Unit 2

Chapter 3 Stair: Database Systems, Data Centers, and Business Intelligence

1. Database Management System

-Database:

organized collection of data

-Database Management System (DBMS)

: cosists of a group of programs that manipulates the database and provide

an interface between the database and its users and other application
programs

-Database environment

: consists of the database, DBMS and the application programs that use the
data

-Database administrator (DBA)

: skilled and trained IS professional who directs all activities related to an

org's database, inlcuding providing security from intruders

2. The hierarchy of data (smalles to largest)

a. Bit : binary digit that represents a circuit

b. Byte : 8 bits, represents one character; basic bld block of info

c. Field : combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business

project/activity

e.g employee number, address

d. Record: collection of data fields all related to one object/activity

e.g. record of one employee

e. File: a collection of related records

e.g. collection of many employees' records

f. Database: collection of integrated and related files

3. Data Entities, Attribtues, and Keys

 -Entity: anything (gen class of people, places, things or objects) for which data is
collected, stored and maintained

-Attributes: characteristic of an entity

-Data item: the specific value of an attribute

-Key : field or set of fields that identifies the record

-Primary key: field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record

: ensures that each record in a file is unique

-Secondary key: combination of secondary keys may be used to search for a record
when primary key is unknown

14. Approach to data management

a. Traditional approach : each distinct operational system used data files dedicated
to that system

b. Database approach: multiple information systems share a pool of related data

:requires the DBMS

-Pros:

1.) Improved strategic use of data

2.)Reduced data redundancy

3.) Improved data integrity

4.) easier modification and updating

5.) data and program independence

:application program is not affected by the location or type of data

6.) better access to data and information

7.) standardization of data access

8.) framework for program development

9.) better protection of data

10.) shared data and information resources

-Cons:
 1.) more complexity

2.) more difficult to recover from failure

3.) more expensive

15. Data modeling and database characteristics

-Considerations in building a database:

a. Content: what data and at what cost

b. Access: who, what, when

c. Logical structure: how should it be arranged to make sense

d. Physical organization: where should data be physically located?

16. Data Center

: climate controlled building that house database servers and the systems that deliver
mission-critical info and services

: Approach

a. Traditional: warehouses store rows of server racks and powerful cooling

systems

b. Modular: use large shippng containers

*lights out environment: pt of automation where data centers can run and manage
themselves while being monitored remotely

17. Data modeling

-Types of design for building a database:

a. Logical design: abstract design of how data shold be structured and arranged to
meed org's information needs

: involves identifying relationship among data items and grouping them

orderly

:requires users participlation to ensure their needs are addressed

b. Physical design: starts with logical database design and fine tunes it for performance
and cost considerations

*Planned data redunancy

 :A way of organizing data in which

> the logical database design is altered so that certain data entities are
combined

> summary totals are carried in the data records rather than calculated
from elemental data,

> some data attributes are repeated in more than one data entity to
improve database performance

*Data model: tool used to show logical relationships among data

: diagram of entities and their relationships

* Data modeling

: involves understanding a business problem and analysing the data and info
needed to deliver a solution

* Enterprise data modeling

: starts by investigating general data and info needs at strategic level then
examines more specific data and info needs for various functional areas within

the org

-Various models

a. Entity relationship ER diagram

:use basic graphical symbols to show the org od and relationships between
data

:BOX = data items/entity

: DIAMONDS = relationships between data items

18. Database models

:type of data model

:Different kinds

a. Flat Files

b. Hierarchical

c. Network
 d. relational model

:uses a tabular format

:all data elements are placed in 2D tables, called relations, equivalent of files
: each row represents a data entity- record

: each column represents an attribute -field

*domain = allowable values for attributes

e.g. domain for an attribute such as gender would be male or female. domain
can increase data accuracy

-Pros:

> allows tables to be linked. linkage reduces data redundancy and

allows data to be organized more logically

>easier to control, more flexible and intuitive because data is

organized in tables

19. Manipulating Data

:includes

a. Selecting : filtering/eliminating out rows

b. Projecting : filtering out colums

c. Joining: creating a new table by cobining existing tables

*As long as the tables share at least one common data attribute, the tables in a relational database can
be linked to provide useful information and reports

20. Types of Database

a. Flat File: simple database program whose records have no relationship to one
another

: often used to store and manipulate a single file

b. Single User : database installed on a personal computer

c. Multiple Users: more powerful and expensive systems allow many people to access
 the same database system at the same time

21. Providing a User View

-Schema: description of the entire database

22. Creating and Modifying the Database

-Schemas are entered into the DBMS via data definition language (DDL)

-DDL: collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and
relationships in a specific database

-Establishing a data dictionary: detailed description of all data used in the database

23. Storing and Retrieving Data

-when application program needs data, it requests data throught the DBMS.

-DBMS working with various system programs, accesses a storage device where data is stored

-Logical access path: when user requests data from DBMS

-Physical access path : DBMS acquires data from data storage

*Concurrency cnotrol: avoiding simultaneous access to the same record at the same
time

: locks out all other application programs from access to a

record if the record is being updated or used by another
program

24. Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

data manipulation language (DML): commands used to manipulate the database

: allow users to access and modify data, make queries

and generate reports

25. Database Administrator

:role is to plan, design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and maintain database

:works with

a. Users: to decide the content of the database

b. programmers: to ensure that programs comply with DBMS standards and

conventions
 *Data administrator: defines and implements consistent principles for a variety of data
issues

*Database as a Service (DaaS): emerging form of database system

:software is stored on a service provider's servers and

accessed by client company over a network

26. Selecting a Database Management System

-Important characteristics

a. Database size: no. of records or files in the database

b. Database cost: purchase or lease costs of database

c. Concurrent users: no. of people who need to use the database at the same time

d. Performance: how fast can database update records

e. Integration: ability to work seamlessly with other applications and databases

f. Vendor: reputation and financial feasibility

27. Using databases with other software

: can act as

a. front-end application : one that people interact with directly

b. back-end application: interacts with programs or applications, indirectly interacts

with people or users

28. Database Applications

a. Linking the company database to the Internet

*Semantic Web: developing a seamless integration of databases with the

Internet

b. Data warehouses, data marts, and data mining

i. Data warehouses

:database that holds business information from many sources in the

enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products,
and customers

:designed to support decision making

 :allows managers to

1.) Drill down: get more detail

2.) Roll up: generate summary reports from detailed data

ii. Data marts

: contain a subset of data for a single aspect of company's business

iii. Data mining

: an information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery

of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse

:Such tools help users find answers to questions they havent

thought to ask

*Predictive analysis: form of data mining that combines historical

data with assuptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of
events

c. Business Intelligence (BI)

-involves gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and

usable form and analyzing it so that it can have a positive effect on
business strategy, tactics, or operations

-turns data into useful information that is distributed

*Competitive intelligence

: one aspect of BI

:limited to info about competitors and the ways that knowledge

affects strategy, tactics, and operations

* Counterintelligence:

steps to protect info from hostile intelligence gatherers

*Data loss provention:

:systems designed to lock down data within an org

:tool for counterintelligence

: necessity in complying with government regulations that require

companies to safeguard private customer data
 d. Distributed Databases

-Distributed processing

: placing processing units at different locations and linking them via

telecom equip

-Distributed Database:

database where data can be spread across several smaller

databases connected thru telecommunication devices

-Replicated Database

:holds a duplicate set of frequently used data

-Data Synchronization

:when sites send changed data back to update the main database
:makes sure that replicated databases are accurate, up to date, and
sistent with each other

29. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

:aka multidimensional analysis

:programs used to store and deliver data warehouse information efficiently

:Users

a. Analysts, managers, executives

-to quickly view and understand large complex data

b. Decision makers

-to view data acrros multiple dimensions and drill down to access
specifics

30. Data mining (DM) vs. OLAP

a. type of analysis

DM: bottom up, dicovery-driven analysis

OLAP: top bottom, query-driven data analysis

b. Function
 DM: requires no assumptions, identifies facts and conclusions based on patterns
discovered

OLAP: requires repetitive testing of user-originated theories

c. Requires from user

DM: need not figure out what questions to ask, instead "Here's the data, tell me what
interesting patterns emerge"

OLAP: requires great deal of human ingenuity and interaction with database to find
info in the database

30. Object-Relational Database Management Systems

-Object oriented database

: both data and processing instructions are stored in the database

: useful when database contains complex data that needs to be processed

quickly and efficiently

*Method - procedure or action

*Message- request to execute or run a method

:own language- object query language (OQL)

31. object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)

:group of programs that manipulate an object oriented database :provide a user

interface and connections to other programs

31. Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS)

-provides a complete set of relational database capabilities plus the ability for third parties
to add new data types and operations to the database

-DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data

32. Visual, Audio, and other database systems

*Virtual database systems

:allow different databases to work together as a unified database system

*Federated database systems

: joining of separate databases into one

*Spatial data technology

:using a database to store and access data according to the locations it

describes and to permit spatial queries and analysis

:used by geographic information systems (GIS) to plot information on a map