University of Narowal, Narowal

Department of computer science

Course Title:Data Communication and Networks
Course Code:CS-205
Assignment
Topic:
TCP/IP Protocol
Submitted To:
Mr .Zeeshan Zafar
Submitted By:
Fatima Masood

21-UON-0917
Date of Submission:
July 24,2023

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Table of Contents
TCP/IP Protocol: ............................................................................................................................................... 3
The History of TCP/IP: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Layers of TCP/IP model: .................................................................................................................................. 3
How Does TCP/IP Work?............................................................................................................................. 7
Why is TCP/IP Important? ........................................................................................................................... 8
OSI Model vs. TCP IP Model ....................................................................................................................... 8
How are TCP/IP and IP Different? ............................................................................................................... 8
Protocols Used .............................................................................................................................................. 9
Advantages of TCP/IP: ................................................................................................................................. 9
Disadvantages of TCP/IP: ............................................................................................................................. 9
Uses of TCP/IP : ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Architecture: ............................................................................................................................................... 10
References: ................................................................................................................................................. 10

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TCP/IP Protocol:
The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
protocol suite is the set of communication protocols used for the internet and most
private networks. It provides a standardized framework for transmitting data
between devices over a network. The TCP/IP protocol architecture is based on a
four-layer model, commonly referred to as the TCP/IP stack or the Internet
Protocol Suite. Each layer performs specific functions, and data flows through
these layers during communication. Here's a simplified explanation of the TCP/IP
architecture:
Diagram:

The History of TCP/IP:

TCP/IP is like a set of rules that helps computers talk to each other. It was created
during a time called the Cold War by the U.S. Department of Defense. They
wanted their computers to share information, even if they were very far apart.
At first, it was called ARPANET in 1975. But in 1983, they changed its name to
TCP/IP and let everyone use it. This made it easier for people in different places,
like government offices and schools, to connect their computers.
TCP/IP was made so that people could share things quickly and easily, no matter
how far apart they were. It's like a system that helps computers send messages to
each other, whether they're in the same room or in different countries.
Layers of TCP/IP model:
The TCP/IP model is divided into four different layers:

 Application layer
 Transport layer
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 Internet layer
 Network Access layer
Each layer performs a specific task on the data that is being transmitted over the
network channel, and data moves from one layer to another in a preset pattern as
mentioned below:

Application Layer:
- The Application Layer is the top layer of the TCP/IP stack and deals with user
interfaces and application-level protocols.
- It provides communication services directly to user applications and supports
various protocols for specific tasks, such as HTTP for web browsing, SMTP for
email, FTP for file transfer, and DNS for domain name resolution.
- When an application wants to communicate with a remote application on
another device, it generates data and hands it to the Application Layer. This data is
then passed down the stack.

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Transport Layer:
- The Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and ensures
reliable and efficient data transfer between applications running on different
devices.
It provides two main protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User
Datagram Protocol (UDP).

 TCP is connection-oriented and provides reliable data delivery, flow

control,and error recovery. It ensures that data arrives intact and in the
correct order.

 UDP, on the other hand, is connectionless and provides a simpler, faster,

andless reliable method of data transfer. It is often used for real-time
application where speed is more critical than data integrity.

UDP maintains various fields for data transmission such as:

Source Port Address: This port is responsible for designing the application that
makes up the message to be transmitted.

Destination Port Address: This port receives the message sent from the sender
side.

Total Length: The total number of bytes of the user datagram.

Checksum: Used for error detection of the message at the destination side.

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 -

Internet Layer:
- The Internet Layer (also known as the Network Layer) is responsible for logical
addressing, routing, and forwarding of data packets across different networks.
- It uses the Internet Protocol (IP) to identify devices on the network with unique
IP addresses.
- The Internet Layer receives data from the Transport Layer and adds source and
destination IP addresses to create an IP packet.
- The routing process involves determining the best path for the data packet to
reach its destination across various networks and routers.

Some of the protocols applied in this layer are:

 IP: This protocol assigns your device with a unique address; the IP address is also
responsible for routing the data over the communication channel.

 ARP: This protocol refers to the Address Resolution Protocol that is responsible
for finding the physical address using the IP address.
Network Access Layer:
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This layer is the combination of data-link and physical layer, where it is responsible
for maintaining the task of sending and receiving data in raw bits, i.e., in binary
format over the physical communication modes in the network channel.

 It uses the physical address of the system for mapping the path of transmission
over the network channel.
 Till this point in this tutorial on what is TCP/IP model, you understood the basic
idea behind the model and details about its layers, now compare the model with
another network model.

How Does TCP/IP Work?

TCP/IP is a two-layer protocol, with the transport layer (TCP)
responsible for reliable end-to-end communication and the Internet layer (IP)
accountable for routing packets from the host to the host.

 At the transport layer, TCP provides a reliable byte-stream service to applications.

TCP guarantees the delivery of data and that data will be delivered in the same
order in which it was sent. TCP uses several mechanisms to provide this service,
including sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and timeouts.
 At the Internet layer, IP is responsible for routing datagrams (packets) from host
to host. IP does not guarantee the delivery of datagrams, but it tries to deliver them
as best. If a datagram cannot be delivered, IP will return an error message to the
source host.
The TCP/IP protocol suite is the most commonly used protocol suite on the Internet
today, and it is also the protocol suite used by most LANs and WANs.

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 Why is TCP/IP Important?
TCP/IP is really important because it allows computers to talk to
each other really quickly, no matter what kind of network they're using (like wired or
wireless connections). It does this by using something called the Internet Protocol
Suite, which includes two important protocols: TCP and UDP.

TCP is like the boss that controls how information travels from one place to another
on a network. It makes sure that all the little pieces of data, called packets, get to
where they need to go.

UDP, on the other hand, is like a helper that takes care of sending packets within a
single computer or between two devices on a local network. It's not as strict as TCP,
but it's useful for things like video streaming or online gaming.

Without TCP/IP, computers wouldn't be able to talk to each other over the internet.
It's like the language they use to communicate and share information.
OSI Model vs. TCP IP Model
The TCP/IP model was designed in the 1960s to maintain and explain the
transmission of data, whereas the OSI model is a network concept specifically for
explaining the communication and working of data and protocols during the
transmission of information.

How are TCP/IP and IP Different?

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 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a communication protocol
responsible for ensuring that data is transferred reliably and in order between the
two devices.
 On the other hand, IP is the network layer protocol responsible for routing
network traffic.
Protocols Used
There are four main protocols used in TCP/IP: the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), the Internet Protocol (IP), and the
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

 TCP ensures that data is delivered reliably and in order.

 UDP is used for applications where data doesn't need to be delivered reliably or
needs to be delivered quickly without the overhead of TCP.
 IP is the protocol that routes data from one computer to another.
 ICMP is used for error-checking and for managing traffic congestion.
There are some other protocols also notable, and there are,

 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Advantages of TCP/IP:
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Flexibility
 Security
 Cost-effectiveness
Disadvantages of TCP/IP:
 Complexity
 Vulnerability
 Performance
Uses of TCP/IP :

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 World Wide Web: TCP/IP transfers data between web browsers and servers.
 Email: Applications such as Outlook, Thunderbird, and Gmail use TCP/IP
protocols to send and receive emails.
 File Transfer: FTP, SFTP, and other file transfer services rely on TCP/IP to
move files from one computer to another.
 Networking: TCP/IP links computers together in a network.
 Virtual Private Networks: VPNs use TCP/IP to encrypt data before it travels
across a public or private network.
 Internet of Things: Many smart home devices use TCP/IP to communicate and
transfer data.
 Voice Over Internet Protocol: VOIP services such as Skype and Google
Voice use TCP/IP to transmit calls over the internet.
Architecture:

References:
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19683-01/806-4075/ipov-10/index.html
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tcp-ip-model
https://chatgpt.com
https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-network-tcp-ip-model
www.youtube.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite

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