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UNIT 1
• Classical – Macroscopic
• Statistical – Microscopic
– Based on statistical behavior
compressors
Energy ?
Temperature?
46
FORMS OF ENERGY
Kinetic energy
per unit mass
Mass flow rate
Potential energy
Potential energy
per unit mass Energy flow rate
Total energy
of a system
Energy of a system
per unit mass
Total energy
per unit mass
48
Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy
Power is the
Specifying the directions of
work done per
heat and work.
unit time (kW) 57
Heat vs. Work
• Both are recognized at the boundaries
of a system as they cross the
boundaries. That is, both heat and work
are boundary phenomena.
• Systems possess energy, but not heat
or work.
• Both are associated with a process, not
a state.
• Unlike properties, heat or work has no
meaning at a state.
• Both are path functions (i.e., their
magnitudes depend on the path followed
during a process as well as the end
Properties are point functions; but
states).
heat and work are path functions
(their magnitudes depend on the
Properties are point functions have path followed).
exact differentials (d ).
Path functions
have inexact
differentials ( )
58
Electrical Work
Electrical work
N coulombs of
electrical charge
Electrical power
59
MECHANICAL FORMS OF WORK
• There are two requirements for a work interaction between a
system and its surroundings to exist:
– there must be a force acting on the boundary.
– the boundary must move.
If there is no movement,
no work is done.
The work done is proportional to the force
applied (F) and the distance traveled (s).
60
Shaft Work
For linear elastic springs, the displacement x is x1 and x2: the initial and the final
proportional to the force applied displacements
Elongation of
a spring
under the
influence of
a force.
The
displacement of
a linear spring
doubles when
the force is
doubled. 62
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• Conduction
– the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to
the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
– Fourier law
– Qcond = - K A (dT/dx) (W)
• Convection
– is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the
adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined
effects of conduction and fluid motion.
– Newton’s law of cooling
– Qconv = h A ( Ts – Tf ) (W)
• Radiation
– is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves ( or
photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the
atoms or molecules.
– Stefan-Boltzmann law
– Q emit,max = δATs4
August 2, 2016 MEE1003 Engineering Thermodynamics 64
IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS
• All temperature changes need not be due to
heat
– Friction
• All heat interactions need not result in
temperature change
– Phase change condensation evaporation
Q W
cycle cycle
• i.e. QA1-2+QB2-1=WA1-2+WB2-1
• Alternate statement
– When a closed system undergoes a cycle the cyclic
integral of heat is equal to the cyclic integral of work
August 2, 2016
Q WMEE1003 Engineering Thermodynamics 73
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• Q1-A-2 - W1-A -2
=Q1-B-2 - W1-B -2
August 2, 2016 MEE1003 Engineering Thermodynamics 75
Total Energy
• For all adiabatic processes between two
specified states of a closed system, the net
work done is the same regardless of the
nature of the closed system and the details of
the process
• Net work depends on the change in a property
of the system called total energy E