Definition Of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as the engineering of intelligence based on

human intelligence. Similar to human intelligence, artificial intelligence is characterized
by the ability to reason and learn from experiences in the environment (Ade Irma,
2012).
There is no universally agreed-upon definition of Artificial Intelligence, some of which
are:
a. A study of how to make computers do things that can be done by humans (Rich,
1991).
b. A branch of computer science that studies the automation of intelligent behavior
(Setiawan, 1993).
c. The behavior of a machine that, if performed by a human, would be considered
intelligent (Turing, et al., 1996).
Most experts agree that Artificial Intelligence is related to two fundamental ideas. First,
it involves the study of human thinking processes, and second, it involves representing
those processes through computer machines, robots, etc. (Balza Ahmad, 2006).
Furthermore, let us try to provide a definition of artificial intelligence. The following are
definitions of artificial intelligence from the latest eight textbooks:
"The exciting new effort to make computers think... machines with minds, in the full
and literal sense" (Haugeland, 1985).
"The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as
decision making, problem-solving, learning..." (Bellman, 1978).
"The examination of cognitive abilities using computational models" (Charniak and
McDermott, 1985).
"The study of computational processes that enable perception, reasoning, and action"
(Winston, 1992).
"The practice of creating machines that perform tasks requiring intelligence when
performed by humans" (Kurzweil, 1990).
"The study of how to make computers perform tasks that are currently better
performed by humans" (Rich and Knight, 1991).
"A field of study that aims to explain and replicate intelligent behavior through
computational processes" (Schalkoff, 1990).
"The branch of computer science concerned with automating intelligent behavior"
(Luger and Stubblefield, 1993).
Definitions of artificial intelligence organized into four categories: Systems that think
like humans, systems that think rationally, systems that act like humans, and systems
that act rationally.

Thinking Humanly: The cognitive modeling approach.

Through introspection: attempting to capture our own thoughts as we think. However,
a Western psychologist once asked, "how do you know that you understand?" How do
you become aware that you are conscious? Because by the time you become aware of
your thoughts, they have already passed and been replaced by your consciousness.
Through psychological experiments.

Acting Humanly: The Turing test approach.

Human or computer, if a computer can perform tasks and think in ways that are
indistinguishable from a human, then the computer is considered to possess
intelligence. For a computer to pass the Turing test, it needs to have capabilities such
as Natural Language Processing, Knowledge Representation, Automated Reasoning,
Machine Learning, Computer Vision, and Robotics. The Turing Test intentionally avoids
physical interaction between the interrogator and the computer because simulating
human physical attributes does not require intelligence.

Thinking Rationally: The laws of thought approach.

There are two problems with this approach:
1. It is not easy to convert informal knowledge and express it in formal terms
required by logical notations, especially when the knowledge has less than 100%
certainty.
 2. There is a significant difference between the ability to solve problems "in
principle" and the ability to solve them in practice.
Acting Rationally: The rational agent approach.
Making correct inferences is sometimes part of a rational agent, as one way to act
rationally is to reason logically to conclude that a given action will achieve a goal and
then act based on that conclusion. In this textbook, we will use the rational agent
approach, limiting our discussion to rational techniques in artificial intelligence. Actions
and thoughts of humans beyond rationality (reflexes and intuition) have not yet been
replicated by computers.