Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-7971-4
A Critical Review on the Low Power SIC
MOSFET based Current Fed Inverter used in
Surface Hardening Application
Vijay Jagannath Patil
Research Scholar, Shivaji university,
Kolhapur
vijay.patil.research@gmail.com
Abstract— Generally, an induction heating system is
composed of a power source (or inverter), tank circuit
(or work head), and a work coil. The amount of current
flowing through the coil in an industrial context is
frequently significant enough to necessitate water
cooling. As a result, a water-cooling system is included
in the conventional setup. The power supply converts
the current from the AC line into an alternating current
that is tuned to match the capacitance, inductance, and
resistance of the work head, coil, and part. The
induction generator, along with the induction coil and
the workpiece is considered as the most significant
component of an induction heating system. Most of the
time, this type of equipment is evaluated based on how
frequently it operates and how much power it can
generate at its maximum output. The amount of power
required is determined by the type of material, work
piece size, required amount of temperature rise, and the
time required to reach the temperature. The size of the
work item that needs to be heated is one such factor
that influences how often the induction heating system
runs. Larger workpieces benefit from a lower
frequency (>10 kHz) and better heat penetration when
compared to smaller workpieces, which require a
higher frequency (>50 kHz) for efficient heating. The
amount of heat lost from a heated workpiece increases
as the work piece's temperature rises. As the
temperature rises, the work piece's radiation and
convection losses become more significant. When the
temperature is high, insulation is frequently utilized to
prevent heat loss and the quantity of power required
from the induction system. The design aspects of
standard induction surface hardening is examined in
this article, as well as the power supply of a SiC
MMOSFET-based current-fed inverter. With the
advancement in power semiconductor wide bandgap
semiconductor switching technology and improvement
in load resonant inverter topology, it has become
possible to achieve high efficient induction heating
systems for application of surface hardening in today's
automobile and metal industries. Surface hardening is
the coupled electromagnetic thermal and metallurgical
process to increase wear resistance of the specific
portion of the magnetic or nonmagnetic workpiece
material. Nowadays, solid-state current fed inverter
topology has gained more attention when compared to
voltage fed inverter. Hence, a significant research effort
has been made in this research article to examine its
power, control design, and performance aspects
through a critical literature review and identification of
978-1-6654-7971-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr.Mulla A M
Research Guide, Shivaji University, Kolhapur
Principal, Dr. Daultrao Aher College of Engineering Karad
ammaitp@rediffmail.com
research gaps defining future recommendations and
motive for the researchers working in this domain.
Keywords: Induction Heating, Power Supply, Coil,
Current Fed Inverter, Heating Time, Efficiency, THD,
hardening, SiC MOSFET
I. INTRODUCTION
Induction heating is a technique used for heating
the metals and other electrically conducting materials
quickly and without contact. To do this,
electromagnetic energy and heat transfer interact in a
sophisticated way by using an induction coil. The
electromagnetic field generated by the coil converts
the materials to metal. Steel, copper, brass, graphite,
gold, silver, aluminium, and carbide can be modified
by heating in different ways. Heat treatment is utilized
for a variety of purposes in these applications,
including hardening, annealing, tempering, brazing,
soldering, shrink fitting, heat staking, bonding, curing,
and melting.
There are two ways to generate heat when an
electrically conducting object is placed in an
alternating magnetic field. These processes are known
as "Joule Heating" and "Magnetic Hysteresis,"
respectively. Magnetic dipoles in the neighbourhood
spin when the direction of a magnetic field reverses.
This happens in magnetic metals like carbon steel that
are below the Curie point (such as carbon steel below
the Curie point). As a result, heat and friction are
generated. This effect will become stronger as the
frequency of the magnetic field rises.
The work coil, power supply, and tank circuit are
all parts of an induction heating system. A high
quantity of current goes through the coil in industrial
settings, necessitating water cooling. As a result, a
water-cooling unit will be a required component of
the installation. The alternating current on the AC line
is transformed into an alternating current that
corresponds to the interaction between the coil
inductance, capacitance, and component resistivity
using a power supply.
A power supply (or inverter), a tank circuit (or
worked), and a work coil make up an induction
heating system. Because the coil transmits so much
current in industrial applications, it must be cooled
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Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-7971-4
with water on regularlyThis is why a normal
installation includes a water cooling system. The
power supply converts the alternating current from the
Figure 1. Induction Heating System
Figure 1 displays the general appearance of a
heating system. The metal's surface is heated to the
desired depth during the heat treatment technique.
This is achieved by wrapping coils around the object
and powering them with the appropriate frequency
and power. After that, the surface is rapidly chilled to
acquire the appropriate surface properties. The entire
workpiece is heated to extremely high temperatures
before induction heating is used to create metal. To
attain the desired thickness, form, and structure, the
item is then pressed, rolled, hammered, or extruded.
Eddy currents are generated in induction furnaces by
massive coils with high currents, which melt the
material in the crucible by heating it to a melting
temperature. Induction cooking has come a long way
and is now used in a wide range of kitchens. A coil is
encased within a container in induction cooking.
Currents are generated, which heat the pot or pan on
the induction cooktop. In the saucepan or pot, cooks
the meal. Induction cooking can be found in a variety
of kitchens. Induction heating is often used in the
food industry to prepare meals. Controlled
dehydration is a step in the food manufacturing
process. Induction heating can be used to cook the
food after it has been dried..
The heating time and energy consumption of an
object is determined by the type of material used to
make it. Iron and steel are easy to heat due to their
great heat resistance. Because aluminium and copper
resist heat less effectively than other metals, they
978-1-6654-7971-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
AC line into an alternating current that is compatible
with the capacitance, inductance, and resistance of the
work head, coil, and component.
require more heat energy. When heated by induction,
some naturally magnetic forms of steel use the
resistance and hysteresis of the metal. As a result,
they preserve their magnetic properties. Steel loses its
magnetic characteristics when heated over the Curie
temperature (500–600 °C or 1000–1150 °F). On the
other hand, eddy current can be utilised to heat steel
to higher temperatures.
The amount of power needed is determined by
several factors, including the type of material, the size
of the workpiece, the desired temperature, and the
time it takes to achieve that temperature. Based on the
size of the object to be heated, determine how
frequently the induction heating system should work.
This is the most important factor to consider. The
frequency must be at least twice as high as 50 kHz to
heat smaller items effectively. However, you'll need a
lower frequency and larger bits to get more heat into
the material (one that is greater than 10 kHz).
When a heated object's temperature rises, the heat
finally escapes, causing the object's temperature to
drop. As the temperature of the workpiece rises,
calculating the quantity of heat lost through radiation
and convection becomes increasingly important.
Insulating techniques are widely used in high-
temperature environments to avoid heat loss and
lower the amount of power required by the induction
system.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW ON INDUCTION HEATING
D. K. Kim and colleagues (2018) You must create
a way for swiftly and uniformly heating blanks to
undertake procedures such as hot stamping. In order
Tothe issue of uneven temperature distribution that
happens in the majority of induction heating systems,
a heating block has been added to the system. This
test was carried out to see if the heating block could
heat blanks quickly and uniformly. Experiments were
carried out to see how the addition of the heating
block affected the temperature distributions of
different coil types. The results show that the shown
induction heating system can heat the blank quickly
and uniformly, which is necessary for reliable hot
stamping. The mechanical properties of a hot
stamphot-stampedicate that the suggested heating
method for hot stamping goods is a suitable
alternative to the traditional hot stamping process.
This time-saving technology uniformly heats the
room while taking up less space than a traditional
electric heater. The ultimate result is a higher-quality
product with lower manufacturing expenses.
F. Mühl et al (2020)"Inductive hardening" is
widely used in the fabrication of vehicle components
to strengthen the component's surface. These systems
combine fast processing times with low costs and
high energy efficiency. Wear and fatigue resistance
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Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-7971-4

are conferred by compressive residual stresses on the
surface of induction-hardened steel components. The
high surface hardness of the induction-hardened steel
components is responsible for these qualities. This is
accomplished by combining a standard hardening
machine with a temperature-controlled inductive
surface hardening technique. The production of a
bainitic-martensitic microstructure has been shown to
improve mechanical properties. As a result, here is a
revolutionary way of building an inductor that allows
a calibrated sample to be cooled. The limitations of
the procedure are exposed through dilatometric
research and various heat treatment approaches
toacquire a complete understanding of it. As a result,
this enhances bainite development. Various heat
treatment processes can change the amount of bainitic
phase on the surface of an AISI 4140 component. The
results of this cutting-edge technologies are compared
to those of short-time inductive hardening and
tempering methods in terms of microstructure,
hardness, and residual stresses. There is a chance that
the fatigue strength of induction-hardened
components could be improved if the surface layer
states formed are favourable. One of these traits is
mixed microstructure.

Table 1 Literature review on induction heating

References Methods Performance Results Limitations

V. Geetha, V. Single switch Parallel Resonant THD 124.18%. the system developed is
Sivachidambaranathan(2018) converter suited for all kinds of
domestic induction heating
The output power of 1.7KW to applications.
3KW

Kim, D. K., Woo, Y. Y., Park, Hot stamping Heating time Electric the heating method is a
K. S., Sim, W. J., & Moon, Y. heating feasible alternative for hot
H. (2018 Device output 15 kW furnace300 stamping products with
s excellent quality

Induction
heating58
s

Mühl, F., Jarms, J., Kaiser, D., Bainite/martensite dual-phase, Heating time 0.75s • Improvement of the surface
Dietrich, S., & Schulze, V. layer state of induction
(2020) Dual-phase microstructure, short hardened parts.
time hardening

850 kW a

J. BARGLIK, A. SMALCERZ, power – 60 kW Heating time 4,5 s The microstructure of

A. SMAGOR, G. KOPEC internal zone has not
changed at all (tempered
martensite).

J Barglik1 , K Ducki1 , D Power = 60 kW Heating time Mediyum fully hardened surface zone
Kukla2 , J Mizera2 , G F = 6.6 s, was obtained for the CDFIH
Mrówka-Nowotnik3 , J method only
Sieniawski3 and A Smalcerz1 High = 1.5
s

Robert Cryderman, Dalton 3 kW at a frequency of 240 kHz. Analysis of - Higher heating rates
Garrett, and Zachary temperature increased the Ac1 and Ac3
Schlittenhart temperatures and lowered
the Ms temperature.

III. REVIEW ON CURRENT FED INVERTER FOR

INDUCTION HEATING
The induction heating, along with the induction
coil and the workpiece, is the most important
component of an induction heating system. The
induction generator provides alternating current (AC).
The maximum output power and operational
frequency of such equipment are typical ratings.
During the last decade, university scholars and
industry employees have shown a strong interest in
SiC devices and power electronics systems. • The
workpiece's material determines how quickly it heats
up and how much power it requires. Because of their
high resistance, steel and iron heat up quickly. Copper
and aluminium, on the other hand, take more energy
to heat up due to their low resistance. When induction
heating is used to heat some magnetic steels, both
their resistivity and hysteretic properties are used.
Steel loses its magnetic characteristics when heated
above the Curie temperature, which is between 1000-
and 1150-degrees Fahrenheit (500 to 600 degrees
Celsius). Eddy current heating, on the other hand, has
the potential to heat steel to higher temperatures. •
The amount of power required is dependent on
several parameters, including the type of material, the
size of the workpiece, and the degree of temperature
increase necessary. - When will the temperature begin
to rise? One of the elements that influence how

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Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-7971-4
frequently the induction heating system runs is the
size of the work item to be heated. In comparison to
smaller workpieces, which require a higher frequency
(>50 kHz) for efficient heating, larger workpieces
benefit from a lower frequency (>10 kHz) and better
heat penetration. The amount of heat lost increases as
the temperature of a heated workpiece rise. As the
temperature rises, the relevance of radiation and
convection losses from the workpiece grows. When
temperatures are high, insulation is usually used to
decrease the amount of heat lost and the amount of
power required from the induction system.
Induction heating is well known for its ability to
reach exceptionally high temperatures for a range of
applications. A source of high-frequency current
capable of generating a high-frequency eddy current
in the workpiece, which warms it, is required for this
operation. The most common types of inverters in big
topologies are those powered by voltage or current.
The ability of current-fed inverters to prevent short
circuits is one of their advantages. One of its best
characteristics is this. This gadget is fully
unpredictable, unlike a power source inverter.
Resonant inverters have been used in a wide range
of industrial applications since the invention of
vacuum tubes, including AC power sources for
spacecraft, induction heating and melting, ultrasonic
cleaners, and low-frequency radio transmitters.
Inverters produced with semiconductor power devices
such as thyristors, power transistors, and power
MOSFETs have recently undergone several
modifications that have improved their performance
over vacuum tube inverters.
Inverters are power switching circuits. Their job is
to convert direct current (DC) voltages and currents
into almost sinusoidal voltages and currents. Switches
are commonly employed to connect a stable voltage
or current across a resonant load. During the
conversation, carefully established ways to create
resonant inverter topologies are discussed. Because
resonant inverters have lower switching losses and
less harmonic waveforms, square wave inverters do
not perform as well as resonant inverters. These are
two of the most important reasons why using resonant
inverters is a good idea. This type of inverter is
typically used when there is a high power demand.
When compared to other devices that can switch
between two states, the resistor has been used the
most. This event is brought about by two key factors.
Because it can withstand more power, the thyristor is
superior to other types of switching devices. Second,
because the thyristor turns off when its current
reaches zero, the natural commutation principle,
which is used by many resonant inverters, may be
used to turn it off without the need for an additional
commutation circuit. Because many resonant inverters
work on the natural commutation principle, this is a
possibility. The majority of the research has focused
on inverters that get their power from a voltage
source. When duality is used to its full potential, new
circuits with useful and distinct properties can be
created . In other cases, the inverter's input
characteristics are those of a current source rather
978-1-6654-7971-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
than a voltage source. There are times, however,
when this is not the case. It's feasible that the input
will behave like a voltage source at times.
A thyristor inverter with a current-fed series load
is examined in this paper. The rules of duality were
applied to a voltage-fed parallel inverter to create this
inverter. The inverter can be simulated and closed-
form solutions found using a normalised second-order
model. Switch stresses and resonant component
ratings are examined to meet a range of regulatory
norms. The switching-resonant frequency ratio and
the Q-factor of the resonant tank circuit are two of
these needs. These curves are used throughout the
design process to ensure that the inverter will work
effectively with varying levels of input current, output
voltage, power, and frequency.
Oleg Sivkov and Martin Novak published their
findings from testing a custom-built high-frequency
SiC inverter in 2014. The CCS050M12CM2 module
with SiC MOSFET (1200V, 50A) is used in the
inverter (1200V, 50A). A comparison of SiC
MOSFET modules with Si IGBT modules using
datasheets and scientific publications revealed that
SiC MOSFETs are more efficient, have less loss, and
can run at a higher frequency than Si IGBT modules.
In the lab, the properties of a SiC MOSFET inverter
and a-Si IGBT inverter were compared and tested. A
SiC MOSFET inverter has lower power static and
switching losses than a-Si IGBT inverter, according to
the findings. In addition to being more efficient, a SiC
MOSFET inverter could switch at a higher frequency.
A SiC module's switching properties were measured
up to a frequency of 30,000 hertz. The experiments
found that when the device was shut off, it lost about
10 times more powerful than when it was switched on
at a switching frequency of 20 kHz. The circuit that
regulates the driver was thoroughly examined to
prevent the voltage at the driver's output from
becoming too high. The differential equations in the
circuit substitution diagram must be written down and
then solved to find the damping resistor that will stop
the overshoot. Finally, the correct resistor value was
identified to stop the overshoot, keep the switching
fast, and keep the delay to a minimal.
In 2021, Thore S. Aunsborg et al exhibited a
current source resonant inverter prototype for variable
frequency MHz induction heating. This article also
discusses important considerations to keep in mind
when using power devices with a rising blocking
voltage in high-frequency applications. It was
possible to build a power module using 1700V
MOSFETs in parallel and gate drivers. The gate
drivers were able to turn on and off the four paralleled
MOSFETs at a rate of 2.5 MHz with just a 5-degree
Celsius increase in temperature. This suggests that a
hard-switching integrated gate driver structure could
be used to address both the high-frequency thermal
driver issues and the low gate loop inductance
requirements of paralleled SiC MOSFETs. The fact
that both of these problems can be solved at the same
time proves this. A high-Q resonant tank used in
industry was used to test the power module. Even
when the system is not loaded, switching at the
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-7971-4
resonance frequency produces clean voltage
waveforms. This demonstrates how the paralleled SiC
MOSFET power module for the high frequency, high-
Q inverter system was built. [Requires citation]
[Requires citation] [Requires citation] [Requires
citation] [Requires citation] [Requires citation]
[Citation Since soft-switching was disabled at higher
voltages, the inverter didn't work as well. This was
due to the poor temporal resolution of the driving
circuit. This was a problem when the voltage was
higher. Despite this, the test setup with a 2.3 kW
output power and a predicted reactive power of 170
kVA was able to achieve an efficiency of over 90%.
When 1700V MOSFETs are used in parallel at MHz,
these results show how accurate and valuable a CSRI
can be. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the
power range of MHz induction heating inverters can
be further increased.
Abdelkader Attab et al. (2019) devise a simple
method for determining the size of an induction coil
and estimating how much power an inverter requires
for a particular type of metal piece's degree of
hardening. The presented approach was used to
determine the parameters of the induction coil based
on a set of hardening standards for a metal sample, as
well as the characteristics of the resonant inverter
power supply, which required modelling
electromagnetic and electric models. The
electromagnetic simulation was used to accurately
anticipate eddy current losses, which are reflected in
ohmic losses, in order to heat and hardness of the
surface. The influence of an efficient PLL scheme
with a high reaction time (40 ms) on achieving a high
efficiency of up to 91 per cent was demonstrated. The
resonance frequency was changed from 4.2 to 7.2 kHz
in this manner, which made hardening operate well
without requiring extra energy. The resonant
frequency was changed from 4.2 kHz to 7.2 kHz to
accomplish this.
Irshad Khan et al (2000) A compact high-
frequency induction furnace was constructed with the
help of an independent frequency control system. The
system has already been shown to have several
advantages. Because the actual circuit is made up of a
limited number of components, the method for
altering the frequency is relatively inexpensive to
build. Open loop frequency management is no longer
required thanks to automatic frequency control
(AFC). The inverter's performance has also been
enhanced as a result of this. Snubber circuitry is no
longer required because the ZVS goal has been
achieved, and the MOSFET switches can now be
driven closer to their maximum voltage ratings.
ROY Debabrata et al (2015).,High-frequency CSI
inverters require a transformer, a bank of rectifiers,
and other components to get power from the power
frequency source. They usually suffer from noise and
harmonic distortion as a result of their high switching
frequencies. The rectifier generates a repetitive action
when it reprocesses the high-frequency components
of the incoming current and transmits them to the
inverter. It's critical to have a low amount of noise and
harmonic distortion in the input. You can do this by
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connecting a passive LC filter in series with the
device's input. To minimize the unwanted harmonics,
make sure the LC low pass filter is appropriately
constructed. This goal was achieved thanks to the
careful selection of an LPF. This study details the
design and analysis of an induction heating system
with a DC-link, high-frequency current source and a
full bridge converter. To ensure high power quality at
the supply end, it is critical to establish a minimum
level of distortion during this procedure. It is feasible
to decrease the harmonics produced when power
semiconductors turn on and off by carefully building
a filter. According to the legislation, the number of
harmonics that can be added to the power supply must
be limited. To meet the authorities' restrictions about
the amount of distortion allowed in utilities, the
proposed technique incorporates passive LC filters. It
improves the quality of the supplied power at the
circuit's conclusion by regulating the flow of
harmonic currents. The addition of the LPF
dramatically reduces Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) from 49.63% to 47.68% according to the
PSIM simulation results.
C. Hammouma et al developed a full-bridge
parallel resonant inverter in 2016 that is being
explored for use in induction hardening. The
topology's parameters were a great match for the
source of the input current, allowing the system to
function to everyone's satisfaction. Two distinct
approaches to power control have been examined
using both modelling and experiment. Both
simulations and experiments provide identical results.
Managing the current, on the other hand, is far more
efficient than controlling the frequency. Because the
current in the coil was substantially larger than the
DC supply, the temperature gradient was superior to
that of the series resonant inverter, despite even a
considerable amount of power has been consumed.
This is due to the fact that the dc current supply DC
power than the coil's current. This is commonly
recommended for hardening applications. Whether or
whether this is true is dependent on a carefully
chosen, high-quality component. Two different
approaches are used in this article. Other strategies,
such as PDM control, which has the potential to
achieve high efficiency in resonant mode, could also
be examined. The benefits of the parallel resonant
inverter topology can be realised even at low power
levels, based on the overall quality of the outputs. The
idea was linked with a matching transformer in this
article about induction hardening so that a lot more
power could be used to fit metal rods of varied
diameters. This power vary between 1 and 2 kW
throughout the hardening process, and the
temperature reached 900 °C. .
Alireza Namadmalan et l looked at the power
quality and harmonic effects of single-phase and
three-phase IH systems. The single-phase mode is a
simple construction and control method for reducing
total harmonic distortion (THD). When operating in
three-phase mode, a cost-effective passive filter is
also used. A control mechanism is being developed to
increase the system's dynamic response by reducing
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the sag effect and making the effect of sudden load and the results show that it does so extraordinarily
size changes more linear. The technique has been well..
shown to work in both of its potential applications,
Table 2: Review of current fed Inverter for induction heating

Ref Methods Discussion Result Identified technical

gaps

Sivkov, Oleg; Novak, CCS050M12CM2 module with SiC
Martin (2014) MOSFET (1200V, 50A).
Thore S. Aunsborg et al paralleled 1700V MOSFETs and
(2021) integrated gate drivers
four paralleled MOSFETs at 2.5
MHz
MOSFETs have a lot shorter switching time 20 kHz fast switching and low
delay than IGBTs, while SiC has lower losses delay.
and a much greater efficiency than IGBTs.
the results show that a paralleled SiC 2.3 kW inverter setup, the
MOSFET power module may efficiently drive fabricated power
a high-power, low-impedance coil for MHz module achieves >
induction heating. 90% efficiency for a
calculated reactive
power of

Asger Bjørn Jørgensen 10 kV SiC MOSFET the power module is examined using ANSYS The peak its low inductive
et al (2020) Q3D Extractor. Experiments are used to voltage of design, high-voltage
investigate the integrated gate-driver 1.6 kV breakdown rating and
circuitry's thermal performance. its power dissipation
capability

Zhebie Lu et al (2020) SiC MOSFET 400V 5 kV 99% efficient

Patil, Nutan et al (2019) Hi-Nicalon SiC fiber 1-200Mhz Examine The Rapid-Radio Frequency (0.1 oC/s) significantly lower
heating

Liran Zheng et al (2021) 50 kVA 5 kV DC to 600 V DC or
480 V AC M-S4T
V SiC MOSFETs and diodes are
bidirectional
The lack of commercially accessible 1.2 kV (0.13%) very low leakage
high-current-rating SiC reverse-blocking inductance
modules is the biggest stumbling block to the
system becoming even more efficient.

series or parallel

Yang Xu et al (2022) Infineon’s SiC MOSFETs
100V 50A
Abdelkader Attab1 , full-bridge inverter configuration
Houcine Zeroug1 , consisting of power IGBTs, fed
Chabane from a DC voltage generated from
Hammouma(2019) a three-phase rectifier source
Pin 560 W
Even if there is a voltage differential between Efficiency 94.4 %
the input and output, the conduction loss can
be kept constant, and there will be no more
loss.
The importance of inverter control settings is Efficiency achieve high
demonstrated using electrical and thermal efficiency of up to
power. When these parameters are optimised, 91%,
a high degree of productivity and a desirable
hardening profile are achieved.

Pout 510 W

Shohei Komeda et al (2014)., This work

Firas A. Rasheed et al set out to build, simulate,
and explore the properties of a general-purpose power
supply that could be used to power a variety of
induction coils for a variety of heating applications.
Each of the three phases has a fully regulated full-
wave rectifier (FCFWR) and only one phase has a
self-tuned inverter. For each of its applications, it is
designed to accommodate a wide range of power
ratings and output voltages with different magnitudes
and frequencies. It can be used for melting, surface
hardening, and through-heating of linear and
nonlinear ingot materials as a result of this. The
external properties, the harmonic content of the input
currents, and THD factor are calculated for each
combination of triggering angle and load current. The
power supply is designed to work with the terminal
voltages and frequencies of the instances being tested.
The information gathered allows the planned power
supply's power, terminal voltage, and frequency
ranges to be determined. The computer programme
MATLAB 7.11.O was used in this project (R2010b).
discussed the experimental proof that SiC MOSFETs
can be used in high-frequency induction heating
systems. For experimental verifications, a prototype
SiC MOSFET inverter with 15 kW of power and a
switching frequency of 70 kHz was built and tested.
The SiC MOSFET has a very short lead time of 800
nanoseconds and can work consistently at switching
frequencies of 70 to 85 kHz. An auto-turnoff effect in
the drain-to-source voltage has been reported on
several occasions. By adjusting the gate resistor, the
overall switching power loss caused by both the time
it takes to turn on and turn off by itself is reduced.
One of the subjects mentioned in the preceding phrase
was this. As a result, the inverter prototype has proved
that SiC MOSFETs may be used for high-frequency
induction heating with a power conversion efficiency
of up to 98.5 per cent at rated power.
Abhishek Kar et al (2019).,The circuit analysis,
FEM-based simulation, and experimental validation
of a Silicon Carbide (SiC)-based induction heating
prototype powered by a 160 kHz, 145-watt voltage
source inverter are all described in this study (VSI).

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This page contains detailed instructions on how to
design and choose components. Due to their
decreased switching and conduction losses, lab-made
SiC MOSFET-based high-frequency converters are
used to obtain higher frequencies. Because of its
higher performance, induction heating is the favoured
method for heating applications. The surface of
metals can be treated by high-frequency induction
heating. When working at higher frequencies, flux
tends to pass through the surface of metals due to skin
effects. This study presents the results of a FEM-
based simulation. The strategy was put into action. A
piece of hollow cast iron was heated to 135 degrees
Celsius in under three minutes. The outcomes of the
experiments were also incorporated into this research.
The congruence between simulation and experiment
results demonstrates the accuracy of the work.
K. Djellabi and Latreche(2014)., The article's
main focus was on using the COMSOL®
Multiphysics tool to quickly pre-design induction
heating. The model took about 20 minutes to solve on
a PC with a core i3 processor and 64GB of RAM.
Changes in the width of the inductor have no
influence on the current density distribution, but they
do affect the efficiency of the induction heating
process. As a result, an effective inductor for
induction heating will be compact and will take into
consideration the skin effect caused by high
frequency. When the temperature reaches its peak
(600 degrees Celsius) at the end of the heating
procedure, the surface of the object is hotter than the
Curie point. This means the material is no longer
magnetic, which allows the electromagnetic field to
penetrate further.
A. Attab et al (2015 )Using an induction coil
approach, this article shows how to make a resonant
inverter for induction surface metal hardening. To
assess the inverter's power requirements and the
induction coil's specs, we plan to use an AISI 1038
sample metal rod. This would allow us to get the right
amount of heat for the hardening profile we want.
This method uses a mechanism that runs at a
frequency of 1 to 30 kHz and has a penetration depth
of 0.5 to 1. In the first step of this technique, eddy
current losses are calculated using a 2D numerical
analysis. The electrical circuit is studied after the
magnetic and electrical components of the system
have been examined. A low-power prototype is used
for an induction hardening application, and the
expected and actual performance of the application
are compared. This indicates the method's
effectiveness. This comparison is carried out using an
induction hardening application.
Didi Istardi and Andy Triwinarko (2011).,The
primary goal of this research was to use the
COMSOL® Multiphysics software to simulate
induction heating for home appliances (kitchen
appliance). Through research, the features of
induction heating have been found. Changes in the
width of the inductor have no influence on the current
density distribution, but they do affect the efficiency
of the induction heating process. The efficiency of an
inductor decreases as it becomes wider, but it
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increases as it becomes narrower. A good induction
heating design includes a small inductor and takes
into account the skin effect that high frequency would
cause. The distance between the conductive plate and
the inductor is measured and analysed in this study.
The density distribution is unaffected by the distance
between samples. The highest amount of money that
can be offered for Current density reduces as the
distance between two places grows. The current
density is distributed differently when the
composition of the conductive plate is changed. In
fact, increasing the electric conductivity decreases the
linearity of the distribution. As a result, the author
will recommend a silicon carbide induction heating
design with a high frequency controller and a limited
inductor width and distance from the plate material.
Matúš and Dobroslav (2015)., This paper
explains how a simulation model for induction
heating was created to account for metal nonlinearity.
The experimental results were analysed in addition to
the simulation model. According to the findings, the
chosen technique is suitable for designing induction
heating systems.
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
In industries that use induction heating, resonant
converters still use thyristor and Silicon IGBT
technology We, on the other hand, require these
converters. Silicon carbide (SiC) medium-voltage
semiconductor power devices could replace the above
semiconductor switch converters with more efficient
and compact converters in the high-frequency band.
In medium-voltage applications, employing a
series connection has several advantages over using a
single high-voltage device, but it also has two
drawbacks: inconsistent voltage and increased
switching loss. A reliable approach involving the
insertion of parallel capacitor snubbers to each SiC
MOSFET is used to correct the voltage disparity.
Silicon carbide can be used to improve the
performance of a wide range of devices since it can
function at high temperatures, high powers, and high
frequencies. Power devices made of SiC have the
potential to outperform equivalent Si devices.
However, SiC semiconductor technology must be
developed and commercialised to reach this goal.
Induction heating is an example of a technology
that is improving and can be applied to new
applications because it uses SiC devices [89]. The
majority of resonant power converters work at
frequencies ranging from a few tens of kHz to MHz,
with outputs ranging from a few kilowatts for
domestic and medical uses to several megawatts for
industrial purposes. The majority of resonant power
inverters have a frequency range of a few tens of kHz
to a few MHz. SiC devices excel at blocking voltages,
switching losses, and extreme conditions
performance, all of which these designs lack. This
suggests that SiC devices could be used to make high-
performance converters and new IH applications. SiC
components can be used in a wide range of
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Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-7971-4
applications due to their wide range of voltages and
switching losses.
Information and communication technology is
expected to undergo a second substantial shift as a
result of changes in power semiconductor technology
in the modern era. The new wide band-gap power
devices [18–24] in particular offer a new method for
creating more efficient and effective products. The
most well-known of these technologies is SiC or
silicon carbide. Among the multiple benefits that
various SiC power devices provide, IH is mainly
interested in the 3 components: Extremely hot
(temperature of 25): Despite the high air temperature,
IH hobs must function well. This is because both the
hob and surrounding components, such as ovens,
generate heat, and because built-in systems cannot
cool as efficiently. High switching speed: Due to the
low switching losses, fast frequency converters can be
constructed with fewer electromagnetic components.
This is attainable thanks to the speed of the switches.
Also, non-resonant converter topologies could be
investigated as a technique for boosting
implementation performance while minimising
switching losses. High voltage: Devices that operate
at higher voltages enable the adoption of converter
topologies with increased overvoltage reliability and
decreased current consumption. Both of these factors
increase the overall efficiency of the converter. Given
these possible advantages, the goal of this work is to
compare the currently available SiC power devices,
with an emphasis on how they might be applied for
induction heating. The comparison will comprise
unipolar and bipolar SiC-based devices, including
MOSFETs, normally-on and normally-off JFETs, and
BJTs. The most sophisticated IH technology that is
currently accessible is built on Si IGBTs, which will
be contrasted with the most important performance
and efficiency advantages.
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