(1) Define bond dissociation energy.

(2) Illustratehow bond dissociation

energy can be used to determine
standard enthalpies of reaction and
formation.
The Chemical Reaction
 The Chemical Reaction
 Chemical reactions involve the breaking and making
of chemical bonds.

 Energy is always required to break a chemical bond

(usually supplied in the form of heat).

 Energy is released when bonds are formed.

 Definition of Bond Dissociation Energy
 The Bond Dissociation Energy or Bond Energy (D) is
the amount of energy required to break one mole of
bonds in a gaseous covalent substance to form
products in the gaseous state at constant temperature
and pressure.

 Or more simply put, it is the enthalpy change required

to break a particular bond in one mole of gaseous
molecules.
H2(g) → H(g) + H(g) ΔHӨrxn or ΔHӨH-H = 435 kJ/mol
 Bond Dissociation Energy of Polyatomic
molecules
 In polyatomic molecules, bond energy varies according to its
environment.
 E.g. CH4

CH4(g) → CH3(g) + H(g) ΔHӨ= 427 kJ/mol

CH3(g) → CH2(g) + H(g) ΔHӨ= 439 kJ/mol
CH2(g) → CH(g) + H(g) ΔHӨ= 452 kJ/mol
CH(g) → C(g) + H(g) ΔHӨ= 347 kJ/mol
CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g) ΔHӨ= 1665 kJ/mol

 Thus, average bond energy for C-H = 416 kJ/mol. Hence

bond energies are actually average bond enthalpies.
 Bond Dissociation Energy of Multiple Bonds
 Bond energies for double & triple bonds are NOT
MULTIPLES of the single bond energies.

 Triple bonds are STRONGER than double bonds,

which in turn are STRONGER than single bonds.

 E.g. C-O ΔHӨ= 351 kJ/mol

C=O ΔHӨ= 741 kJ/mol
C≡O ΔHӨ= 1070 kJ/mol
 Use of Bond Energies
 Estimates Enthalpy of Reaction

 Estimates Enthalpy of Formation

 For gaseous phase ONLY:

ΔHӨreaction = ∑Dreactants - ∑Dproducts
= Energy supplied - Energy released
to break bonds to form bonds
 How to calculate ΔHӨreaction from Bond
Energies
1. Write balanced equation to show reactants
forming products (in the gaseous form).

2. Draw formula of all species.

3. Identify the bonds present.

4. Substitute the values of bond energies.

 Question
Given:
 DCl-Cl=343kJ/mol
 DH-H= 435kJ/mol

 DH-Cl =432kJ/mol

Calculate ΔHӨformation of HCl(g).

 Answer
1. ½ H2(g) + ½Cl2(g) → HCl(g)

2. ½ H-H + ½ Cl-Cl → H-Cl

3. ½ DH-H + ½ DCl-Cl → DH-Cl

4. ΔHӨformation = [½ DH-H + ½ DCl-Cl] – [DH-Cl]

= [½ (435) + ½ (343)] – [432]
= -43kJ