĞƌ͕ϭϵϵϯͿ͘
71
&ƌƂďĞů͛Ɛ ŬŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ŵĂũŽƌ
ŐůŽďĂů ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ;ƐŚďLJ Θ 'ƌŝĞƐŚĂďĞƌ͕ ϭϵϵϲ͖ >ŝĞďƐĐŚŶĞƌ͕
ϭϵϵϯͿ͘&ƌƂďĞůŚĂĚĂĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽĂƵŶŝĮĞĚƐŽĐŝĞƚLJǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďůĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŝĚĞĂŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐǁŚĂƚ
ǁĞ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŽĚĂLJ ĂƐ ͚ŐůŽďĂů ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͘  &ƌŽĞďĞů ďĞůŝĞǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĂů ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŽŶŐŽŝŶŐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͛ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ ,Ğ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽ͚ƉůĂLJ͕͛ǁŚŝĐŚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĚ
ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌ ŝŶ ŬŶŽǁŝŶŐ
ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ƚĞĂĐŚ ĂŶĚ ǁŚLJ ƚŽ ĞŶĂďůĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ
ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĞĚ ǁĂLJ ;ƐŚďLJ Θ 'ƌŝĞƐŚĂďĞƌ͕ ϭϵϵϲ͖ ĂƌŶĞƐ͕ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘
ϮϬϬϵ͖ ŽŚĞŶ͕ ϮϬϬϴ͖ >ŝĞďƐĐŚŶĞƌ͕ ϭϵϵϯͿ͘ <ŶŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͛ƌŽůĞŝŶĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐƉůĂLJĂŶĚŝŶƋƵŝƌLJŝƐŶŽƚ
ĂďŽƵƚ͚ĮůůŝŶŐĂĐƵƉ͛ǁŝƚŚĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ͕ďƵƚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂĐƟǀĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͕
ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƚŚĂƚǁĂƐƉĞƌŚĂƉƐĂŚĞĂĚŽĨŚŝƐƟŵĞ
ĂŶĚŚĂƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƚŽďĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽĚĂLJ
;>ƵďǁĂLJ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘
&ZK> ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ ŝƐ ƉƌŽƵĚůLJ Ă ŶŽƚͲĨŽƌͲƉƌŽĮƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕
ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶ^LJĚŶĞLJŝŶϮϬϬϵĂƐĂƐƵďƐŝĚŝĂƌLJŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƌŝƚĂďůĞ
&ZP> 'ƌŽƵƉ͕ ďĂƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƵŶĚĞĚ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ ŝŶ ϭϵϵϬ͘ dŚĞ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƐ ĂƌůLJ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ
ŝŵŵĞƌƐŝǀĞ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ ^LJĚŶĞLJ ĂŶĚ DĞůďŽƵƌŶĞ͘
/ƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ >ŝƩůĞ ^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ  ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĨŽƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƚŽďƵŝůĚ^dDĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĞŵƉŽǁĞƌ
ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ LJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƚŽ ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ
ƉůĂLJĨƵů ĂŶĚ ŝŶƋƵŝƌLJͲďĂƐĞĚ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
Play is the highest expression of human
development in childhood, for it alone is the
free expression of what is in a child’s soul
)UµEHO
 72

tŝƚŚŝŶ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ &ZK> ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ LJŽƵ ǁŝůů ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ
ŽĨ &ƌƂďĞů 'ŝŌƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƚŽ ĞŵƵůĂƚĞ
ĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ƉůĂLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ͘ >ŝƩůĞ ^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂƌĞĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐŽͲĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ŽĨ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĐŚŝůĚ͕
ĂŝŵŝŶŐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂůĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůůĞŶƐŽĨ&ƌƂďĞů
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ŚLJƉŽƚŚĞƐŝƐ͕ ƌĞĂƐŽŶŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƉůĂLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘

There is a broad understanding that society and early childhood

ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞϭϴϬϬƐŝƐǀĂƐƚůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚŽǁŚĂƚǁĞƐĞĞƚŽĚĂLJ͘zĞƚ͕ƚŚĞ
ŝŶŝƟĂůĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ&ƌƂďĞů͛ƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŐƵŝĚĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚĐƌŝƟĐĂůƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͘tĞĚŽŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘
ZĂƚŚĞƌ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŶLJ ƉĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƵƐŚ ƵƐ ƚŽ
ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůůLJ ƌĞͲŝŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ĐĂƌĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ&ƌƂďĞů͛ƐŬĞLJƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐ͘

REFERENCES
ƐŚďLJ͕'͕͘Θ'ƌŝĞƐŚĂďĞƌ͕^͘;ϭϵϵϲͿ͘ƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĂƌůLJŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵŝŶƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͘
ĂƌůLJŚŝůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞ͕ϭϮϯ;ϭͿ͕ϭϮϳͲϭϰϭ͘ĚŽŝ͗ϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϬϯϬϬϰϰϯϵϲϭϮϯϬϭϬϵ

ĂƌŶĞƐ͕ ^͕͘ ŚĞĞƐĞŵĂŶ͕ ^͕͘ ,ĂƌƌŝƐŽŶ͕ >͕͘ <ĞŶŶĞĚLJ͕ ͕͘ ^ƚŽŶĞŚŽƵƐĞ͕ ͕͘ Θ ^ƵŵƐŝŽŶ͕
:͘ ;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ /ŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŽŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ͕ ĞŝŶŐ Θ ĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ͗ dŚĞ
ĂƌůLJ zĞĂƌƐ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͘ ΀ZĞƉŽƌƚ΁͘ ƵƐƚƌĂůĂƐŝĂŶ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ĂƌůLJ
ŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͕ϯϰ;ϰͿ͕ϰн͘

ůĂLJƚŽŶ͕͘^͘;ϭϵϱϵͿ͘dŚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůWŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŽĨ:ŽŚŶĞǁĞLJ͗/ŶWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘dŚĞWŚŝ
ĞůƚĂ<ĂƉƉĂŶ͕ϰϭ;ϭͿ͕ϭϬͲϭϯ͘ĚŽŝ͗ϭϬ͘ϮϯϬϳͬϮϬϯϰϮϯϭϯ

ůŬŝŶĚ͕ ͘ ;ϭϵϵϳͿ͘ WůĂLJ͛Ɛ ƚŚĞ ƚŚŝŶŐ͘ ZĞǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ EŽƌŵĂŶ ƌŽƐƚĞƌŵĂŶ͛Ɛ ͚/ŶǀĞŶƟŶŐ
<ŝŶĚĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶ͛͘EĞǁzŽƌŬ͕Ez͗EĞǁzŽƌŬdŝŵĞƐŽŵƉĂŶLJ

&ŽůůĂƌŝ͕>͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͗,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕
ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ;ϮŶĚĞĚ͘Ϳ͘ŽƐƚŽŶ͗WƌĞŶƟĐĞ,Ăůů

,ŽƌůĂĐŚĞƌ͕Z͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘^ĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐĂƐĂŵĞĂŶƐŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͗WĞƐƚĂůŽnjnjŝ͛ƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂƐ
ĂƉŽƉƵůĂƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘΀ƌƟĐůĞ΁͘WĂĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂ͕ϰϳ;ϭͬϮͿ͕ϲϱͲϳϱ͘ĚŽŝ͗
ϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϬϬϯϬϵϮϯϬ͘ϮϬϭϬ͘ϱϯϬϮϴϲ

>ŝĞďƐĐŚŶĞƌ͕ :͘ ;ϭϵϵϯͿ͘ ŝŵƐ ŽĨ Ă 'ŽŽĚ ^ĐŚŽŽů͗ dŚĞ ƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ ŽĨ &ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚ &ƌŽĞďĞů
ĚŝƚĞĚ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ &ƌŽĞďĞů͛Ɛ tƌŝƟŶŐƐ͘ Ŷ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ
ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ϭϰ;ϭͿ͕ϱϰͲϱϳ͘ĚŽŝ͗ϭϬ͘ϭϬϴϬͬϬϵϱϳϱϭϰϵϯϬϭϰϬϭϭϭ

>ƵďǁĂLJ͕:͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘ZĞŇĞĐƟŽŶŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚWƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĂƌůLJŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͖'ƌŽǁŝŶŐ
ǁŝƚŚƚĞŚEY&͕z>&͕EY^ΘY/W͘DƚƵƐƟŶ:ŽLJĂŶĚWĞƚĞŽŶƐƵůƟŶŐ͘
Little Scientists is passionate about providing
early childhood educators and teachers with
inquiry-based professional development,
designed to encourage age-appropriate STEM
exploration with children in the early years.

WHO ARE WE?

Little Scientists is a not-for-profit initiative of FROEBEL
Australia, proudly supported by the Australian Government
Department of Education. Across Australia, we offer interactive
in-person, online, and in-service professional development
workshops for early childhood educators and teachers across
10+ exciting pedagogy-based STEM topics including Water,
Optics, and Computer Science!

Our holistic, inquiry-based workshops provide participants

with the tools and concepts to support children in leading
their own research and discovery with everyday materials.
All workshops align with the Early Years Learning Framework.

UPCOMING EVENTS
Little Scientists will be at the 2023 ECA Conference in
October together with our Local Network Partner, Gowrie
SA! Come along and discover how you can benefit from
our unique professional development program.
Find the next STEM
workshop near you!
Scan the QR code to
visit our website:
littlescientists.org.au

PHONE 02 8080 0065

EMAIL HELLO@LITTLESCIENTISTS.ORG.AU
WEBSITE LITTLESCIENTISTS.ORG.AU @ LITTLESCIENTISTSAUSTRALIA
TIME’S RULES DON’T
APPLY HERE.
TIME EXPANDS,
THEN CONTRACTS,
ALL IN TUNE WITH
THE STIRRINGS
OF THE HEART
HARUKI MURAKAMI - KAFKA ON THE SHORE (2002)
 75
,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)

DANIEL FREEMAN, DIRECTOR - SALAMANDER CHILD CARE CENTRE

^ŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƚŚĂƚ/ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĞŵĞƌƐĞĚŝŶƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJŝƐďĞŝŶŐƚƌƵĞƚŽŵLJƐĞůĨĂŶĚEŝĞƚnjƐĐŚĞ͛ƐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐŝƚLJ͘EŝĞƚnjƐĐŚĞƚĂůŬƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐǁĞĨĂĐĞĂƐŚƵŵĂŶƐĂƐǁĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJƐĞĞŬƚŽ
ĮŶĚŽƵƌǁĂLJĂŵŽŶŐƐƚĂŶŝŶŇƵdžŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐĂŶĚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐ͘tĞŽŌĞŶƚƌLJƚŽĐŚĂŶŐĞǁŚŽ
ǁĞĂƌĞŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĂůŝŐŶǁŝƚŚĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐŽƌƐŽĐŝĂůŶŽƌŵƐ͘dŚŝƐŽŌĞŶůĞĂǀĞƐƵƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĂƐĂŶ
ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŚŽǁĞĨĞĞůƐŽĐŝĞƚLJǁĂŶƚƐƵƐƚŽďĞ͘

dŚŝƐǁŽƌŬƌĞƐŝĚĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĞĂƚƚŚĞŵŽŵĞŶƚďĞĐĂƵƐĞ͕ĂƐĂůĞĂĚĞƌ͕ǁĞŽŌĞŶŵƵƐƚĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌ No price is too

ƉĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŚŽǁ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŚĂŶĚůĞĚ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ǁĞ
ĐĂŶŶŽƚůĞƚŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐďĞůĞĚďLJƚŚĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐ͖ǁĞŵƵƐƚƌĞŵĂŝŶƚƌƵĞƚŽǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĞĂƐ
high to pay for
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ͖ŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞ͕ǁĞƌŝƐŬĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶƵŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͘ the privilege of
owning yourself
/ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂŶĚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJƚŚŽƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞ
Nietzsche
LJŽƵůĞĂĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŽƉĞŶĂŶĚŚŽŶĞƐƚĂďŽƵƚǁŚŽǁĞĂƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŽƵƌ͚ƚƌƵĞ
ƐĞůĨ͛ǁŝůůƚĂŬĞŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞĂƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘

/ůŝŬĞƚŽƵŶƉĂĐŬƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞďĞŝŶŐĨĂĐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƚŚĂƚŝƐĚĞƐŝƌĞĚ͘dŚĞŶ/ƉůĂŶŵLJĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ Become who

ƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĚĞƐŝƌĞĚƌĞƐƵůƚďĂƐĞĚŽŶǁŚŽ/ĂŵĂƐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂŶĚůĞĂĚĞƌ͘dŚŝƐŵŝŐŚƚďĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ you are
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁĂLJŽƚŚĞƌƐĞdžƉĞĐƚŽƌǁĂŶƚLJŽƵƚŽŐŽĂďŽƵƚƚŚŝŶŐƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐLJŽƵƌƉĂƚŚƚŽƚĂŬĞ͘dĂŬŝŶŐ
Ă ƉĂƚŚ ƚŚĂƚ ĂůŝŐŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ LJŽƵƌ ŚƵŵĂŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ǁŝůů ĂůůŽǁ ĨŽƌ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶĐLJ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
Nietzsche
ŵŽǀŝŶŐĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƐŚŽǁŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐŽŬĂLJƚŽĨŽĐƵƐŽŶďĞŝŶŐƚƌƵĞƚŽǁŚŽƚŚĞLJĂƌĞ͘

,1)/8(17,$/7+,1.(56

SIR KEN ROBINSON (1950-2020)

SUSAN COOPER, PEDAGOGICAL LEADER, THE SCHOLARS GROUP

dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵLJ WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů >ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ / ĨĞĞů Ă ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ƚŽŽů͕ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐŚŝŌ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƚŽŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞǁĂLJƐŽĨǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘/ƚĂůůŽǁƐŵĞƚŽƉƵƚŝŶƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ
ŵLJǀŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƚŵLJƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͘tŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƐƵĐŚĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞ
ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽƚŚĞǁĂLJǁĞƚĞĂĐŚĂŶĚǁŽƌŬ͘dŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨĚŝǀĞƌŐĞŶƚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ƌĞĂůůLJ ĂůŝŐŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĂĚŽƉƚ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ƚŽ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ / Ăŵ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ >ĂƚĞ
^ŝƌ <ĞŶ ZŽďŝŶƐŽŶ͕ ǁŚŽŵ ǁĂƐ ĂŶ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞ ĨŽƌ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ
Creativity ͚ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJ͕ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐƌĞĂƟǀĞƚĂůĞŶƚƐ͛͘dŚŝƐƐƚĞŵƐĐůŽƐĞůLJƚŽWŝĐĂƐƐŽ
is a process ƌĞĨĞƌƌŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĂƐ Ăůů ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂƌĞ ďŽƌŶ ĂƌƟƐƚƐ͘ dŽŽ ŽŌĞŶ ǁŚĞŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ
ĂůǁĂLJƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĨŽĐƵƐ͕ĂŶĚŝƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŽŌĞŶĚŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚĞĚĂƐĂŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĨŽƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘tĞ
to generate
ŶĞĞĚƚŽƐĞĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞLJŚŽůĚĂŶĚƐĞĞƚŚĞŵƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝƌǁŚŽůĞ
valuable ideas; ďĞŝŶŐ͘/ĨǁĞĐĂŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽďĞĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ͕ǁĞǁŝůůƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŝƌ
WKHƪUVWVWHSWR ǁŝůůĂŶĚůŽǀĞƚŽůĞĂƌŶ͘
develop it, is to
/ ĂůƐŽ ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJ ĂůŝŐŶ ŵLJ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ īŽƌĚĂŶĐĞ dŚĞŽƌLJ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƪQGZKDWZHśUH ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌǁŝůů ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚ ƚŽ
truly passionate ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘  DLJ ďĞůŝĞĨ ŝƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŵĂŐŝĐ ŝŶ ^ŝŵŽŶ EŝĐŚŽůƐŽŶ͛Ɛ ;ϭϵϳϭͿ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕
about ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŝŶƐŝŐŚƚŝŶƚŽŚŽǁĂƚƌƵůLJŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟǀĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŝƐƐŽĐŽŶĚƵĐŝǀĞƚŽƉůĂLJĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ
ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘
6LU.HQ5RELQVRQ
 76

FROM A PRESENTATION TO AN ARTICLE…

WHO LEADS THE LEADER,

WHO MENTORS THE MENTOR,
WHO COACHES THE COACH?
JANE WARNOCK
TUI EARLY LEARNERS NZ

͚͘͘͘ ZŝŐŚƚ ŚĞƌĞ͕ ƌŝŐŚƚ ŶŽǁ ŝƐ ŵLJ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐ͛ ʹ EZ/,/E'KhZZK>͙
These were some of my opening words in my workshop
/Ŷ ŽƵƌ ƌŽůĞƐ ĂƐ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ͕ ĂƐ ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ͕ ĂƐ ĐŽĂĐŚĞƐ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĂͲŵĂͲnjŝŶŐ/E^W/ZŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕
ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚďLJ͚ĂƐƉŝƌŝŶŐůĞĂĚĞĞƐ͕ŵĞŶƚĞĞƐ͕ĐŽĂĐŚĞĞƐ͛ʹƚŚŽƐĞ
^LJĚŶĞLJ͕ϮϬϮϯ͘tŚLJƚŚĞƐĞǁŽƌĚƐ͍ĞĐĂƵƐĞ͚͘͘͘ƌŝŐŚƚŚĞƌĞ͕
ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJ ͚ŚĂŶŐ ŽŶ ŽƵƌ ĞǀĞƌLJ ǁŽƌĚ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ͛͘ tĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĂŶ
ƌŝŐŚƚŶŽǁ͙͛ŵĞĂŶƚƚŚĂƚ/ǁĂƐŝŶŵLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶďĞŝŶŐ
ŝŶĐƌĞĚŝďůĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ͚ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͖ /ŶƐƉŝƌĞ Ă
ĂďůĞƚŽƐŚĂƌĞŵLJƐƚŽƌLJĂŶĚĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƚĞŵLJŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕
ƐŚĂƌĞĚǀŝƐŝŽŶ͖ĞŶĂďůĞŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŽĂĐƚ͖ŵŽĚĞůƚŚĞǁĂLJ͖ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ
ŵLJŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŵLJƚĞŶƚĂƟǀĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƐĨƌŽŵŵLJDĂƐƚĞƌƐ
ƚŚĞŚĞĂƌƚ͛;<ŽƵnjĞƐΘWŽƐŶĞƌ͕ĂƐĐŝƚĞĚŝŶ<ĂƚĞŶĞ͕ϮϬϭϬ͕Ɖ͘ϭϯͿ͘
ƐĞůĨͲƐƚƵĚLJŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJƚŚĞƐŝƐŽĨ͚tŚŽůĞĂĚƐƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞƌ͕
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁĞŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽƌĞŵĂŝŶŽƉĞŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨ͚ĂŬŽ͛ĂƐ
ǁŚŽŵĞŶƚŽƌƐƚŚĞŵĞŶƚŽƌ͕ǁŚŽĐŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŚĞĐŽĂĐŚ͛͘tŝƚŚ
ŝŶƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂůĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐʹĂƐǁĞĐĂŶŐĂŝŶĂƐŵƵĐŚ
ŵLJƐĞůĨͲƐƚƵĚLJƚŚĞƐŝƐďĞŝŶŐƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJ͚ĂůůĂďŽƵƚŵĞ͛/ŚĂĚ
ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ͚ĂƐƉŝƌŝŶŐ ůĞĂĚĞĞƐ͕ ŵĞŶƚĞĞƐ͕ ĐŽĂĐŚĞĞƐ͛ ĂƐ ǁĞ ƚƌƵƐƚ
ƚŚŝƐǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĂƐĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞƌ
ƚŚĞLJ ŐĂŝŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƵƐ͘ ^Ž͕ ŝŶ ͚tŚŽ ůĞĂĚƐ͕ ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽĂĐŚĞƐ
;Ă ƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞ ďĞƐƚŽǁĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ^ĞŵĂŶŶ Θ ^ůĂƩĞƌLJͿ
ƵƐ͍͛WĞƌŚĂƉƐŝƚŝƐƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽĞŶƌŝĐŚŽƵƌƌŽůĞƐʹƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞĞƐ͕
ĂŶĚ ŚĂŝůŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ͕ EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŵLJ
ƚŚĞŵĞŶƚĞĞƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽĂĐŚĞĞƐ͍
dƻţĂƌůLJ>ĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͕ƚŽƐƉĞĂŬĂŶĚďƌŝŶŐĨŽƌǁĂƌĚŵLJƐƚŽƌLJ͕
ĂůƐŽ ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ ŽĨ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ ŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ĐŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ͘ / ƐŚĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ĂƐ Ă ƐƵŵŵĂƌLJ ĂŶĚ s>h^E^dZE'd,^͙
ƌĞŇĞĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƐĞĨƌŽŵŵLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͙ tŚĂƚŝƐƐŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝƐŬŶŽǁŝŶŐLJŽƵƌŽǁŶǀĂůƵĞƐĂƐĂůĞĂĚĞƌ͕
ĂŵĞŶƚŽƌ͕ĂĐŽĂĐŚ͘dŚĞƐĂŵĞĐĂŶďĞƐĂŝĚĨŽƌLJŽƵƌƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ͘
>Z͕DEdKZ͕K,͙ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁĞĐĂŶďĞŚĞƐŝƚĂŶƚŝŶŽǁŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐ
ĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐĂŶĚŝŶĐŽŵŵŝƫŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƐĞŝŶŽƵƌĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJƌŽůĞƐ
^Ž͕ ǁŚŽ ĚŽĞƐ ůĞĂĚ͕ ŵĞŶƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĐŽĂĐŚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƵƐ ;ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƐĞ
ŽĨůĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ͘ŽůŝŶĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐƚŚŝƐ
ǁŚŽĂƐƉŝƌĞƚŽͿŝŶƚŚĞƌŽůĞƐŽĨďĞŝŶŐĂůĞĂĚĞƌ͕ĂŵĞŶƚŽƌ͕ĂĐŽĂĐŚ͍
ĂƐǁĞůů͕͚DƵĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐŽƵƌ
&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ǁŚLJ ĚŽ / ĂůŝŐŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƌŽůĞƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͍ dŚŝƐ
ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ͙ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐůLJŵĂŶLJŽĨƵƐŚĂǀĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚLJŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ
ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ƋƵŽƚĞ ĨƌŽŵ DƵƌƉŚLJ ĂŶĚ dŚŽƌŶƚŽŶ ;ϮϬϭϱͿ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ
ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ͛ ;^ůĂƩĞƌLJ͕ ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ůŝǀĞ ŝŶƚŽ
ũƵƐƚŽŶĞĐůĂƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌǁŚLJ/ĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŽĐŽŵďŝŶĞĂƐ/ƐĞĞĞĂĐŚ
LJŽƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚLJŽƵƌƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐĂŶĚŝŶǁŚĂƚƌĞĂůůLJŵĂƩĞƌƐƚŽ
ĂƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƐƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌ͘ŽĂĐŚŝŶŐŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐ͕
LJŽƵ͕ƚŚĞŶLJŽƵǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐ͚͘KƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐŬĞĞƉƵƐƚƌƵĞƚŽ
ŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ
ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐʹǁĞ͛ƌĞǁŝůůŝŶŐƚŽĚŽƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƵŶĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞĂŶĚ
ďŽƚŚŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐƟůůƌĞŵĂŝŶƐƚŚĞ
ĚĂƌŝŶŐďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨŽƵƌďĞůŝĞĨƐ͛;ƌŽǁŶ͕ϮϬϭϴ͕Ɖ͘ϭϴϲͿ͘^ŽďĂĐŬƚŽ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŽĨ͚ǁŚŽůĞĂĚƐ͕ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ͕ĐŽĂĐŚĞƐ͛ƵƐ͙
ŵLJƚŚĞƐŝƐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶ͕͚tŚŽůĞĂĚƐƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞƌ͕ǁŚŽŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ
ƚŚĞŵĞŶƚŽƌ͕ǁŚŽĐŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŚĞĐŽĂĐŚ͍͛WĞƌŚĂƉƐŝƚŝƐĂďŽƵƚĞĂĐŚ
d,&K>>KtZ͙
ŽŶĞŽĨƵƐďĞŝŶŐƚƌƵĞƚŽŽƵƌǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚƚŽŽƵƌƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ͍͛
EŽƚƌƵĞƌǁŽƌĚƐĐĂŶďĞƐĂŝĚƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƐĞĨƌŽŵŶƚŚŽŶLJ͚͗/ǁŽƵůĚ
ůŝŬĞƚŽƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ Our values keep us true to ourselves – we’re
ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ
ďƵƚ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐ͛ ;^ĞŵĂŶŶ͕ ϮϬϭϯ͕ Ŷ͘Ɖ͘Ϳ͘ KĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ /
willing to do something uncomfortable and
ĂůƐŽ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ďƵƚĂůƐŽ ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽĂĐŚĞƐ ʹ daring because of our beliefs
ǁŚĞƌĞďLJĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƌŽůĞƐŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐ͘^ŽƉĞƌŚĂƉƐŝƚ %URZQS
ŝƐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁĞƌǁŚŽůĞĂĚƐ͕ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐĂŶĚĐŽĂĐŚĞƐƵƐ͍
 77

Z/d/>&Z/E^^,>>E'Z^͙
tŝƚŚ ŵLJ ƐƚƵĚLJ͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽĨ Ă ƐĞůĨͲƐƚƵĚLJ
ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ ďĞŝŶŐ Ăůů ĂďŽƵƚ ŵĞ͕ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ
ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ / ŚĂǀĞ͗ Ă ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĨƌŝĞŶĚ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŽ
ƚƌƵůLJ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ ŽŶ ŵLJ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͖ ĂŶ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĐƌŝƟƋƵĞ
ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞŵLJŽǁŶŝŶŶĞƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůĐƌŝƟƋƵĞ͖ĂŶĚĞŶƐƵƌĞ
ƚŚĂƚŝŶĂůůŽĨŵLJdĞZŝƚŽDĂŝŽŚĂƐƚƵĚLJ͕ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂŶĚ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ͚ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ŝŶƐŝĚĞƌĂŶĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƌ͛;ĂƐŬĞƌǀŝůůĞΘ'ŽůĚďůĂƩ͕ϮϬϬϵͿ͘
,ĂǀŝŶŐĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůĨƌŝĞŶĚĞŶƐƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚ/ŵƵƐƚďĞŽƉĞŶ
ƚŽĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬŝŶĂůůŝƚƐ͚ƐŚĂƉĞƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƐ͛ĂŶĚďĞĂďůĞ
ƚŽƌĞĨƌĂŵĞĂŶĚƚŚŝŶŬĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJŝŶŵLJƌŽůĞĂƐĂůĞĂĚĞƌ͕
ĂŵĞŶƚŽƌ͕ĂĐŽĂĐŚ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ŝŶǁŚŽůĞĂĚƐ͕ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ
ĂŶĚ ĐŽĂĐŚĞƐ ƵƐ͕ ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ĂƐ
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƌƐ͘

^Ž͕ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐƚŽƌLJ ƚŚĂƚ / ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐ

ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ / ĐĂŵĞ ƚŽ ƌĞĂůŝƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ / ůĞĂĚ
ŵĞ͕ / ŵĞŶƚŽƌ ŵĞ͕ / ĐŽĂĐŚ ŵĞ ʹ ũƵƐƚ ůŝŬĞ ʹ LJŽƵ ůĞĂĚ
LJŽƵ͕LJŽƵŵĞŶƚŽƌLJŽƵ͕LJŽƵĐŽĂĐŚLJŽƵ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕/ĂůƐŽ
ƌĞĂůŝƐĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽ͚WĞƌŚĂƉƐ͛ĂŶĚŝŶĂŶƐǁĞƌŝŶŐ

Being a leader as coach,

ƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͚tŚŽůĞĂĚƐƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞƌ͕ǁŚŽŵĞŶƚŽƌƐƚŚĞ
ŵĞŶƚŽƌ͕ǁŚŽĐŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŚĞĐŽĂĐŚ͍͛tĞĐĂŶŶŽƚĚŽƚŚŝƐ
ŽŶ ŽƵƌ ŽǁŶ͘ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐ͖ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ŵĞŶƚĞĞƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽĂĐŚĞĞƐ͕ƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞƌƐǁŚŽĞŶƌŝĐŚŽƵƌ
you empower others and
ƌŽůĞƐ͖tĞŶĞĞĚƚŽůŝǀĞƚŽƚŚŽƐĞǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ yourself at the same time.
ƚŚĂƚǁĞƚƌƵůLJŝĚĞŶƟĨLJǁŝƚŚ͕ĂŶĚǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŚŽƐĞĐƌŝƟĐĂů
ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ĂƐ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƌƐ ƚŽ ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞ͕ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ It is a win-win
ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ŐŝǀĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĞǀĞŶĐƌĞĂƚĞĨĂŶƚĂƐLJĨŽƌ -DQH:DUQRFN
ƵƐĂƐůĞĂĚĞƌƐ͕ĂƐŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ͕ĂƐĐŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘

Ɛ / ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŵLJ ƐƚŽƌLJ͕ / ĂŝŵĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞ ĞĂĐŚ

ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌLJ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƩĞŶĚĞĚ ;ϭϯϬ ŽĨ LJŽƵͿ ʹ
ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŵLJ ĞďŽƌĂŚ͕ ŽƵƌ ŚƌŝƐƐLJ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƌ ŽůŝŶ͊
dŚĞŐĞŶĞƌŽƐŝƚLJ͕ƚŚĞĐĂŵĂƌĂĚĞƌŝĞ͕ƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚĞ
ĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬƚŚĂƚ/ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƵŶƟůƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǁŝůůƐƚĂLJǁŝƚŚ
ŵĞĨŽƌĞǀĞƌ͘/ďĞĐĂŵĞƐŽŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚŝŶŬŶŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŵLJ
DĂƐƚĞƌƐƐƚŽƌLJďĞĐĂŵĞƐŽƌŝĐŚŝŶďĞŝŶŐĂďůĞƚŽƐŚĂƌĞ
ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚĂůůĂƚƚŚĞĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŶŽǁƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐ
ĂƌƟĐůĞ͘ dŽ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƟƌĞ ^ĞŵĂŶŶ Θ ^ůĂƩĞƌLJ ƚĞĂŵ͕ ƚŚĞ
ŵĂŶĂĂŬŝƚĂŶŐĂ ;ŚŽƐƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐŝŶĐĞƌŝƚLJͿ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ
ďĞƐƚŽǁĞĚ ŽŶ ŵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞŶĚ͕ / ĐĂŶŶŽƚ
ƚŚĂŶŬ LJŽƵ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ͘ / ůŽŽŬ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂƟŶŐ
ƚŚŝƐǁŚĞŶĞǀĞƌLJŽƵĐŽŵĞƚŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ͘
/ǁŝůůďĞďĂĐŬĨŽƌŝŶƐƉŝƌĞϮϬϮϱ͘
dŽǀŝĞǁ:ĂŶĞ͛Ɛ/E^W/ZϮϬϮϯWƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ
WWd͕ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
<ĂŬŝƚĞĂŶŽ͕ǁŝůůƐĞĞLJŽƵĂŐĂŝŶ͕:ĂŶĞtĂƌŶŽĐŬ
78
ON THEORISTS &
PHILOSOPHERS
LEANNE LOGAN
STORYTELLING AT YOUR SERVICE
,Žǁ ŽŌĞŶ ĚŽ ǁĞ ĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐůLJ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ƚŚĞŽƌLJĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͍ŽǁĞŐŝǀĞŝƚƚŚŽƵŐŚƚĂƐǁĞƵƉĚĂƚĞ
ŽƵƌY/W͍ŽǁĞďƌƵƐŚƵƉďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞŶĞdžƚĂƐƐĞƐƐŽƌ͛ƐǀŝƐŝƚ͍Kƌ
ŝƐŝƚĂĚĞĞƉĚŝǀĞŝŶǁŚĞŶƐǁĂƫŶŐƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞŽƵƌĐĞŶƚƌĞ͛ƐŶĞǁ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůůĞĂĚĞƌ͍
/͛ĚůŝŬĞƚŽƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƚŚĂƚǁĞƉƌŽďĂďůLJĚŽĂůůŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĂŶĚ
ĂůŽƚŵŽƌĞͲƚŚĞůĂƩĞƌƉŽƐƐŝďůLJƵŶďĞŬŶŽǁŶƚŽƵƐ͘&ŽƌǁŚŝůĞ
WŝĂŐĞƚ͕ sLJŐŽƚƐŬLJ͕ ƌŝĐŬƐŽŶ͕ zƵŶŬĂƉŽƌƚĂ͕ /ŶŐŽůĚ͕ <ŽůďĞ ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞďŝŐŶĂŵĞƐƐŚĂƉĞŽƵƌƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŽƵƌ
ĐĂƌĞĞƌƐ ĂƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ƐŽ ƚŽŽ ĚŽ ŵĂŶLJ ŵŽƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ƉĞŽƉůĞ
ǁŚŽƐĞŶĂŵĞƐĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶƚŽĨĞǁďƵƚǁŚŽƐĞƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚŝĚĞĂƐ
ĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐƚŽƵĐŚŽƵƌůŝǀĞƐŝŶǁĂLJƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĚĞĞƉĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐůŝĨĞĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ͘
dŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚǁŽ ƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ ʹ ͚Ŷ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͛ ĂŶĚ
͚dŚĞĂƐŚŝŶĞƚǁĞĞŶ͛ͲƌĞŇĞĐƚŵLJƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͘
AN UNKNOWN PHILOSOPHER
DLJ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ͕ :ƵŶĞ >ŝůůŝĂŶ >ŽŐĂŶ ;ϭϵϯϲ ʹ ϮϬϮϯͿ͕ ǁĂƐ ŵLJ ĮƌƐƚ
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͘^ŚĞďĞĐĂŵĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĚĂLJƐŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚŵĞĂŶĚ͕
ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƐŚĞĚŝĞĚŝŶDĂƌĐŚƚŚŝƐLJĞĂƌ͕/ƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƐŚĞǁŝůůĂĐƟǀĞůLJ
ƌĞŵĂŝŶ ŵLJ ĮƌƐƚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ ƵŶƟů ƚŚĞ ĚĂLJ / ĚŝĞ͘ &Žƌ ĞǀĞŶ ŝŶ
ĚĞĂƚŚ͕ƐŚĞŝƐƐƟůůƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐŵĞ͘
tĞĂůůŬŶŽǁ͕ĂƐĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ƚŚĂƚĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂƌĞ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĮƌƐƚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͘DLJŵŽƚŚĞƌŶŽƚŽŶůLJƐŚŽǁĞĚŵĞ͕Ăƚ
ƚŚĞĂŐĞŽĨĮǀĞ͕ŚŽǁƚŽĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJĐĂƌƌLJĨŽƵƌŐůĂƐƐďŽƩůĞƐŽĨŵŝůŬ
ͲǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌŐŽůĚĐĂƉƐĂŶĚŝŶĐŚͲƚŚŝĐŬůĂLJĞƌŽĨĐƌĞĂŵͲƵƉŽƵƌ
ƐƚĞĞƉ ĂŶĚ ƐůŝƉƉĞƌLJ ĨƌŽŶƚ ƐƚĞƉƐ ;/͛Ě ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJ ƐŵĂƐŚĞĚ Ăůů
ƚŚĞ ďŽƩůĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĂLJ ďĞĨŽƌĞͿ͕ ďƵƚ ƐŝĚĞͲďLJͲƐŝĚĞ ƐŚĞ ƚĂƵŐŚƚ ŵĞ
ƚŽĚƌĞĂŵďŝŐ͕ůŝǀĞǁĞůů͕ĐĂƌĞĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͕ĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ
ƌĞŇĞĐƚĂŶĚŬĞĞƉůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘^ŚĞǁĂƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJŵLJĮƌƐƚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͕ƐŚĞǁĂƐŵLJĮƌƐƚůŽǀĞ͘
>ŝůůŝĂŶ>ŽŐĂŶ;ϭϵϯϲʹϮϬϮϯͿ
ŶĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ŵLJ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞ͕ ǁŚĞŶ / ŐŽŽŐůĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ƌŽŽƚ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͗ Ă ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ 'ƌĞĞŬ
ǁŽƌĚƐ ʹ ͚ƉŚŝůĞŝŶ ƐŽƉŚŝĂ͛ ʹ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ͚ůŽǀĞƌ ŽĨ ǁŝƐĚŽŵ͕͛ ǁĞůů͕
ƚŚĂƚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐĂƚǁĞůůǁŝƚŚŵĞĨŽƌǁŚŽŵLJDƵŵǁĂƐ͘
DLJ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ͛Ɛ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ǁĂƐ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ͕ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝǀĞ͕ ŶŽŶͲ
ũƵĚŐĞŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJ ůĂĐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ůŽǀŝŶŐ
ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͘ &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĮǀĞ ĚĂLJƐ / ƐĂƚ ďLJ ŚĞƌ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂů ďĞĚ ĂƐ ƐŚĞ
ĚŝĞĚ͕/ŵĂƌǀĞůůĞĚĂƚŚĞƌŐƌĂĐŝŽƵƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŚĞƌĞĂŶĚ
ŶŽǁ͕ĂŶĚŚĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽŵĂŬĞŵĞůĂƵŐŚǁŚĞŶĂůů/ǁĂŶƚĞĚƚŽ
ĚŽǁĂƐĐƌLJ͘
ĂLJƐůĂƚĞƌ͕ƚŽŚŽŶŽƵƌDƵŵĂƐƐŚĞǁĂƐĐƌĞŵĂƚĞĚ͕/ƐĂŶŐƚŽĂ
ĐůĂƐƐŽĨzĞĂƌϲΘϳƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƚĂƐĐŚŽŽůǁŚĞƌĞ/ǁŽƌŬ͘dŚĞƐŽŶŐ/
ĐŚŽƐĞǁĂƐ͚ĂLJŝŶŝ͕͛ǁƌŝƩĞŶďLJƐŝŶŐĞƌ͕ƐŽŶŐǁƌŝƚĞƌĂŶĚŵƵƐŝĐŝĂŶ͕
'ƵƌƌƵŵƵů͘/ŶƚŚĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚŝƐƐŽŶŐ͕'ƵƌƌƵŵƵůǁƌŝƚĞƐ͗
͚zŽůŶƵ ĂƌĞ ĚĞĞƉ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů ƉĞŽƉůĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ǁŽƌĚƐ
͚LJĂƌƌĂƌƌĂ͛LJƵŶ͛ƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽŵĂŶLJĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐƐŝƫŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŽŶďĞĂĐŚ
ůŽŽŬŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞǁĂǀĞƐĂŶĚƐĞĂ͕ƚŚĞŚŽƌŝnjŽŶ͕ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŶŐ͛͘
dŚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƋƵŝĞƚůLJĐƌŝĞĚĂƐ/ƐĂŶŐ͘ŶĚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJŚŽŶŽƵƌĞĚ
ŵLJŵŽƚŚĞƌďLJƐŝŶŐŝŶŐĂƐŽŶŐŝŶƌĞƚƵƌŶ͕/ĐƌŝĞĚƚŽŽ͘
dŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ĐŽŵĞ ŝŶ Ăůů ƐŚĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŝnjĞƐ͕
ƐĞŶƟĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ĂƌĞ ǁĞůů ŬŶŽǁŶ͕ ŵĂŶLJ ŶŽƚ͘ ZŽĐŬƐ
ŚĂǀĞ ǁŝƐĚŽŵ͘ dƌĞĞƐ ƐƉĞĂŬ͘ &ĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝƐĞ͘ ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
/ ǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶ ƐƚŽƌLJƚĞůůŝŶŐ ŐŝǀĞ ǀŽŝĐĞ ƚŽ ŝĚĞĂƐ͕ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƚƟŵĞƐůĞĂǀĞŵĞƉŽŶĚĞƌŝŶŐĚĞĞƉůLJ͘
/ǁŽŶĚĞƌŝĨŵLJŽǁŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŚĂƚ/͛ǀĞ
ŚĂĚƚŚĞŚŽŶŽƵƌŽĨǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŽǀĞƌŶĞĂƌůLJƚǁŽĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͕ǁŝůů
ƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶŵĞǁŚĞŶ/ƉĂƐƐ͕ĂƐĂƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂDƵŵ
ĂŶĚĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌĂŶĚĂƐƚŽƌLJƚĞůůĞƌ͍
KŶůLJƟŵĞǁŝůůƚĞůů͘ŶĚƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚƟŵĞŝƐĂƚƚŚĞǀĞƌLJŚĞĂƌƚ
ŽĨƚŚĞŽƌLJĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ǁĞůů͕ƚŚĂƚƐŝƚƐŶŝĐĞůLJǁŝƚŚŵĞ͕ƚŽŽ͘
 79

THE DASH IN BETWEEN

/ǁĂƐƚĂůŬŝŶŐ͚ůŝĨĞ͛ǁŝƚŚĂƉƌĞƐĐŚŽŽůĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĨƌŝĞŶĚƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJĂƚ
ƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨĂƐƚŽƌLJƚĞůůŝŶŐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘tĞǁĞƌĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƟŵĂƚĞ
ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĚĞĂƚŚƚŚĂƚŚĂĚĐŽŵĞƚŽďŽƚŚŽĨƵƐƚŚŝƐLJĞĂƌ͘DLJ
ĞLJĞƐďƌŝŵŵĞĚǁŝƚŚƚĞĂƌƐĂƐ/ƚŽůĚŚĞƌĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƵŶĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ
ƉĂƐƐŝŶŐŽĨŵLJŵŽƚŚĞƌ͘,ĞƌĞLJĞƐŝŶƚƵƌŶŐůŝƐƚĞŶĞĚĂƐƐŚĞƐŚĂƌĞĚ
Ă ƐƚŽƌLJ ĂďŽƵƚ ůĞƫŶŐ ŐŽ ŽĨ ŚĞƌ ͚LJŽƵŶŐĞƐƚ ĐŚŝůĚ͕͛ ƚŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJ͛Ɛ
ϭϲͲLJĞĂƌͲŽůĚŐŽůĚĞŶƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞƌ͘

^ŚĞ ƐƵĚĚĞŶůLJ ƐĂŝĚ͗ ‘I’ve always thought - there’s birth and

there’s death, and then there’s the dash in between. The dash
is our story. Make it a good one.’

/ƚǁĂƐƐƵĐŚĂĐŽŶĐŝƐĞĂŶĚŝŶƐŝŐŚƞƵůĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĂƚŝƚƚŽŽŬŵĞ
Ă ĨĞǁ ƐĞĐŽŶĚƐ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͘ ͞dŚĞ ĚĂƐŚ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ĨĞĞůƐ ůŝŬĞ Ă
ϭϬϬŵƐƉƌŝŶƚƚŽŵĞ͊͟/ƋƵŝƉƉĞĚ͕ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚŵLJĮǀĞĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ
ĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚĞLJŚĂĚŶŽƚŽŶůLJnjŽŽŵĞĚďLJďƵƚŬĞƉƚŐĞƫŶŐĨĂƐƚĞƌ͘

/ƚ ǁĂƐ ŽŶůLJ ĂƐ / ĚƌŽǀĞ ŚŽŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ / ƌĞĂůŝƐĞĚ /͛Ě ƉƌŽďĂďůLJ
ŵŝƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚŚĞƌǁŽƌĚƐ͘WĞƌŚĂƉƐŝƚǁĂƐŶ͛ƚĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚĂƐŚʹ
ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐƐŽŵĞǁŚĞƌĞŝŶĂŐƌĞĂƚŚƵƌƌLJʹƚŚĂƚƐŚĞŵĞĂŶƚ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞ
ƟŶLJ ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ůŝŶĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƐ ƚǁŽ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ ƵƐĞĚ ĂƐ
ĂŶŝŶƚĞƌũĞĐƟŽŶŽƌĂƉĂƵƐĞ͘dŚĞŵĂƌŬǁĞƵƐĞǁŚĞŶƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐ
ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ͛ƐďŝƌƚŚĂŶĚĚĞĂƚŚĚĂƚĞƐ͘dŚĞĚĂƐŚŝŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͘

,ŽǁŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐĐŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĞĚŝŶƚǁŽ
ƚŽƚĂůůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐ͕ĂŶĚLJĞƚƐƟůůŵĂŬĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ͘

^ŽŽŶ ĂŌĞƌ͕ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ůŽĐĂů ƉƌĞƐĐŚŽŽů ĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ ƐĂŝĚ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ

ƚŚĂƚĂůƐŽŐŽƚŵĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͚͘/ƐŝƚďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞŝƚ͛ƐŝŶ͍͛
ŚĞĂƐŬĞĚ͘

/Ŷ ƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ

ƐĂŶĐƚƵĂƌŝĞƐ͘dŚĞLJĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ŶĚǁŚĂƚŝƐƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ
ĂďŽƵƚĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŵŝƐǀŝƚĂůƚŽǁŚĞƌĞǁĞŐŽŶĞdžƚ͘
I’ve always thought -
^Ž͚dŚĂŶŬzŽƵ͛ƚŽƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌŝƐƚƐĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ there’s birth and there’s
and friends and preschool directors and educators and
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŚĞůƉŝŶĨŽƌŵŵLJƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕ƐŚĂƉĞŵLJ
death, and then there’s
ƐƉĂĐĞƐĂŶĚĞǀŽůǀĞŵLJĚĂƐŚ͊/ƚ͛ƐĂďŝŐĂŶĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚũŽďƚŚĂƚ the dash in between.
ǁĞĚŽŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͘ŶĚƚŽĚŽŝƚǁĞůů͕ǁĞŶĞĞĚŶŽƚŽŶůLJ The dash is our story.
ƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞďŝŐŶĂŵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŽƌLJĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ďƵƚ
ĂůƐŽƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐƚŚĂƚŽŶůLJLJŽƵŽƌ/ŵŝŐŚƚŬŶŽǁ͘ Make it a good one.
80
WHO TEACHES WHOM
THE POWER OF ‘GOGY’
MICHELLE WALKER
SEMANN & SLATTERY
tĞ͛ǀĞĂůůŚĞĂƌĚƚŚĞƐĂLJŝŶŐ͚LJŽƵĐĂŶ͛ƚƚĞĂĐŚĂŶŽůĚĚŽŐŶĞǁ
ƚƌŝĐŬƐ͛͘tŚŝůĞŝƚƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚŽůĚĞƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƌĞƐŝƐƚĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕Ă
ĚĞĞƉĞƌĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƌĞǀĞĂůƐƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐŵŽƌĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝƌůĂĐŬŽĨ
ŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶƚŽůĞĂƌŶ͘:ƵƐƚůŝŬĞŵLJĂǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƚŽďĂŬŝŶŐďŝƌƚŚĚĂLJ
ĐĂŬĞƐ͕/͛ŵŶŽƚĂĐŚĞĨĂŶĚŚĂǀĞŶŽĚĞƐŝƌĞƚŽďĞŽŶĞ͘/͛ĚƌĂƚŚĞƌ
ƐǁŝŶŐ ďLJ tŽŽůůŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŝĐŬ ƵƉ Ă ĐůĂƐƐŝĐ ŵƵĚ ĐĂŬĞ͘ ŽĞƐ
ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂŬĞ ŵĞ ĨĞĞů ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů͍ zĞƐ͘ ŽĞƐ ŝƚ ŐŝǀĞ ŵĞ ĐƵůŝŶĂƌLJ
ĐƌĞĚŝďŝůŝƚLJ͍ďƐŽůƵƚĞůLJŶŽƚ͘dŚĞƚƌƵƚŚŝƐƚŚĂƚŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶƉůĂLJƐ
ĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƌŽůĞŝŶŽƵƌǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐƚŽůĞĂƌŶĂŶĚĞŵďƌĂĐĞŶĞǁ
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘
dŚĞ/<īĞĐƚ͗
DŝĐŚĂĞů EŽƌƚŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůůĞĂŐƵĞƐ ĂŶŝĞů DŽĐŚŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ
ƌŝĞůLJĐŽŝŶĞĚƚŚĞƚĞƌŵdŚĞ/<īĞĐƚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉĂƉĞƌ ƟƚůĞĚ ͚dŚĞ /< īĞĐƚ͗
When Labor Leads to Love͛͘dŚĞŝƌƐƚƵĚLJĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚŚŽǁĂĐƟǀĞůLJ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ĂƐƐĞŵďůLJ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ůĞĂĚƐ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƚŽǀĂůƵĞƚŚĞŵŵŽƌĞ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂŬŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶ
ŽŶĞĨĞĞůƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽĂĐĂŬĞƌĞĐŝƉĞĂŶĚŝƚƐŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ďƵLJŝŶŐ Ă ƌĞĂĚLJͲŵĂĚĞ ĐĂŬĞ͘ Kƌ͕ ĂƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ŶĂŵĞƐĂŬĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ^ǁĞĚŝƐŚ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ ŐŝĂŶƚ ʹ ƚĂŬĞ ŝƚ
ŚŽŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝƚʹ/<͘
We tend to value things more when we
have a part in their creation.
Ben Meer
7KH,.($(ƩHFWLQWKHFODVVURRP
ƒ Giving children the opportunity
to construct their learning helps
them to develop agency:
ƒ Greater resilience
ƒ Ownership over learning
ƒ (QWKXVLDVPDQGHQJDJHPHQWZLWKWDVNV
ƒ %HFRPLQJUHƫHFWLYHDERXW
own their progress
ƒ Sense of pride
ŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJĂŶĚ,ĞƵƚĂŐŽŐLJ͗
tŚĞŶŝƚĐŽŵĞƐƚŽƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͕ǁĞŽŌĞŶƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚWĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĨŽƌ ĂĚƵůƚƐ͕
ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ ,ĞƵƚĂŐŽŐLJ ĐŽŵĞ ŝŶƚŽ ƉůĂLJ͘
ŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďLJ DĂůĐŽůŵ <ŶŽǁůĞƐ͕ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐ
ƚŚĂƚĂĚƵůƚƐĂƌĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŚŽƚĂŬĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ,ĞƵƚĂŐŽŐLJ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ƐĞůĨͲĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ůŽŽŵ͛Ɛ dĂdžŽŶŽŵLJ ŽĨ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝƐĞƐ
ĂĚƵůƚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ Ɛŝdž ůĞǀĞůƐ͕ ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ ƐŬŝůůƐ ƐƵĐŚ
ĂƐ ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌŝŶŐ͕ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶĚŝŶŐ͕ ĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝŶŐ͕
ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐ͕ĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ͘
Aspects of Heutagogy
ƒ Self-determined learning
ƒ Moving into the world of the learner
ƒ Avoidance of teacher-centred learning
ƒ Students explore and learn from self-
chosen and self-directed action
ƒ 7HDFKHUVWKLQNLQJDERXWSURFHVV
rather than content
ƒ $IXWXUHLQZKLFKNQRZLQJKRZWR
OHDUQLVDIXQGDPHQWDOVNLOO
Matt Smith, University of Wolverhampton
'ŽĂů^ĞƫŶŐĂŶĚ^ĞůĨͲŝƌĞĐƚĞĚ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͗
ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ďĞĚŝŶŝ Ğƚ Ăů͘ ;ϮϬϮϭͿ͕ ŐŽĂů ƐĞƫŶŐ ĨŽƌ ĂĚƵůƚ
ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŐŽĂůƐ͘ dŚĞŝƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞƐƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨĂĚƵůƚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂƐĂ
ůŝĨĞůŽŶŐũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͘^ĞƫŶŐŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůŐŽĂůƐĐĂŶďĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐ͕
ĂŶĚǁŝƚŚƉƌŽƉĞƌŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ͕ƐĞůĨͲĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂLJďĞĂďůĞ
ƚŽƐƚĂLJĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĚ͘

/ůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŝƚ͗ŵĂŶŶŚŽǁŝĞ͘ĐŽŵ
DŽƟǀĂƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͗
DŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŶƵƌƚƵƌĞĚ ďLJ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ
ŶĞǁ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůŝƐŚ Ă ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ŵLJ
ŽǁŶ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĚĞĐŽƌĂƟŶŐ Ă ƐƚŽƌĞͲďŽƵŐŚƚ ĐĂŬĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ
ŇĂŝƌ͘/ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝƚŝŶƚŽĂŵĂƐƚĞƌƉŝĞĐĞďLJĂĚĚŝŶŐĞdžƚƌĂŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ͕
ƐƵĐŚĂƐDĂůƚĞƐĞƌƐ͕<ŝƚͲ<ĂƚƐ͕ĂŶĚĞƩLJƌŽĐŬĞƌĨƌŽƐƟŶŐ͘EŽƚŽŶůLJĚŝĚ/
ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĐŽŵƉůŝŵĞŶƚƐĨƌŽŵŵLJĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ďƵƚ/ĂůƐŽĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĂƐĞŶƐĞ
ŽĨƉƌŝĚĞĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞƐĞŵŽŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵŽƟǀĂƚĞƵƐ
ƚŽƚƌLJŶĞǁƚŚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͘
ZĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶĂĐĐĞƉƟŶŐƚŚĞŶŽƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŽůĚĚŽŐƐĐĂŶ͛ƚůĞĂƌŶŶĞǁƚƌŝĐŬƐ͕
ůĞƚ͛ƐĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌŽĨŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶŝŶĚƌŝǀŝŶŐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ LJ ĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ ,ĞƵƚĂŐŽŐLJ
ĂŶĚ ůĞǀĞƌĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /< īĞĐƚ͕ ǁĞ
ĐĂŶ ƚĂƉ ŝŶƚŽ ŝŶƚƌŝŶƐŝĐ ŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞŵďƌĂĐĞ ŶĞǁ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘
KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ĐĂŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕
ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĨƵůĮůŵĞŶƚ ďLJ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ƐĞƫŶŐ
ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůŐŽĂůƐ͕ĂŶĚĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŝŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͘tŝƚŚŝŶŽƵƌĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕
ĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂƐƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂů͕
ǁŚĞƌĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĂĚƵůƚƐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŽŶ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵƵŵ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ
ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐƚŚĞƉƵƌƐƵŝƚŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
ĂƐĂůŝĨĞƟŵĞĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌ͘^Ž͕ůĞƚ͛ƐŵŽƟǀĂƚĞŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐĂŶĚŽƵƌƚĞĂŵƐƚŽ
ĞŵďƌĂĐĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ƚƌLJƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƌĞůŝƐŚƚŚĞƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶ
ƚŚĂƚĐŽŵĞƐĨƌŽŵƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ͘ůůŐŽŽĚŝŶ
ƚŚĞŽƌLJʹůĞƚ͛ƐĮŶĚǁĂLJƐŽĨƉƵƫŶŐŝƚŝŶƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘
tŚĂƚƚŚŝƐŵŝŐŚƚůŽŽŬůŝŬĞŝŶŽƵƌĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚƐĞƫŶŐƐ͗
ƒ dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ͕ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚůŝĨĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐŽĨĂůů
ƒ dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶůĞĂƌŶƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ
ƒ WƌŽŐƌĂŵƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝƐĂŶŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕
ĂůůǀŽŝĐĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ
ƒ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĂůůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐƚLJůĞƐ
ƒ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂƌĞƵŶŝƋƵĞƚŽƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
ƒ ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ͕ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚĐŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ
ƒ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ
81
When you wish for something
WRKROGYDOXHIRU\RXSXWHƩRUW
into it. When you wish for others
to hold value for something, let
WKHPSXWVRPHHƩRUWLQWRLWQR
matter how minimal.
Tahir Karamat
REFERENCES
ďĞĚŝŶŝ͕͕͘ďĞĚŝŶ͕͕͘ΘŽǁŐŚŝ͕͘;ϮϬϮϭͿ͘ĚƵůƚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝŶ
ŽŶůŝŶĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͗  ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘ ƌŝƟƐŚ
:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͕ϱϮ;ϰͿ͕ϭϲϲϯʹϭϲϵϰ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬ
ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϭϭͬďũĞƚ͘ϭϯϭϮϬ
ĚĂŵƐ͕E͘͘;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ůŽŽŵ͛ƐƚĂdžŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĐŽŐŶŝƟǀĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞDĞĚŝĐĂů>ŝďƌĂƌLJƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ϭϬϯ;ϯͿ͕
ϭϱϮʹϭϱϯ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϯϭϲϯͬϭϱϯϲͲϱϬϱϬ͘ϭϬϯ͘ϯ͘ϬϭϬ
ĂƌƚŽ͕ ͘ ;ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJ͍ >ĞƐƐ dŚĂŶ ϭϬϬ tŽƌĚƐ͘
ZŽƵŶĚƚĂďůĞ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƌŽƵŶĚƚĂďůĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ĐŽŵͬǁŚĂƚͲŝƐͲ
ĂŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJͲůĞƐƐͲƚŚĂŶͲϭϬϬͲǁŽƌĚƐͬη͗Ε͗ƚĞdžƚсŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJйϮйϮϬ
ŽƌйϮϬĚƵůƚйϮϬ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐйϮϬdŚĞŽƌLJ͕ĂŶĚйϮϬƚĂŬĞйϮϬ
ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJйϮϬĨŽƌйϮϬĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ
ĞtŽůĨĞ tĂĚĚŝůů͘ ;ϮϬϬϯͿ͘ ĚƵůƚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ
ĂĐƟŽŶůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘,ƵŵĂŶZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚZĞǀŝĞǁ͗,Z
ZĞǀŝĞǁ͕͘Ϯ;ϰͿ͕ϰϬϲʹϰϮϵ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬŝŶĨŽ͗ĚŽŝͬ
EŽƌƚŽŶ͕D͘/͕͘DŽĐŚŽŶ͕͕͘ΘƌŝĞůLJ͕͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘dŚĞ/<ĞīĞĐƚ͗
tŚĞŶ ůĂďŽƌ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ůŽǀĞ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ŽŶƐƵŵĞƌ WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͕
ϮϮ;ϯͿ͕ϰϱϯʹϰϲϬ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϲͬũ͘ũĐƉƐ͘ϮϬϭϭ͘Ϭϴ͘ϬϬϮ
WĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͕ ŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJ͕ Θ ,ĞƵƚĂŐŽŐLJ ͮ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ
/ůůŝŶŽŝƐ ^ƉƌŝŶŐĮĞůĚ͘ ;Ŷ͘Ě͘Ϳ͘ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƵŝƐ͘ĞĚƵͬĐŽůƌƐͬ
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐͲƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐͬĨŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶƐͲŐŽŽĚͲƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐͬƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJͲ
ĂŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJŚĞƵƚĂŐŽŐLJη͗Ε͗ƚĞdžƚсWĞĚĂŐŽŐLJйϮϬŝƐйϮϬƚŚĞйϮϬ
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐйϮϬŽĨ͕ǁŚŽйϮϬĂƌĞйϮϬƐĞůĨйϮĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚйϮϬůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͘
^ŚĂďĂƚƵƌĂ͕:͘;Ŷ͘Ě͘Ϳ͘hƐŝŶŐůŽŽŵ͛ƐdĂdžŽŶŽŵLJƚŽtƌŝƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ KƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ͮ dĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ /ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů
^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƟƉƐ͘ƵĂƌŬ͘ĞĚƵͬƵƐŝŶŐͲďůŽŽŵƐͲƚĂdžŽŶŽŵLJͬ
'Ž ƚŽ͗ hƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJ ƚŽ ƚĞĂĐŚ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͗ ĞdžƉĞĐƟŶŐ
ŚĞƵƚĂŐŽŐLJ ƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚͲƚŚĞͲŐƌĂŝŶ ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ
desired outcomes
DĂƩ^ŵŝƚŚ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨtŽůǀĞƌŚĂŵƉƚŽŶϮϬϭϳ
ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬƵĞů͘ĂĐ͘ƵŬͬƐŝƚĞƐͬĚĞĨĂƵůƚͬĨŝůĞƐͬƐŵŝƚŚͲŵͲͲͲƵƐŝŶŐͲ
ĂŶĚƌĂŐŽŐLJͲƚŽͲƚĞĂĐŚͲƉĞĚĂŐŽŐLJ͘ƉĚĨ
82
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF
LEADERSHIP IN ECE
COLIN SLATTERY
SEMANN & SLATTERY
>ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƟŵĞůĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚǁŽǀĞŶŝŶƚŽƚŚĞǀĞƌLJ
ĨĂďƌŝĐ ŽĨ ŚƵŵĂŶŝƚLJ ƐŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ĐŝǀŝůŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ
ĚĂǁŶŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŽĨůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŚĂƐŐƵŝĚĞĚ
ĂŶĚ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ /Ŷ
ĂŶĐŝĞŶƚĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͕ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŽŌĞŶĐĂŵĞĨƌŽŵŝŶŚĞƌŝƚĂŶĐĞŽƌ
ĚŝǀŝŶĞĂƉƉŽŝŶƚŵĞŶƚ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐ
ůŝŬĞŶĐŝĞŶƚŐLJƉƚĂŶĚZŽŵĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞůĞĂĚĞƌƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ
ŶĞĂƌ 'ŽĚͲůŝŬĞ ĮŐƵƌĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁŝƐĚŽŵ ĂŶĚ ƉŽǁĞƌ ƌĞǀĞƌĞĚ ĂŶĚ
ƵŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĞĚ͘
tŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞŽĨĞĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƐĞƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐ͛
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐǁĞƌĞŽŌĞŶƌĞŇĞĐƟǀĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͘ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞůŝƚĞ͕
ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƐĞĚ ŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ŽŌĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ
ƚƵƚŽƌƐŽƌĂƉƉƌĞŶƟĐĞƐŚŝƉƐ͘/ŶƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐůŝŬĞĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ'ƌĞĞĐĞ͕ƚŚĞ
ĨŽĐƵƐŽĨĞĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶǁĂƐƚŽŶƵƌƚƵƌĞƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚ͛ƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů͕
ŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů͕ĂŶĚŵŽƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘/ƚǁĂƐĂŚŽůŝƐƟĐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƟŵĞ͕ƐƵĐŚ
ĂƐƚŚŽƐĞƉƵƚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚďLJWůĂƚŽ͘>ĞĂĚĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐǁĞƌĞ
considered guardians of the city and expected to embody
ǀŝƌƚƵĞƐůŝŬĞǁŝƐĚŽŵ͕ĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ͕ĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘
/ŶƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĞǀĂůƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐǁĞƌĞƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ
ƟĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵŽŶĂƌĐŚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŚƵƌĐŚ͘ dŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĨĞƵĚĂů
ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĞĚ ůŽLJĂůƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŽďĞĚŝĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽƌĚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ
ƚŚĞ ŚƵƌĐŚ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐŝŶŐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽǀĞƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
DŽŶĂƐƚĞƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƚŚĞĚƌĂů ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ƐĞƌǀĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ
ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ŽďĞĚŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ĨŽƌ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ ǁĞƌĞ
ŝŶƐƟůůĞĚ ŝŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ >ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ǁĂƐ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ĚŝǀŝŶĞ
ĚƵƚLJ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĐĞŶƚƌŝŶŐ ŽŶ
ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͘
dŚĞ ŶůŝŐŚƚĞŶŵĞŶƚ ƌĂ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ĂďŽƵƚ Ă ƐŚŝŌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐŽĨůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘>ĞĂĚĞƌƐǁĞƌĞŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌ
ǀŝĞǁĞĚŵĞƌĞůLJĂƐĚŝǀŝŶĞůLJŽƌĚĂŝŶĞĚĮŐƵƌĞƐďƵƚĂƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ
ǁŚŽŽƵŐŚƚƚŽƉŽƐƐĞƐƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŵĞƌŝƚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůƉƌŽǁĞƐƐ͘
ĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĞǀŽůǀĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĞƌĂĂƐĂƚŽŽůĨŽƌĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ
ĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐǁŚŽĐŽƵůĚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ
ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŶŽƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ͘ >ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ
ƉĞƌŝŽĚǁĂƐŵĂƌŬĞĚďLJǀĂůƵŝŶŐĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞĂŶĚƌĞĂƐŽŶŝŶŐ͘
dŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽŶĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ
ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘ tŝƚŚ ƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĞĚ͕ĨŽƌŵĂůĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƚŽŽŬŽŶŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶǁĂƐŶŽǁƐĞĞŶĂƐĂŵĞĂŶƐƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐŬŝůůĞĚǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ
ǁŚŽĐŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJƚŽƚŚĞďƵƌŐĞŽŶŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů
ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͘ Ɛ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐ ŽŶ
ŝŵƉĂƌƟŶŐ ďĂƐŝĐ ůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJ ĂŶĚ ŶƵŵĞƌĂĐLJ ƐŬŝůůƐ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ
ƚŚŝƐƉĞƌŝŽĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůůĞĂĚĞƌƐďĞŐĂŶƚŽŐĂŝŶ
ƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶĐĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ŐƵŝĚĞĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ
ĂŶĚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĞĂƌůLJůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂƌĞ͘
Today’s leadership styles in the modern era are more complex
ĂŶĚ ŶƵĂŶĐĞĚ͘ sĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů͕
ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕ ŚĂǀĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ƚŚĞŵ͘ >ĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ
ŶŽǁĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĚŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶũƵƐƚŐƵŝĚĞ͖ƚŚĞLJŵƵƐƚŝŶƐƉŝƌĞ͕
ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ĐƌƵĐŝĂů ŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŵ ŽĨ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌĞ͘ ,ĞƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ Ă
ůĞĂĚĞƌ ĞdžƚĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƐĂĨĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĚƵĐŝǀĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĞŵŽƟŽŶĂů͕ ĐŽŐŶŝƟǀĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘dŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŚĂƐƐŚŝŌĞĚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĐŚŝůĚͲ
ĐĞŶƚƌŝĐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞůĞĂĚĞƌƐĂĐƚĂƐĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶ
ŵĞƌĞƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞƌƐŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘
>ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĐŽŵĞ
ŵƵůƟĨĂĐĞƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ >ĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽǁ ŶŽƚ
ůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽďĞŝŶŐũƵƐƚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͖ƚŚĞLJĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕
ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŽƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͕ĂůůƉůĂLJŝŶŐĂƌŽůĞŝŶƐŚĂƉŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ ŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ƐƚLJůĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ
ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂů͕ ƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶĂů͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶĂů͕ ĂƌĞ ďĞŝŶŐ
ĞŵďƌĂĐĞĚ ƚŽ ĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŽ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͛Ɛ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌͲ
ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘
dŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŝƐƌŝĐŚĂŶĚǀĂƌŝĞĚ͕ŚĂǀŝŶŐ
ďĞĞŶƐŚĂƉĞĚďLJĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘&ƌŽŵ
ĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ ƟŵĞƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ǁĂƐ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ĚŝǀŝŶĞ
ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ͕ ƚŽ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŝƐ ůĂƌŐĞůLJ
ŵĞƌŝƚͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂůĞĂĚĞƌŚĂƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĞǀŽůǀĞĚ͘dŚŝƐ
ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŶŽƟĐĞĂďůĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŵ ŽĨ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐ ƐŚŝŌĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚĂƌŝĂŶ
ƐƚLJůĞ ƚŽ ŵŽƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ĨŽƌŵƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ
modern approaches to leadership highlight the importance of
ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ĂŶĚĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘
 83

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ƐĐŚŽůĂƌ͘ŐŽŽŐůĞ͘ĐŽ͘ŶnjͬĐŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ͍ƵƐĞƌсdžDŬď:Đϰ:ΘŚůсĞŶ

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KƚŚĞƌ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ LJŽƵ ŵŝŐŚƚ ǁŝƐŚ ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌ
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ƐŚŽƉ͘ĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĂƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͘ŽƌŐ͘ĂƵͬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚͬƚŚĞͲƉĞƚĞƌͲ
ŵŽƐƐͲĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶͬ

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HOT TOPIC…
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, WHAT DO WE
KNOW, AND HOW SHOULD WE USE IT?
BERNADETTE DUNN
SEMANN & SLATTERY
dŚĞŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞƵƐĞŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŝƐĂƌĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƚŚĞŵĞŝŶƚŚĞ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƐƉĂĐĞ͘,ŽǁĚŽǁĞĞŵďƌĂĐĞĂŶĚĚĞƉůŽLJƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ
ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ
ŽĨ Ăůů ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŵĞƚ͍ ,Žǁ ĚŽ ǁĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ
ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJŝŶƚŚĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJƐƉĂĐĞ;ŝƚŝƐĂŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂůƉĂƌƚŽĨŶŽǁ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞͿĂŶĚƐƚĂLJĂďƌĞĂƐƚŽĨĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŽŶŚŽǁ
ƚŽĞƚŚŝĐĂůůLJĂŶĚƐĂĨĞůLJŵŽďŝůŝƐĞĂŶĚƵƐĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͍tĞŚĂǀĞ
ŐƌĂƉƉůĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůŵĞĚŝĂʹŚŽǁ
ĚŽ ǁĞ ŚĂƌŶĞƐƐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŵĞĚŝĂ ĂƐ Ă ŵĞĂŶƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕
ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƚŽ ƉŽƐƚ͕ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ͍ tŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨŽŶůŝŶĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͍ tŚĂƚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĚŝŐŝƚĂů
ƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐ ĚŽ ǁĞ ƵƐĞ ƚŽ ƚƌĂĐŬ ĞŶƌŽůŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ͕
ƌĞƉŽƌƚ ƚŽ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůLJ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ŽƵƌ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ͍ŶĚŶŽǁǁĞŚĂǀĞƌƟĮĐŝĂů/ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ;/ͿʹŶŽƚ
ĂŶĞǁĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŐůŽďĂůůLJ͖ŵĂŶLJƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐĂƌĞ
ĮŶĚŝŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞŝƚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŝƚƐƵƐĞ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽ^ƚŽŶĞĞƚĂů͘
;ϮϬϭϲ͕ĐŝƚĞĚŝŶŝŐŶƵŵϮϬϭϴͿ͕͚/ŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐŽƵƌĚĂŝůLJ
ůŝǀĞƐŵŽƐƚůLJŝŶǁĂLJƐƚŚĂƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŚƵŵĂŶŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͛͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ƚŽ ŝƚ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ
ŝƚƐŵŽƐƚŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞĨŽƌŵƐʹƚŚĞƵŶďŝĚĚĞŶƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶƐ
ƚŚĂƚ ƉŽƉ ŽŶƚŽ ŽƵƌ ƐĐƌĞĞŶƐ͕ ŽƵƌ ŵƵƐŝĐ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĞŬ͕
ǁŚĂƚǁĞŵŝŐŚƚůŝŬĞƚŽƌĞĂĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐƚŽŽƵƌ
ůŝďƌĂƌLJĂŶĚƐŝŐŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŽǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉƉƐǁŝƚŚ'ŽŽŐůĞŽƌƉƉůĞ/Ɛ
ʹĂůůĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĂůůďĂƐĞĚŽŶĚĂƚĂĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĂůLJƟĐƐĂŶĚ
ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐʹƉƌĞĚŝĐƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘
&ŽƌĞĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ͕/ŝƐƚŚĞŚŽƚƚĞĐŚŶŽƚŽƉŝĐŽĨ
ƚŚĞŵŽŵĞŶƚ͘DƵĐŚŝƐďĞŝŶŐǁƌŝƩĞŶĂŶĚĚĞďĂƚĞĚĂďŽƵƚŝƚƐƵƐĞ
ŝŶŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌʹƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ƚŚĞĚĞƚƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚǁŚLJƚŽƐƚĂLJ
ĂǁĂLJ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞŐƌŽƵŶĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƵƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞ <ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ džĐŚĂŶŐĞ ;</yͿ ƚĞůůƐ ƵƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ ŝŶ ďƌŝĚŐŝŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ǁĂLJƐŽĨŬŶŽǁŝŶŐĂŶĚƐĞŶƐĞŵĂŬŝŶŐĂĐƌŽƐƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ͕ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ
ĂŶĚ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶ Ăůů ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ;ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐͿ͕ ĚŝŐŝƚĂů ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĂƚĂ
ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐďƵƚ
ĂůƐŽƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌĚĂƚĂ;ϮϬϮϯͿ͘
ϮϬϭϵƌĞƉŽƌƚĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚďLJƚŚĞƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĞŶƟƚůĞĚ͕ Research
ZĞƉŽƌƚ ƌƟĮĐŝĂů /ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ŝŶ
Schools͕ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞƐ͕ ͚/ ĂŶĚ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ
ďĞĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ͚ŝŶĐƵďĂƚĞĚ͛ŝŶĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚǁĂLJŝŶĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƌĂŶŐĞ
ŽĨ ƐĐŚŽŽů ΀ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ΁ ƐĞƫŶŐƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů
ĂŶĚ ůŽǁͲŝŶĐŽŵĞ ƐĐŚŽŽů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ
ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů͕ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ĞƚŚŝĐĂůĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůŝƐƐƵĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ͚ŝŶĐƵďĂƟŽŶ͛
ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞĚ ďLJ ƌŽďƵƐƚ͕ ƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůůLJ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŽŶůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͙dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ Ă ƐŽůŝĚ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂů ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐǁŝůůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞĨƌŽŵ͕ĂŶĚ
ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͕ƚŚĞĮĞůĚƐŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕
ƐŽĐŝŽůŽŐLJ͕ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͕ůĂǁ͕ĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͛͘
dŚĞKƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŐŝƚĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶKƵƚůŽŽŬϮϬϮϭWƵƐŚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ĨƌŽŶƟĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ /͕ ďůŽĐŬĐŚĂŝŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌŽďŽƚƐ͕ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ
ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ^ŵĂƌƚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ͕
ĞƋƵŝƚLJĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͘/ƚĂůƐŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƉŽůŝĐLJŝŶ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ĚĂƚĂŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĨĂŝƌŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐƐ͘dŚĞ
ĐŽŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞ͚,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ͛ŽĨƚŚĞŝŐŝƚĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
KƵƚůŽŽŬϮϬϮϭƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕͚ƵƚŶŽǁŝƐƚŚĞƟŵĞƚŽƚŚŝŶŬ
ĂďŽƵƚ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ĚŝŐŝƚĂů ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ĐĂŶ ďĞƐƚ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͛͘
 ϮϬϮϮ ƌĞƉŽƌƚ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĂĚǀŝƐĞƐ
ƚŚĂƚ / Θ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ŽĨ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƐŝŶĐĞ Ăƚ ůĞĂƐƚ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϴϬƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƉŽƌƚ ĂƉƚůLJ ĞŶƟƚůĞĚ
͚ƌƟĮĐŝĂů /ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͗  ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ǀŝĞǁ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
the lens of human rights, democracy and the rule of law’ is
Ă ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ ƌĞĂĚ͘ /ƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĂŶ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ /
ĂŶĚ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ / ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ zĞƚ͕ ŝƚ
͚ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ŵĂŶLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĂŝƐĞĚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘DŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚůLJ͕ŚŽǁĚŽǁĞĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚ/Θ
ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƵŶĚĞƌŵŝŶĞŚƵŵĂŶƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐLJ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌƵůĞŽĨůĂǁ͍dŽďĞŐŝŶǁŝƚŚ͕ǁŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞ͚ƌŝŐŚƚŬŝŶĚ͛ŽĨ
/ŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͍͛;Ɖ͘ϳϰͿ
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dŚĞ ZĞƉŽƌƚ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĂů ŶĞĞĚƐ dŚĞ ƐƚĂŐĞ ŝƐ ƐĞƚ ʹ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŵƵĐŚ ƚŽ ůŝƐƚĞŶ ƚŽ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂĚ ƚŽ
ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƚŽ ͚ƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĚĞďĂƚĞ ʹ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ǁĞůůͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ĂďŽƵƚ / ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ǁŚĞƌĞ
ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ / ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ͕ ŝƚ ƐŝƚƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͙
ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŵĂŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ Ăůů ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ŶĚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ďƌŽĂĚ ŵƵůƟͲĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ
needs are based on the premise that AI in and of itself is not ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƉŽůŝĐLJǁŝůůƚĂŬĞƵƐ͙
ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ sŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ Ă ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕
ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐ ŝƐ ŚŽǁ / ŝƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͕ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ŝŶ ĚĞĞƉ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ Ă ĨƵƚƵƌŝƐƚ ŵŝŶĚƐĞƚ ʹ Ă ǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐ ƚŽ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͕ǁŚŽƚŚĞ/ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ͕ĂŶĚǁŚŽĂƌĞƚŚĞƌĞĂů ĂĐĐĞƉƚƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚLJ͕ďƵƚŽĨƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ǁĞĐĂŶďĞƐƵƌĞʹ/ŝƐ
ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐ͛͘ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ͕ĂŐŝůĞ͕ĂŶĚŝƐĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJƚŚĂƚƐŝƚƐĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ
ĞĚƚĞĐŚ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ
In 2020, …venture capital investments in AI ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ >ŽďĞů ĂŶĚ ,ĂǁĐƌŽŌ ;ϮϬϮϮͿ͕ ͛LJ
start-ups reached a total of US$75 billion for ϮϬϮϱ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϭ ďŝůůŝŽŶ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ŐůŽďĂůůLJ ĂƌĞ ĨŽƌĞĐĂƐƚ ĂƐ
ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐŽĨĞĚƚĞĐŚ͛͘ŶĚƐŽ͕ĂƐǁĞŐƌĂƉƉůĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ
the year, of which around US$2 billion was
ŽĨ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů
invested in AI in education companies, mostly
ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĐŚĂƚďŽƚƐ͕ŝƐŝƚĂƟŵĞĨŽƌ
in the US. It is these companies that are selling ŵŝŶĚĨƵůĐŚŽŝĐĞƐĂŶĚǁĞůůͲĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚŝŶƉƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶŶŽŶͲ
their approaches globally, creating what has ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͍
been called an AIED colonialism: companies
making claims to territory in the educational
landscape around the world…
We can either leave it to others (the
dŚĞ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ŵĂĚĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ďƵĚŐĞƚ computer scientists, AI engineers and
ĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƋƵĂŶƚƵŵ ĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
big tech companies) to decide how
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘ ZĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĨĞĚĞƌĂů
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĐĂůůĞĚĨŽƌƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨ/ŝŶ $UWLƪFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFHLQHGXFDWLRQ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘dŚĞ,ŽƵƐĞ^ƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽĨ unfolds, or we can engage
ƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽƉĞŶĞĚĂŶInquiry in productive dialogue
ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞ/ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
system͕ĂƐŬŝŶŐĨŽƌŝŶƉƵƚŽŶŝƐƐƵĞƐĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ
+ROPHVHWDO
ďLJŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞ/ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŶƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ ŝŶƚĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ
ǁŚĂƚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞŶĞǁƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĐŽƵůĚ
ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘ dŚĞ
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ĂŶĚ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚ Ă ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ
ƉĂƉĞƌ͕ Safe and responsible AI in Australia and launched a
ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂŶ ŽŶůŝŶĞ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ
ůŽĚŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘
86
^Ž͕ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ͕
ĂŶĚǁŚĂƚŝƐŚĂƚ',W͍
'ĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞ / ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ / ĂůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐ Žƌ
ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶŽƵƚƉƵƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚĞdžƚ͕ƉŚŽƚŽ͕ǀŝĚĞŽ͕ĐŽĚĞ͕ĚĂƚĂ͕ĂŶĚ
ϯ ƌĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐƐ͕ ĨƌŽŵ ĚĂƚĂ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ
ŽĨ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞ / ŝƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͕ ĂƐ ŽƉƉŽƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ
ĨŽƌŵƐŽĨ/͕ǁŚŝĐŚŵŝŐŚƚďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ
ĂŶĂůLJƐŝŶŐĚĂƚĂŽƌŚĞůƉŝŶŐƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂƐĞůĨͲĚƌŝǀŝŶŐĐĂƌ͘
ZĞĐĞŶƚ ƚĞdžƚͲďĂƐĞĚ / ŵŽĚĞůƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŚĂƚ'Wd͕ ĂƌĞ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ
ďLJďĞŝŶŐŐŝǀĞŶŵĂƐƐŝǀĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨƚĞdžƚŝŶĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŬŶŽǁŶ
ĂƐƐĞůĨͲƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐĞĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐʹƵƐƵĂůůLJĨƌŽŵĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ
ĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƵƐĞƌ ŝŶƉƵƚ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵŽĚĞů ůĞĂƌŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ
ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĨĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŶ ŵĂŬĞ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ Ƶƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽ ŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞƐ
ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ŵŝŐŚƚ ĂůƐŽ
incorporate biases inherent in the content the model has
ŝŶŐĞƐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͘
ŚĂƚ'Wd ŝƐ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŽŽů ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďLJ /
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJƚŚĂƚĂůůŽǁƐLJŽƵƚŽŚĂǀĞŚƵŵĂŶͲůŝŬĞĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐ
ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŵŽƌĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂƚďŽƚ͘ dŚĞ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ŵŽĚĞů ĐĂŶ
ĂŶƐǁĞƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂƐƐŝƐƚLJŽƵǁŝƚŚƚĂƐŬƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝŶŐ
ĞŵĂŝůƐ͕ĞƐƐĂLJƐ͕ĂŶĚĐŽĚĞ͘
ŚĂƚ'WdǁĂƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚďLJKƉĞŶ/͕ĂŶ/ĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĐŽŵƉĂŶLJ
ĂŶĚůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚŝŶEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϮ͘
ŚĂƚ'Wd͛Ɛ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƚŽ Ă ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐƐ͘
Ɛ ĂŶ /͕ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ ĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ͕ Žƌ ĞƚŚŝĐĂů
ƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ / ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂŶ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ŵLJ
ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĚĂƚĂĂŶĚĞdžŝƐƟŶŐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƵƉƵŶƟůŵLJůĂƐƚƵƉĚĂƚĞ
ŝŶ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϭ͘
dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨ/ŝŶƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
ŚĂƐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŽīĞƌŵĂŶLJďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƐŝŶŐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƌĞĂůͲ
ƟŵĞĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬ͘/ƚĐŽƵůĚĂůƐŽŚĞůƉƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞǁŽƌŬůŽĂĚŽĨ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽĨŽĐƵƐŵŽƌĞŽŶĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ΀ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ΁ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĞƚŚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ
ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƚĂŬĞŶŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗
ϭ͘ WƌŝǀĂĐLJĂŶĚĚĂƚĂƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ͗dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨ/ŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŽŌĞŶ
ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĐŽůůĞĐƟŶŐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝŶŐĚĂƚĂĂďŽƵƚ΀ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ΁
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͛ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂŶ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ŝŶĨƌŝŶŐĞ ŽŶ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͛ ƉƌŝǀĂĐLJ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŝĨ ŶŽƚ
ŚĂŶĚůĞĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůLJ͘
Ϯ͘ ŝĂƐĂŶĚĨĂŝƌŶĞƐƐ͗/ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĐĂŶŝŶĂĚǀĞƌƚĞŶƚůLJƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂƚĞ
Žƌ ĂŵƉůŝĨLJ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ďŝĂƐĞƐ ŝĨ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ŽŶ ďŝĂƐĞĚ
ĚĂƚĂŽƌƵƐĞĚŝŶďŝĂƐĞĚǁĂLJƐ͘dŚŝƐĐŽƵůĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJůĞĂĚ
to unfair or discriminatory treatment of certain groups of
΀ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶͬĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ΁ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘
ϯ͘ dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ͗ / ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ
͚ďůĂĐŬ ďŽdžĞƐ͛ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŽƵƚƉƵƚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
ƐĐŽƌĞƐŽƌƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐͿǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐůĞĂƌĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐ
ŽĨŚŽǁƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚ͘dŚŝƐůĂĐŬŽĨƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐLJĐĂŶ
ŵĂŬĞŝƚĚŝĸĐƵůƚĨŽƌĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͕
ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͕ŽƌĂƉƉĞĂůƚŚĞ/͛ƐĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘
ϰ͘ ĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ ŽŶ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͗ KǀĞƌͲƌĞůŝĂŶĐĞ ŽŶ / ĐŽƵůĚ
ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ŚƵŵĂŶ ũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ǀŝƚĂů ĨŽƌ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
ƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘
dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĂůŝŐŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ
hE ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ZŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŝůĚ͕ ƚŚĞ  ŽĚĞ ŽĨ
ŽŶĚƵĐƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌůLJ zĞĂƌƐ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ sϮ͘Ϭ͕ Ăůů
ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ
ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ
ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŚŝŐŚͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞƐŽŶĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ
ĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨŵĂŶLJƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŶĞǁ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘
/Ŷ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ / ĐŽƵůĚ ŽīĞƌ ŵĂŶLJ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ ŝƚ͛Ɛ
crucial to carefully consider and address these ethical issues
ƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŝƚƐƵƐĞĂůŝŐŶƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƚ͕ĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƐƚŚĞ
ĐĂƵƟŽŶĂƌLJƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŶĞǁƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘
>ŝƐĂ ƌLJĂŶƚ͛Ɛ ĂƌƟĐůĞ hŶůĞĂƐŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŚĂƚ'Wd ZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ͗ 
WĂƌĂĚŝŐŵ^ŚŝŌŝŶĂƌůLJŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŽīĞƌƐĂůŽĐĂůǀŝĞǁ
ŽŶƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŚĂƚ'WdĂŶĚƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͙
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REFERENCES
ŝŐŶƵŵ͕s͘ƚŚŝĐƐŝŶĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ͗ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƐƵĞ͘
Olya Kudina, lecturer, graduate
ƚŚŝĐƐ/ŶĨdĞĐŚŶŽůϮϬ͕ϭʹϯ;ϮϬϭϴͿ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϬϳͬƐϭϬϲϳϲͲϬϭϴͲ and undergraduate courses
ϵϰϱϬͲnj
on AI and ethics at Delft
'ĞŽƌŐĂůĂŬŝĂ͕:͘;ϮϬϮϯͿƌŝĚŐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐŽĨŬŶŽǁŝŶŐŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŐƉĞŬŝdž͘ŽƌŐͬďůŽŐͬďƌŝĚŐŝŶŐͲĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚͲǁĂLJƐͲŬŶŽǁŝŶŐͲ University of Technology in the
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ
Netherlands, uses ChatGPT with
ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶΘdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ;ϮϬϭϵͿ
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚZĞƉŽƌƚƌƟĮĐŝĂů/ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŵĞƌŐŝŶŐdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŝŶ^ĐŚŽŽůƐ her students. She advocates
ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚďLJƚŚĞŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĂƉŽ͘ŽƌŐ͘ĂƵͬƐŝƚĞƐͬĚĞĨĂƵůƚͬĮůĞƐͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞͲ
ĮůĞƐͬϮϬϭϵͲϬϴͬĂƉŽͲŶŝĚϮϱϰϯϬϭ͘ƉĚĨ for her profession to ‘critically
K;ϮϬϮϭͿdŚĞKŝŐŝƚĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶKƵƚůŽŽŬϮϬϮϭWƵƐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞĨƌŽŶƟĞƌƐ appropriate’ the technology and
ǁŝƚŚ/͕ďůŽĐŬĐŚĂŝŶ͕ĂŶĚƌŽďŽƚƐŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŝŐŝƚĂůͲĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲŽƵƚůŽŽŬ͘ŽĞĐĚ͘ŽƌŐ
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƌĞĂĚ͘ŽĞĐĚͲŝůŝďƌĂƌLJ͘ŽƌŐͬǀŝĞǁ͍ͬƌĞĨсϭϬϵϲͺϭϬϵϲϲϮϳͲ ƪQGPRUHFUHDWLYHZD\V
ŽϱĐϵƌŝϰĨŐƋΘƟƚůĞс,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐͲKͲŝŐŝƚĂůͲĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲKƵƚůŽŽŬͲϮϬϮϭ
ZĞĂĚĨƵůůƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽŶůŝŶĞ͗ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŽĞĐĚ͘ŽƌŐͬĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͬŽĞĐĚͲĚŝŐŝƚĂůͲ
to collaborate with it.
ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲŽƵƚůŽŽŬͲϳĩīĨϰϱͲĞŶ͘Śƚŵ

ƵƌŽƉĞŽƵŶĐŝů;ϮϬϮϮͿƌƟĮĐŝĂů/ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͗ĐƌŝƟĐĂůǀŝĞǁ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞůĞŶƐŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌƵůĞŽĨůĂǁ
ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬƌŵ͘ĐŽĞ͘ŝŶƚͬĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůͲŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞͲĂŶĚͲĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲĂͲĐƌŝƟĐĂůͲǀŝĞǁͲ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚͲƚŚĞͲůĞŶƐͬϭϲϴϬĂϴϴϲďĚ

>ŽďĞů͕>͕͘Θ,ĂǁĐƌŽŌ͕͘;ϮϬϮϮͿ^ŚĂƉŝŶŐ/ĂŶĚĚƚĞĐŚƚŽdĂĐŬůĞƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͛Ɛ
>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝǀŝĚĞ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ^LJĚŶĞLJŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϱϳϵϱϲͬ
ŬdžLJĞͲƋĚϵϯ

ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘njĚŶĞƚ͘ĐŽŵͬĂƌƟĐůĞͬǁŚĂƚͲŝƐͲĐŚĂƚŐƉƚͲĂŶĚͲǁŚLJͲĚŽĞƐͲŝƚͲŵĂƩĞƌͲ
ŚĞƌĞƐͲĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐͲLJŽƵͲŶĞĞĚͲƚŽͲŬŶŽǁͬ

ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘njĚŶĞƚ͘ĐŽŵͬĂƌƟĐůĞͬǁŚĂƚͲŝƐͲŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀĞͲĂŝͲĂŶĚͲǁŚLJͲŝƐͲŝƚͲƐŽͲ
ƉŽƉƵůĂƌͲŚĞƌĞƐͲĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐͲLJŽƵͲŶĞĞĚͲƚŽͲŬŶŽǁͬ

HOT OFF THE PRESS

‘Intelligence supposes goodwill,’
hůƟŵĂƚĞůLJ AI is only as good as the algorithm that operates Simone de Beauvoir wrote in
ŝƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ ƚŚĂƚ ƚƌĂŝŶƐ ŝƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂǁƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶ ŝƚ͘
the middle of the twentieth
/ĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞŝŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞ͙ƚŚĞŶĐĂůĂŵŝƚLJĐĂŶĞŶƐƵĞ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕
ŚƵŵĂŶ ĐŚĞĐŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ŽǀĞƌƐŝŐŚƚ ŵƵƐƚ ĨŽƌŵ ƚŚĞ century. In the decades since,
ĐŽƌŶĞƌƐƚŽŶĞŽĨĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂů/ƐLJƐƚĞŵ as we have entered a new era
ŝŶ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͘ ZĂĐŚĂĞů &ĂůŬ͕ ŚŝĞĨ džĞĐƵƟǀĞ͕ LJďĞƌ ^ĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ of technology risen from our
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĞŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͛Ɛ ĞdžƉĞƌƚ ĂĚǀŝƐŽƌLJ
ďŽĂƌĚĨŽƌƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ͛ƐϮϬϮϯͲϯϬĐLJďĞƌƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘
minds yet not always consonant
^LJĚŶĞLJDŽƌŶŝŶŐ,ĞƌĂůĚϭϯ:ƵůLJϮϬϮϯ with our values, this question of
The Federal Trade Commission USA has opened an
goodwill has faded dangerously
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƚŽ  KƉĞŶ/͕ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ƐƚĂƌƚͲƵƉ from the set of considerations
ƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐŚĂƚ'Wd͕ŽǀĞƌǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƚďŽƚŚĂƐŚĂƌŵĞĚ DURXQGDUWLƪFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFHDQG
ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝƚƐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĚĂƚĂĂŶĚŝƚƐƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ
the alarming cult of increasingly
ĨĂůƐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͘
ϭϯ:ƵůLJϮϬϮϯEĞǁzŽƌŬdŝŵĞƐ advanced algorithms, shiny with
technical triumph but dull with
ĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƌŝĞĮŶŐϭϰ:ƵůLJϮϬϮϯ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂďĐ͘ŶĞƚ͘ĂƵͬƌĂĚŝŽŶĂƟŽŶĂůͬƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐͬ moral insensibility.
ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚďƌŝĞĮŶŐͬƉͲĚŽŽŵͲͬϭϬϮϱϵϳϳϭϮ Maria Popova
88
UNLEASHING THE
CHATGPT REVOLUTION
A PARADIGM SHIFT IN EARLY
CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
LISA BRYANT
JOURNALIST & EARLY CHILDHOOD CONSULTANT
Ɛ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ǁŚŽ ƌĞůŝĞƐ ŽŶ ŵLJ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĐƌĂŌ ƉƌŽƐĞ ƚŽ
ĞĂƌŶĂůŝǀŝŶŐ͕LJŽƵǁŽƵůĚƚŚŝŶŬ/͛ĚďĞŚŽƌƌŝĮĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŶŽǁ
ĞdžŝƐƚƐĂŶĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚĚŽŵĞŽƵƚŽĨĂũŽď͘
Ƶƚ/͛ŵŶŽƚ͘/ůŽǀĞŚĂƚ'WdĂŶĚ/͛ŵŚŽƌƌŝĮĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŚĂƐ
ďĞĞŶ Ă ŬŶĞĞ ũĞƌŬ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ
ƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞĐŽŵĞĂĐƌŽƐƐŝƚ͕ǁŽƌƌLJŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƟĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚ
ĚĞĐƌLJŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐǁŚŽŵĂLJĐŚĞĂƚďLJƵƐŝŶŐŝƚƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞ
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ǀŝďƌĂŶƚ ƌĞĂůŵ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ŵŝŶĚƐƐƉĂƌŬ͕ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJƐĞĞŬƚŚĞĞůƵƐŝǀĞĞůŝdžŝƌƚŚĂƚ
ĐĂƉƟǀĂƚĞƐLJŽƵŶŐŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ͘ŶĚŝŶƚŚŝƐŐƌĂŶĚƋƵĞƐƚ͕ĞĂƌůLJ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĞŵĞƌŐĞĂƐƚŚĞǀŝƌƚƵŽƐŽƐŽĨĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂů
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŐŝĐŝĂŶƐ ǁŚŽ ǁŝĞůĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽǁĞƌ ƚŽ
ƐŚĂƉĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ŚĞĂƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŝŶĚƐ͘ Ƶƚ ŝŶ Ă ǁŽƌůĚ ƚŚĂƚ ďĂƌƌĞůƐ
ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŝŐŝƚĂů ĂŐĞ͕ ŝƚ͛Ɛ ŚŝŐŚ ƟŵĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŵĂĞƐƚƌŽƐ
ŚĂƌŶĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŵĂƌǀĞůƐ͘ ŶƚĞƌ
ŚĂƚ'Wd͕ĂůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŵĂƌǀĞůďŝƌƚŚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŝŶŐĞŶŝŽƵƐŵŝŶĚƐĂƚ
KƉĞŶ/͘ƌĂĐĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ĨŽƌŝƚŚŽůĚƐƚŚĞŬĞLJƚŽƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂůĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
ŚĂƚ'Wd͕ƚŚĞǁƵŶĚĞƌŬŝŶĚŽĨůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞŵŽĚĞůƐ͕ŚĂƐƐŚĂƩĞƌĞĚ
ƚŚĞďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͘
tŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ƵŶĐĂŶŶLJ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĐŽŶũƵƌĞ ŚƵŵĂŶͲůŝŬĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ͕
ŝƚ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ ĂƐ Ă ƉŽƚĞŶƚ ƚŽŽů ĨŽƌ ƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ƌŝƟĐƐ ŵĂLJ
ƐĐŽīĂŶĚƌĂŝƐĞƚŚĞŝƌĞLJĞďƌŽǁƐĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů
ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ;/ͿŝŶƚŽƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƟĚĞŽĨƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐǁĂŝƚƐ
ĨŽƌŶŽĚŽƵďƚĞƌƐ͘
WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂĐƌĞĚ Ăƌƚ ŽĨ ĐĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐ
Ă ĐŚŝůĚ͛Ɛ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚƌŝĐĂƚĞ ĚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ
ĐŽůůĞĐƟŶŐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ͕ ǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚƐ͕ ǀŝĚĞŽƐ͕
ĂŶĚ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƚŚ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ Ƶƚ
ĂůĂƐ͕ƚŚŝƐĚĂŶĐĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂŶĂƌĚƵŽƵƐĂīĂŝƌĨŽƌŽƵƌĞƐƚĞĞŵĞĚ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘ &ĞĂƌ ŶŽƚ͕ ĨŽƌ ŚĂƚ'Wd ƐŚĂůů ƐǁŽŽƉ ŝŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐĐƵĞ
ƚŚĞŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞũĂǁƐŽĨĚƌƵĚŐĞƌLJ͊
/ŵĂŐŝŶĞ͕ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ǁŝůů͕ ƚŚĞ ƐLJŵƉŚŽŶLJ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ƵŶĨŽůĚ ǁŚĞŶ
ŚĂƚ'Wd ƚĂŬĞƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƐƚĂŐĞ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
ŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƐŚĂůůďĞƚƌĂŶƐĐƌŝďĞĚĞīŽƌƚůĞƐƐůLJ͕
ƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŵĞƌĞ
ŇŝĐŬ ŽĨ Ă ĚŝŐŝƚĂů ǁĂŶĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ ƐŚĂůů
ƌĞƐŽŶĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ ǁŝƐĚŽŵ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ͍ ůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ
ĂŶĚ ĞŶĐŚĂŶƟŶŐ ƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͕
ĐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚĨĞůůŽǁĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘ƵƚƚŚĂƚ͛ƐŶŽƚĂůů͊ŚĂƚ'Wd͛Ɛ
ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽǁĞƐƐ ĂĚĚƐ Ă ƚŽƵĐŚ ŽĨ ďƌŝůůŝĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ
ƚŚŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ŽīĞƌŝŶŐŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐƚŚĂƚƵŶǀĞŝů
ƚŚĞ ŚŝĚĚĞŶ ƌĞĂůŵƐ ŽĨ Ă ĐŚŝůĚ͛Ɛ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘
^ĐĞƉƟĐƐ͕ ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ ǁŝůů ƌĂŝƐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǀŽŝĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƉƌŽƚĞƐƚ͕ ĨĞĂƌŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ ĚĞŚƵŵĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŚĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ /͘ Ƶƚ
/ ŝŵƉůŽƌĞ LJŽƵ͕ ůĞƚ ƵƐ ŶŽƚ ƐƵĐĐƵŵď ƚŽ ƐƵĐŚ ŶĂƌƌŽǁ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͊
ŚĂƚ'WdŝƐŶŽƚĂƵƐƵƌƉĞƌ͕ďƵƚĂůŽLJĂůĐŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚ
ƚĂƉĞƐƚƌLJŽĨůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘/ƚůŝďĞƌĂƚĞƐĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŚĂĐŬůĞƐ
ŽĨ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ƚĂƐŬƐ͕ ŐƌĂŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞĐŝŽƵƐ ŐŝŌ ŽĨ
ƟŵĞ͘dŝŵĞƚŽŝŵŵĞƌƐĞƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ
ǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůͲĞŵŽƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚĐƌĂŌŝŶŐ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƐĞĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ůĞĂǀĞ ĂŶ ŝŶĚĞůŝďůĞ
ŵĂƌŬ͘
K<͕ŶŽǁŝƚŝƐĐŽŶĨĞƐƐŝŽŶƟŵĞ͘/ǁƌŽƚĞƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ
ƚŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞ͘ŚĂƚ'WdǁƌŽƚĞƚŚĞƌĞƐƚ͘&ƌŽŵŵLJƉƌŽŵƉƚƐ͘/͛ŵĂ
ďŝƚĂŶŐƌLJĂƚŝƚ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ/ĂƐŬĞĚŝƚƚŽǁƌŝƚĞŝƚŝŶŵLJƐƚLJůĞĂŶĚŐĂǀĞ
ŝƚĂƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨŵLJǁƌŝƟŶŐ͘/ŚŽƉĞŵLJůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞŝƐŶ͛ƚƋƵŝƚĞĂƐ
ŇŽƌŝĚĂƐŚĂƚ'WdƚŚŝŶŬƐŝƚŝƐ͕ďƵƚ/͛ŵƐƟůůƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚůLJƐƵƌƉƌŝƐĞĚ
ĂƚƚŚĞŽƵƚƉƵƚ͘;dt͕ŝŶĐĂƐĞLJŽƵĂƌĞĐŽŶĨƵƐĞĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚŝƐ
ĂƌƟĐůĞĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽǁƌŝƩĞŶďLJŵĞ͘Ϳ
ǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚŝƚŵĂLJĚŽŵĞŽƵƚŽĨĂũŽď͕/ůŽǀĞŚĂƚ'Wd͘ŶĚ/
ƌĞĐŬŽŶŽƵƌƐĞĐƚŽƌƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵďƌĂĐĞŝƚĂƐǁĞůů͘
ǀĞƌLJ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ ĞǀĞƌ ŝƐ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĞĚ ďLJ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ LJ
ŽůĚĞƌ ĨŽůŬƐ͖ ͚ĂĐŬ ŝŶ ŵLJ ĚĂLJ ǁĞ ĚŝĚŶ͛ƚ ŚĂǀĞ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ
ĚŽ ŽƵƌ ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƟĐ͛͘ LJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ƐĐĂƌĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ
ŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞ͚͗^ĐƌĞĞŶƐĂƌĞďĂĚĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ǁĞƐŚŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚŚĂǀĞ
ƐŵĂƌƚďŽĂƌĚƐŝŶŽƵƌƌŽŽŵƐ͛͘LJƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽĚŽŶ͛ƚůŝŬĞƚŚĞŝĚĞĂ
ŽĨƚŚŝŶŐƐďĞŝŶŐĞĂƐŝĞƌ͚͗,ŽǁǁŝůůĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĞǀĞƌůĞĂƌŶƚŽǁƌŝƚĞŝĨ
ƚŚĞLJƵƐĞĂŬĞLJďŽĂƌĚ͍͛

ƵƚƚŚĞƌĞĂůŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĂƚĞǀĞƌLJĐŚŝůĚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŶŽǁƚĞĂĐŚǁŝůůĐĂƌƌLJ
ĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƉŽĐŬĞƚ;ĂƉŚŽŶĞͿŵŽƌĞƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůƚŚĂŶĂŶLJ
ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƚŚĂƚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJĞdžŝƐƚƐ͘tĞĂůůƵƐĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJƚŽŵĂŬĞ
ŽƵƌůŝǀĞƐĞĂƐŝĞƌ͘tŚLJƐŚŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚǁĞƵƐĞŝƚƚŽŵĂŬĞƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĞĂƐŝĞƌ͍
EŽǁ/ŚĂǀĞƚŽĚŽŵLJƵƐƵĂůĐŽŶĨĞƐƐŝŽŶŚĞƌĞ͘/͛ŵŶŽƚĂƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ
ŽƌĂŶĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌ͘Ƶƚ/ŽďƐĞƌǀĞƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌŵŝŶƵƚĞůLJ͘/ƐĞĞƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƚŽƌƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŐĞƚƐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ŝŶƚŽ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
tŚĂƚƐĐĂƌĞƐŵĞŵŽƐƚŝƐƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐŚĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐ͘
/Ŷ ŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĞīŽƌƚůĞƐƐůLJ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘/ŶƉŽŽƌ
ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽŶĞƐ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŚƵƌŶĞĚ ŽƵƚ ďLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ǁŝƚŚƉŽŽƌůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJĂƐĂǁĂLJŽĨŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƚŽƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͘
dŚĞLJƚŚĞŶƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞƚŽĐŽŵĞƵƉǁŝƚŚ͚ĨŽůůŽǁƵƉĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͛ĨŽƌ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞLJĨĂŝůĞĚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƉŽŝŶƚ͘
ŶĚƚŚŝƐŝƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞĂůĨĞĂƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌĐŽŵĞƐĨƌŽŵ͘dŚĂƚ
ƉŽŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐǁŝůůĐŚĞĂƚďLJƵƐŝŶŐŚĂƚ'WdƚŽǁƌŝƚĞ
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶůŝŬĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘
ƵƚŚĂƚ'WdƚĂŬĞƐŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƐŬŝůůƚŽŵĂƐƚĞƌ͘/ƚǁŽƌŬƐŽŶ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽŵƉƚƐLJŽƵŐŝǀĞŝƚ͘/ƵƐĞĚĂůůŵLJŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨǁƌŝƟŶŐ͕
ŚĂƚ'WdĂŶĚƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƐĞĐƚŽƌƚŽŐĞƚŝƚƚŽǁƌŝƚĞƚŚĞ
ƚĞdžƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞ͘ WŽŽƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶƉƵƚ ǁŝůů ůĞĂĚ ƚŽ
ĐƌĂƉŽƵƚƉƵƚ͘
/ĨǁĞĂƌĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĐĂƵƐĞĂƐƚŽǁŚLJŵĂŶLJĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐĚŽ
ŶŽƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂŶĚĂƌĞƵŶĂďůĞƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƉĞĚͲĚŽĐ͕ůŽŽŬƚŽ
ƚŚĞZdKƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞĨĂůůĞŶƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƐĐƌƵƟŶLJŽĨƚŚĞƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ
^ŬŝůůƐ YƵĂůŝƚLJ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ ;^YͿ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ^Y ϮϬϮϭ
ZĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ͚ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĂďŽƵƚĞĂƌůLJ
ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĐĂƌĞĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ƉŽŽƌǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚ Ă ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ũŽď ƌĞĂĚŝŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞƐ͛͘
dŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌʹĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐŐƌĂĚƵĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƌŽůĞ͕ŽƌƚŚĞƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ
ƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŬĞLJũŽďƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌŝŵƉĂĐƟŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌ
ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁͲǁĂŐĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ >Žǁ ǁĂŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůŽǁ ĞŶƚƌLJͲůĞǀĞů
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƩƌĂĐƚƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJůĞǀĞůƐ͘ϮϬϭϴ
ǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞƌĞƉŽƌƚ;ĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐͿŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ
ƚŚĂƚϵϵйŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌƐǁĞƌĞĚŝƐƐĂƟƐĮĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽǁůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJ
ĂŶĚŶƵŵĞƌĂĐLJůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐŝŵƉĂĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ
ŽĨƚĂƐŬƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂŶĚĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
ŶĚ ĨĞĂƌƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƟĂůŝƚLJ͍ &Žƌ 'ŽĚ͛Ɛ ƐĂŬĞ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƵƐĞ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐŶĂŵĞƐŝŶŚĂƚ'WdĂŶĚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƐŽůǀĞĚƚŚŝƐŽŶĞ͊
dŚĞǁŽƌƐƚƉĂƌƚŝƐƚŚĂƚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞǁŝůůĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ
ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ƉƵƚ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ŽǀĞƌ ŚĂƚ'Wd ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ĂůůŽǁ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐŝŐŶ z>& ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ƚŽ ĞĂĐŚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌLJ͘
ŶĚǁŝůůƚŚĞŶďĞƐŽůĚƚŽĐĞŶƚƌĞƐĂƚĐŽƐƚ͘ƵƚƚŚŝƐŬŝŶĚŽĨĐƌĂƉ
ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ĞdžŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĚĂŝůLJ͘ :ƵƐƚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ƚŚĞďƌŝůůŝĂŶĐĞŽĨŚĂƚ'WdďĞŚŝŶĚŝƚ͘ŚĂƚ'WdŝƐĨƌĞĞ͘EŽďŽĚLJ
ŶĞĞĚƐĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƚŚĂƚĚƌĞƐƐĞƐŝƚƵƉ͘
89
dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŽǀĞƌǁŽƌŬĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƉĂŝĚ͘ /Ĩ
ŚĂƚ'WdĐĂŶŚĞůƉŵĂŬĞĂŶLJŽŶĞ͛ƐǁŽƌŬůŽĂĚůŝŐŚƚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŶ/Ăŵ
ĂůůĨŽƌŝƚ͊
ŌĞƌĂůů͕ŝƚũƵƐƚǁŽƌŬĞĚĨŽƌŵĞ͙
6 ways ChatGPT could be used by early
childhood teachers and educators
1. ZĞŇĞĐƟǀĞ ŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐ͗ ŶŐĂŐĞ ŝŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƟǀĞ
ĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĂƚ'Wd ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŽŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
zŽƵ ĐĂŶ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ Žƌ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ͕
ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŚĂƚ'Wd ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ǀŝĞǁƉŽŝŶƚƐ Žƌ
ƉƌŽŵƉƚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĚĞĞƉĞƌƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͘
2. ŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͗hƐĞŚĂƚ'WdƚŽƐƚƌĞĂŵůŝŶĞ
ƚŚĞ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ /ƚ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝƐĞ͕
ƐŽƌƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ƚŽ
ĐŽŵƉŝůĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ
ƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂů ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ LJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŬĞLJ ŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ
ŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐĐĂŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵ
ŚĂƚ'WdŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ͘
3. WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗ ŚĂƚ'Wd ĐĂŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ƉůĂŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ƚŚĂƚĂůŝŐŶǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŶĞĞĚƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͘
zŽƵ ĐĂŶ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͕
ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ŚĂƚ'Wd͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ƚŚĞŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ
ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ Žƌ
ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘
4. WƌŽŽĨƌĞĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞĚŝƟŶŐ͗ ŚĂƚ'WdĐĂŶŚĞůƉƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽ
ĂƌĞǁŽƌƌŝĞĚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌǁƌŝƩĞŶůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ
;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽŚĂǀĞŶŐůŝƐŚĂƐĂƐĞĐŽŶĚůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞͿ
ƚŽŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŝƌƚĞdžƚĞƌƌŽƌĨƌĞĞ͘
5. 'ĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐƉĂƌĞŶƚĂůƵƉĚĂƚĞƐ͗ LJĂůůŽǁŝŶŐƋƵŝĐŬĞƌƐƚƌĞƐƐͲ
ĨƌĞĞĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞǁŝĚĞƌĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĂƐŬƐƐƵĐŚ
ĂƐĚĂŝůLJĚŝĂƌŝĞƐŽƌƵƉĚĂƚĞƐĨŽƌƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͕ŚĂƚ'WdĐĂŶĨƌĞĞ
educators and teachers to complete actual pedagogical
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
6. >ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ͗ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ
ŚĂƚ'Wd ƚŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ĂŐĞͲĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ Žƌ
ƉƌŽŵƉƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂŶĚ
ĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞŝƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͘
But remember these words of wisdom of
ChatGPT itself: ‘It is important to note that
ZKLOH&KDW*37FDQRƩHUYDOXDEOHVXSSRUWHDUO\
childhood teachers and educators should always
critically evaluate the information generated
and exercise their professional judgment
in incorporating it into their pedagogical
documentation and practice.’
90
TRAUMA-INFORMED
WORKPLACE
EMMA RATTENBURY
EMMA RATTENBURY CONNECTIONS
dƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ŐĂŝŶĞĚ
ƚƌĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƐĞĐƚŽƌŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĚĞĐĂĚĞ͘
^ƉĞĐŝĮĐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐŚĂǀĞ
ďĞĞŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ǁŚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ ƚƌĂƵŵĂ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ
ĂĚǀĞƌƐĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŝŶŐůLJ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ĞĂƌůLJůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘
DŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶůLJ͕ƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŽĨƚŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ
on children and families and has not expanded to create
ƚƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘ ŽǀŝĚ ŚĂƐ ŚĂĚ
ƚƌĂƵŵĂƟĐŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚŵĂŶĚĂƚĞĚ
ůŽĐŬĚŽǁŶƐ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĨƌŽŶƚůŝŶĞ͘ƐƚƌĞƐƐĨƵů
ǁŽƌŬĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĐŽƵƉůĞĚǁŝƚŚƐƚƌŝĐƚŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶƌƵůĞƐŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ
ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ŵĂŶLJ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂƵŵĂƟĐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͘
dŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨĂůůŽƵƚ͘ ^ƚĂĸŶŐ ƐŚŽƌƚĂŐĞƐ
ĂƌĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ͕ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝŵƉĂĐƚĞĚ͕
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƐƚ ŽĨ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝƐ ďŝƟŶŐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚƌĂƵŵĂͲ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘ Ɛ ŵĂŶLJ
ƚƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚ ĂĚƵůƚƐ͕ ǁĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂƵŵĂ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ŽǀŝĚ ĂŶĚ ďĞLJŽŶĚ͘
tŚŝůƐƚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂƌĞŶ͛ƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚƌĂƵŵĂ ĨŽƌ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ƐŽŵĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĐĂŶ
ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞĂĚǀĞƌƐĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐĨƌŽŵďĞŝŶŐƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞĚĂŶĚĞĂƐĞ
ƐƚƌĞƐƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬŽĨďƵƌŶŽƵƚ͘
 ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƚƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ůĞŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ĞŵďĞĚƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ
ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐĞĚƚŽƐƵŝƚĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĞĂƌůLJĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ
ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͘dŚƌĞĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐƌƵĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗
ƌĞĂƟŶŐĂƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƐĂĨĞƚLJʹŶĞƵƌŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĂƐƐĞƌƚƐ
ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŇŽƵƌŝƐŚ ĂŶĚ ĨƵůůLJ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ƚŚĞ
ďƌĂŝŶŵƵƐƚƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĂƐĂĨĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ZĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞĚĂLJ
ĂŚĞĂĚ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚĨĞĞůƐĂĨĞĂŶĚƐĞĐƵƌĞǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJǁĂůŬ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĚŽŽƌŝŶƚŚĞŵŽƌŶŝŶŐ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚǁĞĐĂŶŶŽƚƌĞŵŽǀĞ
ĂůůƐƚƌĞƐƐŽƌƐ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐŶĞĞĚƚŽĨĞĞůůŝŬĞƚŚĞLJĂƌĞƉĂƌƚŽĨĂƚĞĂŵ
ďƵŝůƚŽŶƚƌƵƐƚĂŶĚƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐŝƚLJĂŶĚŶĞǀĞƌĂůŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ͘
ZĞƐƉĞĐƚĂŶĚ ĨĞĞůŝŶŐ ŚĞĂƌĚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ũƵĚŐĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů͘
EĞĞĚƐĨŽƌƐĂĨĞƚLJǁŝůůǀĂƌLJĨƌŽŵƉĞƌƐŽŶƚŽƉĞƌƐŽŶ͘ƌĞĂƟŶŐĂ
ĐĂůŵĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬƌŽŽŵ͕ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐƚŽƚĂƉ
ŽƵƚǁŚĞŶŶĞĞĚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌĞũƵƐƚƚŚƌĞĞ
ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞƌǀŽƵƐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ
ƚŚĞĚĂLJ͘
ŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐƐĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶʹWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌWĂƵů'ŝůďĞƌƚ͛ƐǁŽƌŬ
ŽŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶŝƐƉƌŽůŝĮĐ͘,ĞďĞůŝĞǀĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŽƐŚŽǁĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ
ŝƐƚŽŐŽďĞLJŽŶĚĞŵƉĂƚŚLJǁŝƚŚĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĂŶĚǁŝƐĚŽŵƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ
ƐƵīĞƌŝŶŐ͘  ŶŽƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĚŽ ǁĞ ĚŽ
ƚŚŝƐ ĨŽƌ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͍ tĞ͛ƌĞ Ăůů ŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐƚ͕ LJĞƚ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ
ĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ
ƚŽŽƵƌďůƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĞŶĚƐƚŽďĞƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞ͘tĞƐĞĞƐĞůĨͲďůĂŵĞ͕
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƚƌĂƵŵĂ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ
ʹ ƐŚĂŵĞ͘ ^ĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ ŝƐŶ͛ƚ ƌĞŵŽǀŝŶŐ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ͛Ɛ
ŐĞƫŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞĚĂLJĂŶĚĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŝŶŐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĚŝĚ
LJŽƵƌĂďƐŽůƵƚĞďĞƐƚ͘tŝƚŚƚŚĞĞǀĞƌͲŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĚĞŵĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞĚŽŶ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŶLJ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŬŶŽǁ
ƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞĂƚƚŚĂƚŵŽŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚ͛ƐŽŬ͘DĂŶLJŽĨŽƵƌ
ĚĂLJƐĂƌĞůŽŶŐĂŶĚŐƌƵĞůůŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚǁĞĚŽŶ͛ƚŶĞĞĚĂƐŝĚĞŽƌĚĞƌŽĨ
ŐƵŝůƚ͘DŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƐĞůĨͲĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐǁŚŝůƐƚŚŽůĚŝŶŐ
space for other educators to do the same can encourage
ƚĞĂŵƐƚŽĂĐĐĞƉƚƚŚĞŝƌǁĞĂŬĞƌŵŽŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶŚŽǁƚŽ
ĚŽƚŚŝŶŐƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJŶĞdžƚƟŵĞ͘
EŽƌŵĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ʹ ĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ƚŽ ŽīĞƌ
ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶĞŵƉƚLJĐƵƉƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞƐ
ŐĞŶƵŝŶĞůLJĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌŵĞŶƚĂůŚĞĂůƚŚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘
tŚĞƚŚĞƌƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂŶWŽƌƐŚĂƌŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ
ĂŵĞŶƚĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞƉůĂŶ͕ƚŚĞƐƟŐŵĂĨŽƌƚŚŽƐĞƐƵīĞƌŝŶŐĨƌŽŵ
ƚƌĂƵŵĂ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞĚ͘ ƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞŽƉƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞƐŚĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ
ŽŶůŝŶĞĂŶĚŽŶƐŝƚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞLJĞĂƌĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ
ĞǀĞŶƚƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘DĂŶLJŽĨƵƐǁŝůů
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ ŽƵƌ ŵĞŶƚĂů ŚĞĂůƚŚ Ăƚ ƐŽŵĞ
ƉŽŝŶƚ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ůŝǀĞƐ͘ tŚŝůƐƚ ƵƉŚŽůĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƟĂůŝƚLJ͕ ďĞŝŶŐ
ďƌĂǀĞ ƚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞ LJŽƵƌ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƌŵĂůŝƐŝŶŐ
ŵĞŶƚĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĐƌŝƐĞƐĐĂŶƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ͛ƐŚĞĂůƚŚ
ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂů
ĐŽƵŶƐĞůůŝŶŐŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶƵƉƐŬŝůů
LJŽƵƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽĂƌĞƐƚƌƵŐŐůŝŶŐ͘
>ŝŬĞ Ăůů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƚƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐƌŝƟĐĂůƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͘tŚŝůƐƚŝƚŵĂLJƐĞĞŵůŝŬĞ
ĂŶŽǀĞƌǁŚĞůŵŝŶŐƚĂƐŬ͕ƚĞĂŵƐĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĂŐƌĞĂƚĞƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJƚŽ
ǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĚĞŵĂŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĐƌŝƟĐĂůƌŽůĞƐďLJĐƵůƟǀĂƟŶŐĂ
ƚƌĂƵŵĂͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ͘

ůůƚŚŝƐŵĂŬĞƐŵĞǁŽŶĚĞƌ͙
ƒ ,Žǁ ŽŌĞŶ ĂƐ ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ ǁĞ ŽŶůLJ ůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ Žƌ
ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽŽƌŐŝǀŝŶŐǁĞŝŐŚƚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚǁĞĐĂŶ
ĞĂƐŝůLJĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌƚŚĂƚĚŽŶ͛ƚǁŽďďůĞŽƵƌĂĚƵůƚ͚ŬŶŽǁŶƐŽƌ
ƚƌƵƚŚƐ͍͛
ƒ ŽƌƚŚĂƚŽŶůLJƐŝƚǁŝƚŚŽƵƌďŝĂƐĞƐ͍
ƒ ŽƌǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǁĂLJǁĞǁĂŶƚƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ƚŽŐŽ͍
ƒ ƌĞǁĞƐŝƫŶŐŝŶĂƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĂďůĞůŽŽƉŽĨǁŚĂƚǁĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJ
ŬŶŽǁ;ŽƌƚŚŝŶŬǁĞŬŶŽǁͿ͍
ƒ tŚĂƚĂƌĞǁĞ͚ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ͍͛
ƒ tŚĂƚĐĂŐĞŝƐŽŶŽƵƌŵŝŶĚƐĞƚ͍
ƒ ,ŽǁŝƐŚŽǁǁĞ͛ƌĞůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ͕ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůůLJ
ŽƌƵŶŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĂƚŚǁĂLJƐǁŚŝĐŚŽƉĞŶƵƉ
ŽƌĐůŽƐĞĚŽǁŶŝŶĨƌŽŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁĞǁŽƌŬĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ͍
ƒ ƌĞǁĞďƌĂǀĞĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐ͍
ƒ ƌĞǁĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƐŵĂůů͕ŽƌĂƌĞǁĞƌĂŝƐŝŶŐŽƵƌƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƚŽ
ƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͍
ƒ ƌĞ ǁĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ŝŶƚĞƌƚǁŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĨĂĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ĨĂŶƚĂƐLJ͕ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ĚĂƚĂĂŶĚĚƌĞĂŵƐ͍
ƒ tŚĂƚ͛ƐǁŽƌƚŚŬŶŽǁŝŶŐ͍
<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ʹ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ
ƉĂƚŚǁĂLJƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚƌLJŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ
ƵƐʹƚŚĂƚŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ĨĂŶƚĂƐLJ͕ĚƌĞĂŵƐĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJĐĂŶƚƌƵůLJ
ŚĞůƉƵƐ͘tĞŬŶŽǁƚŚĂƚĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŚĂƐĞǀĞƌďĞĞŶŝŶǀĞŶƚĞĚ
ǁĂƐŽŶĐĞŽŶůLJĞǀĞƌŝŵĂŐŝŶĞĚʹǁŚĂƚǁŝůůƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚďĞůŝŬĞĨŽƌ
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŝŶϭϬ͕ϮϬŽƌϯϬLJĞĂƌƐ͛ƟŵĞ͍
ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂƌĞ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐ ƌŝĐŚ͕ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ͕
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƚǁŝŶĞƚŚĞƌĞĂůŵƐŽĨĨĂĐƚĂŶĚĨĂŶƚĂƐLJ͕
ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ďŽƚŚ ĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚůLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚůLJ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂůůLJ͘
^ĐŽƩ ,ĞƌƐŚŽǀŝƚnj͕ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ‘Why Kids Make the Best
WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ͕͛ ƐĂLJƐ ͚ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŽŶ
preschool playgrounds than college campuses’ and that
ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ͚ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ŐƌŽǁŶͲƵƉƐ ƚĂŬĞ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĂŶƚĞĚ͘ ŶĚ
ƚŚĞLJ͛ƌĞŽƉĞŶƚŽŶĞǁŝĚĞĂƐ͛͘,ĞŐŽĞƐŽŶƚŽƐĂLJƚŚĂƚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͚ĐĂŶ
ŚĞůƉĂĚƵůƚƐƌĞĐĂƉƚƵƌĞŽƵƌŽǁŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĂƐƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐ͕ƚŽŽ͘ůůǁĞ
ŚĂǀĞƚŽĚŽŝƐƚĂůŬƚŽƚŚĞŵĂŶĚƚĂŬĞƚŚĞŵƐĞƌŝŽƵƐůLJ͘ŚĂŶĐĞƐ
ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐůĞǀĞƌĞƐƚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ LJŽƵ ŬŶŽǁ ĐĂŶ͛ƚ ƟĞ ŚĞƌ ƐŚŽĞƐ͘ Ƶƚ
ǁŝƚŚĂǁĞůůͲƉůĂĐĞĚǁŚLJ͕ƐŚĞĐĂŶƉƵƐŚLJŽƵƉĂƐƚLJŽƵƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ŽƌĐĂůůŝŶƚŽƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƚƌƵƚŚƐLJŽƵŚŽůĚ
ĚĞĂƌ͘^ŚĞĐĂŶĞǀĞŶŚĞůƉLJŽƵƐĞĞƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚŝŶĂŶĞǁǁĂLJ͛͘
91
dƵŶŝŶŐ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĐĂů ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ƐĂLJ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ƵƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ ƚŽ ůŝƐƚĞŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ ƚŽ
ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐƐƚĂLJƐŝůĞŶƚ͕ƚŽƉƌŽǀŽŬĞ;ŶŽƚĞdžƟŶŐƵŝƐŚͿ͕ƚŽŽƉĞŶůLJ
ƐĂLJ͚/ĚŽŶ͛ƚŬŶŽǁƚŚĞĂŶƐǁĞƌ͛Žƌ͚dĞůůŵĞŵŽƌĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĂƚ͙͛͘
dŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĨĞĞů ƐĂĨĞ ĂŶĚ
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŚĂǀĞĂƚŚĞŽƌLJ;ŶŽŵĂƩĞƌŚŽǁĨĂĐƚƵĂů͕ĨĂŶĐŝĨƵů͕
ĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͕ ďĞĂƵƟĨƵů͕ ŝŵƉůĂƵƐŝďůĞ͕ ŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ͕ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟǀĞ͕
ĚƌĞĂŵLJŝƚŵĂLJďĞͿ͘
To create spaces and contexts for dialogue and for the children
ƚŽƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŽƌďƵŝůĚŽŶĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͛ƐŝĚĞĂƐ͘dŽŚĂǀĞĂƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕
ƚŽĚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝƚĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝƚ͘dŽůĂƵŐŚĂŶĚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ
ƉůĞĂƐƵƌĞ͘ůůƚŚĞƐĞƚŚŝŶŐƐĂƌĞĐƌƵĐŝĂůĨŽƌƐƚƌĞƚĐŚŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕
ĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌƉƵƌƉŽƐĞĨƵů͕ĂƵƚŚĞŶƟĐ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘
tĞŶĞĞĚƚŽůĞƚŐŽŽĨƚŚĞŝĚĞĂƚŚĂƚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŶĞĞĚĂŶĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘
^ŽŵĞ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͛Ɛ ďŝŐŐĞƐƚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĂĐƚƵĂůůLJ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽ ĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ͘
^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚƚŚŝŶŬĞƌƐĂƌĞƐƟůůǁƌĞƐƚůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĐĂŶ ĚĞďĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽƌŝƐĞ ĂŶĚ
ŚLJƉŽƚŚĞƐŝƐĞĂďŽƵƚĨŽƌĚĂLJƐŽŶĞŶĚ͘tĞŶĞĞĚƚŽŐŝǀĞŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ
permission as educators to embrace and lean into the fact
ƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝƐĞŶŽƵŐŚʹƚŚĂƚŚĂǀŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞĨƌĞĞĚŽŵĂŶĚƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚLJ͕
ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĂĚƵůƚƐ ǁŚŽ ůŝƐƚĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐŝǀĞ ǁĞŝŐŚƚ
ƚŽ ŽƵƌ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ǀŽŝĐĞƐ͕ ǁŚŽ ŐŝǀĞ ƵƐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶĂŵƵůƟƉůŝĐŝƚLJ
ŽĨǁĂLJƐ͕ŝƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ůŝĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞĂůŵƐ ŽĨ ĨĂŶƚĂƐLJ͕ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚƌĞĂŵƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ
ŐĂƚĞǁĂLJƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘
dŚĞ ϮϬϮϯ /ŶƐƉŝƌĞ ĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŵĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ &ĂŶƚĂƐLJ͕ ZĞĂůŝƚLJ
ĂŶĚKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ͘DLJŝŶǀŝƚĂƟŽŶƚŽLJŽƵ͗
tŝƚŚŝŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ ʹ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ďŽƚŚ ĨĂŶƚĂƐLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƐŽŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJĂŶĚďĞĂƵƟĨƵůůLJŝŶƚĞƌǁĞĂǀĞ͕ǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚƌĞĂŵƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŵƐ ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶʹĞdžŝƐƚĂŵĂnjŝŶŐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͙,ŽǁǁŝůůLJŽƵ
ĞŵďƌĂĐĞƚŚĞŵ͍
REFERENCES
ĂŐůŝĂƌŝ͕ W͕͘ ĂƐƚĂŐŶĞƫ͕ D͕͘ 'ŝƵĚŝĐŝ͕ ͕͘ ZŝŶĂůĚŝ͕ ͕͘ sĞĐĐŚŝ͕ s͕͘ ĂŶĚ DŽƐƐ͕ W͘
;ĚƐͿ͕;ϮϬϭϲͿ>ŽƌŝƐDĂůĂŐƵnjnjŝĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĐŚŽŽůƐŽĨZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͗ĂƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨ
ŚŝƐǁƌŝƟŶŐƐĂŶĚƐƉĞĞĐŚĞƐϭϵϰϱͲϭϵϵϯ͕ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͕Ez
,ĞƌƐŚŽǀŝƚnj͕ ^ ;ϮϬϮϮͿ ͞tŚLJ <ŝĚƐ DĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƚ WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌƐ͟ ^ŽƵƌĐĞĚ
ͲŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚŚĞĂƚůĂŶƚŝĐ͘ĐŽŵͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂƌĐŚŝǀĞͬϮϬϮϮͬϬϰͬŬŝĚƐͲƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJͲ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐͬϲϮϵϲϱϬͬ
sĞĐĐŚŝ͕s;ϮϬϭϬͿƌƚĂŶĚƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJŝŶZĞŐŐŝŽŵŝůŝĂ͗džƉůŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞZŽůĞĂŶĚ
WŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨƚĞůŝĞƌƐŝŶĂƌůLJŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͕Ez
 IF WE LISTEN FROM THE MIND OF
SILENCE, EVERY BIRDSONG AND EVERY
WHISPERING OF THE PINE BRANCHES
IN THE WIND WILL SPEAK TO US
THICH NHAT HANH
 93

UNEARTHING WHY:
STORIES OF THINKING AND
LEARNING WITH CHILDREN
JILL MCLACHLAN AND CLARE BRITT

hŶĞĂƌƚŚŝŶŐtŚLJ;ϮϬϮϬͿŝƐĂĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƚŽƌŝĞƐŽīĞƌŝŶŐĂĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĂŶĚŚŽƉĞĨƵů
ŽƵƚůŽŽŬĨŽƌƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ĂĐŚĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŝŶǀŝƚĞƐLJŽƵƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞ
ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJĂŶĚďĞĂƵƚLJŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJƚŽůĞĂƌŶ͕ƚŚŝŶŬĂŶĚďĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘:ŝůů
DĐ>ĂĐŚůĂŶĂŶĚůĂƌĞƌŝƩ͛ƐƌĞƚĞůůŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ
ŝŶƉƌŝŽƌͲƚŽͲƐĐŚŽŽůĂŶĚƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐĐŚŽŽůͲďĂƐĞĚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐǁŝůůŐĞŶƚůLJ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐůLJ͕
ŝŶǀŝƚĞLJŽƵƚŽũŽŝŶƚŚĞŵŝŶĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĞĞƉƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞ͚ǁŚLJƐ͕͛ũƵƐƚďĞůŽǁƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ƚŚĂƚŝŶĨŽƌŵ͚ǁŚĂƚ͛ĂŶĚ͚ŚŽǁ͛LJŽƵƚĞĂĐŚ͘

‘I imagine groups of teachers reading and responding in vigorous

and profound dialogue. And this is what a good book for teachers
should do — it should not only activate our intellect, but our
emotions along with it. This is a book for the head and heart.
A recommended read indeed.’
.DWK0XUGRFK$XWKRURIWKHEHVWVHOOLQJERRN7KH3RZHURI,QTXLU\

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ƐĞƫŶŐƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƵŶŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJĞŶƚĂŶŐůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƚŚĂƚ
ƌŝŐŝĚŝƚLJ͕ƌƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŶŚĞƌŝƚĞĚǁĂLJƐďĞĐŽŵĞďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͘
tĞůĐŽŵŝŶŐĂĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐĞƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͕ŽĐƵŵĞŶƟŶŐ
ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĚŝƐƌƵƉƚƐƚŚĞŵLJƚŚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂLJŚŽůĚďĂĐŬ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘DŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚ͕ŝƚƐŚŽǁƐŚŽǁƚŽƵƐĞ
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝŶǁĂLJƐƚŚĂƚŚĞůƉLJŽƵƚƵƌŶŝƚƐǁŽŶĚĞƌĨƵůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů
ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞǁĞůĐŽŵĞƌĞĂůŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŬŝŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛ƐĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚLJǀŝƐŝďůĞ͘

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