POWER

ELECTRONICS

APPLICATION-INDUCTION
HEATING
 POWER ELECTRONICS
 Power electronics is the
applications of solid-state
electronics for the control
and conversion of electric
power. Power electronics
combine power, electronics,
and control. Power
electronics are based
primarily on the switching of
power semiconductor
devices.
 APPLICATIONS OF POWER
ELECTRONICS
 Switch mode power supplies (SMPS)
 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems
 Photo-voltaic and fuel-cell power conversion systems
 Rectifier supplies for electrochemical processes
 Heating and lighting, including high frequency illumination
control
 Induction heating
 DC and AC servo drives
 High efficiency industrial/commercial drives
 Electric vehicle applications
 Electric traction
 Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
INDUCTION HEATING
 Induction heating is a
process which is used to bond,
harden or soften metals or
other conductive materials. For
many modern manufacturing
processes, induction heating
offers an attractive
combination of speed,
consistency and control. The
material to be heated is known
as work piece and the coil
wound around it is known as
work coil.
 INDUCTION HEATING PRINCIPLE

 When a high frequency ac voltage is applied across the

work coil, a magnetizing current flows through it. this will
generate flux in the work piece and induce voltage into the
work piece. since the work piece is closed onto itself, eddy
current flows into it. the work piece will be heated up due to
finite resistance offered by the work piece to the flow of the
eddy current. The heat loss in the work piece is normally
confined to surface of the work piece (skin-effect).

Maxwell Equation Electro magnetism fundamental Laws

rot H =j +∂D/∂t 
rot E= -∂B/∂t ;
D=εE
B=μH
Induction Heating Setup
 IMPORTANT FACTORS TO CONSIDER
 The efficiency of an induction heating system for a
specific application depends on several factors: the
characteristics of the part itself, the design of the
induction coil, the capacity of the power supply, and the
degree of temperature change required for the
application.
The Characteristics of the Part
METAL OR PLASTIC
First, induction heating works directly only with
conductive materials, normally metals. Plastics and other
non-conductive materials can often be heated indirectly
by first heating a conductive metal susceptor which
transfers heat to the non-conductive material.
MAGNETIC OR NON-MAGNETIC
It is easier to heat magnetic materials. In addition to the
heat induced by eddy currents, magnetic materials also
produce heat through what is called the hysteresis effect.
During the induction heating process, magnetics naturally
offer resistance to the rapidly alternating electrical fields,
and this causes enough friction to provide a secondary
source of heat. This effect ceases to occur at temperatures
above the "Curie" point - the temperature at which a
magnetic material loses its magnetic properties. The relative
resistance of magnetic materials is rated on a “permeability”
scale of 100 to 500; while non-magnetics have a
permeability of 1, magnetic materials can have a
permeability as high
as 500.
THICK OR THIN
With conductive materials, about 80% of the heating effect
occurs on the surface or "skin" of the part; the heating
intensity diminishes as the distance from the surface
increases. So small or thin parts generally heat more quickly
than large thick parts, especially if the larger parts need to be
heated all the way through.
Research has shown a relationship between the heating depth
of penetration and the frequency of the alternating current.
Frequencies of 100 to 400 kHz produce relatively high-energy
heat, ideal for quickly heating small parts or the surface/skin of
larger parts. For deep, penetrating heat, longer heating cycles
at 5 to 30 kHz has been shown to be most effective.
RESISTIVITY
Steel – along with carbon, tin and tungsten – has high
electrical resistivity. Because these metals strongly resist
the current flow, heat builds up quickly. Low resistivity
metals such as copper, brass and aluminum take longer to
heat. Resistivity increases with temperature, so a very hot
piece of steel will be more receptive to induction heating
than a cold piece.
 INDUCTION HEATING CIRCUITS
 VOLTAGE-SOURCE SERIES RESONANT INVERTER-
Here the output current is nearly sinusoidal at
the switching freq slightly below the resonance.
The power is controlled by a variable switching
frequency control
POWER UN- Voltage
AC LINE FACTOR CONTROLLED source
CORREC- Cf
RECTIFIER inverter
-TION

Filter Inductive
capacitor coil+load
 CURRENT SOURCE PARALLEL RESONANT
INVERTER –Here the output current source parallel
resonant inverter, the output current is nearly sinusoidal
at the switching freq slightly above the resonance

POWER CONTRO- CURRENT

FACTOR Ac SOURCE
-LLED
CORRECTION RECTIFIER INVERTER
line

INDUCTIVE
COIL+LOAD
 APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTION HEATING

 INDUCTION COOKING:
The circulating currents in
the metal pan on the top
of the induction coil
directly heats the pan.

 ANNEALING:
process is used to soften metal
for improved ductility and
machinability, as well as to
relieve residual stress. In
contrast to hardening, annealing
involves a much slower heating
step followed by gradual cooling
of the metal
 BRAZING: is the process of joining
two or more pieces of metal or
ceramic material with a molten filler
metal such as silver, aluminum alloy
or copper. Brazing requires a higher
temperature than soldering but
produces a very strong bond which
withstands shock, vibration and
temperature change.

 SOLDERING: is a process in which

two or more metal items are joined
together by melting and flowing a
filler metal into the joint, the filler
metal having a relatively low melting
point. Soft soldering is
characterized by the melting point of
the filler metal, which is below
400 °C (752 °F).[1] The filler metal
used in the process is called solder.
SURFACE HARDENING: is the process of hardening the
surface of a metal, often a low carbon steel, by infusing
elements into the material's surface, forming a thin layer of a
harder alloy.
INDUCTION HEATING
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES OF INDUCTION HEATING
 Heating speed linked to the possibility of obtaining very high power
density.
 Exact location of the heating effect thanks to the inductor design and an
operating frequency perfectly adapted to the part to be heated.
 The possibility to heat at very high temperatures with an efficiency
practically independent of the temperature.
 A process perfectly adapted to industrial medium-sized and mass
production requirements.
 Easy automation of equipment.
 Absence of thermal inertia (rapid start-up).
 Repeatability of operations carried out
 Often extremely high heating efficiency
 Absence of pollution from the source of heating (cold source)
 Good working conditions.
DISADVANTAGES OF INDUCTION
HEATING
 A high frequency power source is required
,which is costly and complex.thus,initial cost
required is more.
 The running cost or cost of operation is high
 Due to conversion of a.c supply into high
frequency supply and low frequency of induction
coil, this heating process is not efficient.
THANK YOU