Measurement Manual PART1

Measurement Manual, Part I
Crude and Petroleum Products
Copyright 2002 BP Pipelines (North America), Inc.
In this book, the corporate entity BP Pipelines (North America) Inc. is usually referred to as “BP Pipelines” or “BP.”
BP Pipelines Measurement Manual for Crude and Petroleum Products
Foreword
The BP Pipelines Measurement Manual is broken into three parts. Part I covers crude oil and
petroleum products, Part II covers natural gas, and Part III covers chemicals and petrochemicals.
This book, Part I, documents the current policies of BP Pipelines regarding measurement of crude
oil and liquid petroleum products. BP Pipelines’ objective is to provide the basis for measurement
that is fair and equitable for all parties. To this end, the manual is based on recognized industry
standards, industry practices, and prudent operating procedures.
The procedures and policies in this manual are to be used by BP Pipelines employees and contract
personnel engaged in custody transfer. It is not intended to serve as a training manual. If you use
the procedures and equipment described in this manual, you should be able to pass an audit.
The measurement policies in this manual are to be used throughout BP Pipelines operations. BP
Pipelines recognizes, however, that unique circumstances, such as regulatory or contractual
requirements or unusual operating conditions, may require some variance from the standard policy
or procedure. In such cases, exceptions will be considered; however, a request must be submitted
to the BP Pipelines Measurement Team. This request must contain all relevant information
pertaining to the particular operation and the basis for the exception request.
Measurement Team
Technical Services
Engineering and Maintenance Department
BP Pipelines (North America)
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information in this manual;
however, the Measurement Team solicits feedback from users regarding perceived errors.
September 2002
Contents
List of Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1. Manual Sampling in Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12
Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.17
2. Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14
3. Gauging Lease Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13
4. Gauging Large Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.16
5. Testing Crude Oil for Suspended Sediment and Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
6. Other Tests for Crude and Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
Tests for Crude Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3
Tests for Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.13
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.17
September 2002
7. Tank Strapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12
8. Seals and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8
9. LACT/ACT Verification and the ELM System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4
Procedures for Checking the Operation of LACT and ACT Units . . . . . . . . . . 9.5
Overview of the ELM System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.11
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.14
10. Automatic Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4
Procedures for Handling Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5
Design and Operation of an Automatic Sampling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.12
Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.14
11. Positive Displacement Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3
Inspecting the Meter and Accessory Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4
Design and Operation of a Positive Displacement Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6
12. Turbine Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3
Inspecting the Meter and Accessory Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4
Design and Operation of a Turbine Meter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5
13. Other Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2
Orifice Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3
Ultrasonic Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5
September 2002 ii
Coriolis Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7

14. Proving a Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4
When to Prove a Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.14
15. Design of Prover Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2
Installation and Operating Requirements for Provers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3
16. Waterdraw Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2
When To Calibrate a Prover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3
Preparation Procedures for Waterdraw Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4
Procedures for Calibrating a Pipe Prover Using the Waterdraw Method . . . . 16.8
Calibration Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.11
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.12
17. Claims and Adjustments, Using SMART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1
Quick Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3
Procedures for Making Claims and Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4
Procedures for Using the SMART Measurement Software for Ticketing
and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6
More About It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8
Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.1
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.3
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I.1
September 2002 iii

List of Illustrations
Figure 1.1. Thief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5

Figure 1.2. Examples of labels on sample containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7
Figure 1.3. Sample bottle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9
Figure 1.4. Where to take samples in a large tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.14
Figure 2.1. Using a thermohydrometer to measure API gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6
Figure 2.2. Reading a hydrometer for transparent liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.7
Figure 2.3. Locations for determining the temperature of the liquid in a large
tank with liquid height more than 15 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8
Figure 3.1. Checking the tank before gauging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6
Figure 3.2. Checking the depth of settled S&W in the tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9
Figure 3.3. Innage method of gauging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.10
Figure 4.1. Gauging an external floating roof tank from the platform. . . . . . . . . . .4.5
Figure 4.2. Gauging an external floating roof tank from the floating roof. . . . . . . .4.6
Figure 4.3. Gauging an internal floating roof tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.7
Figure 4.4. Checking the tank before gauging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8
Figure 4.5. Innage method of gauging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.10
Figure 5.1. Free water in the bottom of centrifuge tube when preparing
water-saturated toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6
Figure 5.2. Solubility of water in toluene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6
Figure 5.3. Sequence for determining S&W by the field centrifuge method
using 100-ml (6-inch) centrifuge tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.10
Figure 6.1. Bar chart for determining haze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.16
Figure 7.1. Recommended tape paths for measuring tank circumference on a
welded tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.5
Figure 7.2. Recommended tape paths for measuring tank circumference on a
bolted tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.6
Figure 7.3. Vertical measurements of a tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.7
Figure 7.4. Measuring the shell height of a tank with a protruding bottom . . . . . . .7.8
Figure 7.5. Measuring the shell height of a tank with a recessed bottom . . . . . . . .7.8
Figure 7.6. Determining effective inside tank height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.10
September 2002 iv
Figure 7.7. Sample page of strapping report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.13

Figure 8.1. Boxcar seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.8
Figure 9.1. LACT unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.6
Figure 9.2. Sample LACT/ACT inspection form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.14
Figure 9.3. Blank LACT/ACT inspection form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.15
Figure 10.1. Design of an automatic sampling system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.8
Figure 10.2. Fixed sample receiver (stationary sample pot). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.9
Figure 10.3. Portable sample receiver (pot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.10
Figure 10.4. Sample mixing system for portable receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.11
Figure 11.1. Sealing points on a PD meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.4
Figure 11.2. Typical positive displacement meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.6
Figure 11.3. Design of a PD meter installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.8
Figure 12.1. Conventional turbine meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.5
Figure 12.2. Helical turbine meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.6
Figure 12.3. Typical turbine meter installation for refined products . . . . . . . . . . . .12.8
Figure 12.4. Turbine meter with preamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.11
Figure 12.5. Turbine meter without preamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.11
Figure 13.1. Orifice meter installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.3
Figure 13.2. Ultrasonic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.5
Figure 13.3. Path of the sound waves in an ultrasonic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.6
Figure 13.4. Coriolis meter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.7
Figure 13.5. Vibration of the flow tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.8
Figure 13.6. Coriolis effect (twisting of the flow tubes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.8
Figure 14.1. Sample proving report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14.15
Figure 16.1. Waterdraw calibration unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.7
Figure 16.2. Waterdraw calibration worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.13
Figure 17.1. Example of a claim letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17.9
Figure 17.2. Example of a notarized affidavit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17.11
Figure 17.3. Example of a SMART tank custody transfer ticket . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17.12
Figure 17.4. Example of a SMART meter ticket for a lease meter . . . . . . . . . . . .17.13
September 2002 v
List of Tables
Table 1.1. Summary of Sampling Procedures and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13

Table 1.2. Samples for Determining S&W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14
Table 1.3. Number of Samples to Take from a Product Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.15
Table 1.4. Recommended Mixing Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.16
Table 2.1. Locations for Determining Temperature in Small and Large Tanks . . . . . 2.14
Table 2.2. Recommended Immersion Times for PETs and Cupcase Woodback
Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15
Table 2.3. Correction of API Gravity to 60°F for Generalized Crude Oils. . . . . . . . . 2.16
Table 5.1. Size of Test Sample Based on the Expected Water Content . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12
Table 6.1. Typical Sulfur Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3
Table 6.2. Quality Guidelines for Metals in Crude Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7
Table 6.3. Typical Distillation Fractions of a Crude Oil and Their Uses . . . . . . . . . . 6.10
Table 6.4. Typical Minimum Flash Points of Various BP Pipelines Products . . . . . . 6.15
Table 7.1. Fill Condition Required for Different Tanks while Strapping . . . . . . . . . . 7.12
Table 10.1. Recommended Mixing Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.12
Table 10.2. Typical Sizes of Sample Receivers for Various Operations . . . . . . . . . . 10.13
Table 11.1. Recommended Combinations of Meter Size, Measuring Element, and
Gear Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9
Table 11.2. Recommended Operating Range for Various Sizes of PD Meters. . . . . . 11.10
Table 11.3. Effect of Changes in the Conditions of the Fluid and PD Meter on
Measurement Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.11
Table 12.1. Recommended Operating Range for Various Sizes of Conventional
Turbine Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9
Table 12.2. Recommended Operating Range for Various Sizes of Helical
Turbine Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10
Table 12.3. Effect of Changes in the Conditions of the Fluid and Turbine Meter
on Measurement Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.13
Table 14.1. Causes of Meter Factor Fluctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.10
Table 15.1. Effect of Various Criteria on the Design of a Prover System . . . . . . . . . 15.3
Table 15.2. Approximate Detector Error for Pipe Provers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6
September 2002 vii

Table 15.3. Typical Actuator Times for Four-way Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7

Table 15.4. Type of Sphere to Use for Various Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8
Table 16.1. Type of Sphere to Use for Various Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.14
Table 16.2. Sphere Roundness Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.15
Table 16.3. Minimum Inflation Percentages for Given Pipe Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.17
Table 17.1. When to File a Claim or Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4
September 2002 viii

Chapter 1
Manual Sampling in Tanks
Quick Reference
Safety Summary of Tank

Measurement Procedures
• Do not smoke during sampling. 1. Suspend a cupcase
thermometer in the tank, if
• Before taking any measurements, ground your bare hands and tools used (Chapter 2).
by touching the handrail.
2. Take appropriate samples
• Stand upwind and turn your face away when opening the tank (Chapter 1).
hatch. 3. Gauge the height of the
• Monitor H2S while sampling. liquid in the tank (Chapter
3 and Chapter 4).
• Never sample during an electrical storm. 4. Determine the level of free
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment. water and/or sediment on
the bottom of the tank
• When sampling hazardous liquids, follow the applicable safety (Chapter 5).
procedures in the Pipelines (NA) Business Unit Safety Manual. 5. Determine the temperature
• Dispose of all samples and security seals properly. of the tank – either with a
cupcase thermometer or
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business with a portable electronic
Unit Safety Manual. thermometer (PET)
(Chapter 2).
6. Analyze the samples as
Scope required for the specific
type of transaction and
This chapter includes the procedures for taking manual samples in product (Chapter 2,
upright cylindrical tanks of all sizes containing crude oil or products. Chapter 5, Chapter 7).
7. Record all results (Chapter
17).
Summary of Sampling Procedures
• Take samples from the top down.
• Which tests are performed on which samples depends on the size of the tank, the liquid level,
and whether it contains crude oil or a petroleum product (see “More About It” at the end of
this chapter).
• If using a thief, pour about 6 inches of oil from the thief back into the tank before pouring the
sample into the sample container.
• Pour the sample from the thief or bottle into the sample container or put the stopper in the
bottle as quickly as possible to avoid losing light ends.
• Properly label all samples.
BP Pipelines September 2002 Chapter 1 Quick Reference

Equipment You Will Need for Gauging Tanks
For gauging and manual sampling: For S&W testing by the laboratory centrifuge
method:
• Steel gauge tape and bob (innage or outage)
• Water-indicating paste (if applicable) • Two verified 8-inch centrifuge tubes
• Gasoline-indicating paste (if applicable) • Water-saturated toluene or Stoddard solvent
• Thief or sample bottle • Demulsifier solution
• Cotton cord or chain for raising and • Sample heater
lowering thief or sample bottle • Bimetal, pocket-type thermometer
• Graduated cylinder • Centrifuge
• Sample containers (for storing samples)
For water testing by the Karl Fischer titration
For gravity and temperature testing: method:
• Thermohydrometer • Nonaerating, high-speed shear mixer

or • Clean glass syringes
Hydrometer, hydrometer cylinder, filter • Reagent-grade xylene
paper, and constant-temperature bath
• Karl Fischer reagents
• cupcase woodback thermometer
• Karl Fischer coulometric titrator
• Portable electronic thermometer (PET)
• Circulating bath and ice bath
For security (lease tanks):
or
PET calibrator (for verifying a PET) • Seals for securing all pipeline connections
• Side cutters for cutting and removing tank
For S&W testing by the field centrifuge method: seal
• Pliers
• Two verified 6-inch centrifuge tubes
• Water-saturated toluene or Stoddard solvent
Other:
• Demulsifier solution
• Sample heater • Carrying case for all equipment
• Bimetal, pocket-type thermometer
• Centrifuge
BP Pipelines September 2002 Equipment for Gauging Tanks

Introduction
Manual sampling involves lowering a thief or bottle into the tank one or more times to get
representative samples of the liquid. The purpose of sampling crude oil is to determine suspended
and settled sediment and water, API gravity, and occasionally other properties like vapor pressure.
Liquid petroleum products stored in tanks require sampling for API gravity, vapor pressure, and
other properties like flash, haze, and color. Manual sampling is necessary in tanks that do not use a
LACT or ACT unit.
You take samples to determine S&W and API gravity in the field and return them to the laboratory
for other types of testing (see Chapter 6, “Other Tests for Crude and Products” for more
information).
Equipment You Will Need for Sampling

• Thief or sample bottles
• Cotton cord or brass chain for raising and lowering thief or sample bottle
• Graduated cylinder
• Sample containers for storing samples
• Solvent for washing sample containers
• Security seals and seal cutters
Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.3

Procedures
Table 1.1 is a summary of sampling procedures for different types of tanks and liquids. Table 1.2
and Table 1.3 show how many samples to take in different tanks. Table 1.4 shows how to mix
samples for different tests. You will find all these tables under “More About It” at the end of this
chapter.
Although sampling procedures are the same for crude oil and products, you must make sure the
samples are representative of the entire volume in the tank, either by turning on mixers or taking a
greater number of samples.
Before You Sample Crude Oil

The contents of any large tank containing crude oil (except lease tanks) must be thoroughly mixed
before sampling. Because different grades of crude require different mixing times, each facility
must conduct tests to determine the ideal mixing time. Follow these guidelines:
• Mix tanks that are less than 1/3 full for at least 2 hours (normal when receiving crude).
• Mix tanks that are more than 1/3 full for 4 hours (normal when delivering crude).
Be sure to wait at least 2 hours after turning off the mixer before gauging the height of the liquid.
Before You Sample Petroleum Products

Since refined products are usually homogeneous, most product tanks do not have mixers.
However, after receiving product into a tank, you should sample as soon after the transfer as is
safely possible, for the most accurate results. Wait at least 1 hour for the static charge to dissipate.
See Table 1.3 under “More About It” at the end of this chapter for the number of samples required.
Types of Samples
This chapter gives procedures for taking the following types of samples:
• Spot sample—bottle or thief

• Composite spot sample—bottle or thief
• All-levels sample—bottle
• Running sample—bottle
• Sample cocks (taps) on tanks or pipes—bottle

Thief Spot Sampling Procedures

Use a thief for spot sampling and composite spot sampling.
Hook
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
Petcocks 6
5
4
3
2
Trip Rod
Figure 1.1. Thief
Safety Reminder
• Do not replace the sample cord with a cord containing synthetic
materials. The cord must be 100% cotton to prevent a buildup of
static electricity.
• Saturate new cotton cords with oil before using them the first time to
assure that they are conductive.

Before sampling, assure that the conditions are safe, as listed under “Safety” on the Quick
Reference page. If you find any unsafe conditions or if the security of the tank has been
compromised, do not take the samples and report these conditions to your supervisor.
Procedures for All Types of Tanks

1. Use clean, dry equipment.
• Before using a thief, rinse it with Stoddard solvent or another naphtha of similar
volatility. If necessary, use sludge solvents to remove all traces of sediment and
sludge from previously used containers.
• Wash the thief with a strong soap solution, rinse it thoroughly with tap water, then
rinse it with distilled water. If you are sampling crude oil in the field, you may
omit this step.
• Dry the thief either by blowing a current of clean, warm air into it or by placing it
in a hot, dust-free cabinet at 100°F or higher.
2. Cock the valve at the bottom of the thief in the open position and trip the hook in the
eye of the trip rod.
• Always lower the thief in the open position so that the thief fills from the bottom.
• Always start at the top and work down so you disturb the oil as little as possible.
• Do not disturb the cupcase thermometer hanging inside the tank, if you are using
one (see Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks”).
3. Lower the thief to the proper level.
• For lease tanks, take an upper sample just below the surface of the liquid, a middle
sample from the center of the liquid, and a lower sample just above the suction
line.
• For large tanks, see Table 1.2 and Figure 1.4 under “More About It” at the end of
this chapter for proper sampling levels.
4. Jerk the cord sharply to close the bottom valve on the thief and trap the sample.
5. Pull the thief to the surface.
6. Pour about 6 inches of the liquid in the thief back into the tank.
7. Pour the sample into a small, clean sample container until it is about 3/4 full. Cap the
sample container, wipe it clean, and label it as an “upper” or “lower” sample (see
Figure 1.2). Put it into a compartment in your tool box.

Sample bottles must

• be clean and dry Fill bottle
• be clear or brown glass up to
2/3 full
• be unpigmented linear
polyethylene for
Crude Oil certain oils Crude Oil
Top • have cork or glass Middle
Tank XXX Tank XXX
Typical
stoppers or screw caps label
• not have rubber stoppers
• be clearly labeled
with bottle contents
Wide-mouth bottle Narrow-mouth bottle
with screw cap with cork stopper
Figure 1.2. Examples of labels on sample containers
8. If you are compositing samples, measure out the proper amount of sample into a
graduated cylinder and put it in the sample container.
9. Pour the remaining liquid back into the tank.
Additional Procedures for Lease Tanks

When gauging a lease tank, use the upper and lower samples to determine the suspended S&W
content (see Chapter 5, “Testing Crude Oil for Suspended Sediment and Water”).
Use the middle sample to determine the API gravity.

1. To determine the API gravity and temperature of a sample in the thief, hang the thief
containing the sample on the inside of the gauge hatch to test it (see Chapter 2,
“Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks” for details).
2. When finished testing, fill the storage bottle 3/4 full, cap it, and place it in your tool
box.
3. Pour the remaining liquid back into the tank.
Take a bottom or outlet/clearance sample to determine the level of settled S&W.

4. Adjust the trip rod so that it will trip the thief shut when it is bumped on the tank
bottom (normally at 4 inches).
5. Slowly lower the thief through the liquid and S&W until it touches the bottom of the
tank.
6. Let the thief rest on the bottom to allow the S&W to reach its natural level inside the
thief. Do not use a pumping motion to force the thief through the S&W.

7. Carefully raise the thief 2 to 4 inches and then allow it to bump the bottom hard
enough to close the valve.
8. Pull the thief to the surface.
9. Slowly pour the contents over a glass plate or your gloved hand. Stop when you see
S&W.
10. Return the thief to an upright position and measure the distance between the end of the
trip rod and the surface of the S&W. This measurement is the depth of the S&W layer
on the tank bottom.
11. Record the level of settled S&W.
12. Clean the thief.

Bottle Sampling Procedures

You can use a sample bottle for any sampling method.
Lead
weight Bottle in
sampling cage
Figure 1.3. Sample bottle
First assure that the conditions are safe, as listed under “Safety” on the Quick Reference page. If
you find any unsafe conditions or if the security of the tank has been compromised, do not take the
samples and report these conditions to your supervisor.
Spot Sampling Procedures

• Before using a bottle, rinse it with Stoddard solvent or another naphtha of similar
• Wash the bottle with a strong soap solution, rinse it thoroughly with tap water,
then rinse it with distilled water. If you are sampling crude oil in the field, you
may omit this step.
• Dry the bottle either by blowing a current of clean, warm air into it or by placing
it in a hot, dust-free cabinet at 100°F or higher.
2. Estimate the liquid level in the tank.

3. Attach a weighted line to the bottle or place the bottle in a sample cage.
4. Put the stopper in the bottle.
5. Lower the weighted, stoppered bottle to the proper depth.
6. When the container reaches the selected level, pull out the stopper with a sharp jerk of
the line and allow the bottle to fill completely.
7. When you judge that the container is full, raise the bottle.
8. If the bottle is not at least 3/4 full, pour out the contents and repeat steps 4–7.
9. If taking only one sample, pour off a small amount from the full bottle, and put the
stopper in it immediately.
10. Repeat steps 5–8 for each sample needed.
11. Close the sample container, and return it to your toolbox.
Multiple Tank Composite Sample

Prepare a composite sample in the laboratory (not in the field) by mixing equal portions of the
upper, middle, and lower samples. If samples are taken from multiple tanks used in a transfer, you
will usually composite the samples in proportion to the volume of product in (or transferred from)
each tank.
All-Levels Sample
may omit this step.
2. Lower the weighted, stoppered bottle as near as possible to the draw-off level.
3. Pull out the stopper with a sharp jerk of the line, then raise the bottle at a uniform rate
so that it is about 3/4 full as it emerges from the liquid.
• For light products or deep tanks, a restricted opening may be needed to avoid
filling the bottle before it reaches the surface of the liquid.
• The bottle should not be more than 3/4 full.

4. If the container is full when it emerges from the liquid, pour the liquid back and try
again.
• The goal is to get portions of sample from all levels of the tank. If the bottle is full,
it did not sample any of the oil past the point that it filled.
• If you are unable to fill the sample container at the proper rate, use a different
method, such as taking multiple spot samples, to obtain a representative sample.
Running Sample
may omit this step.
2. Lower the unstoppered bottle at a uniform rate as nearly as possible to the level of the
bottom of the outlet connection or swing line.
3. Raise the bottle to the top of the oil at the same rate so that it is about 3/4 full when
withdrawn from the liquid.
• For light products or deep tanks, you may need a notched cork or other restricted
opening to avoid filling the bottle too quickly.
• The bottle should not be more than 3/4 full.
4. If the container is full when it emerges from the liquid, pour the liquid back and try
again.
• The goal is to get portions of sample from all levels of the tank. If the bottle is full,
it did not sample any of the oil past the point that it filled.
• If you are unable to fill the sample container at the proper rate, use a different
method, such as taking multiple spot samples, to obtain a representative sample.

More About It
Here you will find tables and instructions for the following:
• Summary of manual sampling procedures for products and crude oil

• Number of samples of crude oil to take with a bottle or thief
• Number of samples to take from a product tank
• Mixing procedures

Summary of Manual Sampling Procedures for Products

and Crude Oil
Table 1.1 shows the manual sampling procedure to use for different applications. Alternative
procedures are acceptable if a mutually satisfactory agreement has been reached by the parties
involved. Such an agreement must be in writing and signed by authorized officials.
Table 1.1. Summary of Sampling Procedures and Applications
Application Type of Storage Container Procedure
Liquids of more than 16 lb. and not Storage tanks, ship and barge Precooled bottle sampling
more than 26 lb. RVP (e.g., tanks, tank cars, tank trucks
propane, butane, and pentane)
Liquids of more than 16 lb. and not Storage tanks with taps Cooler tap sampling
more than 26 lb. RVP (e.g.,
propane, butane, and pentane)
Liquids of more than 2 lb. and not Storage tanks, ship and barge Bottle sampling and thief
more than 16 lb. RVP (e.g., crude tanks, tank cars, and tank trucks sampling
oil and products like gasoline,
distillates, and kerosene)
Liquids of 2 lb. RVP or less (e.g., Storage tanks, ships, barges Bottle sampling
heavy fuel oils and asphalt)
Liquids of 2 lb. RVP or less (e.g., Drums, barrels, cans Tube sampling
Liquids of 2 lb. RVP or less (e.g., Tank cars, storage tanks Bottom or thief sampling
Liquids and semi-liquids of 2 lb. Free or open-discharge streams, Dipper sampling

RVP or less (e.g., heavy fuel oils open tanks or kettles with open
and asphalt) heads, tank cars, tank trucks,
drums
Crude and petroleum products Pipelines Automatic sampling or

manual spot samples from
the line

Number of Samples of Crude Oil to Take with a Bottle or Thief

The number of samples used for S&W testing depends on the size of the tank. Table 1.2 shows
guidelines for obtaining samples from tanks of different sizes.
Table 1.2. Samples for Determining S&W
Number of Samples and Sampling Levels

Tank Capacity/Liquid Level
Upper Middle Lower
1,000 barrels or less 1 1* 1
More than 1,000 barrels (no mixer)

Liquid level less than 15 feet 1 1* 1
Liquid level more than 15 feet 1 1** 1
More than 1,000 barrels (with mixer) 1 1** 1
* The middle sample here is taken to determine the API gravity of the liquid. This sample is not included in the composite
sample or in the tests for S&W.
** This middle sample may be used to determine the API gravity and then added to the composite sample for testing for S&W,
but normally all three samples are tested for gravity and S&W and the results averaged. Alternately the three samples are
composited and then tested.
Note: Additional tests may require additional samples.
In small tanks, test the upper and lower samples separately for suspended S&W. In addition to
these samples, you may also take a bottom sample to determine the height of the settled S&W.
Figure 1.4 shows where to take samples in a large tank.
Liquid
level
UPPER — midpoint
of upper 1/3
1/3 depth
level
MIDDLE — midpoint
of middle 1/3
2/3 depth
level
LOWER — midpoint
of lower 1/3
Figure 1.4. Where to take samples in a large tank

Number of Samples to Take from a Product Tank

The number of samples to take from a product tank depends on the height of the liquid in the tank.
Table 1.3. Number of Samples to Take from a Product Tank
Number of
Depth of Liquid Location of Samples
Samples
Up to 10 feet 1 Middle
10 to 15 feet 2 Upper — 1/4 of liquid depth

Lower — 3/4 of liquid depth
Over 15 feet 3 Middle of upper 1/3

Middle of middle 1/3
Middle of lower 1/3
Note: Depending on the actual tests to be performed, additional samples may be required.

Mixing Samples
A sample may or may not need to be mixed before testing it, depending on the type of test and how
homogeneous the sample is. Because an automatic sampling system takes samples over a period of
many hours, some settling almost always occurs.
You can mix a sample with a stand-alone power mixer, with an internal mixer in the sample pot, or
by shaking it. When using a stand-alone power mixer, be sure to use the correct type for the
container or pot you have, as the mixer/container combination has been tested and proven
effective.
Table 1-4 lists the mixing recommendations for various tests.
Table 1.4. Recommended Mixing Procedures
Recommended Mixing Procedure

Test Purpose*
Power Shaking None
Density for crude and heavy fuels X
Sediment and water X
Density for other hydrocarbons X
Vapor pressure X
Cloud point X
* Sample transferred from a container. For tests not listed, refer to the specific test procedure.

Reference Documents
1. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 3.1A
“Standard Practice for the Manual Gauging of Petroleum and Petroleum Products”
2. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 8.1

“Standard Practice for the Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products”

“Measurement Procedures for Crude Oil Gathered from Small Tanks by Truck”
4. Pipelines (NA) Business Unit Safety Manual

Chapter 2
Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks
Quick Reference

• Do not smoke while working around tanks. 1. Suspend a cupcase
• Before taking any measurements, ground your bare hands and tools used (Chapter 2).
by touching the handrail.
2. Take appropriate samples
• Stand upwind and turn your face away when opening the tank (Chapter 1).
hatch. 3. Gauge the height of the
• Monitor H2S while sampling. liquid in the tank (Chapter
3 and Chapter 4).
• Never sample during an electrical storm. 4. Determine the level of free
• Dispose of all samples and security seals properly. water and/or sediment on
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business (Chapter 5).
Unit Safety Manual. 5. Determine the temperature
of the tank – either with a
Scope with a portable electronic
thermometer (PET)
This chapter includes the procedures for determining API gravity and (Chapter 2).
temperature of crude oil and liquid petroleum products in 6. Analyze the samples as
nonpressurized tanks. required for the specific
product (Chapter 2,
Summary of Gravity Procedures Chapter 5, Chapter 7).
• Use the middle sample to measure gravity in tanks that hold less 17).
than 1,000 barrels.
• Use the upper, middle, and lower samples to measure gravity in tanks that hold more than
1,000 barrels. These samples may be composited for testing, or they may be tested separately
and the results averaged.
• For tanks of less than 1,000 barrels (lease tanks), use a clean thermohydrometer and leave it in
the thief for at least 3 minutes (longer in heavier oils or during extreme heat or cold).
• For tanks holding more than 1,000 barrels, pour the samples into a hydrometer cylinder in the
laboratory for testing with a thermohydrometer.
• When the liquid is opaque, deduct 0.1°API from the gravity reading to correct for the
meniscus.
• Record the gravity to the nearest 0.1°API.

• Record the thermohydrometer temperature to the nearest 1.0°F.
Summary of Temperature Procedures

• Take one reading from the middle of tanks under 1,000 barrels.
• Take 3 readings, one each from the middle of the top, middle, and bottom thirds of tanks 1,000
bbls and larger. Report the average of the 3 readings as the temperature of the tank.
• BP Pipelines’ preferred procedure for determining tank temperature for custody transfer is to
use a portable electronic thermometer (PET); however, cupcase thermometers are acceptable
for inventory purposes or for lease operations where only one middle temperature is required.
• When using a PET, keep the sensor probe in motion within the fluid by raising and lowering it
1 foot above and below the desired depth.
• Leave a cupcase thermometer in the liquid for at least 10 minutes before reading the
temperature (15 minutes in heavier oils and when the ambient temperature is below 32°F). See
Table 2.2 for additional information on recommended immersion times.
• Record the temperature to the nearest 0.1ºF when using a PET and 0.5ºF when using a cupcase
thermometer.
• For safety reasons, the temperature of the liquid must be 120°F or less. If the tank is above
120ºF, notify your supervisor.

method:

• Cupcase woodback thermometer
or
• Two verified 6-inch centrifuge tubes • Pliers

Other:
• Centrifuge

Introduction
After sampling the liquid in the tank, you will gauge the tank to determine the amount of liquid in
it. Part of the gauging process includes measuring the API gravity and temperature of the liquid.
A tank’s volume varies due to expansion and contraction of the liquid and the metal tank shell with
changes in temperature. Each tank has a capacity table that is based on the volume at a certain
temperature. Getting an accurate temperature reading allows you to correct the volume for the
actual temperature of the liquid in the tank. Density, like volume, depends on temperature, and so
you will also measure the temperature of the sample while determining the API gravity.
One purpose of measuring API gravity is to allow conversion of the volume you measure by
gauging to the volume at the standard temperature of 60°F. API gravity is also a property of the oil
that may affect the price paid for the oil.
Equipment You Will Need for Determining Gravity and

Temperature
• Thief or bottle containing a sample from the middle of the tank (small tanks) or the upper,
middle, and lower samples (large tanks)
• Hydrometer cylinder, thermohydrometer (or hydrometer and glass thermometer), and a
constant-temperature bath if the temperature of the sample is very different from the ambient
temperature
• Portable electronic thermometer and ASTM glass thermometer for verifying the PET
(preferred)
or
cupcase woodback thermometer
• Circulating bath and ice bath or PET calibrator (when verifying a PET)
Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks September 2002 2.4

Procedures
The contents of large tanks containing crude oil should be thoroughly mixed before you make
temperature measurements (lease tanks do not have mixers). Because different grades of crude
require different mixing times, a facility may conduct tests to determine the ideal mixing time for
each grade it handles. Unless otherwise instructed, follow these guidelines:
• Mix tanks that are less than 1/3 full for at least 2 hours.
• Mix tanks that are more than 1/3 full for 4 hours.
Be sure to wait at least 2 hours after turning off the mixer before gauging the height of the liquid to
allow the liquid to stop moving.
Procedures for Measuring API Gravity

Measure the gravity as soon as possible after collecting the sample(s) and after the temperature of
the sample(s) has stabilized.
Thermohydrometer Method
1. Use a sample from the middle of the column of liquid (small tanks) or 3 samples from
the top, middle, and bottom of the column of liquid (large tanks).
• For small tanks, you may hang the thief in the hatch and determine the gravity
before transferring the sample to a storage container.
• For large tanks, transfer the sample, without splashing, to a clean hydrometer
cylinder for the test.
2. Insert a clean thermohydrometer into the thief or hydrometer cylinder until it floats
freely, and then push it down another 1/4 inch (see Figure 2.1).
3. Leave the thermohydrometer in the thief or hydrometer cylinder for at least 3 minutes
to allow the temperature to stabilize.
Note: Do not allow the thermohydrometer to touch the side of the thief.
4. After at least 3 minutes, read the observed gravity at eye level. Take the measurement
at the bottom of the meniscus for clear liquids (see Figure 2.1).
5. When the liquid is too opaque to see the meniscus (for example, crude oil), deduct
0.1°API to correct for it.

Stem
Thermohydrometer
Meniscus
Gravity
scale
Liquid
sample Temperature
scale
Thief
Figure 2.1. Using a thermohydrometer to measure API gravity
6. Record the gravity to the nearest 0.1°API.

7. Read the temperature at eye level.
Note: The thermohydrometer bulb must remain in the liquid while you are reading it.
8. Record the observed temperature to the nearest 1.0°F.
Hydrometer Method
1. Transfer the sample to a clean hydrometer cylinder without splashing.
• Remove any air bubbles from the surface by touching them with a piece of clean
paper towel or filter paper before inserting the hydrometer.
2. Place the cylinder upright in a location away from air currents to keep the temperature
of the sample liquid from changing during the test.
• If the temperature of the sample is much above or below the ambient temperature,
put the cylinder in a constant-temperature bath.

3. Lower the hydrometer gently into the sample. Do not let the hydrometer stem get wet
above the level where it floats in the liquid (see Figure 2.2).
4. Use the thermometer to stir the sample continuously.
• Keep the mercury completely immersed.
• Keep the hydrometer stem dry while stirring the sample.
5. Read and record the temperature to the nearest 0.5°F.
• Immerse the thermometer as far as you can while still being able to read the scale.
• Wait about 30 seconds for the reading to stabilize.
• Keep the thermometer immersed while reading the temperature.
6. Push the hydrometer about 2 scale divisions into the liquid and release it.
• If the liquid has a low viscosity, spin the hydrometer slightly as you release it.
• Allow the hydrometer to come to rest and wait for all air bubbles to come to the
surface.
7. Read the hydrometer scale to the nearest 0.0001 (relative density) or 0.05°API.
• For transparent liquids, look at the scale with your eye just below the liquid’s
surface, then raise your head until the surface appears to become a straight line
cutting the scale (see Figure 2.2).
• For opaque liquids, read the scale at eye level and subtract 0.1º API to correct for
the meniscus.
Read gravity scale

Meniscus at this point
Liquid
Horizontal plane
surface of liquid
Hydrometer
cylinder
Figure 2.2. Reading a hydrometer for transparent liquids

8. Immediately after reading the hydrometer scale, stir the sample with the thermometer
and record the temperature to the nearest 0.5°F. If this temperature differs by more
than 1°F from your first measurement, repeat steps 7 and 8 until the temperature
stabilizes.
9. Record the final hydrometer reading to the nearest 0.1°API and the temperature
reading to the nearest 1°F.
10. Convert the observed API gravity to API gravity at standard temperature (60°F) (see
Table 2.3 under “More About It”).
Where to Take Temperature Readings

In tanks where the liquid depth is more than 10 feet, take temperature readings at 3 levels: in the
middle of the top, middle, and bottom third of the column of liquid. When the liquid depth is less
than 10 feet, take 1 measurement in the middle of the column of liquid.
The temperature of a liquid in a storage tank can vary throughout its depth; therefore, when the
difference in temperature between any two readings is greater than 2ºF, calculate an average
temperature. Do this by taking temperatures at different levels that are equally spaced apart,
averaging the readings, and rounding off the result to the nearest 0.1ºF. Report the result as the
average temperature for the entire volume. In some cases, such as when a tank has a nonuniform
cross-sectional area, it may be necessary to calculate a volume-weighted average temperature.
Hatch
Upper temperature
} 1/3
Liquid
height Middle temperature
} 1/3
Outlet
Lower temperature
} 1/3
Figure 2.3. Locations for determining the temperature of the liquid in a large tank with
liquid height more than 15 feet

Procedures for Measuring Temperature

You may use a portable electronic thermometer (PET) or a cupcase woodback thermometer to
measure temperature in tanks. PETs are preferred in all types of liquids and required when
working in a heated fuel oil tank.
you find any unsafe conditions or if the security of the tank has been compromised, do not take the
measurements and report these conditions to your supervisor.
Portable Electronic Thermometer (PET)

See Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 under the heading “More About It” at the end of this chapter for
information about temperature measuring locations and thermometer immersion times.
1. Attach the grounding cable from the thermometer to the tank before opening the
hatch.
2. Verify that the thermometer battery is working.
3. Set the temperature range selector.
4. Lower the sensing probe to the correct level. If taking more than one reading, start
with the position closest to the top of the tank.
• Position the thermometer as far from the tank shell as practical.
5. Repeatedly raise and lower the probe about 1 foot in each direction until the
temperature reading stabilizes; that is, when the readout varies by no more than 0.2°F
for at least 30 seconds.
6. After the temperature has stabilized, read and record the temperature.
7. Repeat steps 4, 5, and 6 in large tanks for each level needed.
8. When taking more than one reading, average the readings, round to the nearest 0.1°F,
and record the average.
T1 + T2 + T3
-------------------------------- = average temperature
3
9. Clean the thermometer (and tape) with a solvent and dry it with a cloth.

Safety Reminder
• The temperature must be 120°F or less. If the tank is above 120ºF,
notify your supervisor.
Cupcase Woodback Thermometer

Because a cupcase woodback thermometer assembly takes so long to reach the temperature of the
liquid in the tank (up to 1 hour, depending on the difference in temperature between the liquid and
the air), you must immerse the thermometer when you first begin gauging and read the temperature
after you finish. See Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 under the heading “More About It” at the end of this
chapter for locations of measurements and immersion times.
If the conditions are safe, begin as follows:
1. Attach the thermometer to a conductive lowering device (e.g., cotton cord, brass
chain, or gauging tape).
2. If the atmospheric temperature differs by more than 20°F from the anticipated
temperature of the liquid in the tank, immerse the thermometer twice just below the
liquid’s surface and empty the cup after each immersion.
3. Lower the thermometer to the correct level, keeping the lowering device in contact
with the hatch.
• Position the thermometer as far from the tank shell as practical.
• Repeatedly raise and lower the thermometer about 1 foot to help stabilize the
reading.
4. After the temperature has stabilized, pull the thermometer from the liquid.
• Keep the assembly sheltered below the edge of the hatch to prevent the wind or air
temperature from affecting the reading.
• Make sure the cup is full while you are reading the temperature.
• Do not hold the assembly by the brass cup, as heat from the hand may change the
temperature of the oil.
• Read the temperature to the nearest 0.5ºF immediately after pulling the
thermometer out.
5. For a custody transfer repeat steps 3 and 4. For inventory or for small tanks, usually
only one middle temperature reading is all that is required.

• If the readings agree within 2°F, average them and record the average to the
nearest 0.1ºF.
T1 + T2
------------------- = average temperature
2
• If the readings differ by more than 2°F, take additional readings and average the
results.
6. For tanks that hold 1,000 bbls or more, repeat steps 3, 4, and 5 at the top, middle, and
bottom of the column of oil.
• Average the 3 temperature readings:
T1 + T2 + T3
-------------------------------- = average temperature
3
7. When taking readings from more than one location in the tank, average the readings,
round to the nearest 0.5°F, and record the average.
8. After using the thermometer in a heavy, high-viscosity, or high-pour-point oil, clean
all parts of the assembly.
• Rinse the cupcase thermometer with Stoddard solvent or another naphtha of
similar volatility. If necessary, use sludge solvents to remove all traces of sediment
and sludge.
Safety Reminder
• The temperature must be 120°F or less. If the tank is above 120ºF,
notify your supervisor.
Procedures for Verifying Thermometers

Thermometers are precision instruments. Ensuring their accuracy is an important part of your job.
Verifying PETs
A PET must be calibrated in a laboratory before using it the first time and recalibrated once a year
thereafter.

Spot-check the PET before each use or once a day, and make a more thorough check monthly. Do
not use a PET that does not pass these checks. Document the monthly checks and keep the
documentation on file at the location for at least two years.
Daily Check
1. Place the PET and an ASTM glass thermometer in a liquid.
2. After the temperatures have stabilized, compare the readings of the two thermometers.
3. If the readings differ by more than 0.5°F, do not use the PET in a custody transfer until
it has been recalibrated.
Monthly Check
1. Place the PET and a NIST-certified or equivalent thermometer side by side in a
circulating hot-water bath, if available.
• Leave them undisturbed for at least 10 minutes.
• Compare the readings of the two thermometers. If they differ by more than 0.5°F,
do not use the PET.
2. Place the PET and a NIST-certified or equivalent thermometer side by side in ice
water.
• Leave them undisturbed for at least 10 minutes.
• Compare the readings of the two thermometers. If they differ by more than 0.5°F,
do not use the PET.
3. If the PET is out of calibration, follow the manufacturer’s procedures for recalibration.
Note: You will probably do this with a calibrator box attached to the PET.
4. Check the junction between the cable and the probe for damage.
5. Check the cable insulation for cuts, breaks, and abrasions.
6. Check the grounding cable for damage.
7. Check the case body for cracks or damage.
8. If the PET is damaged, do not use it until it is repaired.
Verifying a Glass Thermometer (including a Cupcase Thermometer)

A glass thermometer must be verified in a laboratory before using it the first time and reverified
once a year thereafter. You should spot-check the thermometer before each use or once a day. Do
not use it if it fails these checks.
1. Make sure the thermometer is clean. An oil film can insulate the thermometer and

cause an inaccurate reading.

2. Check that the paint on the engraved scale is still present. Do not use a thermometer
that has lost this paint. It is too difficult to see the reading.
3. Check that the liquid column has not separated. If the column separates, then rejoins,
do not use the thermometer until it has been verified in a laboratory.
4. Compare the reading on the thermometer to that on a similar thermometer. If the
readings differ by more than 1.0ºF, do not use the thermometer.

More About It
Here you will find the following tables and instructions for using them:
• Table 2.1. Locations for Determining Temperature in Small and Large Tanks
• Table 2.2. Recommended Immersion Times for PETs and Cupcase Woodback Assemblies
• Table 2.3 Correction of API Gravity to 60°F for Generalized Crude Oils
Table 2.1. Locations for Determining Temperature in Small and Large Tanks
Number of
Tank Capacity/Liquid Level Locations of Measurements
Measurements
1,000 barrels or less 1 Middle of liquid height
More than 1,000 barrels
Liquid level under 10 feet 1 Middle of liquid height
Liquid level 10 to 15 feet 2 3 feet from top of liquid

surface
and
3 feet from bottom of tank
Liquid level over 15 feet 3 Middle of top third

Middle of middle third
Middle of bottom third

Table 2.2. Recommended Immersion Times for PETs and Cupcase Woodback
Assemblies
Recommended Immersion Times
PET* Cupcase Woodback Assembly**

API Gravity at
60°F When Temperature Differential
In Motion In Motion Stationary <5°F
In Motion Stationary
>50° 30 seconds 5 minutes 10 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes
40 to 49° 30 seconds 5 minutes 15 minutes 5 minutes 15 minutes
<20° 75 seconds 45 minutes 80 minutes 35 minutes 60 minutes
* While measuring, keep the sensor probe in motion by raising and lowering it 1 foot above and below the desired depth.
** Can be used in either an in-motion or a stationary mode. “In motion” is defined as repeatedly raising and lowering the
assembly 1 foot above and below the desired depth.
If additional mass is placed in the liquid near the thermometer (such as a weight to make the cupcase woodback assembly
sink), the immersion time of the assembly will be longer than those listed in this table. Immersion times should be established
by testing, and all parties involved should agree on the times.
Note: Immersion times are based on test procedures outlined in API MPMS Chapter 7. Failure to use these recommended times
may result in incorrect temperature readings.

The following table, which is an excerpt from API Table 5A, can be used to correct the observed
API gravity at the observed temperature to the standard API gravity at 60°F when gauging crude
oil.
API Table 6A can be used to correct the observed API gravity at the observed temperature to the
standard API gravity at 60ºF when gauging products.
Both tables are available at the field locations or from the Measurement Team. These corrections
are made automatically if you input the data into SMART (measurement ticketing software).
Table 2.3. Correction of API Gravity to 60°F for Generalized Crude Oils
API Gravity at the Observed Temperature (°API)*

Observed
30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5
Temperature
Corresponding API Gravity at 60°F (°API)
40.5°F 31.4 31.9 32.4 32.9 33.4 33.9 34.5 35.0
41.0°F 31.3 31.9 32.4 32.9 33.4 33.9 34.4 34.9
41.5°F 31.3 31.8 32.3 32.8 33.4 33.9 34.4 34.9
42.0°F 31.3 31.8 32.3 32.8 33.3 33.8 34.3 34.9
* Round the observed gravity to the nearest 0.5°API.
Note: Based on API Table 5A.
Example:
If the observed gravity is 31.7 °API (round it to 31.5°API)
and the observed temperature is 41.3°F (round it to 41.5°F),
the API gravity is 32.8°API.
Take the difference between the observed gravity and API gravity in the table (31.7 - 31.5 = 0.2)
The corrected API gravity is 32.8 + 0.2 = 33.0°API.
Note: API does not recommend interpolation of temperature.

Reference Documents
2. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 7

“Temperature Determination”

“Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products”

“Hydrometer Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products”

“Thermohydrometer Test Method for Density and API Gravity of Crude Petroleum
and Liquid Petroleum Products”
6. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 11.1, Volume I, Table 5A

“Generalized Crude Oils – Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity at
60ºF”
7. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 11.1, Volume I, Table 5B

“Generalized Products – Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity at 60ºF”

Chapter 3
Gauging Lease Tanks
Quick Reference

• Do not smoke during gauging. 1. Suspend a cupcase
• Ground your bare hands and equipment before gauging. used (Chapter 2).
• Keep the gauge tape in contact with the hatch while gauging to 2. Take appropriate samples
prevent sparking. (Chapter 1).
• Stand upwind and turn your face away when opening the tank hatch. 3. Gauge the height of the
liquid in the tank (Chapter
• Check the condition of the ladder and catwalk before gauging. 3 and Chapter 4).
• Determine whether you need to take precautions for H2S before 4. Determine the level of free
gauging. water and/or sediment on
• Never gauge during an electrical storm. (Chapter 5).
• Dispose of all samples and security seals properly. 5. Determine the temperature
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business cupcase thermometer or
Unit Safety Manual. with a portable electronic
thermometer (PET)
(Chapter 2).
Scope 6. Analyze the samples as
required for the specific
This chapter describes the procedures for measuring crude oil from type of transaction and
upright cylindrical tanks with a capacity of less than 1,000 barrels. product (Chapter 2,
Chapter 5, Chapter 7).
Reasons for Rejecting the Oil 17).
• Valves on the bottom or side of the tank cannot be sealed or are leaking.
• The tank’s oil level is above the maximum height stenciled on the side of the tank.
• The suspended S&W is greater than 1.0% (see Chapter 5, “Testing Crude Oil for
Suspended Sediment and Water”).
• The free water in the tank is greater than 0.3% (see this chapter). (Note: Texas, New Mexico,
and Louisiana allow 1.0% free water.)
• The settled S&W (tank bottoms) is less than 4 inches from the bottom of the pipeline (P/L)
connection (see Chapter 1, “Manual Sampling in Tanks”).
• Leaks are present in the tank bottom or sides.
• The oil has not weathered (settled) for at least 2 hours before gauging.

Exceptions
• You may reject the tank if the oil height is less than 1/2 the normal height of the tank (with
supervisor’s approval).
• The total S&W content must be less than 1.0%. Of this 1.0%, the free water content may be no
more than 0.3%. In Texas, New Mexico, and Louisiana, the allowable free water content is
1.0%, with no S&W.

method:

or

Other:
• Centrifuge

Introduction
This chapter includes the procedures for taking the opening and closing gauges of any lease tank
that does not use a LACT unit. Gauging provides a measure of the amount of oil transferred from
the tank.
Equipment You Will Need for Gauging

This is the equipment you need to gauge the height of the crude oil in a tank:
• Steel gauge tape and bob

• Thief
• Thermometer – PET or cupcase
• Thermohydrometer
• Centrifuge tubes
• Water-indicating paste
• Seals for securing all pipeline connections
• Side cutters for cutting and removing tank seals
• Carrying case for all gauging equipment
Gauging Lease Tanks September 2002 3.4

Procedures
Sampling and S&W testing are somewhat different in lease tanks than in large tanks.
Sampling in Lease Tanks versus Large Tanks

Manual sampling of lease tanks differs from sampling of larger tanks in the following ways:
1. In a lease tank, take the top sample just below the surface of the liquid, not from the
middle of the top third of the liquid, as in large tanks. Use a thief and then pour the
sample into a small sample bottle or directly into a centrifuge tube for S&W
determination.
2. Take the middle sample from the middle of the tank, and in a lease tank use it only for
gravity determination. While you are still on top of the tank, insert a hydrometer
directly into the thief.
3. Take the lower sample from a lease tank just above the suction line, not from the
middle of the bottom third of the liquid, as in large tanks. Use a thief and then pour the
sample into a small sample bottle or directly into a centrifuge tube for S&W
determination.
Procedures for Gauging by the Innage Method

The innage method of gauging directly measures the height of the liquid with a tape and bob that
extend to the bottom of the tank.
you find any unsafe conditions or if the security of the tank has been compromised, do not run the
tank and report these conditions to your supervisor.

All valves
should be
Hatch sealed closed
Oil level—
no greater
than stenciled
tank height Fill lines
that extend
Oil surface— into top of
no foaming tank should
Tank or boiling have notch
stop to prevent
valve siphoning
Tank 101
Lease 49203
Tank Ht. 15'
Verify stenciled
tank information
Figure 3.1. Checking the tank before gauging
Opening Gauge
If the conditions are safe, run the tank as follows:
1. Before taking the opening gauge, inspect the tank (see Figure 3.1):
• Check the tank and valves for leaks or distortions.
• Check the seal on the tank stop valve for any signs of tampering.
• Check all bottom and side valves to make sure they are closed and have sealing
devices for attaching seals.
• Make sure the ladders and catwalk are safe.
• Check the tank and lease numbers stenciled on the tank.
• Ground yourself before climbing on the tank. Be especially cautious on dry days,
since the potential for static electricity is greater in low humidity.
• Check that the top valves are closed and can be sealed.
• Open the hatch using all safety precautions. Wear an approved breathing
apparatus if H2S is a potential hazard.
• Make sure the fill lines at the top of the tank are notched to prevent siphoning.

Safety Reminder
Do not run the tank if:
• The oil’s surface is foaming or boiling.
• The oil level is higher than the stenciled tank height.
2. Suspend the cupcase thermometer, if used, at the midpoint of the tank.

3. Take an upper sample for S&W testing (see “Procedures for Testing Suspended S&W
in Lease Tanks by the Field Centrifuge Method” in Chapter 5, “Testing Crude Oil for
Suspended Sediment and Water”).
• Use clean, dry equipment.
• Cock the valve at the bottom of the thief in the open position and trip the hook in
the eye of the trip rod.
• Lower the thief to just below the surface of the liquid.
• Jerk the cord sharply to close the bottom valve on the thief and trap the sample.
• Pull the thief to the surface.
• Pour about 6 inches of the liquid in the thief back into the tank.
• Pour the sample into a small, clean sample container until it is about 3/4 full. Cap
the sample container, wipe it clean, and label the sample. Put it into a
compartment in your tool box.
• If you are compositing samples, measure out the proper amount of sample into a
graduated cylinder and put it in the sample container.
• Pour the remaining liquid back into the tank.
4. Take and test the middle sample for API gravity (see Chapter 2, “Gravity and
Temperature Measurement in Tanks” for details of testing).
• Hang the thief containing the sample on the inside of the gauge hatch.
• Determine the API gravity of the oil.
• Pour the remaining liquid back into the tank.
5. Follow the same procedures as under step 1 above to take a lower sample just above
the suction line and test it for suspended S&W (see “Procedures for Testing
Suspended S&W in Lease Tanks by the Field Centrifuge Method” in Chapter 5,
“Testing Crude Oil for Suspended Sediment and Water”).

6. Take an outlet/clearance sample (tank bottoms) to determine the level of settled S&W
(see Figure 3.2).
• Adjust the trip rod so that it will trip the thief shut when it is bumped on the tank
bottom (normally at 4 inches).
• Slowly lower the thief through the liquid and S&W until it touches the bottom of
the tank.
• Let the thief rest on the bottom to allow the S&W to reach its natural level inside
the thief. Do not use a pumping motion to force the thief through the S&W. (The
length of time depends on the type and temperature of S&W.)
• Raise and trip the thief to trap an S&W sample.
• Make sure the distance between the tank bottoms and the bottom of the P/L
connection is greater than 4 inches.

Notes:
1. If there is more S&W in the tank at
Thief
closing, tank settling time before
run was too short (2-hour minimum
15 recommended).
14
13 2. If there is less S&W in the tank at
12 closing, the balance has likely been
11
Tube pumped into the pipeline.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Depth of
S&W
in tank
Trip
rod
"Tank stop" Tank

outlet valve contents
Tank bottoms
Distance between tank bottoms

and bottom of P/L connection
must be greater than 4 inches
Figure 3.2. Checking the depth of settled S&W in the tank
7. Take the opening gauge to the nearest 1/4 inch. Two consecutive readings must be the
same before recording the opening gauge on the measurement ticket (see Figure 3.3).
• If necessary, apply a thin coat of water-indicating paste to the bob to read the
free-water level.
• Hold the gauge line over the hatch and allow the plumb bob to sink through the
oil.

• Be sure to keep the gauge tape in contact with the edge of the hatch to prevent
dangerous sparking as the plumb bob enters the fluid. If the tape has a grounding
wire, attach it to the tank.
• Allow the plumb bob to penetrate the oil and S&W until it touches the tank
bottom or datum plate. Don’t let the bob tilt. (Use the known gauge height to
estimate when the bob should reach bottom.)
• Always take the gauge reading from the same location or reference point on the
hatch so the bob hits the same point on the tank bottom or datum plate. Using the
same reference point for each gauging ensures a comparable gauge reading each
time, even if the tank bottom is sloped.
• When using a water-indicating paste, leave the tape and bob in the liquid long
enough for the paste to react with the water (usually 30 to 60 seconds). Slowly
reel in the tape and stop when you see where the oil has wet the tape.
• Read and record the measured liquid level and free-water level.
• To verify the measurement, wipe off about 2 feet of the oil-wetted tape and lower
the tape again, repeating the procedures under step 6 until you get two consecutive
readings that agree.
• When you have completed the opening gauge, clean the gauge tape and bob
thoroughly before putting it away.
Gauge tape Gauge

Reference hatch
point
Tape
cut
12
11
Liquid
Tape
10
level
9
Reference
height
6
Innage
5 Innage bob
4
Innage
bob 3 Datum
2 plate
1
Zero
point Innage Method
Figure 3.3. Innage method of gauging

8. Determine the temperature of the oil in the tank (see Chapter 2, “Gravity and
Temperature Measurement in Tanks” for details).
9. Record all of your readings.
10. Seal the equalizer and fill lines.
11. Test the top and outlet samples for suspended S&W (see Chapter 5, “Testing Crude
Oil for Suspended Sediment and Water” for details).
12. Accept or reject the oil.
13. If accepted, run the tank.
• Break the seal on the tank stop valve to the pipeline and remove it. Enter the
number of the “Off Seal” on the ticket.
• Slowly open the tank stop valve. If the lease requires a pump to inject the oil into
the pipeline, set the proper time on the pump’s time clock and start the pump.
Closing Gauge
After the oil has been transferred, follow these steps for taking the closing gauge:
1. Before taking the closing gauge, inspect the tank:

• Close and seal the tank stop valve. Record the seal number.
• Inspect the pipeline, tank connections, seams, and the ground around the bottom
of the tank for leaks or distortions.
• Check all seals that were put on when the tank was run for tampering.
• Make sure the seal numbers match the seal numbers written on the ticket.
• Make sure that the ladders and catwalk are safe.
• Check the tank and lease numbers stenciled on the tank to be sure you are turning
off the correct tank.
• Open the hatch using all safety precautions, including an approved breathing
• Use a mirror to reflect light into the tank. Check for any buildup of sediment or
encrustations above the level of the remaining oil in the tank. If excessive buildup
is present, ask the producer to clean the tank.
2. Determine the temperature of the oil remaining in the tank (see Chapter 2, “Gravity
and Temperature Measurement in Tanks” for details).
3. Gauge the height of the remaining oil and free water (repeat the same steps as under
step 6 of “Opening Gauge”).

4. Measure the depth of the settled S&W in the tank with a thief (see Chapter 1, “Manual
Sampling in Tanks” for details). The depth of the tank bottoms should remain about
the same before and after the tank is run.
• If the settled S&W in the tank is deeper at closing than at opening, you did not
allow the tank to settle long enough before running it (a minimum of 2 hours).
• If the settled S&W is lower after you shut the tank off, some of it has most likely
moved down the pipeline. Check around the tank for temporary gas rolling lines.
If the tank was rolled while the tank was running, excessive S&W may have
entered the pipeline. Report this to your supervisor.
If you are satisfied with the closing gauge:

5. Break all the seals you placed on the tank. Don’t break any seals put on by other
parties.
6. Make sure that all proper information is on the run ticket before obtaining the witness
signature.
7. Sign the ticket printed from the SMART program and include the name of the
producer’s representative (witness).

More About It
To calculate the volume of transferred crude, use the opening and closing gauge readings,
temperature, gravity, and S&W readings you have taken. You will also need a tank capacity table
for the specific tank you measured and tables for volume correction.
Summary of Calculations for Determining Net Standard Volume

First, match the liquid height to the same height in that tank’s capacity table to obtain the Total
Observed Volume (TOV). Subtract the volume of free water or tank bottoms (CFW), if any. This
calculation gives the Gross Observed Volume (GOV).
GOV = TOV – CFW
Multiply the GOV by the Correction for Temperature of the Liquid (CTL), also known as the
Volume Correction Factor (VCF). This value, which is determined from API Table 5B for crude
oil, represents the volume at the standard temperature (60°F), which is the Gross Standard Volume
(GSV).
GSV = GOV × CTL
Convert the percentage of any suspended sediment and water to the Correction for Sediment and
Water (CSW).
% S&W
CSW = 1 – --------------------
100
Finally, multiply GSV by CSW to obtain NSV. Round NSV to the nearest 0.01 barrel.
NSV = GSV × CSW

Reference Documents


60ºF”

“Generalized Crude Oils – Correction of Volume to 60ºF Against API Gravity at 60ºF”

“Calculation of Static Petroleum Quantities, Part 1 – Upright Cylindrical Tanks and
Marine Vessels”


Chapter 4
Gauging Large Tanks
Quick Reference

• Do not smoke during gauging. 1. Suspend a cupcase
• Ground your bare hands and equipment before gauging. used (Chapter 2).
• Keep the gauge tape in contact with the hatch while gauging to 2. Take appropriate samples
prevent sparking. (Chapter 1).
• Stand upwind and turn your face away when opening the tank 3. Gauge the height of the
hatch. liquid in the tank (Chapter
3 and Chapter 4).
• Check the condition of the ladder and catwalk before gauging. 4. Determine the level of free
• Determine whether you need to take precautions for H2S before water and/or sediment on
gauging. (Chapter 5).
• Never gauge during an electrical storm. 5. Determine the temperature
• Do not climb onto a floating roof if
◊ liquid is being pumped into or out of the tank, with a portable electronic
thermometer (PET)
◊ the tank mixer is running, (Chapter 2).
◊ the roof is leaking or the floating roof seal is leaking, or 6. Analyze the samples as
◊ local regulations prohibit it. type of transaction and
product (Chapter 2,
• When the floating roof is more than 4 feet below the shell top, a Chapter 5, Chapter 6).
second person using a self-contained breathing apparatus must be
standing on the platform while the first person is working from the
17).
floating roof.
• Follow OSHA’s confined space regulations.
• Dispose of all samples and security seals properly.
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business
Unit Safety Manual.

Scope
This chapter describes the procedures for measuring the level of crude oil or liquid petroleum
products in upright cylindrical tanks with a capacity of more than 1,000 barrels with fixed or
floating roofs.
Tank gauges may be used for inventory or custody transfer purposes, but the preferred method is to
use meters for custody transfer.

method:

or

Other:
• Centrifuge

Introduction
This chapter includes the procedures for taking gauges of a large-volume tank.
Equipment You Will Need for Gauging

This is the equipment you need to gauge the height of the crude oil in a tank:
• Steel gauge tape and bob

• Thief
• Thermometer – PET or cupcase
• Centrifuge tubes
• Water-indicating paste
• Side cutters for cutting and removing tank seals
• Carrying case for all gauging equipment
Gauging Large Tanks September 2002 4.4

Procedures
To gauge large tanks with internal or external floating roofs, follow the guidelines below for safety
and accuracy.
Sampling in Large Tanks versus Lease Tanks

Manual sampling of large tanks differs from sampling of lease tanks in the following ways:
1. In a large tank, take the sample from the middle of the top third of the liquid.
2. Take the middle sample in the middle of the tank.
3. Take the bottom sample from the middle of the bottom third of the liquid.
Gauging Tanks with an External Floating Roof

You can gauge an external floating roof tank from the platform or from the floating roof. If gauging
from the roof, you must use the innage method. Since the roof of an external floating roof tank is
classified as a confined space, you must follow all appropriate safety procedures.
Gauge tape
Seal
(typical)
Gauge Floating
tube roof
Innage Roof support

bob (typical)
Datum plate
Figure 4.1. Gauging an external floating roof tank from the platform

Gauge
tape
Seal
(typical)
Gauge Floating
tube roof
Innage Roof support

bob (typical)
Datum plate
Figure 4.2. Gauging an external floating roof tank from the floating roof
To get an accurate reading, follow these precautions:
• For both the opening and closing gauges, the roof must be either floating freely or fully
supported. For example, do not take the opening gauge while the roof is floating or the closing
gauge while the roof is partly or completely resting on the bottom.
• If the roof is not floating, its legs must be resting directly on the tank bottom, not on the settled
S&W.
• Do not gauge the tank for custody transfer if the roof is in the “critical zone” (the vertical
range in which the level of the stored oil is high enough to lift a tank’s floating roof off the tank
floor but too low to make the entire roof float freely in a level position).
• The leg settings must match the settings listed on the tank table.
• The roof must be free of ice, snow, water, dirt, and scale.
• If possible, do not gauge on windy days.
• If the gauges will be used for custody transfer, the tank must have a recent tank calibration
table calculated in accordance with API standards.

Gauging Tanks with an Internal Floating Roof

You must use the innage method when gauging an internal floating roof tank.
Gauge tape
Hatch
Seal
(typical)
Gauge Floating
tube roof
Roof support
Innage (typical)
bob
Datum plate
Figure 4.3. Gauging an internal floating roof tank
To get an accurate reading, follow these precautions:
• Since an internal floating roof is lighter than an external floating roof, the oil will continue to
move longer than in an external floating roof tank. Therefore, leave plenty of settling time.
• The roof must be either floating freely or fully supported for both gauges. For example, do not
take the opening gauge while the roof is floating or the closing gauge while the roof is partly or
completely resting on the bottom.
• If the roof is at rest, it must be resting directly on the tank bottom, not on the settled S&W.
• Do not gauge the tank for custody transfer if the roof is in the “critical zone” (the vertical
range in which the level of the stored oil is high enough to lift a tank’s floating roof off the tank
floor but too low to make the entire roof float freely in a level position).

Procedures for Gauging by the Innage Method

The innage method of gauging directly measures the height of the liquid with a tape and bob that
extend to the bottom of the tank.
you find any unsafe conditions or if the security of the tank has been compromised, do not gauge
the tank and report these conditions to your supervisor.
Opening Gauge
If the conditions are safe, gauge the tank as follows:
1. Before taking the opening gauge, inspect the tank (see Figure 4.4):
• Check the tank and valves for leaks or distortions.
• Check all bottom and side valves to make sure they are closed.
• Make sure the ladders and catwalk are safe.
• Check the tank number stenciled on the tank.
• Open the hatch using all safety precautions. Wear an approved breathing
Hatch
Liquid level—
no greater
than maximum
Liquid surface— fill height
no foaming
or boiling
Tank stop If tank has mixer,
valve turn mixer off
Tank 201
at least 2 hours
Tank Ht. xx
before gauging
P/L conn. Ht. xx
the tank
Verify
Figure 4.4. Checking the tank before gauging

Safety Reminder
Do not gauge the tank if:
• The liquid’s surface is foaming or boiling.
• The liquid level is higher than the stenciled tank height.
2. Suspend the cupcase thermometer, if used, at the midpoint of the tank.

3. Sample the liquid. The number and location of samples depends on the level of oil in
the tank (see Chapter 1, “Manual Sampling in Tanks” for details).
4. Take the opening gauge to the nearest 1/8 inch. Two consecutive readings must be the
same before recording the opening gauge on the measurement ticket (see Figure 4.5).
• Apply a thin coat of water-indicating paste to the bob to read the free-water level.
• If necessary, apply a thin coat of a gasoline-indicating paste to the tape (product
tanks).
• Hold the gauge line over the hatch and allow the plumb bob to sink through the
liquid.
• Be sure to keep the gauge tape in contact with the edge of the hatch to prevent
dangerous sparking as the plumb bob enters the fluid. If the tape has a grounding
wire, attach it to the tank.
• Allow the plumb bob to penetrate the liquid and S&W until it touches the tank
bottom or datum plate. Don’t let the bob tilt. (Use the known gauge height to
estimate when the bob should reach bottom.)
• Read the tape at the reference point.
◊ Compare this reading to the reference gauge height (which should be indicated
on the top of the tank).
◊ A difference of more than 1/2 inch could indicate that the bob has not reached
the bottom or datum plate.
• Always take the gauge reading from the same location or reference point on the
hatch so the bob hits the same point on the tank bottom or datum plate. Using the
same reference point for each gauging ensures a comparable gauge reading each
time, even if the tank bottom is sloped.
• If the tank does not have an indicated reference gauge point, gauge opposite the
gauge hatch hinge.

• When using a water-indicating paste or gasoline-indicating paste, leave the tape

and bob in the liquid long enough for the paste to react with the water (usually 30
to 60 seconds). Slowly reel in the tape and stop when you see where the oil has
wet the tape.
• Read and record the measured liquid level and free-water level.
• To verify the measurement, wipe off about 2 feet of the wetted tape and lower the
tape again, repeating the procedure above. Repeat the procedure until you get two
consecutive readings that agree.
• When you have completed the opening gauge, clean the gauge tape and bob
thoroughly before putting it away.
Gauge tape Gauge

Reference hatch
point
Tape
cut
12
11
Liquid
Tape
10
level
9
Reference
height
6
Innage
5 Innage bob
4
Innage
bob 3 Datum
2 plate
1
Zero
point Innage Method
Figure 4.5. Innage method of gauging
5. Determine the temperature of the liquid in the tank (see Chapter 2, “Gravity and
Temperature Measurement in Tanks” for details).
• For custody transfer, the use of a portable electronic thermometer (PET) is
preferred.
• Take the recommended number of temperature readings (see Chapter 2, “Gravity
and Temperature Measurement in Tanks” for details).

◊ For greater than 10 feet of product, take 3 temperatures — middle of the upper,
middle, and lower thirds of the liquid level.
◊ For less than 10 feet of product, take 1 temperature in the middle of the liquid
level.
• Read a PET to the nearest 0.1ºF, or read a cupcase thermometer to the nearest
0.5ºF.
• If you have taken multiple temperature readings, average the readings to the
nearest 0.1ºF.
6. Record all of your readings.
7. Test the samples for suspended S&W (see Chapter 5, “Testing Crude Oil for
Suspended Sediment and Water” for details).
Closing Gauge
After the liquid has been transferred, follow these steps for taking the closing gauge:
1. Before taking the closing gauge, inspect the tank:

• Close the tank isolation valve.
• Inspect the pipeline, tank connections, seams, and the ground around the bottom
of the tank for leaks or distortions.
• Make sure that the ladders and catwalk are safe.
• Check the tank number stenciled on the tank to be sure you are turning off the
correct tank.
since the charge of static electrical sparks is greater in low humidity.
• Open the hatch using all safety precautions, including an approved breathing
2. Sample the liquid remaining in the tank (see Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature
Measurement in Tanks” for details).
3. Gauge the height of the remaining liquid and free water (repeat the same steps as
under step 4 of “Opening Gauge”).
If you are satisfied with the closing gauge:

4. Make sure that all proper information is on the measurement ticket before obtaining
the witness signature.
5. If the gauging was for custody transfer, sign the ticket printed from the SMART
program and include the name of the producer’s representative (witness).

Determining and Reporting Inventory

Tanks will be gauged and the inventory reported monthly. An annual inventory report will be
included in the inventory ticket that closes October 1 at 7:00 a.m.
Monthly Inventory and Reporting

To effectively monitor fixed loss allowance, reconcile book to physical inventory, and maintain
accurate “gain/loss” metrics, BP Pipelines field specialists will report tank inventories on a
monthly basis. To do this, they will insert the appropriate information in the designated fields on
the tank inventory tickets located under the non-custody tab of the Measurement Management
Module of SMART.
Monthly Procedure
1. Grade
• Select appropriate grade from pull-down list.
• Verify with Tulsa Control Center (TCC) if necessary.
2. Preferred gauging option
• Handline gauge at 7:00 a.m. on the first of the month per this chapter of the
Measurement Manual for Crude and Petroleum Products.
• Tanks inactive at 7:00 a.m. may be gauged either before or after 7:00 a.m. if no
activity occurs between 7:00 a.m. and the time the tank is gauged.
3. Sideline gauge option
• Record sideline gauge reading taken at 7:00 a.m.
• Tanks inactive at 7:00 a.m. may be gauged either before or after 7:00 a.m. if no
activity occurs between 7:00 a.m. and the time the tank is gauged.
• This option is only acceptable if appropriate maintenance activities on tank
gauging hardware have been performed prior to month end with necessary
calibrations made.
• In extenuating circumstances, an adjustment can be made to the sideline gauge
reading if recalibration could not be completed on a timely basis (note this in the
Remarks field of the SMART ticket).
• Recalibration is necessary if the sideline gauge and handline gauge vary by more
than 1 inch.
4. Temperature options, in order of preference
• Take temperature while handline gauging at 7:00 a.m. on the first of the month in
accordance with Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks” of
the Measurement Manual for Crude and Petroleum Products.

• Record and report a temperature taken while performing tank gauging

maintenance activities prior to month end, if the tank has been inactive since the
hand gauging.
• For a tank inactive over the entire month, it may be acceptable (if noted in the
Remarks field) to use the prior month’s gauge and temperature readings.
5. Tank bottom S&W level
• SMART will automatically fill in this field with a default value acquired from the
corresponding tank screen in the SMART Reference Module. This value is
updated every October as part of the annual inventory procedure.
• If significant amounts of free water are placed or identified in a tank, a monthly
entry in SMART Operations (not SMART Mobile) will be required to override the
default value (also note this in the Remarks field of the SMART ticket).
• If tank cleaning is completed during the month, an entry will be required to
override the default value (also note this in the Remarks field of the SMART
ticket), and the corresponding tank screen in the SMART Reference Module must
be updated.
6. Observables —crude sampling options in order of preference
• Sample and analyze crude oil from each tank on the first of the month in
accordance with Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks”
and Chapter 5, “Testing Crude Oil for Suspended Sediment and Water” of the
• Sample and analyze crude oil for each grade on site near the end of the month.
• In sampling and analyzing crude oil, follow all safety advisories specified in
Chapter 1, Chapter 2, and Chapter 4 of the BP Pipelines Measurement Manual for
Crude and Petroleum Products.
Annual Inventory and Reporting

To effectively monitor fixed loss allowance, reconcile book to physical inventory, maintain
accurate “gain/loss” metrics, and comply with generally accepted accounting principles, BP
Pipelines field specialists will be responsible for conducting a complete physical inventory of all
BP Pipelines-owned and -operated tanks each year. This information will be reported as part of the
September SMART tank inventory ticket, which closes on October 1 at 7:00 a.m. The appropriate
information will be inserted in the designated fields on the tank inventory tickets located under the
non-custody tab of the Measurement Management Module of SMART. A designated person(s) in
each core team will be responsible for annually updating the “Sediment and Water Level” on the
appropriate Tank Maintenance screen in the SMART Reference Module.

Notification
On or before September 1 of each year, the BP Pipelines Measurement Team will issue a formal
advisory to each BP Pipelines core team leader of the mandatory physical tank inventory, which
occurs on October 1.
Annual Procedure
1. Grade
• Select appropriate grade from pull-down list.
• Verify with TCC, if necessary.
2. Gauging
• Designated tanks will be handline gauged at 7:00 a.m. on October 1st in
accordance with this chapter of the Measurement Manual for Crude and
Petroleum Products.
• Tanks not gauged at 7:00 a.m. can be gauged either before or after 7:00 a.m.
However, these tanks must remain inactive between the time of gauging and 7:00
a.m. (before) or 7:00 a.m. and the time of gauging (after). Exceptions to this
requirement must be approved by TCC.
• Appropriate maintenance personnel are to be advised of any variances between
the handline gauge, sideline gauge, and/or SCADA that exceed 1 inch.
• Field specialists must “zero out” empty tanks that have been taken out of service.
• Maintenance personnel will issue written confirmation when the cause of these
variances has been corrected.
3. Temperature
• While handline gauging, take and record crude oil temperatures in accordance
with Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks” of the
4. Tank bottom S&W level
• The depth of sediment and water at the bottom of each tank must be measured
using a thief in accordance with Chapter 1, “Manual Sampling in Tanks” of the
• The new tank bottom S&W levels must be updated in the appropriate field on all
tank inventory tickets with an October 1 close date.
• Prior to the next close date, a designated field specialist(s) must update the S&W
level on the corresponding tank screen in the SMART Reference Module.
Subsequent months will automatically default to this value unless otherwise
handled.
• If possible, the S&W level obtained for the annual inventory should be used on the

monthly inventory report dated October 1 (September’s closing inventory).

5. Observables — crude sampling and analysis
• Sample and analyze crude oil from each tank in accordance with Chapter 2,
“Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks” and Chapter 5, “Testing Crude
Oil for Suspended Sediment and Water” of the Measurement Manual for Crude
and Petroleum Products. Insert sample gravity, sample temperature, and S&W
percent in the appropriate fields on the monthly tank inventory tickets.
• Unless a more frequent sampling program is in place, insert the annually
determined values as monthly observables.
• Exceptions need to be made in a month when very wet crudes are suspected.
• In sampling and analyzing crude oil, follow all safety advisories specified in
Chapter 1, Chapter 2, and Chapter 4 of the Measurement Manual for Crude and
Petroleum Products.
6. Remarks
• To differentiate this monthly tank ticket from other months, it is essential that the
responsible field specialist type “Annual Physical Inventory” and his/her name in
the Remarks field.

More About It
To calculate the volume of transferred liquid, use the opening and closing gauge readings,
temperature, gravity, and S&W readings you have taken. You will also need a tank capacity table
for the specific tank you measured and tables for volume correction.
Summary of Calculations for Determining Net Standard Volume

First, match the liquid height to the same height in that tank’s capacity table to obtain the Total
Observed Volume (TOV). Subtract the volume of free water or tank bottoms (CFW), if any. This
calculation gives the Gross Observed Volume (GOV).
GOV = TOV – CFW
Multiply the GOV by the Correction for Temperature of the Liquid (CTL), also known as the
Volume Correction Factor (VCF). This value, which is determined from API Table 5B for crude
oil, represents the volume at the standard temperature (60°F), which is the Gross Standard Volume
(GSV).
GSV = GOV × CTL
Convert the percentage of any suspended sediment and water to the Correction for Sediment and
Water (CSW).
% S&W
CSW = 1 – --------------------
100
Finally, multiply GSV by CSW to obtain NSV. Round NSV to the nearest 0.01 barrel.
NSV = GSV × CSW

Reference Documents


60ºF”

“Generalized Crude Oils – Correction of Volume to 60ºF Against API Gravity at 60ºF”

“Calculation of Static Petroleum Quantities, Part 1 – Upright Cylindrical Tanks and
Marine Vessels”


Chapter 5
Testing Crude Oil for
Suspended Sediment and Water
Quick Reference
Safety
• Stopper centrifuge tubes securely and keep them away from your face when mixing samples.
• Always balance the centrifuge before spinning by placing filled centrifuge tubes in opposite
trunnion cups.
• Know the safety and health risks of chemicals used for testing. Xylene and toluene, for
example, are extremely flammable and toxic to the skin, eyes, and lungs.
◊ Do not handle chemicals with bare hands or breathe the vapors. Wear gloves and use a
respirator.
◊ Keep chemicals away from the mouth.
◊ Keep chemical containers closed when you are not using them.
◊ Keep your work area clean and well-ventilated.
◊ Clean up spills promptly.
• Dispose of all samples and security seals properly.
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business Unit Safety Manual.
Scope
This chapter includes the procedures for determining the amount of sediment and water suspended
in crude oil.
Summary of Field Centrifuge Method

• Use certified or verified 100-ml centrifuge tubes.
• Use water-saturated toluene at 140°F as a solvent.
• Use a demulsifier solution if the crude oil you are testing requires it.
• Heat samples to 140 ± 5°F. (Some samples may need to be heated higher.)
• Spin the samples in the centrifuge for at least 5 minutes and repeat until results are duplicated.
• In most areas, the maximum acceptable total S&W is 1% (maximum acceptable free water is
0.3%).

Exceptions
• Heat samples to greater than 140°F if the crude is waxy or paraffinic (with your supervisor’s
approval).
• In locations where the free-water content is greater than 0.3%, you may only extend the
allowable free water if the total S&W content remains below 1.0% and you get your
supervisor’s approval before doing so.
• In Texas, New Mexico, and Louisiana, the total allowable S&W content is 1.0%. You may have
free water up to 1.0% if no sediment is present.
• You may use other solvents (Stoddard solvent, Varsol, etc.) instead of toluene, if it can be
shown that they produce the same results.
Summary of Karl Fischer Titration

• Prepare the Karl Fischer (KF) titration unit:
◊ Add anode solution.
◊ Add cathode solution.
◊ Assemble all parts of the titrator, sealing all joints with the appropriate grease.
• Start the titrator and allow it to titrate any moisture in the titrator.
• Homogenize the sample.
• Inject a measured amount of sample (usually 1.0 ml or less) into the titrator.
• When the instrument indicates that the titration is completed (usually less than 1 minute),
record the water content indicated on the digital display.
• Analyze a second, duplicate sample and average the results. The two results must agree within
0.01%. If they do not agree, run additional samples until the results do agree.

Introduction
You may test for suspended S&W by one of two methods that use a centrifuge, the field method or
the laboratory method. Another test method is the Karl Fischer test for suspended water content.
The amount of sediment and water in crude oil is important because the buyer pays only for the
crude and subtracts the S&W content from the total volume.
Equipment You Will Need for Determining S&W

• Upper and lower samples from a small tank
or
• Individual samples or a composite sample made from all samples from a large tank (see
Chapter 1, “Manual Sampling in Tanks”)
and
• If using the field centrifuge method:
◊ Two certified or verified 6-inch, 100-ml centrifuge tubes
◊ Diluent — water-saturated toluene or Stoddard solvent
◊ Demulsifier solution
◊ Sample heater
◊ Bimetal pocket thermometer
◊ Centrifuge
• If using the laboratory centrifuge method:
◊ Two certified or verified 8-inch centrifuge tubes
◊ Water-saturated toluene as the diluent
◊ Demulsifier solution
◊ Sample heater
◊ Bimetal pocket thermometer
◊ Centrifuge
• If using the Karl Fischer titration method:
◊ Nonaerating, high-speed shear mixer
◊ Clean glass syringes
◊ Karl Fischer reagents — anode solution and cathode solution
◊ Karl Fischer check solution
◊ Karl Fischer titrator
Testing Crude Oil for Suspended Sediment and Water September 2002 5.3
Procedures
Before beginning, you must prepare the water-saturated toluene and demulsifier solution.
Procedure for Preparing Water-Saturated Toluene

Use the following equipment and reagents:
• A liquid bath deep enough to immerse a 1-quart bottle to its shoulder and a means to maintain
the temperature at 140 ± 5°F.
• A 1-quart glass bottle with a screw top
• Toluene that meets the standard of ASTM D-362 or IP Specification for Toluol.
• Distilled or tap water
Follow these steps to water-saturate the toluene:
1. Adjust the heating bath to 140 ± 5°F.

2. Fill the bottle with 700 to 800 milliliters of toluene. Add 25 ml of water. Screw on the
cap and shake vigorously for 30 seconds.
3. Loosen the cap and place the bottle in the bath for 30 minutes.
4. Remove the bottle, tighten the cap, and shake cautiously for 30 seconds.
5. Repeat these steps 3 times.
Procedure for Preparing the Demulsifier Solution

To aid in the separation of the water from the crude oil with the centrifuge test, the use of a
demulsifier solution is recommended. Tests have shown that DMO-46X, from Baker Petrolite,
works best with the wide range of crude oils encountered in the BP Pipelines system. Other
demulsifiers may be used, if approved by the Measurement Team.
All demulsifiers need to be diluted with solvent before use. Excessive demulsifier may show up
after centrifuging as a separate immiscible component in the bottom of the tube and may be
misinterpreted as water, overstating the S&W.
Preparing the demulsifier solution:
1. Using a centrifuge tube to measure, pour 5 mL of DMO-46X into a dark glass dropper
bottle (approximately 35 mL capacity).
2. Then measure 20 mL of solvent (toluene or xylene) into the centrifuge tube, and pour
this into the dropper bottle.
3. Shake the dropper bottle.
4. Write the date on the dropper bottle.

5. The mixed solution should be replaced on an annual basis. The pure DMO-46X
should be replaced every two years.
Using the demulsifier solution:
1. Shake the dropper bottle before each use.

2. Add one or two drops (with a maximum of four drops) to the centrifuge tube after the
solvent is added to the tube. Excessive demulsifier may show up after centrifuging as a
separate immiscible component in the bottom of the tube and may be misinterpreted
as water, overstating the S&W.
Procedures for Preparing the Sample

To a clean 100-ml centrifuge tube:
1. Add about 2 ml of water.

2. Fill the centrifuge tube to the 100-ml mark with toluene.
3. Add one or two drops of demulsfier solution.
4. Secure the stopper and shake the tube to mix.
5. Loosen the stopper and heat the tube in the sample heater to 140 ± 5°F (about 30
minutes).
6. Secure the stopper and shake the tube again to mix.
7. Allow free water to settle to the bottom of the tube (Figure 5.1). If no free water settles
out, add more water and repeat steps 3, 4, and 5.
8. Pour off toluene from the top half of the tube for S&W tests.
Notes:
• You must maintain the water-saturated toluene at 140 ± 5°F or it will not remain saturated.
• Do not pour any of the free water into the centrifuge tubes used in the test.
• Some locations may use another solvent, such as Stoddard solvent, which does not need to be
water-saturated. However, BP Pipelines’ preferred solvent is water-saturated toluene.
Water-Saturated Toluene
100 ml
Toluene
Free water
Figure 5.1. Free water in the bottom of centrifuge tube when preparing water-saturated
toluene
0.200
0.175
Volume Percent
0.150
0.125
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.025
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Temperature ºF
Figure 5.2. Solubility of water in toluene
Procedures for Testing Suspended S&W in Lease Tanks by the

Field Centrifuge Method
These procedures apply to the upper and lower samples from lease tanks. You will use 100-ml
centrifuge tubes (Figure 5.3). Some companies use 200-part centrifuge tubes, but BP Pipelines
prefers 100-ml tubes. If you encounter 200-part tubes, contact the Measurement Team for training
on how to use and read these tubes.
1. Fill one centrifuge tube with exactly 50 milliliters of the upper sample. Fill another
centrifuge tube with 50 milliliters of the lower sample.
2. Fill each tube with solvent to the 100-ml mark.
3. Add a few drops of demulsifier solution, if needed.
4. Stopper the tubes tightly and invert them 10 times to mix the sample and solvent.
5. Loosen the stoppers and immerse the tubes in a sample heater. Heat the samples to
140 ± 5°F.
6. Stopper the tubes tightly and turn them over 10 times.
7. Put the tubes in the centrifuge and spin for at least 5 minutes.
Note: Make sure the tubes are balanced in the centrifuge.

8. Immediately after the centrifuge comes to rest, use a sample thermometer to verify
that the sample temperature is 125ºF or above.
• If the temperature is 125ºF or above, continue to the next step.
• If the temperature is below 125ºF, repeat step 4, raise the temperature of the
sample higher than it was the first time, and continue with steps 5–7.
9. Record the volume of water and sediment in each tube. These amounts will not
necessarily agree. Add the readings from the two tubes and report this sum as the
percentage of S&W.
10. Multiply the reading for the top tube by 2; then multiply the reading for the bottom
tube by 2. Record these values.
11. If any of these readings (top plus bottom, top times 2, or bottom times 2) is greater
than 0.3% (1.0% in Texas, New Mexico, and Louisiana), reject the tank.
Note: The test is valid only if you see a clear separation between the oil and water layers. No
emulsion should be present above the oil/water interface. If present, see the Exception, below.
Exception
If an identifiable emulsion layer is present immediately above the oil/water interface:
• Shake the mixture just enough to disperse the emulsion, and repeat the test.
• Use a different demulsifier or an increased amount of demulsifier. (The demulsifier should not,
however, contribute to the volume of sediment and water.)
• Use a different solvent.
After a satisfactory procedure for a particular type of oil has been developed, it will normally be
suitable for all samples of the same crude oil.
Procedures for Testing Suspended S&W in Samples from Large

Tanks and Automatic Samplers by the Field Centrifuge Method
Samples from large tanks and from automatic sampling systems are normally tested for suspended
S&W by the field centrifuge method.
These procedures apply to 100-milliliter centrifuge tubes (Figure 5.3). Some companies use
200-part centrifuge tubes, but BP Pipelines prefers 100-ml tubes. If you encounter 200-part tubes,
contact the Measurement Team for training on how to use and read these tubes.
1. Fill each of two centrifuge tubes with exactly 50 milliliters of one of the samples.
2. Fill each tube with solvent to the 100-ml mark.
3. Add a few drops of demulsifier solution, if needed.
4. Stopper the tubes tightly and invert them 10 times to mix the sample and solvent.
5. Loosen the stoppers and immerse the tubes in a sample heater. Heat the samples to
140 ± 5°F.
7. Put the tubes in the centrifuge and spin for at least 5 minutes.
Note: Make sure the tubes are balanced in the centrifuge.

8. Immediately after the centrifuge comes to rest, use a sample thermometer to verify
that the sample temperature is 125ºF or above.
• If the temperature is 125ºF or above, continue to the next step.
• If the temperature is below 125ºF, repeat step 4, raise the temperature of the
sample higher than it was the first time, and continue with steps 5–7.
9. Read and record the volume of water and sediment at the bottom of each tube.
10. Reheat the tubes to the initial spin temperature and return them to the centrifuge.
11. Do not agitate them this time.
12. Spin the tubes for at least 5 minutes more. Read and record the volume of water and
sediment at the bottom of each tube.
13. Continue to repeat steps 8 and 9 until two consecutive S&W readings are the same for
each tube.
• If the difference between the readings for two tubes of the same sample is more
than one subdivision on the tube, the test is invalid and you must repeat it.
Note: The test is valid only if you see a clear separation between the oil and water layers. No
emulsion should be present above the oil/water interface. If present, see the Exception, below.
14. Record the final volume of water and sediment in each tube. Add the readings from the
two tubes and report this sum as the percentage of S&W.
Exception
If an identifiable emulsion layer is present immediately above the oil/water interface:
• Shake the mixture between spins in the centrifuge just enough to disperse the emulsion.
• Use a different demulsifier or an increased amount of demulsifier. (The demulsifier should not,
however, contribute to the volume of sediment and water.)
• Use a different solvent.
After a satisfactory procedure for a particular type of oil has been developed, it will normally be
suitable for all samples of the same crude oil.
Shake
sample bottle, Heat to
then pour 140ºF
Add Add
liquid toluene
sample to 100 ml
to 50 ml
Take all
readings
at top of Balance
meniscus centrifuge,
then spin
100-ml Tube
Temperature
must remain
above 125ºF
2
1.0 ml 1
0.80 ml X 2 Read S&W
0.60 ml = 1.6 ml
0.50 ml 1/2
0.30 ml
0.25 ml
0.20 ml 0.175 ml X 2
0.15 ml
= 0.35 ml
0.10 ml
0.05 ml
Below 0.025 ml
read zero
Figure 5.3. Sequence for determining S&W by the field centrifuge method using 100-ml
(6-inch) centrifuge tubes
Procedure for Determining Sediment Only by the Field

Centrifuge Method
Use this test to determine the amount of sediment in a sample. Combine the test result with the
amount of water determined by Karl Fischer titration to report the total S&W in a sample.
1. Follow the basic procedure as for the field centrifuge method above.
2. Add about 1 ml (3 to 4 drops) of water to the sample just after adding the demulsifier
(step 3 above). The water will improve the interface between the sediment and the
water.
3. Read and record only the volume of sediment in each tube.
4. Add the readings together and report the sum as the percentage of sediment in the
sample.
Procedures for Testing Suspended S&W by the

Laboratory Centrifuge Method
The equipment needed for centrifuge testing in a laboratory is similar to that for field testing. The
main difference is that the centrifuge tubes are larger — 8 inches tall, but they still hold 100 ml of
sample. The procedure is basically the same as for the field centrifuge test.
1. Fill each of two centrifuge tubes to the 50-ml mark with sample from the sample
container.
2. Add 50 ml of water-saturated toluene to each tube with a pipette.
3. Add 0.2 ml of demulsifier solution to each tube.
5. Loosen the stoppers and immerse the tubes to the 100-ml mark in a bath at 140 ± 5°F.
7. Put the tubes in trunnion cups on opposite sides of the centrifuge, and spin them for 10
minutes at a minimum relative centrifugal force of 600.
8. Immediately after the centrifuge comes to rest, read and record the combined volume
of water and sediment at the bottom of each tube to the nearest 0.05 ml (where the
gradations are in 0.1 ml) or to the nearest 0.1 ml.
9. Return the tubes to the centrifuge without agitation and spin for another 10 minutes.
10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 until the combined volume of sediment and water is the same for
two consecutive readings.
• If the difference between the 2 readings for the same sample is more than one
subdivision on the tube or more than 0.025 ml for readings of 0.10 ml or less, the
test is invalid and you must repeat it.
11. Record the final volume of water and sediment in each tube. Add the readings and
report this sum as the percentage of S&W.
Procedures for Testing for Water in Crude Oil by Karl

Fischer Titration
Karl Fischer titration determines water content only.
In this method, you will use a test sample of a certain volume taken from the sample you have
already collected. Table 5.1 shows how much sample to use, depending on the water content you
expect to find in the sample. If you have no idea what the water content is, start with the smallest
amount of sample as a test. You may then repeat the titration with a larger amount if needed.
Table 5.1. Size of Test Sample Based on the Expected Water Content
Expected Water Content Sample Size, ml
0.005–0.1% 1.0
0.1–0.5% 0.5
0.5–5.0% 0.25
Procedure for Determining the Water Content in

Percent by Volume
1. Add the mixture of xylene and Karl Fischer anode solution to the anode (outer)
compartment of the titrator to the level recommended by the manufacturer, normally
100 ml.
Note: The anode solution normally used by BP Pipelines will already contain the required amount
of xylene.
2. Add the Karl Fischer cathode solution to the cathode (inner) compartment to a level 2
to 3 millimeters (1/16 to 1/8 inch) below the level of the solution in the anode
compartment, normally 5 ml of solution.
Note: The cathode solution normally used by BP Pipelines is supplied in premeasured 5-ml
portions.
3. Seal all joints and connections to the titrator with the appropriate grease to prevent
moisture in the air from entering.
4. Turn on the titrator and start the magnetic stirrer. Allow the moisture that may be in
the titrator to be titrated until the end point is reached.
• Do not continue with testing until the background current or background titration
rate is constant.
5. Homogenize (mix) the sample using a nonaerating mixer. During mixing, the
temperature of the oil should not increase more than 20ºF, otherwise a loss of water
may occur.
Note: You may test a sample taken from the circulating system of an automatic sampler receiver
without remixing if it you test it within 5 minutes of drawing it from the system.
6. Immediately after mixing, use a clean, dry syringe to withdraw at least 3 samples from
the tank sample and discard them.
7. Then withdraw the test sample and expel the excess (see Table 5.1 for amount to leave
in the syringe).
Note: It is very important to leave exactly the right amount in the syringe and to have no air
bubbles in the syringe.
• Minimize the air bubbles by keeping the tip of the needle below the surface of the
sample and pulling the sample into the syringe slowly.
• Before expelling the excess sample, point the syringe up to allow any air to collect
in the top and slowly expel it (covering the end of the needle with a cloth or
tissue).
8. Clean the needle with a tissue. Record the volume of the sample. Verify that the
titrator is set for the same volume of sample.
9. Insert the needle through the inlet port, start the titration, and inject all of the sample
into the titration cell.
• Place the tip of the needle just below the surface of the liquid.
10. Take the needle out and wipe it clean.
11. When the titrator reaches the end point, record the percentage of water from the digital
readout.
12. Take a second sample and inject it into the titrator after pushing the rest button.
• The two results should agree within 0.01%. If they do not agree, continue testing
additional samples until they do agree.
13. Average the two results, rounding to the nearest 0.01%.
14. Every day (or before each test, whichever is longer), verify that the titrator is
functioning properly by accurately injecting a very small amount (10 µl) of pure water
or an approved check solution.
Reference Documents
“Determination of Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method
(Laboratory Procedure)”

“Determination of Sediment and Water in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Field
Procedure)”

“Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer
Titration”
Chapter 6
Other Tests for Crude and Products
Quick Reference
Safety
Employees and contractors should be familiar with the hazards of the products and the test
instruments associated with the particular test they are performing. Look in ASTM, API, and
equipment manufacturers’ manuals for safety precautions. Observe any hazardous material
handling precautions stated in the MSDS or on the container of the commodity.
Scope
This chapter gives an overview of the procedures for quality testing of crude and products. Most of
these tests are done in a nonpipeline laboratory, but some are done on site.
Summary of Tests
Crude Oil Liquid Petroleum Products

• Sulfur content • Reid vapor pressure
• Mercaptan content • Viscosity, pour point, and cloud
point
• Organic chloride content
• Flash point
• Reid vapor pressure
• Water content and haze
• Metals content
• Color
• Types and amount of light ends
• Particulate contamination
• Hydrogen sulfide content
• Corrosion tendency
• Viscosity and pour point
• Electrical conductivity
• Boiling point range
• Oxygenate content
• Neutralization number
• Dye content
• Nitrogen content

Introduction
Both crude oil and petroleum products are tested for composition and characteristics other than
gravity, S&W, and temperature that affect their quality and therefore their value. Since most of
these tests are done in a (nonpipeline) laboratory, this chapter contains a general discussion of
these tests rather than giving specific procedures. If you do the tests on site, follow local
procedures.

Tests for Crude Oil

Most tests on crude oil determine what it consists of, including contaminants. Other tests
determine purely physical characteristics, such as Reid vapor pressure, viscosity, and pour point.
Sulfur
The test method for sulfur (ASTM D-4294) determines total sulfur in a crude oil from all its
various forms. Sulfur is primarily present as organic sulfur (attached to hydrocarbon molecules)
but can also be present as hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans (see “Mercaptans” below), and inorganic
salts (sulfates).
Test Summary
The common method used today to test samples for sulfur is by x-ray. A sample of crude oil is
placed into a cup with a clear plastic Mylar window at the bottom. The cup is placed into the x-ray
instrument and the sample is irradiated with x-rays. The signal received by the detector, coming
from the sample, indicates the level of sulfur. The test result is total sulfur in weight percent.
Table 6.1. Typical Sulfur Levels
Crude Designation Sulfur Content
Sweet crude < 0.50 wt%
A crude 0.40 to 0.60 wt%
Light sour 0.60 to 1.30 wt%
Medium sour Not more than 2.70 wt%
Heavy Not more than 3.50 wt%
Significance and Refinery Impact

The sulfur level of a crude oil is an indicator of its quality as a grade — sweet or sour — and
affects its value (see Table 6.1). Sulfur has a significant impact on refinery processing. The refinery
needs to accurately know the sulfur level of the crude oil being refined, because of effects on
product specifications and the cost of handling sulfur recovered from processing. The expense of
refining operations increases drastically with increasing crude sulfur content. The sulfur level
indicates how much treatment and removal are needed during the refining process. Refineries
Other Tests for Crude and Products September 2002 6.3

recover sulfur from the refining process to comply with environmental regulations on plant
emissions.
Many governmental regulations limit the sulfur content of refined products, thus limiting the types
of crude oils that some refineries can process. In the case of contamination, increased sulfur levels
can jeopardize a refinery’s ability to comply with these regulations.
In general, high-sulfur crudes tend to be heavier (lower API gravity).
On-Line and Portable Sulfur Analyzers

Some pipeline locations have on-line x-ray sulfur analyzers that help track crude oil sulfur content
in real time on the pipeline. This assists with batch cutting and quality monitoring. Several pipeline
stations also have portable sulfur analyzers that you can take into the field. This allows stations to
quickly determine sulfur levels where needed and to do field testing at remote locations where a
quality problem is being investigated.
Mercaptans
Mercaptans are naturally occurring sulfur compounds. Ethyl mercaptan is used to add odor to
natural gas. Higher-molecular-weight mercaptans are a problem in jet fuel and gasolines due to
specification levels of not more than 30 ppm in jet fuel product and not more than 40 ppm in
gasolines.
Levels of mercaptans in crude oil vary and depend on the field from which the crude is produced.
Test Summary
A sample is diluted with isopropanol and titrated with silver nitrate solution.

Maximum mercaptan level in crude is limited by refinery treating capacity. A crude with a
mercaptan level higher than expected can lead to a fuel product that is over specification on
mercaptans. Many refineries use processes that either remove mercaptans (hydroprocessing) or
convert them to less harmful disulfides (Merox, Bender, Doctor plants).
Mercaptans introduce odor and are corrosive to metal fuel system components. Jet A has a
mercaptan specification of 0.003% (30 ppm). Gasoline products have a mercaptan specification of
40 ppm.

Organic Chlorides
Organic chlorides are primarily chlorinated hydrocarbons that remain in the hydrocarbon phase
and are not removed in the refinery desalting process. Also, certain refinery processes inject
chloride chemicals for operational needs. They do not occur naturally in crude oil and indicate
contamination of the crude stream, typically from solvents such as dry cleaning fluids, carburetor
cleaners, and other halogenated hydrocarbons as well as transformer PCBs, degreasing agents, and
used motor oils.
Test Summary
Testing for organic chlorides is a multistep process. First the crude oil is distilled to fractionate out
the naphtha cut (initial boiling point to 400°F). Next the naphtha fraction is washed with caustic
and then with water to remove inorganic chlorides, which can interfere in the detection step. The
final step is to quantify the chloride level by either titration or combustion/coulometric analysis,
both of which detect the level of organic chloride in ppm. The organic chloride level of the whole
crude is then calculated from the chloride level in the naphtha fraction and the percentage of the
naphtha fraction in the crude oil.

Organic chlorides pose a hazard to refiners because they carry over into process streams where
they break down under more severe process conditions and form corrosive compounds such as
hydrochloric acid, primarily in the naphtha streams. These compounds attack piping, which can
cause leaks and lead to fires or explosions. It does not require a great deal of contamination to
cause serious problems, so specifications for organic chloride are set at a very low limit.
Typical Levels
Organic chlorides do not occur naturally in crude oils and indicate contamination. BP Pipelines
has a specification for organic chloride of not more than 1 ppm by weight in the whole crude and
not more than 5 ppm by weight in the naphtha fraction.
Reid Vapor Pressure

Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is a laboratory measure of volatility, or how readily a compound
evaporates at low temperatures.

Test Method
Testing for RVP is done by placing the sample in a fixed volume cell at 100°F. When stabilized, an
automated analyzer uses a transducer to obtain the pressure. If the test is done manually, the
sample is shaken several times and the pressure gauge is read.
Significance and Impact

RVP is a good indicator of the amount of light ends (C2 to C6 hydrocarbons) a crude contains and
therefore the pressure the crude can create in an enclosed space such as a tank or pipeline. BP
Pipelines’ RVP specification is 10 psi for crude oils based upon NSPS (New Source Performance
Standards) tank regulations.
Too much pressure from a crude oil can pop relief valves and cause pumping problems and meter
errors. High RVP can lead to noncompliance with above-ground storage tank RVP limits. This
includes unwanted hydrocarbon releases into the atmosphere, upsetting of tank roofs, and other
undesirable tank problems.
Refineries are interested in RVP for similar reasons while crude is in tanks and during initial
handling in desalting and in the distilling process. Refinery problems can include distillation tower
upsets, overloading of the light-end unit separation, reaching gas compressor capacity limits, and a
decrease in crude oil refining value when light ends are fraudulently blended.
Metals
Metals content generally refers to heavy metals in crude oil such as arsenic (As), iron (Fe),
vanadium (V), and nickel (Ni). It may also refer to such metals as sodium, magnesium, and
calcium. Table 6.2 shows the maximum amount of some of these metals allowed in crudes.
Test Summary
Metals in crude oil can be analyzed directly by x-ray spectroscopy, similar to the sulfur analysis, or
by an alternative lab method. A more detailed analysis for metals would include distilling the
crude to isolate either the 650°F+ reduced crude fraction or 1050°F+ resid fraction before doing
the lab analysis.

Vanadium and nickel occur naturally in crude and are concentrated in the resid portion. Iron is
often introduced into crude at the wellhead, during transportation by pipeline or vessel, or in
tankage.
Metals poison catalysts used in the refining process for producing finished petroleum products
(that is, they deactivate or decrease the reactivity of catalysts). This is a concern when resid is

being run on the fluid catalytic cracker unit, in platformers and magnaformers used in gasoline
production, in hydrocrackers used in jet and gasoline production, and in hydrotreaters producing
jet, gasoline, and diesel — these all use catalysts in the processing stage. Some vanadium
compounds can damage turbine blades and refractory furnaces.
BP Pipelines’ concern about metals in crude is to prevent contamination of low-metal crudes (West
Texas intermediate/West Texas sour) with heavy high-metal crudes such as Mayan. This is one
reason for small buffer batches of West Texas sour surrounding Mayan batches on the Cushing
Chicago Pipeline System.
Table 6.2. Quality Guidelines for Metals in Crude Oils
Type of Crude Metal Contaminant Maximum Amount Allowed
Sweet crude Iron Not more than 10 ppm

Nickel Not more than 5 ppm
Vanadium Not more than 5 ppm
Sour and heavy Iron Not more than 40 ppm

crudes Nickel Not more than 30 ppm
Vanadium Not more than 75 ppm
Typical Levels
Metals content in crude oils varies widely. Mayan heavy has 700 ppm vanadium in the resid
fraction, which equates to 260 ppm on a whole crude basis (37% resid). Arabian heavy crude oil
has much less vanadium, 180 ppm in the resid fraction, 50 ppm whole crude basis (28% resid). To
make a valid comparison of metals content of two or more crude oils, make sure you know
whether the amounts are for the whole crude or for the resid fraction.
Light Ends
Light ends are the gaseous light hydrocarbons in crude oil: ethane (C2); propane (C3); isobutane
and normal butane (C4); and isopentane and normal pentane (C5).
Test Summary
Light ends are generally analyzed in the laboratory by gas chromatography. This method
essentially separates the C2 through C5 hydrocarbons from the crude oil and individually
quantifies each component.

Significance
Light ends in crude oils are an important component to control. Since they are volatile, they can
lead to a pressure over the pipeline specification of 10 psi (see “Reid Vapor Pressure”). A large
amount of light ends in the pipeline can lead to pumping problems, metering errors, and
noncompliance with above-ground storage tank regulations.
In the past, some producers added low-cost butane to the crude oil to increase volumes and
therefore increase profits. Extensive sampling and testing programs have essentially stopped this
type of activity. At times in the past, some producers have created what is called a dumbbell crude
oil. This refers to an artificial crude oil mixture created from the blending of light ends/condensate
with 650+/1050+ heavy-end bottoms to produce a material that meets gravity and sulfur
specifications but is not a valid full-boiling-range virgin crude oil.
Refinery Impact
The refinery’s biggest concern with light ends is with unanticipated high levels of them, which
lead to several problems: higher than predicted light-end yields (vs. computer models, which help
plan and schedule refinery operations); exceeding gas compressor capacity limits; and potential
distillation tower upsets. A crude with a high light-end content loads up refinery units such as the
isomerization unit and the light ends unit that processes C3 to C5 hydrocarbons, which
necessitates placing the excess in storage/inventory. This adds to processing costs.
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a poisonous gas that occurs naturally in crude oil and can break out
from it. Higher H2S levels are generally found in heavy sour crudes.
You must use respiratory protection when levels in the air reach 10 ppm. At 300 ppm H2S is an
Immediate Danger to Life and Health (IDLH).
Test Summary
In the laboratory, H2S can be determined by gas chromatography or the wet chemical method. The
wet chemical method involves driving the H2S from the crude oil with nitrogen gas and heat,
chemically trapping the H2S, and then finishing with a titration to quantify the level.
Hydrogen sulfide levels in the air can be determined using Draeger tubes or other H2S detectors.

Crude oil sitting in tanks, sample bottles, etc. can release hydrogen sulfide, or H2S can escape
during refinery processing, causing an immediate danger. Knowledge of a crude oil’s H2S content

is vital to prevent accidents and can aid a refinery in its ability to process the sulfur as a by-product
from the refining process. Determination of the H2S content is now a standard test when crude oils
are analyzed in the laboratory for economic assays.
Viscosity and Pour Point

Viscosity is formally defined as the resistance to flow under gravity. It also refers to the time a fluid
takes to move a specified distance and is a measure of the shear rate of crude.
Pour point is the lowest temperature at which a fluid will move. It is close to the solidification
point.
Test Summary
Viscosity is tested by measuring how long it takes a crude oil to move through a calibrated
capillary tube at a specified temperature. This is done in a constant temperature bath.
Pour points of petroleum products are tested in a low-temperature refrigerated bath. The sample is
tested until solid. The pour point is the temperature at which flow was last observed — generally
5°F above the solidification point.

The high viscosity of heavier crudes decreases its flow rate in the pipeline, can increase line
pressure, and therefore extends the time to move a batch of crude oil. On some pipeline systems,
crude oils having too high a viscosity are penalized, with higher tariffs, for the extra time it takes to
move them through the system.
Pour point is necessary information to know for a crude oil, especially in the winter. If a crude
solidifies in the line, then steps need to be taken to get it moving. This could involve adding
chemicals to liquefy the crude at lower temperatures (pour point depressants). A high pour point
can also increase line pressure. Condensate or other lighter crude oils may be added to some heavy
crudes to make it possible to transport them through the pipeline without solidifying.

Distillation
A distillation analysis obtains data on the boiling point range of a crude oil and finished petroleum
products. It determines the percentages or yields of crude fractions over their typical boiling point
ranges.
Table 6.3. Typical Distillation Fractions of a Crude Oil and Their Uses
Crude Fraction Boiling Range Use
Naphtha Up to 400°F Gasoline
Distillate 400–650°F Diesel fuel, jet fuel, furnace oil
Gas oil 650–1050°F Waxes, greases
Resid 1050°F and over Asphalt
Test Summary
Distillation of a crude oil can be carried out in two ways.
An economic assay distillation, sometimes called a crude assay, which mimics a refinery
distillation operation, starts with distillation at atmospheric pressure (pot still) of the crude oil to
fractionate out the naphtha. Then the bottoms are transferred to a vacuum still, where lower
pressure allows separation of the distillate, gas oil, and resid portions. In both processes,
temperatures are monitored as each fraction distills. The laboratory quantifies the percentage of
each fraction, combines this with the temperature data, and creates a boiling point curve for the
crude oil being analyzed.
A second method is high-temperature simulated distillation, called Sim-Dis (a special type of gas
chromatography, or GC). A small quantity of crude oil is diluted into a solvent and injected into a
GC analyzer. The crude oil components are separated by boiling point on a long capillary tube
(“column”), and data is obtained as the ever higher boiling portions of the crude oil emerge from
the analyzer. A computer program then creates the boiling point curve.
Either method may be used. Distillation allows further tests to be conducted on the fractions,
whereas Sim-Dis gives only a boiling point curve.

Refiners use distillation data to determine the yield vs. temperature relationship for the crude
fractions and assign a refining value to the crude. Distillation data is also useful for identifying
fraudulent blends of crude with materials such as NGLs and resid. Unscrupulous blenders try to
obtain whole crude prices for these mixtures (“dumbbell” crudes). Errors in distillation and

“dumbbell” crudes both cause incorrect product yields and result in shortages or overages for
market demands, which leads to profit losses for the refinery.
Similarly, distillation determines resid content (fraction boiling at 1050°F or more, in vol%). High
resid levels may indicate fraudulent blending.
Neutralization Number
Neutralization number is also referred to as total acid number. It is an indication of the amount of
acidic components present in the crude oil.
Test Summary
The crude oil is diluted into a solvent and titrated with a standard base (potassium hydroxide, or
KOH). The base neutralizes the acidic components. The test result, or neutralization number, is
given in the unit “mg KOH/gram sample.”

The neutralization number indicates the level of organic acids present in the crude. Organic acids
typically concentrate in gas oil fractions. The corrosion that these organic acids can cause,
especially to carbon steel, is of concern to the refinery. Typically, crude oils having neutralization
numbers higher than 0.50 may cause corrosion and quality problems for refineries. Heidrun crude
from the North Sea is an example of a crude oil with a high level of organic acids.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen in crude refers to the amount of “organic” nitrogen that is bound (attached) to
hydrocarbon molecules.
Test Summary
The test for organic nitrogen is performed by first diluting the crude oil into a solvent. This mixture
is then injected into a combustion furnace, which burns the sample under controlled conditions.
The products of this process are swept by a flowing gas stream into a reaction chamber where the
level of nitrogen is determined by the response of the detector module.


Nitrogen is a concern as a catalyst poison to refiners when it is present in naphtha feed streams to
isomerization, reformers (platformers), and ultraformer units. These units use expensive catalysts
(which contain precious metals such as platinum and others) that can lose reactivity when
poisoned. Lower catalyst reactivity increases refinery processing expense. Catalyst poisoning also
decreases the life of the catalyst, which leads to the expense of replacing it earlier than scheduled.

Tests for Products

Tests on petroleum products may include those to determine Reid vapor pressure, flash point,
water and haze, color, particulate contamination, corrosion tendency, electrical conductivity,
oxygenate content, and dye content.
Reid Vapor Pressure

RVP stands for Reid vapor pressure and is a laboratory measure of volatility, or how readily a
compound evaporates at low temperatures.
Test Method
Testing for RVP may be done by placing the sample in a fixed volume cell at 100°F. When
stabilized, an automated analyzer uses a transducer to obtain the pressure. If the test is done
manually, the sample is shaken several times and the pressure gauge is read.
Most gasoline samples are now tested for RVP using a Grabner RVP analyzer. A small portion of
sample is injected into the analyzer and the resulting RVP is displayed on a digital readout.

The higher the RVP of a gasoline, the greater its volatility, and therefore the more volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) evaporate from it. VOCs combine with nitrogen oxides in the air in the
presence of sunlight to form smog. VOCs evaporate at all stages of gasoline marketing, from truck
loading to vehicle refueling.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and some state agencies regulate the maximum RVP
of gasoline. For this reason, BP Pipelines has standardized sampling procedures to ensure
consistent RVP test results (see Chapter 10, “Automatic Sampling”).
Viscosity, Pour Point, and Cloud Point

Viscosity is formally defined as the resistance to flow under gravity. It also refers to the time a fluid
takes to move a specified distance.
Pour point is the lowest temperature at which a fluid will move. It is close to the solidification
point.
Cloud point is the temperature at which paraffin begins to congeal out of a heating oil or diesel
fuel.

Test Summary
Viscosity is tested by measuring how long it takes a liquid to move through a calibrated capillary
tube at a specified temperature. This is done in a constant temperature bath.
Pour points of petroleum products are tested in a low-temperature refrigerated bath. The sample is
tested until solid. The pour point is the temperature at which flow was last observed — generally
5°F above the solidification point.

The viscosity of finished products depends upon whether the fuels are for heating oils or diesel
oils, as they have fluidity needs.
Pour point and cloud point tests are necessary for heating oils and diesel fuels whose compositions
vary seasonally with temperature. Also, congealed wax is harmful to engine performance.
Flash Point
The flash point of a petroleum product is the lowest temperature at which the vapors above it ignite
in air.
Test Summary
A liquid sample is poured into a cup, a thermometer inserted, and the cup covered. The sample is
then heated slowly until a flash, or small explosion, occurs that consumes the vapors inside the
closed cup. The temperature when the flash occurs is the flash point.

The consumer buys a petroleum product assured that it is safe to use in a furnace, space heater,
diesel engine, and so on. This assurance is actually the result of a flash point test conducted after
the marketing distribution terminal receives product from a tank. A product with a flash point
lower than it should be for its intended use could be very dangerous.
All BP Pipelines distillation products must meet certain flash specifications. Table 6.4 shows some
typical flash specifications.

Table 6.4. Typical Minimum Flash Points of Various BP Pipelines Products
Product Minimum Flash Point
Jet A 105°F
Diesel Supreme 125°F
Diesel (high- and low-sulfur/fuel oil) 140°F
Kerosene (K-1)
125°F
Water Content and Haze

Petroleum products that contain water or other contaminants appear hazy.
Test Summary
One liter of sample in a transparent, colorless bottle is inspected by placing the bottle in front of a
white card with several black lines marked on it (Figure 6.1). The visibility of the lines through the
sample describes its haze. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) provides a
numbered standard (1 to 6) for describing haze so that no one has to rely on another’s description
of “pretty cloudy” or “almost clear.”
Another test for water and contaminants is millipore sampling. In this test, a liquid sample of a
distillate fuel is filtered through a millipore membrane and then assessed visually.
The water separator index modified (WSIM) test measures the ability of water to separate from
fuel. A fuel sample in a syringe is emulsified with water using a high-speed mixer and then
expelled from the syringe through a fiberglass coalescer. The effluent is analyzed for uncoalesced
water by light transmission measurement.

Figure 6.1. Bar chart for determining haze
Oxygenate Content
An oxygenated fuel is a gasoline that is blended with compounds containing oxygen (commonly
MTBE or ethanol). Oxygenate content is determined by a number of procedures and instruments,
including portable analyzers, on-line analyzers, and detailed laboratory testing.

Oxygenation promotes more efficient combustion and reduces tailpipe emissions of carbon
monoxide up to 30%. The result is cleaner air. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
some state agencies require oxygenated gasoline to be sold in certain parts of the country at certain
times of the year.

More About It
See the BP Crude Quality Manual for more detailed information about testing crude oil.

Reference Documents
The following list includes some of the ASTM standards used to analyze crude oil and petroleum
products.
1. ASTM D-56
Tag closed cup for jet fuel
2. ASTM D-93
Pensky Marten for diesel fuels
3. ASTM D-97
Pour point of petroleum products
4. ASTM D-323
Vapor pressure of petroleum products (manual method)
5. ASTM D-396
Heating oil specifications
6. ASTM D-445
Kinematic viscosity
7. ASTM D-664
Total acid number (potentiometric method)
8. ASTM D-974
Neutralization number (colorimetric method)
9. ASTM D-975
Diesel fuel oil specifications
10. ASTM D-1655

Jet fuel specifications
11. ASTM D-1796

Water content

12. ASTM D-2276

Particulate contamination of petroleum products
13. ASTM D-2276

Millipore color for jet fuel
14. ASTM D-2622

Sulfur in petroleum products by X-ray spectroscopy
15. ASTM D-2624

Electrical conductivity of petroleum products
16. ASTM D-2709

Water content
17. ASTM D-2887

Simulated distillation for petroleum products
18. ASTM D-2892

Distillation of crude petroleum (to 400°F)
19. ASTM D-3227

Mercaptan sulfur in gasoline, kerosene, aviation turbine, and distillate fuels
20. ASTM D-3237

Lead content
21. ASTM D-3240

Aqua Glo for jet fuel
22. ASTM D-3710

Boiling point range
23. ASTM D-4176

Haze of petroleum products

24. ASTM D-4629

Trace nitrogen in liquid hydrocarbons by syringe injection
25. ASTM D-4814

Gasoline specifications
26. ASTM D-4929

Determination of organic chloride content in crude oil
27. ASTM D-5191

Vapor pressure of petroleum products (Grabner method)
28. ASTM D-5236

Distillation of heavy hydrocarbon mixtures (vacuum potstill method)
29. ASTM D-5307

Determination of boiling range distribution of crude petroleum by gas
chromatography
30. ASTM D-5762

Nitrogen in petroleum and petroleum products by the Boat-Inlet method
31. ASTM D-5949

Pour point
Other references:
32. ATA 103 manual from airlines for pipeline requirements
33. BP Crude Quality Manual
34. BP General Operations Manual

Chapter 7
Tank Strapping
Quick Reference
Safety
• Get the required permits and clearances before entering any tank.
• Report any tank conditions that appear unsafe. Post warning signs in strategic locations—near
all ladders and stairways and around the lower tank shell—before you leave the area.
• Keep the outer tank surfaces clean to reduce the risk of slipping and fire.
• Always keep one hand on the handrail when climbing tank stairs—for maintaining balance
and preventing the buildup of static electricity. Before taking any measurements, ground your
bare hands and tools by touching the handrail. Avoid causing sparks, especially when opening
gauge hatches. Sparks can be caused by metal tools, cleats, rings and watches, and other
objects.
• Watch out for ice and oil on tank stairs and platforms.
• Do not walk on any ladder, stairway, or platform if you suspect that it is weakened by
corrosion.
• Stand upwind and turn your face away when opening the tank hatch.
• Monitor the atmosphere for H2S, combustible vapors, and adequate oxygen content while
strapping.
• Never strap a tank during an electrical storm or in strong winds.
• Keep the area around the tank clear of obstructions and tripping hazards.
• Some petroleum products are extremely flammable and/or poisonous. Follow the applicable
safety procedures in the Pipelines (NA) Business Unit Safety Manual when strapping tanks
that contain these dangerous liquids.
Scope
This chapter describes the procedures for calibrating small (less than 1,000 barrels) upright,
cylindrical tanks by the manual tank strapping method. Larger tanks and tanks with floating roofs
will be strapped by third-party contractors following procedures similar to these.

Summary of Strapping Procedures
• Record the ambient temperature and temperature of the tank contents to the nearest 1.0°F.
• Measure the shell plate thickness to the nearest 1/64 inch.
• Measure the bottom ring to the nearest 0.005 foot using a NIST-certified standard tape.
• Measure subsequent rings from bottom to top using a working tape that has been calibrated
against the standard tape.
• Measure vertical tank measurements to the nearest 1/16 inch.
• Locate deadwood and record measurements to the nearest 1/8 inch.
• Measure the height and width of the manhole.
• Record all other tank information that could affect tank volume.
Good Practices
• Take all strapping measurements on the same day without interruption.
• Take strapping measurements while the liquid level in the tank is static. Allow the tank
contents to settle at least 24 hours before strapping.

Introduction
Strapping is a method of measuring the exact dimensions of a tank to develop a capacity table for
that tank and increments for the measurement ticketing software. The capacity table allows the
field specialist to calculate the volume of liquid in the tank.
These measurements include the circumference of each tank ring and shell plate thickness; the
height of the shell, gauging height, and effective inside tank height; and the dimensions of any
obstructions inside the tank (deadwood) that reduce its nominal capacity.
When to Strap a Tank

You must strap a tank when
• the tank is new;

• a tank is moved from one location or lease to another;
• a tank is restored to service after being disconnected or abandoned;
• the tank’s deadwood changes.
Equipment You Will Need for Strapping a Tank

• Strapping tape (long enough to encircle the tank completely)
• NIST-certified standard tape
• Strapping pole
• Tape clamp and tension gauge
• Spring tension scale
• Rope and ring for raising and lowering the strapping tape
• Calipers and level or transit
• Ladders
• Ultrasonic device or depth gauge for measuring thickness of the shell plate
• Pitch indicator and level or protractor
• Innage gauge tape and bob
• H2S monitor
• Equipment for measuring temperature and gravity
Tank Strapping September 2002 7.3

Procedures
When you arrive at a tank location, follow these procedures before beginning strapping:
1. Check for hazardous atmosphere using a hydrogen sulfide monitor. Also use a monitor
to analyze the atmosphere for combustible vapors and adequate oxygen content.
• During the strapping, keep both monitors activated so that an alarm will sound if
atmospheric conditions change.
2. Make sure no ice or snow has accumulated on the tank. If it has, postpone the
strapping until the ice or snow has melted.
3. Clean any incrustations (for example, ice, mud, etc.) that will affect the circumference
measurements.
4. Check the fill level.
• In general, welded tanks with a capacity of 500 barrels or less can be strapped in
any condition of fill as long they have been filled at least once at their present
location.
• Welded tanks with capacities over 500 barrels and all bolted and riveted tanks
should be at least two-thirds full when strapped.
Note: The amount of liquid in the tank affects strapping, as do the size and type of tank. Table 7.1
under “More About It” shows what the fill condition must be for each type of tank.
5. Be sure that the tank is level by measuring the tank’s tilt with a pitch indicator and
level or a protractor.
• Don’t strap the tank if the amount of tilt is greater than 1 part in 70, which equals
0.82° (about 1°) from vertical.
6. Look for the strapping identification number stenciled on the side of the tank. If there
is no number, locate the builder’s nameplate on the side of the tank. Record the
information on the strapping report.
7. Determine the ambient temperature as well as the gravity and temperature of the
tank’s contents (see Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks”).
Plate Thickness
For small lease tanks, get the plate thickness from the nameplate on the tank. For larger tanks
(greater than 500 barrels), measure the thickness of the shell plate with an ultrasonic device or a
depth gauge.
• Make at least two measurements to the nearest 1/64 inch on each ring, and record the average
on the strapping report (see Figure 7.7 under “More About It”).
• Do not measure plate thickness where the edges have been distorted by caulking.

Circumference Measurements
Measure the circumference of each ring of the tank. Do not take circumference measurements over
insulation.
1. Calibrate the working (strapping) tape against a NIST-certified standard tape.

• Using the standard tape, measure the bottom ring of the tank (see steps 3–8 below)
and score a vertical reference mark at the zero reading, at 100-foot intervals, and
where the tape laps over the starting point. Use a tape clamp and a tension gauge
to apply the tension specified in the NIST report.
• Using the working tape, measure the tank along the same path and apply the same
amount of tension that you applied to the standard tape. Note any differences in
the measurements of the working tape and the standard tape.
• If the working tape circumference is the same as the standard tape circumference,
the tape is in calibration and no correction is needed.
• If there is a difference, add or subtract this amount to the measurements taken
with the working tape. If the correction is more than 0.01 foot (approximately
3/32 inch) per 100 feet of tape, the working tape is not within the recommended
tolerances. Use another tape.
2. Begin strapping with the bottom ring (ring 1).
3. Mark the tank shell to indicate the tape path with the aid of the strapping pole.
• For welded tanks, scribe a path for the tape at a position one-fifth (or 20%) of the
ring's height, measured from the top of the weld down (see Figure 7.1). For bolted
tanks, the position for scribing is 25% and 75% above the bottom of each ring (see
Figure 7.2).
20%
20%
Ring
20%
Figure 7.1. Recommended tape paths for measuring tank circumference on a welded tank

Ring
75%
25%
Figure 7.2. Recommended tape paths for measuring tank circumference on a bolted tank
4. If you cannot follow the recommended path because of obstructions on the tank, mark
a substitute path that is as near to the recommended path as possible.
• If an obstruction is unavoidable, use a stepover caliper to span the obstruction.
• Place the caliper in the horizontal position, determined with a level, against the
tank shell near the center of the ring. Scribe marks on the tank shell with the
points of the caliper. Place the working tape under the correct tension around the
tank, and measure the distance between the scribed marks to the nearest 0.005
foot.
5. Make sure to get the tape straight along the scribed path.
6. When you have pulled the tape to the correct tension, slide it back and forth to spread
the tape tension evenly around the shell. If friction causes the tape to cling to any point
along the path, the measurement will not be accurate.
Note: The part of the tape that laps over the starting point (where you read the measurement) must
be at least 2 feet from an upright joint.
7. Holding the tape flat against the side of the tank, read it to the nearest 0.005 foot, slide
it back and forth for a few inches, then read it again.
• If these 2 measurements do not agree within 0.005 foot, repeat until you obtain the
same reading for two consecutive measurements.
• Correct the measurement as required by the tape calibration, if needed.
• Record the average of the 2 readings for this ring on the strapping report (see
Figure 7.7 under “More About It” at the end of this chapter).

8. If butt straps or lap joints cause uniform voids between the tape and the tank shell at
each joint, measure and record the width and thickness of the butt straps or lapped
plates and the number of butt straps or lap joints in each ring.
• If possible, measure the shell plate thickness of each ring at 2 locations using an ultrasonic
measurement device.
• If no direct measurement is possible, use the shell thickness on the tank’s nameplate or the
construction prints for the tank.
9. Repeat steps 3–8 for each ring of the tank.
Height and Tilt Measurements

After measuring the circumference of the tank’s rings, take these vertical measurements: shell
height, gauging height, and effective inside tank height. If liquid is present in the tank, also gauge
the liquid height.
Reference Gauging tape

point
Gauging
height Effective
inside tank
Shell height
height
Datum plate
Figure 7.3. Vertical measurements of a tank

Shell Height and Tilt

The shell height is the distance between the bottom of the bottom angle and the top of the top angle
(see Figure 7.4 and Figure 7.5), measured on the outside of the tank.
Roof
Shell
Bottom
Figure 7.4. Measuring the shell height of a tank with a protruding bottom
Roof
Shell
Bottom
Figure 7.5. Measuring the shell height of a tank with a recessed bottom
1. If the tank bottom does not protrude beyond the shell, dig out the dirt at the base of the
tank so that you can get a straight-edge or level underneath the tank bottom.
2. Measure near the reference point on the gauge hatch and at 3 other points equidistant
from the first around the shell with an innage gauge tape, using a level as a point of
measurement.

3. Check the amount of tilt in the shell height at each measuring point with a theodolite,
optical plummet, or plumb bob.
Note: The tilt must be less than 1 part in 70 (less than 1.3°). If it is more, stop the strapping and
notify your supervisor and the Measurement Team. The tank will need to be leveled before it can be
restrapped and used.
4. Measure the height of each ring to the nearest 1/16 inch. The combined ring heights
should add up to the overall shell height. If they do not match, remeasure the heights.
5. Record your measurements on the strapping report (see Figure 7.7 under “More About
It” at the end of this chapter).
Gauging (Reference) Height

The gauging height, or reference height, is the distance from the striking point on the tank floor or
a datum plate to the reference point on the hatch (see Figure 7.3 above). See Chapter 3, “Gauging
Lease Tanks” or Chapter 4, “Gauging Large Tanks” for more detailed information on gauging the
liquid in the tank.
1. Lower the gauging tape into the tank until the tip of the bob touches the gauge striking
point or datum plate.
2. Record the distance to the reference point on the hatch on the strapping report (see
Figure 7.7 under “More About It” at the end of this chapter).
3. Also record the height of the liquid in the tank, if any, by looking where the liquid cut
the tape.
Effective Inside Tank Height

The effective inside gauging height is usually the distance from the gauge striking point or datum
plate to the top of the tank wall (called the top angle, or where the tank contents would begin to
overflow). This distance defines the upper and lower limits of the capacity table and must be
measured on the gauge path (the same path where the liquid height is gauged). See Figure 7.6.

Top angle line Anchor line
Gauging
height Effective
inside tank
height
Datum plate Datum plate
Figure 7.6. Determining effective inside tank height
1. Anchor a line at the reference point on the hatch.

2. Extend the line at a right angle from the tank wall (parallel to the ground).
3. Level the anchored line, and measure the distance between the line and the top angle.
4. Subtract this measurement from the gauging height to get the effective inside tank
height.
5. Record your measurements on the strapping report (see Figure 7.7 under “More About
It” at the end of this chapter).
Overflow Location
Some tanks have an overflow line near the top of the tank shell. Note the size and location of this
line on the strapping report and whether it can be closed.
If the line cannot be closed, measure the effective inside tank height as the distance from the gauge
striking point or datum plate to the bottom of the overflow line.
Connection Height
Connection height is the point near the base of the tank shell where liquid exits the tank and enters
the pipeline.
1. Use the gauge tape to measure the distance from the tank floor to the bottom of the
nipple where it protrudes from the shell.
2. Add 1/4 inch to this measurement to allow for the approximate thickness of the nipple,
and record the measurement on the strapping report.

Deadwood Measurements
Deadwood includes internal piping, roof supports, ladders, and other fixtures that occupy volume
inside the tank. If the tank contains liquid, it may not be possible to measure deadwood. For most
tanks, you can find the necessary dimensions on construction drawings if actual measurement is
impossible.
If the tank is empty, follow these procedures for measuring deadwood.
1. Inspect the tank for cleanliness.

• The inside vertical surface and roof supporting members should be clean and free
of any foreign matter, such as liquid residues, rust, dirt, emulsion, and paraffin.
• Clean the tank if needed.
2. Measure the highest and lowest levels where deadwood affects the tank’s capacity.
• Measure from the tank bottom next to the shell.
3. Clearly identify work sheets containing the details of deadwood locations, shapes, and
dimensions, and make these worksheets part of the strapping record.
Manhole Dimensions
Manhole measurements involve specialized tools and procedures depending on the size and shape
of the manhole. These are presented in on-the-job training.

More About It
Here you will find the following:
• Table 7.1. Fill Condition Required for Different Tanks while Strapping
• Figure 7.7. Sample page of strapping report
The amount of liquid in the tank affects strapping, as do the size and type of tank. Table 7.1 shows
what the fill condition must be for each type of tank.
Table 7.1. Fill Condition Required for Different Tanks while Strapping
Butt-Welded Lap-Welded Bolted Riveted

Fill Condition
<500 >500 <500 >500 <500 >500 <500 >500
Filled at present X X X X X X X X
location before
strapping
Any fill during X X X X X X X

strapping
Must be 2/3 full X

during strapping
Small amount of X X X X X
inflow or outflow
allowed during
strapping
Note: Tank capacity is in barrels.

Figure 7.7. Sample page of strapping report

Reference Documents
“Measurement and Calibration of Upright Cylindrical Tanks by the Manual Tank
Strapping Method”
2. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist III, Module 1

“Tanks and Tank Strapping”

Chapter 8
Seals and Security
Quick Reference
Safety
• Exercise care when handling seals and side cutters to prevent cuts.
Scope
These procedures apply to lease tanks and LACT/ACT unit systems (including the ELM).
When and Where to Use Seals and Security

• Seal tanks when making new connections, when welding, when oil is being delivered, and
when the tank is on line.
• Seal LACT/ACT units at the prover connector valves, S&W monitor, sampler system,
back-pressure valve, meter and meter accessory stack, control panel and power panels,
temperature averagers, head switches and level controls, diverter valves, and piping and
control conduits.
Note: At some locations, the seals may be installed by the other party. Also some ACT meters,
depending on location, manning, and products, may not be sealed.
• Flow computers shall be password protected.
What to Do If a Seal Is Broken

While the tank is still on line:
• Seal off the tank.

• Take a closing gauge.
• Write the ticket as usual, but do not fill in the closing gauge.
• Attach a note to the ticket giving the reason for not completing it; include the closing gauge
and temperature at the time of sealing.
• Make a full report to your team leader.

When you find a seal on a LACT/ACT system broken:
• Replace the boxcar seal with a wire seal.

• Do not transfer oil to/from that facility until your supervisor instructs you to do so.
• Conduct an immediate investigation and report your findings to your supervisor.

Introduction
Seals protect the company and the operator by assuring that no one has tampered with the oil run.
They are placed on any part of a lease tank or LACT unit that could be tampered with. Seals are
also part of assuring safety when working on tanks—for example, when welding a line.
Electronic liquid measurement (ELM) flow computers require security in the form of software
password protection, as well as physical locking of the area where they are located.
Equipment You Will Need for Working with Seals

• Boxcar seals
• Wire seals
• Pliers
• Side cutters
Seals and Security September 2002 8.3

Procedures
The purpose of using seals and security procedures is to make sure that the equipment containing
and monitoring crude or product has not been not tampered with.
The following will give you an overview of where you should check for seals and how to use them.
Using Seals
The two types of seals are boxcar seals and wire seals (see Figure 8.1 under “More About It” at the
end of this chapter). Boxcar seals are numbered; record the numbers as a reference on the run
ticket.
• Use a wire seal if you encounter a defective boxcar seal. Attach the defective boxcar seal to the
wire seal, and record both seal numbers on the run ticket.
• If you find that a boxcar seal has been used where a wire seal should have been used, replace
the boxcar seal with a wire seal or use the boxcar seal with a wire seal attached to it.
• Replace any seals that were broken during LACT/ACT checkout, as well as any missing seals
and any seals showing signs of deterioration.
When and Where to Seal a Tank

1. When making new connections:
• Seal tank stops closed when new tanks are connected to the BP Pipelines
gathering system or when a new gathering system is brought on line.
• Seal tank stops closed after tanks have been connected to a BP Pipelines system.
2. When oil is being delivered by tank truck:
• Seal pipeline connections on lease tanks used for receiving oil delivered by tank
truck.
• Close and seal all draw-off connections when the tank is on line.
• Request the operator to make sure that the tank’s gauge and thieving hatches can
be sealed while still allowing venting.
• Seal the tank’s gauge and thieving hatches.
3. When the tank is on line — to make sure that unwanted hydrocarbons or contaminants
cannot be introduced or removed from the pipeline system undetected — do the
following:
• Seal all closed valves on draw-off connections, filling lines, overflow lines, and
equalizer lines.
• Seal steam lines.

• BP Pipelines does not require you to seal off fire protection lines.
• Break all BP Pipelines seals when a tank is returned to the operator.
Where To Seal LACT/ACT Units

The following list is an overview of where you should check for seals to ensure that no one has
tampered with LACT/ACT components.
1. Prover connector valves

• Place a lock bar with seals across prover valves. On gate valve installations, use a
lock and chain along with the seals.
2. S&W monitor and probe
• Seal each connection on the probe and detector. Also, seal the electronic module
at the hinges, cover latch, and at any other connections.
3. Sampler system
• Place a seal at any point where tampering may affect the system’s accuracy. All
container openings, valves, pipe unions, pump drains, and other locations on the
system should be sealed.
4. Back-pressure valve
• Seal back-pressure valves through the adjustment bolt.
5. Meter and meter accessory stack
• Seal the following on the meter and meter stack: the main meter body bolting,
temperature and pressure averagers, right-angle drive dust cover, and meter
totalizer.
6. Control panel and power panels
• All electronic devices are wired through the control box and can be disabled by
entry into the panels. Seal all electronic devices at hinges, latches, and other
points of access.
7. Tank head switches and level controls
• Seal the high- and low-level switches as well as the low-level limit switch just
above the sales outlet.
8. Diverter valves
• Seal the diverter valve in such a way as to prevent tampering and the sale of “bad
oil.”

9. Piping and control conduits

• Seal all pipe couplings and screwed plugs located downstream from the meter to
guard against the removal of metered liquid from the pipeline.
Signs of Tampering
Look for the following signs of tampering each time you check the LACT/ACT or gauge a tank:
• Forced entry
• Broken BP Pipelines security seals or seals that have been tampered with
• Electrical connections that have been tampered with (e.g., jumper wires)
• Small holes drilled in the weatherproof box housing the electronics (possible signs of an
attempt to insert wires for manipulating controls)
• Monitor alarm and trip set points that don’t agree with previous settings
In addition to checking the unit for signs of tampering, be sure to pick up and dispose of all
security seals and wires you have removed.
Procedures When a Seal Has Been Broken

When you find a broken seal on a foreign line while the tank is still on line:
• Seal off the tank.

• Take a closing gauge.
• Write the ticket as usual, but do not fill in the closing gauge.
• Attach a note to the ticket giving the reason for not completing it; include the closing gauge
and temperature at the time of sealing.
• Make a full report to your supervisor.
The supervisor may authorize you to run oil from other tanks on the lease, but do not run any oil
from the tank with the broken seal until you have permission from the District Manager.
When you find a broken seal on a pipeline connection:
• Replace the boxcar seal with a wire seal.

• Do not run oil from that tank or any other tank on the lease until your supervisor instructs you
to.
• Conduct an immediate investigation and report your findings to your supervisor. Specifics of
the investigation will depend on the circumstances, location, etc.

Other Security Measures

BP Pipelines prefers that flow lines enter a tank through the roof at a point near the regular gauge
hatch. If the flow line extends through the roof into the liquid contents, a hole or slot must be cut in
the pipe at a point not lower than the top of the tank shell. This precaution prevents the liquid from
being siphoned from one tank to another.
On older locations where the flow lines enter the tank so far from the gauge hatch that the gauger
cannot make a fingertip inspection, BP Pipelines will not require the operator to change the
location of the lines, provided the tank can be inspected to see that the line has an opening no
lower than the top of the tank shell. On future installations, BP Pipelines will advise the operator to
locate these lines close enough to the gauge hatch that BP Pipelines personnel can inspect them
from the hatch.
Some operators prefer that flow lines enter the tank through the shell, usually near ground level.
This is acceptable; however, any filling line that enters through the shell of the tank must have a
valve or stop with an approved and conveniently accessible sealing device. It must be sealed closed
whenever the tank is on line.
Security for ELM Systems

The flow computer is the main component of an ELM system that requires security measures.
Software Security
Passwords provide security for software. The first level of security allows measurement personnel
to enter routine data from gauging, metering, and proving.
Higher levels of security allow only the appropriate personnel to change basic data (for example,
tank strapping data, meter data, and prover calibration data), computational procedures, and/or
algorithms.
Physical Security
The computer should be maintained in a secure location by locking the cabinet, house, or area
where it is located. If this is not possible, then other means should be used to make the equipment
inaccessible to tampering.
Some other equipment, like temperature/pressure averagers, may be sealed to prevent tampering.

More About It
0 4
- 1 0
B P
Figure 8.1. Boxcar seal

Reference Documents

Chapter 9
LACT/ACT Verification and ELM Overview
Quick Reference
Safety
• Monitor H2S while sampling.
• Some petroleum products are extremely flammable and/or Summary of
poisonous. Follow the applicable safety procedures in the Pipelines Measurement Procedures
(NA) Business Unit Safety Manual when sampling these dangerous for Flowing Liquids
liquids. 1. Check the operation of the
LACT/ACT unit and ELM
• Wear safety glasses or goggles at all times while handling system or meter
pressurized receivers. installation (Chapter 9).
• Keep containers closed when not in use. 2. Check meter operation
(Chapter 11, Chapter 12,
• Keep work areas as clean as possible and well-ventilated. Chapter 13).
• Clean up spills promptly and in accordance with safety, health, and 3. Mix and withdraw samples
environmental regulations. (Chapter 10).
• Observe established exposure limits, and wear suitable protective 4. Analyze the samples as
clothing and equipment. required for the specific
• Dispose of all samples and security seals properly. product (Chapter 2,
5. Prove the meter (Chapter
Unit Safety Manual.
14).
6. Verify/calibrate the
Scope temperature and pressure
devices, as appropriate
This chapter lists procedures to verify the operation of LACT units on (Chapter 9).
lease tanks containing crude oil and of ACT units measuring 7. Verify/calibrate the
weathered crude oil or liquid petroleum products. densitometer, as
appropriate (Chapter 9).
This chapter also describes the components and operation of the 8. Record all results (Chapter
electronic liquid measurement (ELM) system. 17).

Summary of LACT/ACT Unit Checks
• Check for signs of leaks.
• Check for tampering.
• Check the level of sample in the sample pot to make sure it has
increased since the previous observation.
• Check the sampler operation.
• Check that all monitoring, control, and recording devices are
operating properly.
Summary of ELM System

ELM equipment:
• Flow computer
• Pressure and temperature transducers/transmitters
• Communication equipment
ELM functions:
• Meter ticketing
• Meter proving control
• Sampling system control
• Communication link to the SCADA system

Equipment You Will Need for Measuring Flowing Liquids
For checking LACT/ACT units: For S&W testing by the field centrifuge method:
• Inspection form or checkout list • Two verified 6-inch centrifuge tubes

• Stopwatch • Water-saturated toluene or Stoddard solvent
• Security seals and seal cutters • Demulsifier solution
• Tools for checking the meter and accessories • Sample heater
• Equipment for calibrating or verifying • Bimetal, pocket-type thermometer
temperature and pressure transducers and/or • Centrifuge
signal-receiving devices
• Equipment for gravity and temperature
For S&W testing by the laboratory centrifuge
testing (see below)
method:
• For LACT units, equipment for determining
S&W (see below) • Two verified 8-inch centrifuge tubes
For automatic sampling: • Demulsifier solution
• Sample containers (cans or bottles) • Sample heater
• Portable receivers, when applicable • Bimetal, pocket-type thermometer
• Sample(s) • Centrifuge

method:
For gravity and temperature testing: • Nonaerating, high-speed shear mixer

• Clean glass syringes
or • Reagent-grade xylene
Hydrometer, hydrometer cylinder, filter • Karl Fischer reagents
paper, and constant-temperature bath • Karl Fischer coulometric titrator
• Portable electronic thermometer (PET) For security (lease tanks):
• Circulating bath and ice bath or PET
calibrator (for verifying a PET)
• Side cutters for cutting and removing seals
• Pliers
Other:
• Carrying case for all equipment
BP Pipelines September 2002 Equipment for Measuring Flowing Liquids

Introduction
In addition to verifying the operation of LACT/ACT units, you may also prove the meter and
densitometer on ACT units, calibrate temperature and pressure devices, take samples, and test for
S&W (in crude). See the appropriate chapters in this manual for these procedures.
The ELM system uses a computer to simplify meter ticketing and to control proving and sampling
by actuating the proving sequence and signaling the PLC to operate the appropriate valves. It also
signals the sampler to sample the liquid.
Equipment You Will Need for Checking LACT/ACT Units

• Inspection form or checkout list
• Stopwatch
• Seals and cutters
• Certified reference thermometer
• Equipment for verifying or calibrating temperature and pressure transducers and/or signal
receiving devices (see “Equipment You Will Need for Measuring Flowing Liquids”)
• Equipment for gravity and temperature testing (see “Equipment You Will Need for Measuring
Flowing Liquids”)
• For LACT units, equipment for determining S&W (see “Equipment You Will Need for
Measuring Flowing Liquids”)
LACT/ACT Verification and ELM Overview September 2002 9.4

Procedures for Checking the Operation of LACT and ACT Units
Programming LACT Unit Run Time

Many of BP Pipelines’ gathering systems require that several LACT units be used to pump into
one or more field pumping units. Under these conditions, it may be necessary to program the
starting time and duration of each LACT unit’s run time. This is done on a case-by-case basis
according to local requirements.
Checkout Procedures for LACT and ACT Units

Use the appropriate form or checkout list when you inspect the unit to help keep track of each
component and the condition in which you found it. The form you use should contain spaces to
record the following kinds of information (see Figure 9.2 under “More About It” for a sample
form):
• Date
• Time
• Lease or location number
• Meter make and model
• Volume on the meter register
• Line pressure and meter pressure
• Temperature and pressure averager readings
• Flow rate
• Sample level in storage pot
• Percentage of S&W in samples (if appropriate)
• Tank gauge (if appropriate)
• Position of diverter valve
• State of alarm system
• Your initials
• Miscellaneous information

High-level
switch Control
panel Deaerator
and strainer Storage
container
Water and mixer Temperature
Sample probe
monitor probe and
extractor Densitometer
Back
Meter pressure
Low-level
valve
switch
Pressure
sensor
Strainer
Pump Divert Straightening Check
valve Pump vanes in pipe valve
Figure 9.1. LACT unit
Some of the following procedures apply only to LACT units.
1. Check for signs of leaks.

• Check the entire unit, particularly downstream from the meter and in the sampling
system, for signs of leaks.
• If you find any leaks, shut the unit down and have the leaks fixed.
2. Check for tampering.
• Check the seals for signs of tampering or missing seals. Also check the entire unit
for any signs of tampering or any indication of repair since the last inspection (see
Chapter 8, “Seals and Security”).
3. Remove necessary seals (see Chapter 8, “Seals and Security”).
4. Record the meter reading.
5. Read and record the total hours run on the elapsed time counter (hour meter), if so
equipped.
6. Check the level of the liquid in the sales tank.
• Make sure there is enough liquid in the tank to check the LACT operation.

7. Check the flow rate.

• Calculate the current flow rate in barrels per hour. Do this by timing the flow with
a stopwatch for 36 seconds and multiplying by 100.
• Check that the flow rate has not changed more than ±15% from the last meter
proving.
• If it has changed more than ±15%, readjust the flow rate or reprove the meter. If
the change in flow rate is the result of equipment malfunctioning, shut down the
unit until the problem is repaired.
• Calculate the volume run through the meter since the last checkout and ensure that
it is reasonable.
8. Check the programmable clock on the control panel.
• If the LACT is equipped with a clock to control on-off scheduling, check it for
proper setting and operation. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
9. Check the height of the low-level switch on the LACT tank.
• If the sales tank is equipped with an adjustable pressure-activated level switch,
check that the shutdown level is at least two feet above the connection height.
10. Check the LACT operation.
• If the LACT unit is not running and there is enough liquid in the tank, turn on the
LACT by switching the Hand/Off/Auto switch to “Hand.” If the unit is running,
perform the following checks without adjusting the Hand/Off/Auto switch.
• Observe the unit’s operation.
◊ Check for smooth startup and operation.
◊ Check for leaks, excessive vibrations, high pressure, and unusual noises.
• Check the level of sample in the sample pot to make sure it has increased since the
previous observation. The pot should be filling the entire time the LACT unit is
running. If it is not, the sample probe may be plugged or broken and may need to
be repaired or replaced.
• Check the sampler operation.
◊ Note whether the sampler is sampling at the proper interval. The interval
frequency is based on the size of the parcel, extractor grab size, and the sample
receiver (pot) volume. The flow meter volumetrically paces sampler operation.
The interval may be preset in a flow computer, PLC, Durant counter, or
sampler controller.
◊ Check that the sampler is completing its cycle and not hanging in the open or
closed position. To do this, you may need to disconnect the sample line from
the extractor and catch one or two samples from the sampler in a 100-ml
centrifuge tube.

◊ Measure the amount of sample being taken per grab. Then verify that the
correct amount of sample is being taken for the amount of liquid being
transferred.
◊ Use the number of milliliters per grab to calculate how many gallons per
transfer (batch or parcel) are being taken:
bbls per transfer

--------------------------------------------------------- = grabs per transfer
number of bbls per grab
grabs per transfer × ml sample per grab = ml sample per transfer
ml sample per transfer

----------------------------------------------------- = gallons of sample per transfer
3,785
• Check the pressure in the sample storage pot, if one is available and operable. The
sample pot should have some pressure in it, but no more than 15 psi.
• Check the S&W monitor.
◊ After the LACT has run for two minutes (to purge the liquid in the line), obtain
a line sample and grind it out in the centrifuge.
◊ Reset the S&W Limit knob to the grindout value obtained to verify that the
“bad oil” indicator light comes on. Check that the timer times out after 30
seconds and the diverter valve moves to the “divert” position. After the valve
diverts, make sure the meter has stopped completely.
◊ Turn the S&W Limit knob back to the maximum allowable percentage of
water. Check that the “merchantable oil” light comes on, the timer times out,
and the diverter valve returns to the pipeline position. If this does not happen,
grind out another sample to check that the S&W level has not gone above the
maximum allowable percentage of water. If the monitor does not divert or
diverts at the wrong S&W level, then it must be repaired or recalibrated.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for repairing or calibrating the
monitor.
◊ Record the S&W percentage from the line sample on the LACT/ACT checklist.
• If the Hand/Off/Auto switch is set to “Auto,” check the meter monitor on the
control panel. Close a suction valve on the LACT pump to stop the meter. Check
that the unit shuts down on “meter failure” within 5 minutes. After shutdown,
open the suction valve and reset the LACT control panel. Make sure the unit starts
operating again.
• Check the temperature and pressure averagers.
◊ Insert a glass thermometer into the thermowell adjacent to the meter. Read the
temperature on the glass thermometer and the temperature shown on the
temperature averager (TA) display. Record these two temperatures on the form
or checklist.

◊ Check the pressure averager by comparing that reading with the pressure
indicated on the pressure gauge on the unit. Record the two pressure readings
on the form or checklist.
◊ If the temperatures disagree by more than 0.2°F and/or the pressure disagrees
by more than 5 psi, shut down the equipment and repair or recalibrate it.
• Check the mechanical meter register (PD meter) for jerky or erratic movement.
Monitor the register for at least 10 barrels to make sure it is operating properly. If
the system also has a flow computer, compare the mechanical register’s total
barrels to the flow computer’s total barrels. If they do not agree, shut down the
system and arrange for repairs.
• If the meter has a local electronic register, record the batch total barrels and
compare this to the batch total barrels on the flow computer display. If these do
not agree, shut down the system and arrange for repairs.
• Note any unusual observations in the Remarks section on the checklist. Sign or
initial the checklist.
• Return the LACT to normal operation. If you encountered no problems during the
LACT checkout and you had previously turned the Hand/Off/Auto switch to
“Hand,” turn the switch back to the “Auto” position.
11. Replace any seals that were broken during the LACT/ACT checkout, as well as any
missing seals and any seals showing signs of excessive age (see Chapter 8, “Seals and
Security”).

Calibrating Temperature Devices

Temperature transmitters can be located at the following points in a metering system:
• Downstream of the meter run

• At the inlet and outlet of the meter prover
• At the densitometers
If during verification a temperature is out of tolerance (greater that 0.2°F), check both the RTD and
the transmitter to determine which is in error. Check or calibrate the RTD and transmitter
independently in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Calibrating Pressure Transducers

Pressure transducers are located at the following points in the metering system:
• At the upstream header

• At the inlet and outlet of the meter prover
• At the densitometers
• Across the differential pressure points of the upstream in-line filter or strainer in each meter
run
If during verification, a pressure is out of tolerance (greater that 5 psig), use a certified deadweight
tester for calibration.

Overview of the ELM System

An ELM is a metering system that uses calculation equipment with API liquid measurement
algorithms and security/auditing features, on-line temperature and pressure inputs, density inputs
(optional), and linear meter pulse inputs. ELM provides real-time, on-line measurement. An ELM
can be a flow computer or a properly programmed PLC or SCADA system.
To function properly the system requires certain protections:
• All sources of transient electrical noise must be eliminated.

◊ Do not use a 2-way radio near the flow computer.
◊ Do not locate or run an electric motor near the flow computer.
• Use three- or four-wire 100-ohm platinum RTDs to eliminate error due to changes in ambient
temperature.
• The flow computer must be secure from unauthorized access. See Chapter 8, “Seals and
Security” for more information about security for an ELM system.
Functions of the Flow Computer

The flow computer receives information either manually from authorized BP personnel or as live
input from transducers on the LACT/ACT unit. It generates meter tickets that meet API standards
for reporting and calculating quantities of liquid petroleum that pass through a meter. The
computer can also display custody transfer and meter ticket information.
Manual Input
You may need to enter some or all of the following information into the flow computer:
• Product name and grade

• Product’s physical properties
◊ API gravity at 60°F
◊ Vapor pressure
◊ S&W content (crude only)
• Month, day, year, and start and finish of each transfer/batch
• “K” factor (pulses per barrel)
• Meter factor
• Batch volume required

Live Input
The computer will receive the following input data:
• Meter pulses
• Pressure transducer signal
• Temperature transducer signal
• Densitometer signal, where applicable
Meter Ticket Output

The computer may automatically add the following information:
• Trunk receipt or delivery

• State, county, section, township, range
• Operator or field location
• Company name
• “Delivery to” or “Receipt from”
• “For account of”
• Crude grade
• Consignee
• Reid vapor pressure
• Credit
• “Moved to line or station”
• Month, day, year, ticket number, batch number
• Meter number
• Observed gravity, observed temperature, API gravity at 60°F
• Product code
• Percentage of S&W
• Meter data
◊ Transaction number
◊ Ticket or batch number
◊ “Off” reading (in barrels to the nearest tenth)
◊ “On” reading (in barrels to the nearest tenth)
◊ Flow-weighted average pressure (psig)
◊ Flow-weighted average line temperature (°F)
September 2002 9.12

◊ Metered volume (in barrels to the nearest tenth)

◊ “Temperature compensated” (yes or no)
◊ Meter factor
◊ Compressibility factor
◊ Indicated (metered) barrels
◊ Gross standard barrels
◊ Net standard barrels
◊ Station totals (if multiple meters)
• Name of BP Pipelines representative, electronic ID, date — “on” meter volume
• Name of BP Pipelines representative, electronic ID, date — “off” meter volume
Data from the ELM is usually transmitted electronically via the SCADA system to the Tulsa
Control Center.

More About It
In this section you will find Figure 9.2, an example of a LACT/ACT inspection form, and Figure
9.3, a blank inspection form that you can copy and use.
Figure 9.2. Sample LACT/ACT inspection form

Figure 9.3. Blank LACT/ACT inspection form

Reference Documents
“Metering Assemblies – Lease Automatic Custody Transfer (LACT) Systems”

“Pipeline Metering Systems”

“Flow Measurement – Electronic Liquid Measurement”
4. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist IV – Module 4

“LACT/ACTs and their Components”

Chapter 10
Automatic Sampling
Quick Reference
Safety
• Monitor H2S while sampling. Summary of Measurement
Procedures for Flowing
• Some petroleum products are extremely flammable and/or Liquids
poisonous. Follow the applicable safety procedures in the Pipelines 1. Check the operation of the
(NA) Business Unit Safety Manual when sampling these dangerous LACT/ACT unit and ELM
liquids. system or meter installation
(Chapter 9).
• Wear safety glasses or goggles at all times while handling
2. Check meter operation
pressurized receivers. (Chapter 11, Chapter 12,
• Keep containers closed when not in use. Chapter 13).
3. Mix and withdraw samples
• Keep work areas as clean as possible and well-ventilated. (Chapter 10).
• Clean up spills promptly and in accordance with safety, health, and 4. Analyze the samples as
environmental regulations. required for the specific
• Observe established exposure limits, and wear suitable protective product (Chapter 2,
clothing and equipment. Chapter 5, Chapter 6).
• Dispose of all samples and security seals properly. 5. Prove the meter (Chapter
14).
Unit Safety Manual. 6. Calibrate temperature and
pressure devices (Chapter
9).
Scope 7. Verify/calibrate the
densitometer, as
These procedures apply to crude oil and products flowing through appropriate (Chapter 9).
LACT or ACT units. 8. Record all results (Chapter
17).
Summary of Procedures for Handling

Automatic Samples
• Keep transfers between containers to a minimum to prevent loss of
light ends, loss of water, and contamination of the sample.
• Do not reuse disposable cans or bottles.
• Make sure that sample containers are clean.
• Inspect sample receivers (pots) regularly.

• Mix samples for the correct amount of time.
• Label each sample before taking it to the laboratory for testing.
• Test for S&W, temperature, and gravity, as required.
Summary of Automatic Sampling System Design

• Conditioning equipment upstream of the sampling location to mix the liquid
• Sample probe and extractor to collect the sample from the center of the pipe
• Automatic controller to control the frequency and thus the volume of sample taken per batch
• One or more sample receivers (pots) to hold the extracted sample
• Sample receiver mixing system


testing (see below)
method:

method:

• Pliers
Other:

Introduction
An automatic sampler, which is part of a meter installation, periodically withdraws small amounts
of liquid from a pipeline and delivers it to a stationary or portable sample receiver (pot). The
amount it removes is proportional to the flowthrough the pipeline. If the automatic system is set up
and maintained properly, it provides a more representative sample of the liquid in the pipeline than
manual sampling.
After taking the sample from the automatic sampler, your job is to continue to handle it in such a
way that the sample you deliver for analysis is still representative of the flowing fluid.
Equipment You Will Need for Automatic Sampling

• Sample containers (cans or bottles)
• Portable receivers (when applicable)
• Sample(s)
• Equipment for gravity and temperature testing (see “Equipment You Will Need for Measuring
Flowing Liquids”)
• For LACT units, equipment for determining S&W (see “Equipment You Will Need for
Measuring Flowing Liquids”)
Automatic Sampling September 2002 10.4

Procedures for Handling Samples

The best way to handle a sample is to test directly from the container that first received the sample,
as is usual when sampling from tanks. However, samples from automatic systems fill stationary or
portable receivers, from which you withdraw samples for testing.
• Keep transfers between containers to a minimum to prevent loss of light ends, loss of water,
and contamination of the sample.
• Do not reuse disposable cans or bottles.
• Make sure that sample containers are clean.
Preparing and Maintaining Stationary and Portable

Sample Receivers
Inspect sample receivers regularly.
• Replace septa, seals, diaphragms, and other expendable parts before they fail.
• Make sure the inside coating is intact and free of rust.
See “More About It” at the end of this chapter for more information about what type of mixing
procedure to use for different tests.
Handling Portable Sample Receivers

When handling portable receivers, follow these steps.
1. Disconnect the receiver from the sampling system.

2. Connect a clean receiver to the sampling system.
3. Take the receiver to the mixing skid and connect it to the skid.
4. Mix the sample for the required time and extract a sample for analysis.

Handling Samples Taken from a Stationary or Portable

Sample Receiver
When the system has more than one stationary sample pot, it will have manual valves or solenoid
valves to switch from one receiver to another (see BP Self-Study Guide “Sediment and Water
Determination” for more information). Handle samples taken from a stationary or a portable
receiver in the same way.
1. Mix the contents of the sample pot for at least 5 minutes, depending on the
temperature, density, and viscosity of the sample. Determine this mixing time for each
specific mixing system and crude oil.
2. Purge the sample tap and draw the required samples. If the water is to be determined
by Karl Fischer, the circulating system may have a septum installed to allow the
sample to be drawn directly into a syringe.
3. Test the samples for S&W and gravity, as required (see Chapter 5, “Testing Crude Oil
for Suspended Sediment and Water” and Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature
Measurement in Tanks”).
4. Empty, inspect, and clean the sample pot with a solvent, such as Varsol or the
equivalent.
5. Label the sample before delivering it to the laboratory for testing. Clearly mark the
sample can or bottle, preferably with an oil-resistant, wired-on label, with the
following information:
• Date and location of the sampling operation
• Name of pipeline terminal, marine vessel, or platform
• Type of crude oil or product
• Batch transfer size
• Volume of collected sample
• Sampling period duration, including the date and start and finish of each
transfer/batch
• Type or tag number of automatic sampling system
• Name of the pipeline operator responsible
6. Take the marked container(s) immediately to the laboratory for analysis, as gravity
testing must take place within 2 hours of taking the sample.
7. Empty the sample receiver, and flush it with solvent. Take extra care to clean the
receiver after sampling a high water content batch of crude oil.
8. Periodically open the receiver and wipe it clean with a lint-free rag. Make sure the top
is clean and dry.

Acceptance Testing of the Sampling System

Testing the sampling system confirms that its design allows it to take accurate samples. The test
methods fall into two general categories: component testing and total system testing. The two
methods are equally valid.
Once a system’s design has been proven by testing, subsequent systems of the same design
operated under the same or less critical conditions need not be tested.
Total System Testing

Total system testing is a volume balance test in which a known amount of water is injected into a
known amount of oil. The sampling system collects a sample of the injected volumes, which is
then analyzed for water content. The result is compared to the known baseline water in the oil plus
the injected water.
One method of total system testing involves only the sampler being tested. You must know the
amount of baseline water in the oil to use this method. A second method uses an additional
sampler to measure baseline water in the oil.
Testing the total system requires that the data from two consecutive tests repeat within the
tolerance stated for the test.
Receiver Testing
The sample receivers are also tested to assure that they properly mix the oil collected in the
receiver. Tests are conducted at both low and high levels in the receiver, as well as low and high
water concentrations.
An independent third party usually performs the testing of the sample and receiver, in accordance
with API procedures.
This testing is required by U.S. Customs for sampling systems associated with foreign trade zones
(FTZ).

Design and Operation of an Automatic Sampling System

To assure a representative sample, an automatic system must do the following:
• It must disperse free and entrained water and sediment uniformly at the sampling point.
• It must extract and collect individual grabs (samples) in a flow-proportional manner, and each
grab must have the same volume.
• It must maintain the sample in the sample receiver without changing the composition of the
sample.
The following equipment is part of the sampling system (see Figure 10.1):
• Conditioning equipment upstream of the sampling location to mix the liquid

• Sample probe and extractor to collect the sample from the center of the pipe
• Automatic controller to control the frequency (number of grabs) based on the flow and thus the
volume of sample taken per batch
• One or more sample receivers (pots) to collect and hold the extracted sample grabs
Conditioning
equipment
(pump, vertical pipe,
elbows, tees,
reduced-diameter pipe)
Flow
Sample extractor
and probe
Flow
signal
Controller
Sample grab Sample

discharge receiver
(in downward
sloping line)
Figure 10.1. Design of an automatic sampling system

Sample Receivers (Pots)

Sample pots may be stationary or portable, pressurized or nonpressurized.
A fixed, or stationary, sample receiver holds the sample under sufficient pressure to prevent the
escape of vapors (Figure 10.2). It usually has a capacity of between 5 and 15 gallons (see
Table 10.2 under “More About It”).
Flow Sample extractor

and probe
Fixed
sample
receiver
Gauge
glass
Sample
discharge
line
Mixing
system
Figure 10.2. Fixed sample receiver (stationary sample pot)

Portable receivers (Figure 10.3) vary in size from 5 to 10 gallons. Normally they are not
pressurized; if they are, the pressure is less than 15 psig.
Quick Vacuum Level

connection relief gauge
Pressure
relief Sample
inlet
port
Optional
high-level Pressure
switch gauge
Downcomer
Quick
connection
Figure 10.3. Portable sample receiver (pot)
Constant-pressure receivers may be used for high-vapor-pressure crude oils and products. They
may also be used for low-pressure liquids if loss of light ends is a problem. Automatic sampling
systems on stabilized crude oil pipelines usually use nonpressurized receivers.

Mixing Equipment
Fixed sample receivers come equipped with mixing elements so you can properly mix the
composite sample before testing for S&W or other components. Different types of mixers are
available. Portable receivers require a separate mixing system (Figure 10.4).
Mixing system
Sample
draw-off valve Flex
hose
Portable
receiver
Motor
starter Static
switch mixer
Quick
connects
Motor
Figure 10.4. Sample mixing system for portable receivers
BP Pipelines prefers a centrifugal pump installed as close as possible to the sample pot outlet
connection. This pump must be capable of displacing the entire sample volume at least twice per
minute. The piping from the pump back to the sample pot must also be arranged so that no
sediment and water can be trapped in low spots and so that you can withdraw a sample while
mixing is taking place.
A pressure gauge on the return line to the pot indicates that the pump is working properly while
mixing. When emptying the container, watch the pressure gauge, which will indicate when the
container is empty by a decrease in pressure.

More About It
This section includes the following tables and instructions for using them.
• Table 10.1. Recommended Mixing Procedures

• Table 10.2. Typical Sizes of Sample Receivers for Various Operations
Mixing Samples
A sample may or may not need to be mixed before testing it, depending on the type of test and how
homogeneous the sample is. Because an automatic sampling system takes samples over a period of
many hours, some settling almost always occurs.
You can mix a sample with a stand-alone power mixer (see Figure 10.4), with an internal mixer in
the sample pot, or by shaking it. When using a stand-alone power mixer, be sure to use the correct
type for the container you have, as the mixer/container combination has been tested and proven
effective.
Table 10.1 lists the mixing recommendations for various tests.
Table 10.1. Recommended Mixing Procedures
Recommended Mixing Procedure

Test Purpose*
Power Shaking None
Density for crude and heavy fuels X
Sediment and water X
Density for other hydrocarbons X
Vapor pressure X
Cloud point X
* Sample transferred from a container. For tests not listed, refer to the specific test procedure.

Sizes of Sample Pots

The size of a sample receiver depends on the total volume of sample needed for all tests, the
number of grabs required, the volume of each grab, and the transportability if the receiver is
portable. Table 10.2 shows typical receiver sizes for different applications.
Table 10.2. Typical Sizes of Sample Receivers for Various Operations
Type of Operation Receiver Size
LACT unit 3–15 gallons
Pipeline (crude oil) 5–15 gallons
Pipeline (products) 1–5 gallons
System with portable receiver 1 quart to 10 gallons
Tanker loading/unloading 5–20 gallons
Line fill (marine) Volume required for tests

Reference Documents
“Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products”

“Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products”

“Flow Measurement — Electronic Liquid Measurement”
4. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist III — Module 1

“Sediment and Water Determination”

Chapter 11
Positive Displacement Meters
Quick Reference
Safety
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business Summary of Measurement
Unit Safety Manual. Liquids
1. Check the operation of the
Scope system or meter installation
(Chapter 9).
This chapter lists procedures for inspecting PD meters used for
custody transfer of crude oil or liquid petroleum products. It also 2. Check meter operation
describes the design and operation of positive displacement meters. (Chapter 11, Chapter 12,
Chapter 13).
Summary of Inspection Procedures (Chapter 10).
• Inspect the meter and accessory equipment. required for the specific
• Verify correct combination of gearing and stack accessories to type of transaction and
product (Chapter 2,
ensure accurate measurement (during repair or original
installation).
◊ Use 100% gearing with a dummy calibrator. 14).
• Meter should operate between 40% and 80% of the manufacturer’s 6. Calibrate temperature and
rated capacity. pressure devices (Chapter
9).
• Possible meter maintenance required when the meter factor varies
from the previous proving at the same flow conditions by more densitometer, as
than appropriate (Chapter 9).
◊ ±0.0015 for ACT meters. 8. Record all results (Chapter
17).
◊ ±0.0025 for LACT meters.
• Meter maintenance required when the meter factor varies by more
than ±0.0050 from the original meter factor.
• Meter factors should be trended to monitor the condition of the
metering system.


testing (see below)
method:

method:

• Pliers
Other:

Introduction
Displacement meter systems normally perform well for long periods with a minimum of
maintenance. In addition to proving the meter to establish its accuracy (see Chapter 14, “Proving a
Meter”), a positive displacement meter and its accessory equipment need to be inspected on a
routine basis. The frequency of inspections depends on volume through the meter, but should be at
least weekly.
Equipment You Will Need for Checking the Meter

• Seals and cutters
• Tools for checking the meter and accessories
Positive Displacement Meters September 2002 11.3

Inspecting the Meter and Accessory Equipment

Meters and meter accessories are installed in a variety of configurations, so sealing devices and
locations will vary. Figure 11.1 shows the sealing points on a typical PD meter.
Meter head
4 6 3 7 0
Proximity switch
Right-angle drive
PEXP Typical seals

(pulse electronic
transmitter)
Flow
Figure 11.1. Sealing points on a PD meter
To repair a meter, disassemble it, inspect it, clean and adjust it, reassemble it, and prove it. Perform
all maintenance according to the manufacturer’s instructions and procedures. Keep records of all
maintenance and testing you do.
Inspect the equipment routinely (at least weekly, depending on throughput) following the list
below.
1. Meter
• Listen for noisy operation, which may indicate that the meter is wearing and may
fail soon. If necessary, shut the meter down and use alternative measurement
methods until it can be taken apart and repaired.
• Inspect the meter for vibrations and leaks.
• Inspect the lubrication system.
• Verify the pulse transmitters by comparing the barrels on the mechanical register
with the barrels on the electronic register.
• Meter proving verifies meter performance. Watch for and report meters that fail
the repeatability requirements or that have a meter factor that varies by more than
±0.0015 for ACT meters or ±0.0025 for LACT meters since the last proving.

• Maintenance is necessary when the meter factor varies by more than ±0.0050
from the original meter factor.
• Meter factors should be trended to monitor the condition of the metering system.
2. Strainer and air eliminator
• Inspect the strainer and air eliminator before every custody transfer.
• Clean the strainer whenever the differential pressure is greater than normal.
• Repair the strainer and eliminator as needed.
3. Flow computer
• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for verifying the status of batch
information on the flow computer before every custody transfer.
4. Counters, indicators, and volume-averaging devices
• Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for maintenance, if any.
• Inspect the device for defects before every custody transfer and notify your
supervisor if any part of the device appears defective.
5. Double block-and-bleed valves
• Check these valves for leaks before every custody transfer.
• Drain or monitor the cavity between the dual seals. If you see a leak, notify your
supervisor and initiate repairs as soon as possible.
When you suspect measurement error with a meter, use the following checklist to determine the
specific problem:
1. Check for air or vapor in the system.

2. Determine whether there have been any changes in the physical properties of the
metered liquid, especially its viscosity.
3. Check pressure, temperature, and density-sensing devices for error.
4. Check all electrical equipment for any failures, including the pulse generator,
counters, coil, preamplifiers, signal transmission system, power supply, and all
readout devices.
5. Check for leakage from all isolation and diversion valves.
6. Check for proper gearing in the meter accessory drive.

Design and Operation of a Positive Displacement Meter

The positive displacement (PD) meter is used throughout the industry and is one of the oldest of
the mechanical devices for measuring liquid. This type of meter breaks up the flow of liquid into
discrete portions of known volume and then counts those portions.
PD meters are preferred for higher-viscosity fluids and for lower flow rates.
A positive displacement meter consists of the external housing, the internal measuring element,
and the counter drive train. Mounted on top of the meter housing are meter accessories,
collectively known as the meter stack. A typical PD meter is shown in Figure 11.2.
Meter head
4 6 3 7 0
Proximity switch
Right-angle drive
PEXP
(pulse electronic
transmitter)
Flow
Figure 11.2. Typical positive displacement meter

Design of a PD Meter Installation

The following lists some of the equipment that a PD meter installation may include in addition to
the meter. See Figure 11.3 below.
Shaft-driven (mechanical) accessories:

• Gear train that transmits force and motion from the rotating meter shaft to the accessories
• Primary register to totalize and display the measurement units
• Pulse generator that provides pulses in direct proportion to the meter throughput
• Preset device to stop the flow at a preselected quantity
• Rate-of-flow indicator (mechanical)
Pulse-driven (electronic) accessories:

• Readout that indicates the volume
• Flow computer that receives signals from the meter and other sensors to calculate volume or
mass flow quantity and displays, transmits, and prints the data
• Preset totalizer to stop the flow at a preselected quantity
• Proving counter that displays the pulsed output from the meter
• Flow-rate indicator that converts an electrical signal to a visual display of flow rate
Protection and control equipment:

• Strainers and filters to prevent solids from entering the meter
• Air or vapor eliminator to remove gases from the liquid flow
• Valve for starting, stopping, and controlling the flow of liquid
• Pressure-reducing valves
• Temperature, pressure, density, and viscosity monitors
• Thermometer
• Temperature and pressure averagers
• Pressure gauges

Sample
receivers Flow
computer
To SCADA
Static
mixer Liquid
density Back-
transducer pressure
Mixing pump or flow-
(optional) Pulse control
Pressure/ transmitter RTD Twin valve, if
differential trans-
gauge seal required
mitter Flow
Sample scoop valves
probe
Flow
PD meter For test

Strainer Drain thermo-
Pressure
valve well
transmitter
Sample controller Pressure

gauge Detector switch
local
Bidirectional prover 4-way
diverter
Detector switch valve with
Connections for electric
master meter check or Gating circuit to motor
recalibration of prover flow computer operator
above
Figure 11.3. Design of a PD meter installation
Some Specifications for PD Meter Installations

PD meters are very accurate when the installation is properly designed and the equipment is
maintained. The installation should take into account the following considerations.
1. It should be able to handle the maximum and minimum flow rates, the maximum
operating pressure, and the temperature range of the liquid being measured. If
necessary, it should include protective devices that keep the operation of the meter
within design limits. This could include flow control valves, use of multiple meters,
and flow limit set points in the flow computer.
2. The electronic counter must count the same number of pulses that the meter generates
to determine a volume.
3. The installation should include strainers, filters, air/vapor eliminators, or other
protective devices to remove solids in the flow that could cause the meter parts to wear
out prematurely or to remove air/vapor that could cause measurement errors.
4. The installation should ensure enough pressure on the flow that it remains liquid at all
times.
5. It should allow meter proving under normal operating conditions.
6. It should comply with all company specifications and applicable regulation and codes.

API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapters 5.2 and 5.4, provides guidelines for
choosing the appropriate accessory equipment and designing the piping configuration for a PD
meter installation.
It is important that an installation use the accessory equipment that the manufacturer recommends,
that the flow rates are within those that the manufacturer specifies, and that meters are operated
only with the liquids the installation was designed for.
For example, the combination of measuring element, gear train, and stack accessories must be
carefully matched to provide accurate volume registration.
Use 100% gearing with a dummy calibrator.
Table 11.1 offers some recommended combinations.
Table 11.1. Recommended Combinations of Meter Size, Measuring Element, and

Gear Ratio
Typical Measuring
Meter Element Gear Ratio of Meter’s Output to Calibrator
Size (volume per revolution) Gear Train (volume per revolution)
2" 0.364 gal 13.7:1 5 gal
3" 1.4 gal 3.57:1 5 gal
4" 2 gal 5:2 5 gal
6" 3 gal 5:3 5 gal
6" 0.0714 bbl 14:1 1 bbl
8" 0.1428 bbl 7:1 1 bbl
10" 0.236 bbl 4.24:1 1 bbl
12" 0.5 bbl 2:1 1 bbl
16" 1 bbl 1:1 1 bbl

PD meters should be sized to operate between 40% and 80% of the manufacturer’s rated capacity.
Operating a meter in this range improves accuracy and extends meter life. The following table
gives examples of recommended operating ranges for PD meters typically used by BP Pipelines.
Table 11.2. Recommended Operating Range for Various Sizes of PD Meters
Flow Rate (bph)

Meter Size
20% 40% 80% 100%
2" 36 72 144 180
3" 120 240 480 600
4" 172 344 688 860
6" 286 572 1,144 1,430
8" 458 916 1,832 2,290
10" 700 1,400 2,800 3,500
12" 1,300 2,600 5,200 6,500
16" 2,500 5,000 10,000 12,500
Note: Shaded columns are outside the optimum range.

Operation of a PD Meter
The accuracy of a meter depends on the properties of the liquid being measured, the condition of
the meter and its accessories, the meter’s operating conditions, and variations, if any, between
operating and proving conditions. Table 11.3 shows the results of changes in some of these factors.
Measurement Accuracy
Factor Change in Conditions Result Meter Factor Change
Fluid properties Increase in Increased slippage → Increases

• temperature underregistration
• viscosity
• gravity
Decrease in Decreased slippage → Decreases

• temperature overregistration
• viscosity
• gravity
Entrained air in the Air or gas measured Decreases

liquid along with the
hydrocarbons →
overregistration
Low lubricating Increased wear on Increases

properties of the meter parts →
liquid underregistration
Contaminants in the Possible damage to Increases

liquid meter parts →
underregistration
Meter conditions Wear Increased slippage → Increases

underregistration
Friction Increased slippage → Increases

underregistration
Deposits (for Coating on meter Decreases

example, paraffin) surface →
overregistration

Measurement Accuracy (continued)
Operating conditions Control valve chatter Pulsating flow → Decreases

overregistration
Use of a Pulsating flow → Decreases

reciprocating pump overregistration
ahead of the meter

Reference Documents
“General Considerations for Measurement by Meters”

“Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Displacement Meters”

“Accessory Equipment for Liquid Meters”
4. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist IV — Module 4

“Meters and Meter Proving”

Chapter 12
Turbine Meters
Quick Reference
Safety
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business Summary of Measurement
Unit Safety Manual. Liquids
Scope system or meter installation
(Chapter 9).
This chapter lists procedures for inspecting turbine meters used for
custody transfer of crude oil or liquid petroleum products. It also 2. Check meter operation
describes the design and operation of turbine meters. (Chapter 11, Chapter 12,
Chapter 13).
Summary of Inspection Procedures (Chapter 10).
• Inspect the meter and accessory equipment. required for the specific
• Conventional turbine meters should operate between 50% and type of transaction and
product (Chapter 2,
100% of the manufacturer’s rated capacity, while helical turbines
can be operated down to 20% of the manufacturer’s rated capacity.
• Possible meter maintenance required when the meter factor varies 14).
from the previous proving at the same flow conditions by more
6. Calibrate temperature and
than ±0.0015. pressure devices (Chapter
• Meter maintenance required when the meter factor varies by more 9).
than ±0.0050 from the original meter factor. 7. Verify/calibrate the
densitometer, as
• Meter factors should be trended to monitor the condition of the appropriate (Chapter 9).
metering system.
17).


testing (see below)
method:

method:

• Pliers
Other:

Introduction
Turbine meter systems normally perform well for long periods with a minimum of maintenance. In
addition to proving the meter to establish its accuracy (see Chapter 14, “Proving a Meter”), a
turbine meter and its accessory equipment need to be inspected on a routine basis. The frequency
of inspections depends on volume through the meter, but should be with each batch or at least
weekly.
Inspection and Maintenance Procedures

Turbine meter systems normally perform well for long periods without an established maintenance
schedule. Your main maintenance job is proving the meter to determine its accuracy (see Chapter
14, “Proving a Meter”). Proving establishes a number called the meter factor, which is a correction
factor for that particular meter. The meter factor also indicates when a meter’s performance
changes to the extent that it needs repair.
Turbine Meters September 2002 12.3

Inspecting the Meter and Accessory Equipment

Do not indiscriminately make adjustments or disassemble a turbine meter, as it is neither necessary
nor recommended. Perform all maintenance according to the manufacturer’s instructions and
procedures. Keep records of all maintenance and testing you do.
Inspect the equipment during every transfer.
1. Meter
• Inspect the meter for vibrations and leaks.
• Verify the pulse transmitters by comparing the local registered volume (if
available) to the electronically registered volume.
• Meter proving verifies meter performance. Watch for and report meters that fail
the repeatability requirements or that have a meter factor that varies by more than
±0.0015 for ACT meters or ±0.0025 for LACT meters since the last proving at the
same flow conditions (see Chapter 14, “Proving a Meter”).
• Meter maintenance required when the meter factor varies by more than ±0.0050
from the original meter factor.
• Meter factors should be trended to monitor the condition of the metering system.
2. Strainer and air eliminator
• Inspect the strainer and air eliminator before every custody transfer.
• Clean the strainer whenever the differential pressure is greater than normal.
• Repair the strainer and eliminator as needed.
3. Flow computer
• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for verifying the status of batch
information on the flow computer before every custody transfer.
4. Counters, indicators, and volume-averaging devices
• Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for maintenance, if any.
• Inspect the device for defects before every custody transfer and notify your
supervisor if any part of the device appears defective.
5. Double block-and-bleed valves
• Check these valves for leaks before every custody transfer.
• Drain or monitor the cavity between the dual seals. If you see a leak, notify your
supervisor and initiate repairs as soon as possible.
6. When you suspect measurement error with a meter, check it immediately. See Chapter
14, “Proving a Meter” for a checklist to determine the specific problem.

Design and Operation of a Turbine Meter

Turbine meters are used in the custody transfer of lighter hydrocarbons like gasoline, diesel fuels,
and distillates as well as crudes. Turbine meters measure liquids by detecting the velocity, or flow
rate, of the liquid, which is then used to determine volume. Turbine meters are in a class of meters
known as inferential meters because they measure volume indirectly.
Turbine meters are preferred for lower-viscosity fluids and for higher flow rates.
Conventional Turbine Meters

The turbine meter consists of a meter housing containing a rotor in a closed conduit (Figure 12.1).
Liquid flowing into a turbine meter turns the rotor, much like wind turns the blades of a windmill.
The velocity of the liquid drives the rotor at a speed that is directly proportional to the volume flow
rate. Typically, turbine meters include some form of electronic system for readouts and
corrections.
Pickup
coil
Downstream
stator
Rotor
Upstream
stator
Deflector ring
Figure 12.1. Conventional turbine meter

Helical Turbine Meters

The helical turbine meter (Figure 12.2) is similar to the conventional turbine meter with these
exceptions:
1. The rotor has only two helical-shaped blades, and they are much wider than standard
blades.
2. The measuring element is mounted in a tube that can be removed from the housing.
The rotor rides on a journal-bearing system. A pulse sensor located on the outer housing detects
signals that indicate flow rate from small magnets embedded in the tips of the rotor blades. The
rotor assembly is housed inside a separate meter body.
Pickup coil
Upstream
stator
Downstream
stator
Rotor
Figure 12.2. Helical turbine meter

Design of a Turbine Meter Installation

The design of a turbine meter installation (Figure 12.3) should take the following considerations
into account:
1. It should be able to handle the maximum and minimum flow rates, maximum
operating pressure, and the temperature range and type of liquid being measured. If
necessary, it should include protective devices that keep the meter operation within
design limits.
2. It should include strainers, filters, air eliminators, or other protective devices to
remove solids in the flow that could cause the meter parts to wear out prematurely or
to remove air/vapor that could cause measurement errors.
3. The accuracy of a turbine meter depends on both upstream and downstream flow
conditions. BP Pipelines recommends that a turbine meter run have at least 20 pipe
diameters of straight pipe upstream of the meter and 5 pipe diameters of straight pipe
downstream of the meter. If a flow conditioner is used upstream of the meter, the
upstream diameters can be reduced to 10 diameters of straight pipe (including the flow
conditioner). Helical turbine meter installations require the use of a flow conditioner
ahead of the meter.
4. Vibrations, piping stress, and pressure pulsations must be minimized; therefore, flow
conditioning is necessary both upstream and downstream.
5. The pressure should be high enough to ensure that the crude or product will remain
liquid at all temperatures.
6. It should allow meter proving under normal operating conditions.
7. It should comply with all applicable regulations and codes.
API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapters 5.3 and 5.4, provides guidelines for
choosing the appropriate accessory equipment and designing the piping configuration for a turbine
meter installation.

Instrument
3-way air
solenoid
valve
Regulator
Mixing
Sample valve
pump
Balance
valve
Relief
valve
Sample Nitrogen
loop Sample precharge
removal valve Sample vessel
vessel
Pipeline
Densitometer
proving
Densitometer connections
Flow
computer
Twin
seal
Signal Back
valves
preamplifier pressure
or flow
Flow control
conditioner valve if
Thermowell required
Strainer
Flow
Turbine
meter Temperature
Pressure transducer
drop Local Pressure gauge
indicator totalizer
Detector switch 4-way block &
Pressure bleed valve with
transducer Bidirectional prover
electric motor
Detector switch operator
Connections for Gating

master meter check or circuit to
recalibration of prover flow computer
Figure 12.3. Typical turbine meter installation for refined products

Conventional turbine meters should be sized to operate between 50% and 100% of the
manufacturer’s rated capacity. Helical turbines can be sized to operate between 30% and 100%.
Operating the meters in these ranges will improve accuracy and extend meter life. Table 12.1 and
Table 12.2 give examples of recommended operating ranges for both types of turbine meters used
by BP Pipelines.
Table 12.1. Recommended Operating Range for Various Sizes of Conventional

Turbine Meters
Flow Rate (bph)

Meter Size Pulses/bbl
50% 100%
2" 160 320 7,560
3" 465 930 2,016
4" 890 1,780 3,000
6" 2,070 4,140 1,000
8" 3,710 7,420 500
10" 5,700 11,400 250
12" 8,550 17,100 200
16" 12,850 25,700 100
Note: This data will vary depending on the specific manufacturer of the meter.

Table 12.2. Recommended Operating Range for Various Sizes of Helical Turbine
Meters
Flow Rate (bph)

Meter Size Pulses/bbl
30% 100%
2" 57 189 3,964.9
3" 208 692 696.7
4" 566 1,887 264
6" 1,132 3,774 113.2
8" 1,887 6,290 71.7
10" 3,774 12,580 25.8
12" 5,661 18,869 13.1
16" 7,548 25,159 7.6
Note: This data will vary depending on the specific manufacturer of the meter.
A secure and reliable pulse transmission system is also critical to a turbine meter’s accuracy.
• The transmission lines should be as short as possible.

• Transmission lines should be routed away from sources of electrical interference.
• Transmission lines should be continuous, if possible. If they are not, the shielding should be
continuous.
• A ground shield at the receiving end (flow computer/PLC) prevents ground-loop effects.

Figure 12.4 and Figure 12.5 are schematics of transmission lines to turbine meters with and
without preamps.
Transmission lines (max. 5,000 ft.)
3, 4, or 5/c shielded cable

(external DC power supply required)
Remote
electronics
Meter
Figure 12.4. Turbine meter with preamp
Transmission lines (max. 250 ft.)
c/c shielded cable

Remote electronics
Meter
Figure 12.5. Turbine meter without preamp

Operation of a Turbine Meter

Waxy deposits and stringy debris tend to build up on the multibladed rotor of a conventional
turbine meter when measuring higher-viscosity oils. With only two blades, the helical turbine
meter is much less affected by these deposits. As a result, the conventional turbine meter is
generally limited to applications in which the viscosity of the oil (measured in centipoise, or cP) is
no more than twice the meter size (measured in inches). For example, an 8-inch meter should be
used with viscosities under 16 cP.
Helical turbine meters, on the other hand, are being used increasingly in applications previously
reserved for PD meters and even conventional turbine meters. Helical meters require additional
electronics to perform pulse interpolation, or double chronometry, during proving since the meters
generate fewer pulses per barrel.
See Table 12.3 below for the effects of fluid conditions and other changes on meter accuracy.

Table 12.3. Effect of Changes in the Conditions of the Fluid and Turbine Meter on
Measurement Accuracy
Fluid properties Entrained air in the Air or gas measured Decreases

liquid along with the
hydrocarbons →
overregistration
Low lubricating Increased wear on Increases

properties of the meter parts →
liquid underregistration
Contaminants in the Possible damage to Increases

liquid meter parts →
underregistration
Meter conditions Upstream Distorted velocity Decreases

obstructions profile of flowing
fluid →
overregistration
Cavitation due to low Increased velocity of Decreases

back-pressure fluid through meter →
overregistration
Deposits (for Reduced flow area → Decreases

example, paraffin) overregistration
Wear Worn bearings → Increases

underregistration
Friction Excessive mechanical Increases

friction between meter
parts →
underregistration
Operating conditions Control valve chatter Pulsating flow → Decreases

overregistration
Use of a Pulsating flow → Decreases

reciprocating pump overregistration
ahead of the meter

Reference Documents
“General Considerations for Measurement by Meters”

“Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Turbine Meters”

“Accessory Equipment for Liquid Meters”
4. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist IV — Module 4


Chapter 13
Other Meters
Quick Reference
Scope
This chapter briefly describes the design and operation of orifice, Summary of Measurement
ultrasonic, and Coriolis meters, which may be used for custody Liquids
transfer of natural gas, crude oil, and liquid petroleum products.
system or meter installation
Summary of Meter Design (Chapter 9).
• The orifice meter measures the flow rate and thus the volume by 2. Check meter operation
creating a pressure differential in the fluid. (Chapter 11, Chapter 12,
Chapter 13).
• The ultrasonic meter uses sound waves to measure flow rate and
thus volume. (Chapter 10).
• The Coriolis meter measures the mass and density of the fluid in 4. Analyze the samples as
the line, and from this measurement the volume can then be required for the specific
calculated. type of transaction and
product (Chapter 2,
14).
9).
densitometer, as
appropriate (Chapter 9).
17).

Introduction
Meters other than PDs and turbines, such as orifice meters, are not routinely used in crude oil
service. They are more commonly used to measure natural gas, LPGs, dense-phase fluids (such as
ethylene), and some chemicals. Ultrasonic meters and Coriolis meters are additional types of
meters that are starting to achieve recognition for both crude and products applications. These are
inference meters, so called because they do not measure the liquid volume directly but infer it by
measuring other properties of the liquid.
See BP Measurement Manual, Part II — Natural Gas for more detailed information on orifice and
ultrasonic meters, and BP Measurement Manual, Part III — Chemicals and Petrochemicals for
more information on Coriolis meters.
Other Meters September 2002 13.2

Orifice Meter
The orifice meter measures the flow rate and thus the volume by creating and recording a pressure
differential in the fluid.
Differential Sensing
pressure and element
located Temperature
static pressure
behind recorder LCD
recorder 219815
chart
Computer
Pen
Gauge
lines Transducers
to flow Chart
recorder
Portable
Pressure Pressure hand unit
taps drop
Electronic
secondary element
Flow
Orifice
flanges Secondary element
Orifice plate
Primary element
Figure 13.1. Orifice meter installation
The fluid passes through a plate with a small hole in it, the orifice plate (Figure 13.1), which
restricts the flow and reduces the flowing pressure of the fluid. Small gauge lines in pressure taps
near the orifice plate connect the fitting to a differential pressure sensor and mechanical flow
recorder or to pressure transducers and a computer. The recorder or computer records the pressure
drop and other variables, such as temperature and static pressure, that are necessary for calculating
flow rate.

Orifice plates are available in different sizes to fit different pipeline diameters. The orifice also
varies in size to adjust the flow rate of the fluid. The thickness of the plate is another variable. The
diameter, orifice size, and plate thickness are all important factors in designing an orifice meter
installation.
Orifice meters are often used for custody transfer measurement of gases and some petrochemicals,
but not liquids. They are often used in refineries and chemical plants to measure both liquids and
gases, but not for custody transfer.

Ultrasonic Meter
Ultrasonic meters are inferential meters that derive the fluid flow rate by measuring the transit
times of high-frequency sound pulses. Transit times are measured for sound pulses traveling
diagonally across the pipe, downstream with the flow, and also upstream against the flow. The
difference in these transit times is related to the average fluid flow velocity along the acoustic
paths. Numerical calculation techniques are then used to compute the average axial flow velocity
and the volume flow rate at line conditions through the meter.
The primary element is a tube containing at least one pair of transducers that generate and receive
sound waves, and cables to connect them to an electronic processor (Figure 13.2). The processor
operates the transducers, measures the travel speed of the sound waves, processes the data, and
records and displays the calculated volume and other data.
Output signals
Ultrasonic
processor
Meter body
Transducers
Figure 13.2. Ultrasonic meter

An electrical voltage vibrates the crystal or ceramic transducers, which creates sound waves in the
fluid (see Figure 13.3). Each transducer can also convert sound waves to an electric signal. The
processor measures the time it takes for sound to travel from one transducer to the other and back
again.
Path
1
Path
2
0.5r
0.5r
View A-A
Sonic
path
Figure 13.3. Path of the sound waves in an ultrasonic meter

Coriolis Meter
Coriolis meters measure the mass, or weight, of the fluid in the line, as well as the fluid density.
From these measurements the volume can then be calculated.
Drive
coil
Flow
Velocity
detectors
Figure 13.4. Coriolis meter
The Coriolis meter has a sensor element and a transmitter (Figure 13.4). The sensor element
consists of one or two flow tubes, a drive coil, and two pick-up coils (one for the left side and one
for the right side). The product flows through the tube(s). The drive coil, when energized, causes
the tubes to vibrate, and the flow of liquid through the tubes causes the tubes to twist (Figure 13.5
and Figure 13.6). This twisting is called the Coriolis effect. Each pick-up coil produces a sine wave
that is representative of the twisting action. The phase shift between the two sine waves is directly
proportional to the product’s mass flow (the greater the flow, the greater the phase shift). A
temperature sensor accounts for changes in the elasticity of the tube due to temperature.
As the density of the fluid increases, the frequency of tube oscillation decreases because of the
dampening effect of the heavier fluid. The transmitter measures this frequency.
The drive coil, pick-up coils, and the temperature sensor connect to the transmitter. The transmitter
processes the signals from the sensor, determines the density and the mass and/or volumetric flow,
and provides necessary inputs and outputs.
Coriolis meters have been in service for measuring petrochemicals, but with the publication of two
Draft API Standards in 2001, the industry is beginning use them for custody transfer measurement
of crude oil and refined products.

Fluid force
Vibrating
frequency
Fluid force
Figure 13.5. Vibration of the flow tubes
Twist
angle
Figure 13.6. Coriolis effect (twisting of the flow tubes)

Reference Documents
1. BP Measurement Manual, Part II — Natural Gas
2. BP Measurement Manual, Part III — Chemicals and Petrochemicals

“Concentric, Square-Edged Orifice Meters”
4. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Draft Standards

“Measurement of Single-Phase Intermediate and Finished Hydrocarbon Fluids by
Coriolis Meters”
“Measurement of Crude Oil by Coriolis Meters”

Chapter 14
Proving a Meter
Quick Reference
Safety
• Make sure the portable prover is grounded to prevent static Summary of Measurement
electricity buildup. Liquids
• Follow all applicable safety rules in the Pipelines (NA) Business 1. Check the operation of the
Unit Safety Manual. LACT/ACT unit and ELM
(Chapter 9).
Scope 2. Check meter operation
These procedures apply to proving meters on crude and product Chapter 13).
pipelines, using pipe provers or small-volume provers.
(Chapter 10).
Summary of Procedures for LACT Units 4. Analyze the samples as

• Prove LACT meters quarterly or every 50,000 barrels, whichever type of transaction and
product (Chapter 2,
comes first unless
◊ directed otherwise by regulatory or contractual obligations, 5. Prove the meter (Chapter
14).
◊ the fluid characteristics and operation require more frequent
proving, 6. Calibrate temperature and
◊ the flow rate increases or decreases by 15% or more, or 9).
◊ the gravity significantly changes. 7. Verify/calibrate the
densitometer, as
• Prove after replacing or repairing the meter. appropriate (Chapter 9).
• The meter factor is calculated from 5 consecutive runs, out of a 8. Record all results (Chapter
maximum of 10 runs, that agree (highest to lowest) to within 17).
0.05%.
• The new meter factor must be within ±0.0025 of the previous meter factor (under the same
operating conditions).
• In most locations, apply the meter factor to the entire ticket period (often the entire month).
• For leases under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) or Minerals
Management Service (MMS), apply the meter factor from the time of the proving forward and
not retroactive to the start of the ticketing period.

Summary of Procedures for ACT Units

• Prove ACT meters at least monthly on each product, or more often if
◊ the flow rate changes by 15% or more,
◊ the temperature changes by 5°F, or
◊ the gravity changes by 5°API.
• The meter factor is calculated from 5 consecutive runs, out of a maximum of 10 runs, that
agree (highest to lowest) to within 0.05%.
• The new meter factor must be within ±0.0015 of the previous meter factor (under the same
operating conditions).
Summary of Preventive Maintenance for Provers

• Monthly:
◊ Verify temperature and pressure indicators and transmitters.
◊ Verify that all valves are sealing properly.
◊ For bidirectional provers, verify that the four-way valve is sealing properly.
◊ For unidirectional provers, verify that the interchange is sealing properly.
• Every six months:
◊ Pull the prover sphere and inspect it for damage.
◊ Verify that the size is still the same as during the last prover calibration.
Proving a Meter September 2002 14.2


testing (see below)
method:

method:

• Pliers
Other:

Introduction
No meter can be absolutely accurate. To know the correct amount of oil being measured by a
meter, it is necessary to determine how well a particular meter is performing under real operating
conditions by proving it.
Proving involves measuring the liquid flow through the meter and through a prover and comparing
the two volumes. The two volumes are used to calculate the meter factor. All parties involved in a
custody transfer use the meter factor to correct any inaccuracy in the meter’s measurements until
the next scheduled proving.
The type of prover used depends on the volume of liquid to be measured and the nature of the
transfer.

When to Prove a Meter

In general, prove LACT meters quarterly or every 50,000 barrels, whichever comes first, unless
directed otherwise by regulatory or contractual obligations. The fluid characteristics and operation
may require more frequent proving; for example, if the flow rate changes by 15% or more or the
gravity significantly changes. In addition, prove after replacing or repairing the meter.
Prove ACT meters at least monthly or more often if the flow rate changes by 15% or more, the
temperature changes by 5°F, or the gravity changes by 5°API.

Procedures
Calibrate provers regularly, normally every year to three years (see Chapter 16, “Waterdraw
Calibration”). Keep provers in top mechanical condition to ensure accurate results. See
“Troubleshooting”below for details about maintaining provers.
During proving, the fluid properties (for example, API gravity), flow rate, pressure, and
temperature should be similar to those during normal operating conditions for the meter. The
specific procedure for proving a meter varies according to the type of proving device. For each
proving, however, follow the same procedure under the same operating conditions for each
proving run so that you can produce repeatable results.
Use the meter proving tool in the SMART program to enter proving data. SMART will then
calculate the new meter factor.
Preliminary Procedures for Stationary Provers

Follow these procedures before beginning the first proving run.
1. If a flow computer is not used for proving, record all data on a notepad for later entry
into SMART.
2. To establish flow through the prover, open the inlet and outlet block valves.
3. Make sure the block-and-bleed valve on the main line is closed and the four-way
diverter valve (on bidirectional provers) is open to one side of the prover.
• Check the block-and-bleed valve for leaks. Open the bleed valve to ensure that oil
is not leaking past the seals on the valve.
• Observe the pressure indicated on the cavity gauge of the four-way valve so you
will notice any rise in pressure during proving, which indicates a leak.
4. After diverting the oil into the prover, allow time for the prover temperature to
stabilize. The temperature is considered to be stabilized when the prover outlet
temperature is constant and agrees closely with the meter temperature.
5. To adjust the flow rate back to normal, lower the back-pressure setting on the meter.
Reset the back-pressure when you are finished proving.
6. If the meter is new or has been recently repaired, verify that the number of pulses
generated per barrel matches the meter manufacturer’s specifications as indicated on
the Meter Proving Report.
• Reset the electronic pulse counter to zero.
• Start the electronic pulse counter with the remote switch attached to the counter.
• Open the flow through the meter. After 10 barrels have been registered, stop the
electronic pulse counter. Read the counter.

• Using the following formula, calculate the pulses per barrel:
total pulses
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = pulses per barrel
closing meter reading – opening meter reading
7. Take a sample of the flowing oil and determine its gravity using a hydrometer (see
Chapter 2, “Gravity and Temperature Measurement in Tanks” and Chapter 10,
“Automatic Sampling”). Record the results so you can enter them later on the Meter
Proving Report.
8. Reset the electronic pulse counter to zero.
9. Set the four-way valve and launch the sphere for the first pass.
10. For a unidirectional prover, record the number of pulses at the end of the sphere (or
displacer) pass.
11. For a bidirectional prover, reverse the four-way valve to allow the sphere to change
directions, and record the number of pulses for the round trip.
12. Note the temperature and pressure of the prover and record the readings for this run. If
both inlet and outlet thermometers are available, average the two readings.
13. For a bidirectional prover, record the meter temperature (unless
temperature-compensated) and meter pressure.
14. Reset the prover counter and repeat steps 9-13 until you have accumulated data for 5
consecutive runs.
• If the results of the 5 runs meet BP Pipelines’ requirements of 0.05% repeatability
(see “Repeatability Requirements”below), stop.
• If not, continue the proving runs until you obtain 5 consecutive runs that are
repeatable. If you make 10 runs without meeting the repeatability requirements,
stop and determine the problem (see “Troubleshooting” below).
15. Return the flow through the LACT or ACT to normal.
16. Reset the back-pressure setting on the meter.
17. Complete the Meter Proving Report on your laptop.
18. Compare the new meter factor with the previous one. If the new meter factor varies
from the previous one by more than ±0.0015 for ACTs or more than ±0.0025 for
LACTs, identify the problem (see “Troubleshooting” below).

Procedures for Proving with a Portable Prover

If you are using a portable prover, follow these additional steps.
1. Ground the prover.

2. Hook up the hoses on the prover to the prover connections.
• Inspect the hoses for signs of wear or damage and make sure they have the correct
pressure rating.
• When removing the protective dust caps on the prover connections, loosen the
caps slowly to allow any built-up pressure to dissipate.
• If the prover is equipped with a vent valve, bleed the pressure before removing the
caps.
3. Establish flow through the prover and check for leaks.
4. Launch the prover sphere and bleed air from the vent valves while the sphere is in
motion. Be sure to bleed both prover chambers.
5. Verify that the prover counter is receiving signals from the pulse generator. Launch the
sphere a few times to make sure that the detector switches are gating properly.
6. Clear the counter and then follow steps 7-16 under “Proving with Stationary Provers”
above.
7. Block in and bleed pressure from the prover.
8. Disconnect the prover and reset the counter.
9. Stow all equipment and bleed pressure from the prover.
10. Clean the area.
11. Complete the Meter Proving Report on your laptop.
12. Compare the new meter factor with the previous one. If the new meter factor varies
from the previous one by more than ±0.0015 for ACTs or more than ±0.0025 for
LACTs, identify the problem (see “Troubleshooting” below).
Repeatability Requirements
The results of a meter proving must meet specific criteria that demonstrate repeatability. These
requirements are as follows:
• Calculate a meter factor using the average number of pulses from a series of 5 consecutive
round trips.
• Within the series, the total pulse counts must not vary by more than 0.05% between the highest
and lowest reading.

• If you cannot meet the criteria for repeatability in 10 round trips, stop and determine the
problem before continuing (see “Troubleshooting” below).
• For ACT locations, the new meter factor must be within ±0.0015 of the last meter factor for
this product. For LACT meters in crude oil service, the tolerance is ±0.0025. The previous
meter factor is shown on the Meter Proving Report.
• The meter factors should be trended, using the utility program in SMART, to monitor meter
performance and condition.
See also Chapter 15, “Design of Prover Systems” for design considerations that affect
repeatability.
Troubleshooting
When results from a meter proving are unacceptable or when there is other evidence that the meter
or the proving equipment is malfunctioning, you must determine the cause of the problem. This
section describes some of the most common difficulties that you may encounter in the proving
process and suggests ways of correcting them.
Proving problems tend to fall into two broad categories:
1. The pulse counts vary by more than 0.05% between the highest and lowest reading in
5 consecutive runs (nonrepeatability).
2. The new meter factor varies from the previous meter factor by more than ±0.0025 for
LACTs or more than ±0.0015 for ACTs. (These tolerances are valid only if the meter
was proved under the same operating conditions.)
Nonrepeatability
Nonrepeatability can have the following causes:
• Air or gas in the prover

• Unstable temperature
• Unstable flow rates
• Bad detector switches
• A nearby electrical field, two-way radios, or radio repeater stations, which can produce stray
pulses
• A defective prover sphere
• A leaking four-way valve (bidirectional prover)
• A leaking diverter valve (unidirectional prover)
The procedures for these checks are given below in “Procedures for Troubleshooting.”

Changing Meter Factor

A changing meter factor can often be traced to the following problems:
• Meter wear
• Deposits in the meter
• Flow rate of the oil
• Viscosity of the oil
• Temperature and pressure of the oil
• Air and vapor in the oil
• An overinflated or underinflated sphere
Use good judgment in evaluating widely divergent meter factors at a particular location. Repairing
or replacing a meter is expensive, so evaluate the meter thoroughly and perform extensive
troubleshooting procedures to prevent unnecessary costs. Table 14.1 summarizes some of the most
common causes of a fluctuating meter factor.
Table 14.1. Causes of Meter Factor Fluctuation
Cause Effect Meter Factor
Incrustation Lower meter registration Increases
Prover temperature too high Higher meter registration Decreases
Prover temperature too low Lower meter registration Increases
Air or gas in oil Higher meter registration Decreases
Leaking valve Higher meter registration Decreases
Piston wear Higher meter registration Decreases
Stray pulses to counter Higher meter registration Decreases
Loss of pulses to counter Lower meter registration Increases
Leakage around sphere Higher meter registration Decreases

Procedures for Troubleshooting

Check the following components and circumstances to investigate a changing meter factor or
repeatability problems.
1. Liquid changes
• When there is an unacceptable discrepancy between the new meter factor and the
previous one, review the characteristics of the oil. If there have been considerable
changes in the liquid since the previous proving, the new meter factor may be
valid. The changes may be in gravity, temperature, or type of crude/product.
2. Prover displacers
• Inspect prover displacers regularly for over- or underinflation. A deflated sphere
causes liquid to leak past the sphere, and the meter factor drops. Overinflated
spheres may cause the sphere to jump, which will produce uneven meter pulses.
The sphere should be 2-3% oversized.
• Overinflation causes increased wear and distortion of the sphere as well as
jumping of the sphere, which produces erratic pulse counts. Underinflation causes
high pulse counts and results in a meter factor that is too low.
3. Four-way diverter valve
• Check the four-way diverter valve prior to proving and then at least once during
proving.
• If the valve is sealing properly, the gauge should remain at a pressure significantly
lower than the prover pressure. Any rise in pressure indicates that the valve is
leaking.
• Leakage through the four-way valve causes an increase in pulse counts and thus a
lower meter factor.
4. Detector switches
• If you remove either switch on a prover, contact the Measurement Team, as the
prover must be recalibrated (waterdrawn) before using it again.
• Consult the manufacturer’s instructions before attempting any adjustments or
repairs to the switches.
5. Prover isolation valve (block-and-bleed valve)
• During proving operations, check all connecting valves for leaks. Make sure the
total flow from the meter (and only that flow) is flowing through the prover while
you are proving the meter.
• Any leakage causes higher pulse counts, resulting in a lower meter factor.

6. Meter back-pressure
• API recommends that the back-pressure be no less than 2 times the pressure drop
across the meter at the maximum operating flow rate plus 1.25 times the
equilibrium vapor pressure at measurement temperature. For crude oil, this means
that the system should be operated above 20 psi.
• Improper back-pressure causes the liquid to separate or flash, producing cavitation
in the meter. The meter will become very erratic under these conditions.
7. Check for air or vapor in the system.
8. Check pressure, temperature, and density-sensing devices for error.
9. Check all electrical equipment for any failures, including the pulse generator,
counters, coil, preamplifiers, signal transmission system, power supply, and all
readout devices.
10. Check for leakage from all isolation and diversion valves.
11. Check for proper gearing in the meter accessory drive.

Preventive Maintenance for Provers

Follow these procedures for maintaining a prover.
At least monthly:
1. Verify temperature and pressure indicators and transmitters.

2. Verify that all valves are sealing properly by checking bleeders.
• Check the body bleed on block-and-bleed valves.
• Check the bleeder between double block valves.
3. For bidirectional provers, verify that the four-way valve is sealing properly by
checking the differential pressure or by opening the body bleeder.
4. For unidirectional provers, verify that the interchange is sealing properly by checking
the differential pressure or opening the cavity bleeder.
Every six months:
1. Pull the prover sphere and inspect it for damage. Replace it with a new sphere if
damage is extensive.
2. Verify that the size is still the same as during the last prover calibration.
• Measure the sphere around two axes (the seam and fill ports). The two readings
should agree within 1%. See Table 16.2 for the acceptable tolerance for various
sizes of spheres.
• If the sphere needs to be resized, use a 50-50 mix of water and antifreeze.
3. Reinstall provers with adjustable sphere ramps according to the manufacturer’s
recommendations to prevent sphere damage.

More About It
Here you will find the following figure:
• Figure 14.1. Sample proving report
Before you prove a meter for the first time, examine a sample Meter Proving Report to familiarize
yourself with the information that SMART provides on the form and the kinds of proving data that
you are expected to provide.

Figure 14.1. Sample proving report

Reference Documents
“Proving Systems”
2. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist IV – Module 4

3. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist III – Module 1

“Meter Prover Calibrations”

Chapter 15
Design of Prover Systems
Quick Reference
Scope
This chapter describes the design of meter proving systems, including Summary of Measurement
bidirectional provers, unidirectional provers, and small-volume Liquids
provers.
Summary of Prover System Design (Chapter 9).
• Flow rate 2. Check meter operation
◊ Use a bidirectional prover when the flow rate is less than 3,000 Chapter 13).
bph (usually costs less).
◊ Use a unidirectional prover when the flow rate is more than (Chapter 10).
5,000 bph (usually costs less). 4. Analyze the samples as
◊ Either type may be specified for flow rates between 3,000 and required for the specific
5,000 bph.
product (Chapter 2,
• Prover repeatability must be ±0.02%. Chapter 5, Chapter 6).
• The meter must produce at least 10,000 pulses per proving pass 5. Prove the meter (Chapter
14).
unless double chronometry is used.
• Recommended displacer velocity pressure devices (Chapter
9).
◊ Maximum of 5 feet per second (fps) for bidirectional pipe
provers 7. Verify/calibrate the
densitometer, as
◊ Maximum of 10 fps for unidirectional pipe provers appropriate (Chapter 9).
◊ Minimum of 0.5 fps for nonlubricating fluids 8. Record all results (Chapter
17).
• Volume between detector switches should be at least 50 gallons.
• Fluid velocity through the four-way valve should be a maximum of
15 fps for bidirectional provers.
• The prerun must be designed so that before the sphere reaches the
first detector switch,
◊ the four-way valve completely seats (bidirectional prover),
◊ the interchange completely seals (unidirectional prover).

Introduction
This chapter outlines the design of systems using bidirectional and unidirectional provers. Using
the correct size and type of prover for the operating conditions, fluid characteristics, and
repeatability requirements is crucial to accurate meter proving.
Design of Prover Systems September 2002 15.2

Installation and Operating Requirements for Provers

Many criteria affect the design of a prover/meter system. Table 15.1 below shows some of the
important considerations.
Table 15.1. Effect of Various Criteria on the Design of a Prover System
Design Criteria Design Impact
Operating conditions Flow rate Type of prover:

• Use either type of prover for flow velocities
up to 5 fps.
• Use unidirectional provers up to 10 fps.
Operating pressure Pipe wall and flange ratings
Ambient and operating Transducer/gauge ranges

temperature
Allowable pressure drop As prover diameter increases, prover pressure

drops.
Fluid characteristics Lubricity All provers should have a baked-on phenolic

internal coating.
Operation Repeatability Resolution of meter pulse generator

requirements (see Resolution of detectors
“Repeatability Resolution of prover counter
Considerations” below)
Installation Locate prover as close to meter as practical.

Space limitations may affect prover diameter,
distance between detectors, and prerun
length.
Size Ease in calibration Minimum volume of 50 gallons between

detectors. Larger prover volumes should be
rounded up to the next 25-gallon increment,
for example, 75 gal., 100 gal., 125 gal., etc.*
* The minimum volume and rounding requirements do not apply to small-volume ballistic provers.

Repeatability Considerations
Prover repeatability (see Chapter 14, “Proving a Meter”) relies on these design considerations:
• Resolution of the meter pulse generator — how many pulses per unit volume are generated by
the meter being proven?
• Resolution of the detectors — within what distance can the detectors detect the presence of the
prover sphere?
• Resolution of the prover counter — electronic counters can indicate pulse intervals to within
±1 interval.
Resolution of the Meter Pulse Generator

To prove a meter that has a pulsed output, a pipe prover must collect a minimum number of pulses
during the proving period during each proving run. Meter gearing in LACT meters smaller than 6
inches should produce a minimum of 8,400 pulses/bbl. Some ACT meters (especially helical
turbine meters) may producer fewer pulses/bbl and usually require pulse interpolation, a type of
double chronometry, to be used.
Resolution of the Detectors

To determine the minimum volume of liquid that passes between the detectors during proving, use
this formula:
N
minimum volume, in barrels = ----
K
where N = the number of pulses per prover pass
K = the number of pulses per barrel from the meter
Assume the number of pulses per pass N to be at least 10,000. If the meter is a 6-inch PD meter,
then the number of pulses per barrel (K) is 8,400.
Using N = 10,000 and K = 8,400 in the equation gives 1.19 barrels, which equals about 50 gallons.
Thus the calibrated section of the prover (volume between detector switches) should be at least 50
gallons.

Prover Sizing
The prover must be sized so that the following considerations are met.
• Prover system repeatability must be ±0.02% (see Chapter 16, “Waterdraw Calibration”).
• The meter must produce at least 10,000 pulses per proving pass.
• Recommended displacer velocity is
◊ a maximum of 5 feet per second (fps) for bidirectional pipe provers,
◊ a maximum of 10 fps for unidirectional pipe provers,
◊ a minimum of 0.5 fps for nonlubricating fluids.
• Volume between detector switches is at least 50 gallons (in nominal 25-gallon increments; that
is, the volume should be 50 gallons, 75 gallons, 100 gallons, etc.).
• Fluid velocity through the four-way valve is a maximum of 15 fps for bidirectional pipe
provers.
Prover Diameter
The diameter of the prover for a given flow rate is also important. As the prover diameter increases,
• the displacer velocity drops,

• the distance between detectors decreases,
• the prerun length decreases, and
• the size and cost of the prover increase.
The formula for estimating prover diameter based on flow rate is as follows:
0.3F
-----------
d = v
where d = the estimated prover diameter in inches
F = flow rate in barrels per hour
v = displacer velocity in feet per second

Minimum Distance between Detectors

To find the minimum distance between detectors, determine the minimum one-way
(unidirectional) or round trip (bidirectional) length using each of these equations:
4 × detector error
minimum trip length, in inches = -----------------------------------------
0.02%
or
minimum trip length, in inches = 10, 000 (minimum number of meter pulses per run) × 2 × detector error
Divide the answers to each equation by 12 to get the minimum trip distance in feet for a
unidirectional prover. For a bidirectional prover, divide again by 2 to get the one-way distance.
After performing both calculations, consider the larger of the two results as the minimum trip
length for the prover.
Refer to Table 15.2 below to find the detector error for various prover sizes.
Table 15.2. Approximate Detector Error for Pipe Provers
Prover Pipe Size Approximate Detector Error*
6" 0.0366
8" 0.0392
10" 0.059
12" 0.0792
16" 0.12
20" 0.168
24" 0.2208
30" 0.309
* Verify approximate detector error and all prover calculations with the manufacturer.

Minimum Prerun Length

Determine the minimum prerun length using these equations:
minimum prerun length, in feet = C × displacer velocity, in fps
The value of C depends on whether you are using a bidirectional or unidirectional prover. For
bidirectional provers,
C = valve closing time, in sec + 0.5 sec (safety factor)
Table 15.3 shows typical valve actuator times. This is the total time for the valve to unseat, lift,
turn, and reseat. The valve closing time is equal to half of the total actuator time. For example, the
valve closing time for an 8-inch valve is 2.5 sec. (5.0 sec. divided by 2), and C is 3 sec. (2.5 + 0.5).
Table 15.3. Typical Actuator Times for Four-way Valves
General Twin Seal 300# Typical Actuator Time*

Four-way Valve Size (seconds)
3" 2.15
4" 2.6
6" 3.55
8" 5.0
10" 5.7
12" 5.25 or 9.45
16" 8.5
* Verify four-way valve closing times and all prover calculations with the manufacturer.
For unidirectional provers,
C = sphere interchange seal time, in sec + 0.5 sec (safety factor)
The time for a sphere interchange to seal depends on the type and manufacturer of the interchange.

Sphere Type
The sphere material used depends on the type of liquid in the pipeline. The numbers for the
polyurethane spheres in Table 15.4 indicate the hardness of the material, with higher numbers
being harder.
Table 15.4. Type of Sphere to Use for Various Liquids
Recommended Operating
Sphere Material Service
Temperature
Neoprene (black) -20° to 280°F General-purpose

hydrocarbons and chemicals
Polyurethane (53 yellow) -20° to 170°F (in oil) Special services, crude
Polyurethane (58 green) -20° to 140°F (in water) Special services
Polyurethane (66 red) -20° to 170°F (in oil) Toluene, propylene, xylene,
-20° to 140°F (in water) unleaded gasolines, special
services
Polyurethane (70 blue) -20° to 225°F MTBE, H2S

Reference Documents
“Proving Systems”
2. BP Self-Study Book, Field Specialist IV, Module 4


Chapter 16
Waterdraw Calibration
Quick Reference
Safety
Scope
These procedures for calibrating provers apply to conventional unidirectional and bidirectional
provers, as well as small-volume provers.
Summary of Prover Preparation

• Isolate the prover from the pipeline.
• Verify the condition and operation of the four-way valve and prover switches.
• Inflate a new sphere to the same size as the previous calibration or 3% over the prover’s
internal diameter (ID) and lubricate it with white lithium-based grease.
• Clean the prover and fill it with clean, deaerated water.
Safety Reminder
• The proper safe handling and disposal of the water used in prover
calibrations is the responsibility of the local field personnel.
Summary of Responsibilities for Witnessing Prover Calibration

• The contractor must change the fill rate of each run (round trip or one-way trip for
unidirectional provers) by at least 25%, preferably 50%, from the previous run. Normally, fill
rates are alternated between fast and slow runs.
• Three consecutive trips must agree to within 0.02% of each other.
• Sign and verify the waterdraw calibration worksheet.

Introduction
Calibrating, or verifying, a prover’s volume at standard conditions ensures that it is measuring
accurately. BP Pipelines uses the waterdraw method to calibrate pipe provers and small-volume
provers (see BP Self-Study Book “Meter Prover Calibrations” for more information about the
waterdraw method).
BP Pipelines generally contracts with outside vendors to perform the waterdraw calibrations. BP
Pipelines personnel prepare the prover for the waterdraw, witness the procedure, and must make
sure that the calibrations are done properly and that the contractor meets high standards of quality
and safety.
Waterdraw Calibration September 2002 16.2

When To Calibrate a Prover

Calibrate provers on the following schedules.
• Portable provers: Recalibrate once a year, or at least every 3 years.

• Stationary pipe provers currently in use: Recalibrate every 3 years, or at least every 5 years.
Calibration frequency can vary depending on the volume through the system and the
frequency of provings.
• Newly installed (or reworked) stationary provers: Calibrated by the manufacturer. Check the
calibration within one year of installation.
◊ If this check agrees within 0.04% of the originally calibrated volume, use the new
volume and recalibrate the prover on the regular calibration schedule.
◊ If a prover does not repeat within 0.04% of the originally calibrated volume, use the
new volume as the correct volume and recalibrate the prover within a year. The two
volumes determined within one year of each other must agree within 0.04%. If they
do, then recalibrate on the regular calibration schedule.
• If the prover does not meet this requirement, check it to determine why it does not meet
calibration standards. It may be necessary to repair the prover equipment or revise the
conditions under which the prover is calibrated. After it is repaired or after the conditions are
changed, follow the policies for a newly installed stationary prover.
• If either detector switch is removed for repair or replacement, the prover must be recalibrated
before being placed back into service since this may change how the switches operate and thus
affect the calibrated volume if the prover. This includes adjusting the reed switch inside the
detector switch. Contact the Pipeline Measurement Team to schedule a recalibration. If it is
impractical to perform the calibration at that time (for example, midwinter in cold climates),
the Measurement Team may allow the prover to be placed back into service until a calibration
can be scheduled. However, you must recalculate every meter ticket generated from the time
the prover is repaired until the recalibration and generate correction tickets.
• Clean the prover and fill it with clean, deaerated water.
Reminder
• If either the detector switch or one of its components is removed from
the prover for repair, replacement, or adjustment, the prover must be
recalibrated.

Preparation Procedures for Waterdraw Calibration

The field specialist must take all of the following steps before each waterdraw calibration.
Preparing Pipe Provers

Follow these steps for preparing pipe provers.
1. Check the four-way diverter valve or interchange to make sure the seals are holding
under water pressure during the flushing and recirculating process. Replace the slips
or seals, if necessary.
2. Prepare the prover sphere.
• It is recommended that a new prover sphere be used for the waterdraw calibration.
• The sphere used for the waterdraw should be the same sphere used in normal
operation of the prover. (See Table 16.1 under “More About It” for the types of
sphere to use for various liquids.)
• You may use the existing sphere if it is in good condition and all witnesses agree.
• Inspect it to make sure the sphere has no cuts, soft spots, or flat spots.
• The sphere should be round. Determine the roundness by comparing the
measurement around the seam of the sphere to the measurement around the fill
valves. The two measurements should agree to within 1%. (See Table 16.2 under
“More About It” for sphere roundness tolerances.)
• After inspecting the sphere, inflate the sphere to the same size that was used at the
last calibration, or to 3% over the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe, by pumping a
mixture of 50% antifreeze and 50% water into the sphere. (The maximum
oversizing is normally 5%, but see Table 16.3 under “More About It” for
additional sphere sizing information.)
• Lubricate the sphere with a water-soluble, lithium-based grease so that it will
move smoothly through the pipe.
• If the prover has adjustable ramps, the ramps must be reinstalled in accordance
with the manufacturer’s recommended procedures to prevent sphere damage.
3. Make sure the detector switches are in perfect condition and are operating properly.
The sphere must move freely and trip each detector as it passes so that the volume
measured on each run is accurate.
• Remove and clean all mechanical switches and plunger parts. Lubricate them
freely and work them several times to assure freedom of movement. Reinstall and
adjust each part, making and breaking switch connections with an ohmmeter.
Make all repairs and adjustment according to the manufacturer’s
recommendations.

4. The water inlet and outlet of the prover should have 2-inch NPT threaded connections
with a male or female end.
5. Isolate the prover from the pipeline.
• Insert isolation blinds or blind flanges as close to the prover as possible.
• Double block-and-bleed-type valves do not need to be blinded if you can verify
their sealing integrity before the calibration.
6. Clean the inside of the prover.
• For a crude oil prover, flush with gasoline, solvent, or any agent that is soluble
with crude. DO NOT USE SOAP TO CLEAN THE PROVER! Immediately
following, flush several times with water (saltwater can be used, but fresh water is
preferred). Flush the prover until no oil or film appears.
◊ During the flushing process, shift the four-way valve several times as oil may
collect here and cause problems during the calibration procedure.
◊ Vent the four-way valve cavity by removing the pressure gauge if necessary.
◊ Vent all lines, if possible, to clear other points where oil or product may be
trapped.
◊ Allow the prover to sit overnight with water in it. Flush again the next day until
oil scum no longer appears. During this flushing, be sure to shift the four-way
valve several times to run the sphere around the prover loop from side to
side—left to right and right to left—to clean all foreign material from the
interior of the prover. Steam cleaning a prover is a good method of flushing if
steam is available.
• For provers with finished products, flushing with water is usually adequate as they
are normally clean.
7. Check the water.
• Use only clean, deaerated, potable water to calibrate the prover. The prover may
be cleaned and flushed with saltwater if fresh water is not available, but the final
rinse should be with fresh water.
• The amount of water needed for flushing and calibrating will vary according to the
size of the prover. For example, 1,500 gallons are needed for an eight-barrel,
bidirectional prover after it has been cleaned—1,000 gallons for the reservoir in
the waterdraw trailer and 500 gallons for the prover.

Preparing Small-Volume Provers

Follow these steps for preparing small-volume provers.
1. Make sure the prover has a 2-inch connection on the inlet and outlet of the prover for
water.
2. If the prover is new, you may need to install the outlets.
3. Flushing procedures for a small-volume prover are basically the same as for other
provers. Use the inlet and outlet hoses to flush the prover, check for leaks while
flushing, and replace seals if necessary.
4. Check the switches to make sure they are functioning properly.
Other Preparations
In addition to these steps, there may be procedures specific to certain brands of provers. For all
types of provers, the waterdraw contractor will do the following:
1. The contractor levels the trailer containing the water reservoir and test measures and
attaches it to a power supply.
2. The contractor wires the prover’s detector switches to an alarm in the trailer to
indicate when the prover sphere first makes contact and when it moves past each
detector switch.
3. The contractor connects the prover to the trailer with inlet and outlet hoses. A pump on
the trailer withdraws water from the trailer’s reservoir and circulates it through the
connecting hoses through the prover and test measures and back to the reservoir once
all preparations for proving have been completed.
4. The contractor will verify the size of the prover sphere.

Control Solenoid valves

panel PI
(normally open)
Vent
Gauge
glass
Test
Measure
#5 Test Test
Test Test measure measure
meas. measure #2 #1
#4 #3
Water reservoir tank
Centrifugal Pressure gauge and

pump temperature indicator
(both sides)
Vent
Four-way Block-and-bleed
diverter valve valve
Detector Sphere
switches
Figure 16.1. Waterdraw calibration unit

Procedures for Calibrating a Pipe Prover Using the Waterdraw

Method
Generally, bidirectional and unidirectional provers are calibrated the same way, except there is
only a single one-way trip in a unidirectional prover.
1. Before the calibration can begin, the contractor must determine the number and sizes
of the test measures that will be needed to certify the volume of the prover. The
contractor determines the number of times each test measure will be filled, making
sure that the final fill will reach the gauge glass so that the level can be read. The liquid
level must reach the scale on the final fill or it will not be possible to certify the prover
volume.
2. The contractor fills the prover with clean water and makes sure all the air has been
vented from the prover—before calibration begins. To make sure all air has been
removed, the contractor launches the sphere and moves it through the prover, bleeding
air as the sphere moves. The contractor will continue to move the sphere through the
prover until all air has been removed and the prover and water temperatures are
stabilized.
3. After circulating water through the test measures to make sure they are wet before the
calibration begins, the contractor then drains the water from the test measures but not
from the prover. Adequate time must be allowed for the test measure to drain properly.
• For NIST test measures without drain-down valves, drain-down time is 10
seconds.
• For NIST test measures with drain-down valves, drain-down time is 30 seconds.
4. To start the calibration, the contractor cycles the four-way diverter valve on the prover
and places the sphere in a launching position.
5. Next, the contractor begins drawing water through a bypass valve to bypass the test
measures and deliver water directly into the reservoir.
6. The water continues to flow into the reservoir tank until the sphere makes contact with
the first detector switch. At this point, the contractor stops the flow of water and
reverses the four-way valve. The contractor will withdraw water to bring the sphere
past the switch to a point where the switch is de-energized (the sphere has moved just
off the switch).
7. The contractor then reverses the four-way valve and moves the sphere toward the
switch by withdrawing water through one of the solenoid valves. As the water moves
through the solenoid valve, the contractor reads and records the system pressure
indicated on the pressure gauge on the waterdraw manifold.
8. When the sphere contacts the detector switch, the solenoid valve closes, which stops
all flow through the prover and the test measures. At this point, the contractor closes
the block valve downstream of the solenoid valve to prevent additional flow through
the valve.

9. The contractor then opens the main valve to allow water to flow into the first test
measure. When the sphere moves off the switch, the solenoid valve reopens. During
the withdrawal of the first one-third of the volume of the prover, the contractor reads
and records the temperature at the outlet of the prover.
10. The contractor continues withdrawing water until the sphere is approximately 1 gallon
short of the second detector switch. The contractor determines how close the sphere is
to the switch by reading how much water has been withdrawn from the prover and
delivered into the test measures.
11. At this point, the contractor will stop drawing water through the main outlet manifold
valve and will continue filling the final test measure by drawing water through the
solenoid valve line.
12. During this first run, the contractor will time the fill rate of one of the test measures.
The contractor will determine this fill rate in gallons per minute (gpm) by taking the
volume in the test measure and dividing that number by the time required to fill it. The
contractor reads and records the gpm on the calibration worksheet. The contractor
determines this rate to use as a point of reference. During subsequent runs, the
contractor will decrease or increase the rate by at least 25% to verify that there is no
leakage around the sphere.
13. The contractor also reads and records the average prover pressure during the
waterdraw through the solenoid valve so that, if necessary, a correction for pressure on
steel can be calculated.
14. When the sphere energizes the second switch, the run is over. The contractor has
completed a one-way trip through the prover. This one-way trip may be left-to-right-
or right-to-left, depending on how the contractor launched the sphere at the start of the
run.
15. In a bidirectional prover, the contractor reverses the four-way valve and repeats the
above operation from step 5 to step 14 in the opposite direction to complete a round
trip, or run. In a unidirectional pipe prover, the run is only a one-way trip.
16. After each one-way trip, the water levels in each test measure must be read and
recorded on the calibration worksheet (see Figure 16.2 under “More About It”).
17. The contractor reads the bottom of the meniscus on the scale on the test measure’s
gauge glass. The contractor then drains the test measures to prepare for the next trip.
While the water is draining, the contractor determines the temperature of the water
draining from each test measure with a certified thermometer and records it.
18. After each run, the fill rate (gpm) should be changed (faster or slower than the
previous one) by at least 25% (BP Pipelines prefers a 50% change if that is possible).
• Normally, the second run is slower than the first run. The third run is then set at
the same rate as the first run, and so on. The preferred sequence of runs is “fast,
slow, fast.”
• At the discretion and concurrence of all parties, the contractor may alter the

preferred order in which the flow rate is changed. However, the flow rate for at
least one trip for a unidirectional prover and at least one round trip for a
bidirectional prover must be changed by at least 25%.
Note: At least one of the runs is a slow run to assure that there is no leakage around the sphere.
19. With a bidirectional prover, the contractor will continue making runs until 3
consecutive round trip volumes, corrected for temperature and pressure, agree within
0.020%. The corrected volume for consecutive passes in the same direction making up
these round trips must also agree within 0.020%. The calibration passes in opposite
directions do not necessarily have to agree.
20. With a unidirectional prover, the 3 consecutive one-way trips must agree within
0.020%.
21. The average of the 3 round trip corrected volumes is considered the base volume of a
bidirectional prover at standard conditions. The average of the 3 consecutive one-way
trips is the base volume of a unidirectional prover.
Procedures for Calibrating a Small-Volume Prover Using the

Waterdraw Method
The procedures to follow in calibrating small-volume provers vary with the type and manufacturer.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedures. However, 3 consecutive runs, with at least a
25% flow rate change between runs, are required. The runs still need to meet the same 0.020%
tolerances as conventional provers.

Calibration Calculations
Almost all calibration contractors prefer to use computers to calculate waterdraw calibrations. The
computer calculations can be accepted, provided the Pipeline Measurement Team verifies the
computation software with periodic manual calculation checks.
BP Pipelines employees who witness a calibration must sign and verify a worksheet that shows the
calibration data (test measure readings, prover and test measure temperatures, pressures, etc.). This
worksheet (see Figure 16.2 under “More About It”) must be completed in ink. Keep a copy of this
sheet in the file along with the calculation data.

More About It
Here you will find the following figures and tables:
• Figure 16.2. Waterdraw calibration worksheet

• Table 16.1. Type of Sphere to Use for Various Liquids
• Table 16.2. Sphere Roundness Verification
• Table 16.3. Minimum Inflation Percentages for Given Pipe Sizes

Figure 16.2. Waterdraw calibration worksheet

Sphere Type
The sphere material used depends on the type of liquid in the pipeline. The numbers for the
polyurethane spheres indicate the hardness of the material, with higher numbers being harder.
Table 16.1. Type of Sphere to Use for Various Liquids
Recommended Operating
Sphere Material Service
Temperature
Neoprene (black) -20 to 280°F General-purpose

hydrocarbons and chemicals
Polyurethane (53 yellow) -20 to 170°F (in oil) Special services, crude
Polyurethane (58 green) -20 to 140°F (in water) Special services
Polyurethane (66 red) -20 to 170°F (in oil) Toluene, propylene, xylene,
-20 to 140°F (in water) unleaded gasolines, special
services
Polyurethane (70 blue) -20 to 225°F MTBE, H2S

Sphere Roundness
Verify the roundness of the sphere by determining its circumference around two separate axes
perpendicular to each other. A circumference variation in the sphere (that is, the difference in
length around these two perpendicular axes) of more than 1% of the nominal circumference is
considered out-of-round.
Measuring the sphere, first around its equator and then around its polar axis, usually across the two
valve holes, and comparing the difference between the two measurements according to Table 16.2
will verify sphere roundness.
Example
According to the table below, a 6-inch sphere with a nominal circumference of 19 inches would be
expected to have a circumference variation around two axes no greater than 3/16 inch to be in
round.
Alternatively, a 30-inch sphere with a nominal circumference of 94 inches, and with a

circumference variation around two axes greater than 15/16 inch, would be considered
out-of-round.
Table 16.2. Sphere Roundness Verification
Recommended
Nominal
Sphere Size Tolerance
Circumference
(1% Deviation)
6" 19" 3/16"
8" 25" 1/4"
10" 31" 5/16"
12" 38" 3/8"
14" 44" 7/16"
16" 50" 1/2"
18" 57" 9/16"
20" 63" 5/8"
22" 69" 11/16"

Table 16.2. Sphere Roundness Verification, continued
Recommended
Nominal
Sphere Size Tolerance
Circumference
(1% Deviation)
24" 75" 3/4"
26" 82" 13/16"
28" 88" 7/8"
30" 94" 15/16"
36" 113" 1-1/8"
42" 132" 1-5/16"
48" 151" 1-1/2"
Sphere Sizing
The sphere is oversized by inflating it during calibration to compensate for piping irregularities,
such as an oval pipe cross section, coating problems, or mandrel marks in the 90° bends and in the
180° returns. However, too much oversizing may cause the sphere to chatter. Undersized or
oversized spheres may cause leakage past the sphere or erratic detector switch activation.
If the prover is constructed with openings in the calibrated section (such as vents, drains, detector
holes, or flange separations, etc.) that are wider than the surface sealing width of the sphere, a
momentary leak path can exist. For example, an 8-inch standard-wall pipe prover with a 1/2-inch
vent opening will require a prover sphere oversized by approximately 4% (0.66 inch in this
example) to span the opening width by a comfortable margin.
Table 16.3 shows the minimum additional sealing width (sphere inflation) required to span
openings in the measuring section. Other criteria for sizing the sphere must also be considered,
such as pipe openings.

Table 16.3. Minimum Inflation Percentages for Given Pipe Sizes
% Oversize % Oversize % Oversize % Oversize % Oversize

Nominal
Pipe ID Sphere Sealing Sphere Sealing Sphere Sealing Sphere Sealing Sphere Sealing
Pipe Size
Inflation Width Inflation Width Inflation Width Inflation Width Inflation Width
6 6.065 2% 0.25 2.5% 0.31 3% 0.37 4% 0.50 5% 0.64
8 7.981 2% 0.33 2.5% 0.41 3% 0.49 4% 0.66 5% 0.84
10 10.02 2% 0.41 2.5% 0.51 3% 0.62 4% 0.83 5% 1.05
12 12 2% 0.49 3% 0.74 4% 1.00 5% 1.26 6% 1.53
14 13.25 2% 0.54 3% 0.82 4% 1.10 5% 1.39 6% 1.69
16 15.25 2% 0.62 3% 0.94 4% 1.27 5% 1.60 6% 1.94
18 17.25 2% 0.70 3% 1.07 4% 1.44 5% 1.81 6% 2.20
20 19.25 2% 0.79 3% 1.19 4% 1.60 5% 2.02 6% 2.45
22 21.25 2% 0.87 3% 1.31 4% 1.77 5% 2.23 6% 2.71
24 23.25 2% 0.95 3% 1.44 4% 1.94 5% 2.44 6% 2.96
26 25.25 3% 1.56 4% 2.10 5% 2.65 6% 3.22 7% 3.79
28 27.25 3% 1.68 4% 2.27 5% 2.86 6% 3.47 7% 4.09
30 29.25 3% 1.81 4% 2.43 5% 3.07 6% 3.72 7% 4.39
36 35.00 3% 2.16 4% 2.91 5% 3.68 65 4.46 7% 5.25
42 41.00 3% 2.53 4% 3.41 5% 4.31 6% 5.22 7% 6.15
48 47.00 3% 2.91 4% 3.91 5% 4.94 6% 5.99 7% 7.05
Note: All dimensions are in inches.

Reference Documents
“Conventional Pipe Provers”

“Small-Volume Provers”
3. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 4.9, Part 1

“Determination of the Volume of Displacement and Tank Provers by the Waterdraw
Method of Calibration”
4. BP Self-Study Guide, Field Specialist III – Module 1

“Meter Prover Calibrations”

Chapter 17
Claims and Adjustments, Using SMART
Quick Reference
Security
• Do not reveal your SMART password to anyone.
Scope
This chapter tells you when and how to make claims and adjustments and how to use SMART
(software you will use to create measurement tickets and reports). This chapter applies to custody
transfer of all types of petroleum liquids in tanks and pipelines.
Claims and Adjustments

Reasons for claims or adjustments:
• A tank burns or fails while on line.

• The producer removes hydrocarbons from a tank while on line.
• Security seals are broken while a tank is on line.
• The tank stop valve is mistakenly sealed open.
• The LACT/ACT measurement equipment malfunctions.
Procedure for making claims or adjustments:
• Provide full details of the claim and recommendation for fair settlement on a claim
memorandum.
• The lease producer must provide a notarized affidavit when filing a claim.
• After investigating and verifying the claim, retain all original paperwork in the field office.

Ticketing Software Capabilities

Field specialists use measurement software for these tasks:
• Downloading the latest data about tank or meter locations

• Updating or creating new tank or meter records
• Creating tickets and reports
• Determining meter factor trends
Ticket Distribution and Storage

• Print out at least two copies of each ticket or report.
• Obtain the signature of the witness on the paper copies.
• Keep a signed paper copy and all supporting documents (such as records of calibration checks)
in the field office.
• Give a paper copy to the witness.
• Retain copies of all tickets for 5 years.
Claims and Adjustments, Using SMART September 2002 17.2

Introduction
An adjustment is a correction to a measured volume in a custody transfer. An adjustment may be
necessary due to a security breach, equipment failure, or human error. A claim is a demand for
compensation in the event of such a problem. Any involved party may make a claim and the parties
may agree to make an adjustment to settle the claim.
Report writing and record keeping are important aspects of your job. Collecting accurate data and
entering the data correctly will help ensure measurement integrity and aid in the settlement of
claims or making of adjustments. Reports and records also provide a valuable source of
information about the specifications and performance history of pipeline equipment.
BP Pipelines’ SMART software generates and stores most of the reports and tickets that the
company has developed to meet industry requirements for reporting and record keeping. In
addition, the SMART system is a repository of meter and tank records that you can consult as a
reference.
What You Will Need

• Laptop computer
• Printer

Procedures for Making Claims and Adjustments

Table 17.1 shows what actions to take when a claim or adjustment is necessary.
Table 17.1. When to File a Claim or Adjustment
Problem Action
• Tank burns or fails on line • Seal tank stop valve closed with a regular
or seal.
• Producer removes hydrocarbon from an • Record second gauge, gravity, and
on-line tank temperature readings on a claim
or memorandum and attach it to the run ticket.
• Seal is broken while tank is on line Do not record the second readings on the
run ticket.
• Report in writing all known details of the
tank failure or burning to your supervisor.
• Tank stop valve is sealed open • Seal tank stop valve closed with a seal.
• Report in writing all known details to your
supervisor.
• Obtain a notarized affidavit from the
producer stating the estimated amount of
hydrocarbon in question.*
• Record both the regular seal of the first run
and a special seal as the “off seal” number
on the next run ticket.
• Hydrocarbon run into an on-line tank • Seal tank stop valve closed with a seal.
• Record second gauge, gravity, and
temperature readings on the run ticket.
• Report in writing all known details to your
supervisor.
• Producer must submit a notarized affidavit
stating the estimated amount of
hydrocarbon in question.*
• LACT or ACT measurement equipment • Shut the unit down.

malfunctions (meter, S&W monitor, • Report in writing all known details to your
diverter valve, etc.) supervisor.
• Close the current ticket.
* When a lease producer files a claim, a notarized affidavit is required to satisfy royalty and various government agency
regulations. An affidavit is not normally required from other pipeline companies or refineries filing claims.

Claims
Procedures for filing a claim:
1. Fully investigate all aspects of the claim in cooperation with the producer or other
involved parties.
2. Record the details of your investigation.
3. Obtain a notarized affidavit from the producer, if required (see Table 17.1 above).
4. Submit the memorandum, affidavit, and run ticket to your supervisor for review. Keep
the originals of these documents in the local field office.
A claim must include the following information:
• Full details of the claim, including but not limited to the gross barrels, temperature, S&W, API
gravity, meter factor, and tank number.
◊ Include the API gravity and agreed net barrels when the exact temperature and S&W
are not available.
• A recommendation for fair settlement of the claim.
Figure 17.1 under “More About It” at the end of this chapter shows a sample claim.
Adjustments
A notarized affidavit from the producer to BP Pipelines must include the following:
• Full details of the claim, including but not limited to the gross barrels, temperature, S&W, API
gravity, meter factor, and tank number.
◊ The API gravity and agreed net barrels when the exact temperature and S&W
are not available must be included.
Send copies of all documentation supporting claims to the Manager of Oil Movements for
reconciliation in SMART.
Figure 17.2 under “More About It” at the end of this chapter shows a sample affidavit.

Procedures for Using the SMART Measurement Software

for Ticketing and Reports
You will use the SMART measurement software for these four tasks:
• Downloading the latest data about the locations you are responsible for
• Updating or creating new tank or meter records
• Creating tickets and reports
• Determining meter factor trends
See the BP Self-Study Book “Ticket Writing (SMART)” for more detailed instructions than are
provided in this manual.
Creating Tickets and Reports

The types of tickets and reports the software will generate are these:
• Tank custody transfer tickets

• Meter custody transfer tickets
• Tank inventory tickets (station tanks)
• Meter proving reports
• Meter factor records
Corrections to Tickets
To correct the information on a custody transfer ticket, open the original ticket and make the
change to the necessary fields. After making these changes, SMART will prompt you to give a
reason for the change. This explanation will then be printed on the ticket.
To correct a ticket for the current month or the past two months, use the SMART Mobile Module.
To correct a ticket from an earlier cycle, you must use the Operations Module.

Distribution of Tickets and Reports

After you have finished entering all the information, follow these steps.
• Check each ticket or report after entering data.

◊ Review it to make sure that you have provided all the required information and that it
is correct.
◊ Be sure you have typed the name of the witness in the Witness field.
• When you print out copies of the document, make at least two copies — one for the field office
and one for the witness. Some field specialists also like to make a third copy for their own
records.
• Obtain the signature of the witness on the paper copies.
• Turn in a signed paper copy and all supporting documents (such as records of calibration
checks) to the field office.
The electronic version of all tickets and reports is stored in SMART’s Operations Module for the
life of the system. A paper copy of each ticket and report must stay on file at the designated field
office for at least 5 years. Supporting documents must be filed with the tickets and also kept for at
least 5 years.

More About It
Here you will find the following figures:
• Figure 17.1. Example of a claim letter

• Figure 17.2. Example of a notarized affidavit
• Figure 17.3. Example of a SMART tank custody transfer ticket
• Figure 17.4. Example of a SMART meter ticket for a lease meter

Manager Revenue Accounting September 29, 2001

BP Pipelines
Supply & Logistics
P.O. Box 00000
Houston, TX 77000
Dear Sir:
Enclosed is a letter from Jack Producer, District Manager of XYZ Company at Lovington, NM
regarding unregistered oil delivered to BP Pipelines from 7:00 a.m. September 19, 2001 to 9:00
p.m. September 20, 2001.
The meter involved was No. 95545, LACT No. 4 at Painter Reservoir. The malfunction was caused
by a set screw, located above the meter failure transmission switch, coming loose and letting a gear
fall off, which caused the meter counter to stop turning.
The figures presented to us by Mr. Producer have been checked with the Field Specialist in
Lovington and we are in agreement that the 10,566 net barrels is a fair adjustment. Please issue a
ticket for this amount to the XYZ Company account for September.
_________________________ ______________________
Joe Supervisor Jim Honcho
Core Team Leader District Manager
BP Pipelines BP Pipelines
Lovington, NM Midland, TX
Figure 17.1. Example of a claim letter

BP Pipelines September 28, 2001

P.O. Box 000
Lovington, NM
Attn.: Joe Supervisor
Volume Adjustment, Painter Reservoir
Lease #xxxx, Meter Serial #xxxxx
On September 19, 2001, XYZ Company experienced a gear failure above the meter failure
transmission switch, resulting in 500 barrels of merchantable oil being shipped that were not
recorded on LACT #4.
The volume of oil run through the meter but not registered by the LACT unit was verified by use of
BP Pipelines’ telemetry totalizer.
Calculations used to determine the unmetered oil loss were as follows:
BP Pipelines meter reading at 7:00 a.m. 19 September 2001 = 236,059
BP Pipelines meter reading at 9:00 p.m. 20 September 2001 = 254,124
Difference = 18,605
Oil metered by the LACT unit from 5:00 a.m. 19 September 2001 to 9:00 p.m. 20 September 2001
was 8,387 gross bbl.
Rate at which LACT meter was proved = 496 bph
496 bph × 2 hours = 992 bbl shipped from 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. 19 September 2001
8,397 − 992 = 7,392 bbl metered on the LACT unit from 7:00 a.m. 19 September 2001 to 9:00 p.m.
20 September 2001
BP Pipelines metered gross bbl = 18,065
LACT unit metered bbl = − 7,395
Unmetered gross bbl = 10,670
Meter factor established 15 September 2001 = 1.0031
Meter factor 1.0031 × 10,670 = 10,703.077 corrected bbl
The API gravity @ 60°F was 50.3 at last proving on 15 September 2001. The average temperature
of this oil was 82°F, based on the average temperature of crude shipped through other LACTs at
this facility, resulting in a temperature correction factor of 0.9872.
0.9872 × 10,705.077 = 10,566 bbl corrected volume

The cause of the aforementioned unregistered run was due to a malfunction in the lease automatic
custody transfer meter. The stated quantity of oil run was calculated as accurately as possible with
the information available.
XYZ Company requests credit for the net volume of 10,566 barrels, figured at API gravity @ 60°F
of 50.3.
__________________________
Jim Honcho
District Manager
STATE OF NEW MEXICO
COUNTY OF LEA
On this 28th day of Sept. 2001, before me the undersigned Notary Public in and for said County
and State, personally appeared Jim Honcho whose name is subscribed to the foregoing instrument
and acknowledged that he executed the same as a free and voluntary act and deed for the purposes
and considerations therein mentioned and set forth.
Witness my hand and official seal on the 28th day of Sept. 2001.
My commission expires:
June 10, 2002 ______________________

Date John Smith, Notary Public
Figure 17.2. Example of a notarized affidavit

Figure 17.3. Example of a SMART tank custody transfer ticket

Figure 17.4. Example of a SMART meter ticket for a lease meter

Reference Documents
1. BP Self-Study Book, Field Specialist IV, Module 4
“Ticket Writing (SMART)”

Abbreviations
ACT—automatic custody transfer
ANSI—American National Standards Institute
API—American Petroleum Institute
ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials
ATC—automatic temperature compensator
BPV—base prover volume
bbl—barrel(s)
bph—barrels per hour
CPL—correction factor for the effects of pressure on a liquid
CPS—correction factor for the effects of pressure on steel
CPU—central processing unit
CTL—correction factor for the effects of temperature on a liquid.
CTS—correction factor for the effects of temperature on steel.
ELM —electronic liquid measurement
GOV—gross observed volume
GSV—gross standard volume
IDLH—immediate danger to life and health
IP—Institute of Petroleum.
ISO—International Organization of Standardization.
LACT—lease automatic custody transfer.
MF—meter factor
MPMS—Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards
NIST—National Institute for Standards and Technology
Glossary September 2002 G.1

NSV—net standard volume
OSHA—Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PD meter—positive displacement meter
PLC— programmable logic controller
psia—pounds per square inch absolute
psig—pounds per square inch gauge
psi—pounds per square inch
RTD—resistance temperature detector
RVP—Reid vapor pressure
S&W—sediment and water
SCADA—Supervisory Control and Data Acquisitions
SI—International System of Units (metric system)
TCC—Tulsa Control Center
TOV—total observed volume
VCF—volume correction factor

Glossary
A
absolute pressure (psia)—a measure of pressure that includes atmospheric pressure. For
example, if a pressure gauge on a tank shows a reading of 4.0 psi, the absolute pressure at that
point would be 18.7 psia (4.0 psi + 14.7 psia = 18.7 psia).
accuracy—The ability of a measuring instrument to indicate values closely approximating the

true value of the quantity measured.
ACT—see automatic custody transfer.
adjustment—a correction to a measured volume in a custody transfer. An adjustment may be

necessary due to a security breach, equipment failure, or human error.
affidavit—a sworn statement in writing.
algorithm—a formula or set of steps for solving a particular problem. An algorithm always has
a set of unambiguous rules and a clear stopping point.
all-levels sample—a sample obtained by submerging a weighted, stoppered bottle to a point

as near as possible to the draw-off level, then opening the bottle and raising it at a rate such that it
is about three-fourths full as it emerges from the liquid. Because of the difficulty of obtaining a
representative sample using this method, it is usually used with products which are more
homogenous than crude oil.
ambient air—the air we breathe.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) —a group of organizations and

agencies that provides information about and approval for American National Standards for
industry, engineering, safety, design, and other applications. Many of these standards have been
adopted as OSHA standards.
analog signal—the representation of the magnitude of a variable in the form of measurable

physical quantity that varies smoothly rather than in discrete steps.
analog—of or pertaining to an instrument that measures a continuous variable that is

proportional to another variable over a given range. Temperature and pressure are examples of
variables that can be measured as continuous variables.
API gravity—an arbitrary (U.S.) scale that measures the gravity or density of liquid petroleum
products (that is, weight per unit volume). API gravity is expressed in degrees. The lower the
number, the denser the oil. See also relative density.

API—American Petroleum Institute. The leading standardization organization for oilfield drilling
and producing equipment.
application—software that performs a specific set of tasks.
ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials. An organization that sets guidelines for
testing and use of materials.
automatic custody transfer (ACT)—a system for automatically sampling and measuring
crude oil at a point of receipt or delivery.
automatic line sample—a sample withdrawn automatically from oil flowing in a pipeline
which is representative of the total batch passed through the line. If the rate the sample is taken is
proportional to the rate of flow it is called a flow-proportional sample.
automatic sampler—a device used to extract a representative sample from the liquid flowing
in a pipe. The automatic sampler generally consists of a probe, a sample extractor, an associated
controller, and a sample receiver.
automatic sampling system—a system consisting of flowing stream conditioning

equipment, an automatic sampler, and sample receiver.
B
back-pressure valve—a valve that automatically regulates pressure on its inlet side to a
preset value.
back-pressure—the pressure maintained on equipment or systems through which a fluid

flows to prevent the fluid from vaporizing.
barrel—the common unit of volume measurement in the oil field. A barrel of oil is equivalent to
42 gallons of oil.
base prover volume (BPV)—the calibrated volume of a prover’s proving section corrected
to standard conditions (0 psi and 60°F). The base volume is indicated on the prover’s calibration
certificate. Water is often used in calibrating provers because of its universal availability and its
well-known properties.
batch—the total volume of oil shipped in a single custody transfer. Also called a parcel.
bbl—barrel(s)
bidirectional—referring to flow that may be in either direction; for example, a bidirectional

pipe prover or meter.

block-and-bleed valve—a high-integrity valve with double seals and with a bleeder valve
for determining if either seal leaks.
bottom sample—a sample obtained from the material on the bottom surface (or as close to
the bottom as possible) of the tank or container. Also called outlet sample or clearance sample.
boxcar seal—a numbered, metal sealing device for detecting tampering on a tank or metering
system. Compare wire seal.
BP Amoco Lease Number—the company’s internal number for a lease.
BP Pipelines (North America), Inc.—a common carrier pipeline, subject to the rules and
regulations of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or an applicable state commission, in
the business of transporting liquid hydrocarbons for hire, without discrimination or preference, to
the extent of available facilities, for anyone who requests such services and meets tariff
requirements.
bph—barrels per hour
C
calibration certificate—a certificate issued by a standardization laboratory expressing the
relationship between the reading indicated by an instrument and the true value. Knowing this
relationship allows the instrument reading to be adjusted to give a closer approximation to the true
value. The determination of the true value must be traceable to a national standard. See
NIST-certified.
calibration—the adjustment or standardizing of a measuring instrument or a standard capacity

measure, tank prover, or pipe prover.
capacity table—see tank calibration table.
central processing unit (CPU)—a device made up of one or more microprocessors and
associated components. The CPU controls certain system activities including interpreting and
executing specific programs. The CPU uses arithmetic logic units (ALU), timing and control
circuitry, an accumulator, a program counter, and other components to control certain processes
within a closed system.
centrifuge—a device used to spin samples of crude oil to determine the oil’s suspended
sediment and water (S&W) content.
certified instrument—an instrument, such as a thermometer, which has been calibrated by a

standardization laboratory and is accompanied by a calibration certificate.
claim letter—a letter from a field representative to his or her supervisor reporting the
investigation of a claim and recommending a fair settlement.

claim—a demand for compensation in the event of a problem requiring an adjustment of a

measured volume in a custody transfer.
clearance sample—a spot sample taken 4 inches below the level of the tank outlet. Also
called bottom sample or outlet sample.
closing gauge—the measurements taken (oil height, temperature, and bottom S&W level) on
a manually gauged tank to determine the oil quantity and quality after transferring the tank’s oil
into the pipeline system. Also called closing a tank.
cloud point—the temperature at which a waxy solid material appears as a diesel fuel is cooled.
composite spot sample—a blend of spot samples mixed in proportion to the volume of
material from which the spot samples were obtained.
connection height—the point near the base of the tank shell where liquid exits the tank and
enters the pipeline
Coriolis meter—a meter that measures the mass flow of a fluid and its density. The volume can
be calculated from these measurements. Previously used only for measuring petrochemicals, the
industry is beginning use them for custody transfer measurement of crude oil and refined products.
CPL—correction factor for the effects of pressure (compressibility) on a liquid; used in

calculations for determining net standard volume in a tank.
CPS—correction factor for the effects of pressure on steel; used in calculations for determining
net standard volume in a tank.
CPU—see central processing unit.
critical zone—the vertical range in which the level of the stored oil is high enough to lift a
tank’s floating roof off the tank floor but too low to make the entire roof float freely in a level
position. Gauging measurements taken while the oil is within this zone will not be accurate
because the height of the oil conforms to the slant of the floating roof.
CTL—correction factor for the effects of temperature on a liquid; used in calculations for
determining net standard volume in a tank.
CTS—correction factor for the effects of temperature on steel; used in calculations for
determining net standard volume in a tank.

custody transfer— a change in ownership or responsibility for a quantity of crude oil or other
pipeline commodity. At a lease site, custody transfer takes place between the lease operator and the
pipeline company. A custody transfer facility is responsible for measuring the commodity and
accounting for charges to the buyer.
D
datum plate—a level metal plate attached to the tank shell or bottom. It is located directly
below the gauge hatch and is used as a fixed reference point for all measurements of oil height
made in the tank. The tip, or end, of the plumb bob will just make contact with the gauge plate
during hand gauging procedures. Also called gauge plate or striking plate.
deadweight tester—An apparatus, hydraulically operated, for calibrating pressure gauges.

The required pressures are obtained using accurate weights.
deadwood—any obstruction inside a tank that would decrease the tank’s liquid volume.
demulsifier solution—a liquid that destroys, or breaks, an unwanted emulsion; added to

samples that are being tested for suspended S&W.
densitometer—a device on a pipeline that continuously measures density or API gravity of a

fluid.
density—the mass (weight in a vacuum) of liquid per unit volume. See relative density, API
gravity.
differential pressure—the pressure drop across a device, such as an orifice plate/filter, in a

flowing stream. The amount of this pressure drop varies with flow rate.
digital signal—the representation of the magnitude of a variable in the form of discrete values
or pulses of a measurable physical quantity.
digital—of or pertaining to data in the form of digits, especially electronic data stored in the
form of a binary code.
displacer—a spherical or cylindrical object that moves inside the prover pipe and displaces a
known volume of fluid.
dissolved water—water that is in solution in the oil at a defined temperature and pressure.
distillation analysis—a method of obtaining data on the boiling point range of a crude oil. It
determines the percentages or yields of crude fractions over their typical boiling point ranges.
distillation—a method used to determine the water content of oil. In this method, a sample of oil
is mixed with a solvent until it boils. The water and solvent vapors condense and continuously

separate with the water falling into a trap with graduated sections and the solvent returning to a
flask. The amount of water can be read from the graduations on the trap.
diverter valve—on a LACT unit, a valve that diverts a liquid back to the tank or storage unit
rather than shipping it downstream, due to an unacceptable level of S&W.
double chronometry—
draw-off level—the level of liquid in a tank where the water draw-off valve is located.
drift—an observed change, usually uncontrollable, in meter performance, meter factor, etc. over
time.
E
electronic liquid measurement (ELM)—a metering system using electronic calculation
equipment with API liquid measurement algorithms and security/auditing features, on-line
temperature and pressure inputs, and linear meter pulse inputs. ELM provides real-time, on-line
measurement.
emulsion—an oil and water mixture that does not readily separate.
F
flash point—the temperature at which a liquid will give off enough flammable vapor to ignite or
flash in the presence of a flame.
flashing—a process where highly volatile components come out of solution, usually due to a
reduction in pressure.
floating roof—a tank roof which floats freely on the surface of the liquid contents except at low
levels, when it is partially or wholly supported by legs. This is not the same as the lightweight
floating cover frequently installed in fixed-roof product tanks to minimize evaporation loss.
flow straightener—a length of straight pipe containing straightening vanes or the equivalent,
which is installed at the inlet of a flow meter to eliminate swirl in the liquid, thereby reducing
measurement errors.
flow-proportional sample—a sample of liquid taken from a flowing stream during the
entire custody transfer. The rate of sample collection is proportional to the flow of the liquid in the
pipe over a given time period.
fluid—a substance that flows; liquids and gases are fluids.
four-way valve—a flow-reversing valve used with bidirectional provers.

free water—the measured volume of water present in a container of liquid hydrocarbons; free
water is not in suspension in the hydrocarbons at the observed temperature. Compare suspended
water.
G
gasoline-indicating paste—a paste applied to a gauge tape that changes color when it
comes into contact with gasoline.
gate valve—a full-bore valve with a sliding (gate-type) closure.
gathering system—a pipeline, usually of small diameter, that brings oil, gas, or both from a
group of leases (i.e., wells in a field) to a point for delivery to the main pipeline or other transport
system. In SMART, a gathering system consists of facilities between a connection point and a base
system.
gauge tube—a pipe (usually slotted) that extends down from the gauge hatch in a floating-roof
tank to allow measurement through the roof of a floating roof tank.
gauge—to manually determine the quantity of a liquid in a tank.
gauging height—the distance from the datum plate at the tank bottom (or, with lease tanks,
from a striking point on the tank floor) to a designated reference point at the top of the tank.
grade—the type of crude oil based on its quality and composition. Grade is an important factor
in commodity pricing. The higher the sulfur content, the lower the quality of the crude. Crude oil is
generally classified as sweet (containing little or no sulfur), intermediate, or sour (containing
hydrogen sulfide or another acid gas). Light crudes (those with relatively high API gravity and
therefore low density) command a higher price than heavy crudes.
grindout—the process of spinning an oil sample in a centrifuge to determine the suspended

S&W content. Also called shakeout.
gross observed volume (GOV)—a volume of oil, including dissolved water, suspended
water, and suspended sediment but excluding free water and bottom sediment, measured at the
prevailing oil temperature and pressure. Compare total observed volume.
gross standard volume (GSV)—a volume of oil, including dissolved water, suspended
water, and suspended sediment but excluding free water and bottom sediment, calculated at
standard conditions. This may be either the volume in a tank or the difference between the volume
before and after a transfer. Compare net standard volume.

H
hand gauging—manually measuring the quantity and quality of the liquid contents of an
upright cylindrical storage tank.
handline gauging—hand gauging.
hand-run tank—a tank whose oil content is transferred to a pipeline using manual
measurement methods.
haze—a cloudy appearance in a transparent liquid or solid; an indication of contamination.
high bottom—a level of S&W that is higher than 4" below the pipeline connection.
hydrocarbons—a term that describes a wide range of hydrogen and carbon molecules. On the
light end, the hydrocarbon methane, a natural gas component, consists of one carbon and four
hydrogen atoms. On the heavier end, some crude oils are made up of many carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
hydrogen sulfide (H2S)—a poisonous gas which can evolve from crude oil. Higher H2S
levels are generally found in the heavy sour crude oils. Respiratory protection is required when
levels in the air reach 10 ppm. The IDLH (immediate danger to life and health) level is 300 ppm.
hydrostatic pressure—the pressure that a stationary column of fluid, such as oil or water,
exerts on its container in proportion to the height of the liquid. In a full tank, the hydrostatic
pressure is greatest at the tank bottom and decreases uniformly to the top of the liquid level.
I
innage—the preferred method of gauging a tank.
IP—Institute of Petroleum.
ISO—International Organization of Standardization. An organization that sets standards in many

businesses and technologies.
K
Karl Fischer titration—a method of determining the water content of an oil sample,
sometimes referred to as water content by titration.
K factor—denotes the number of pulses emitted by a meter while a certain volume of fluid flows
through it; usually expressed in pulses per barrel. See pulses per unit volume.

L
LACT—see lease automatic custody transfer.
lease automatic custody transfer (LACT)—a system for automatically sampling,

measuring, and transferring crude oil from a lease to a connected pipeline.
light ends—gaseous light hydrocarbons in crude oil: ethane (C2); propane (C3); isobutane and
normal butane (C4); and isopentane and normal pentane (C5). Light ends may easily be lost by
evaporation.
lower sample—a spot sample obtained at the midpoint of the lower third of the tank contents
in a large tank, or just above the suction line in a lease tank.
M
mass flow—the measure of flow in mass (for example, pounds) per unit of time (for example,
hour). Coriolis meters measure the mass flow of a liquid.
mass—the mass of a substance is the quantity of matter it contains. It is, therefore, independent
of external conditions such as the buoyancy of the atmosphere. In oil measurement, mass is
frequently referred to as the weight-in-vacuo (weight in a vacuum).
measurement ticket—an official document that records any quantity of crude oil received
into or delivered out of the pipeline system. A measurement ticket is the “bill of sale” for this type
of transaction. Also called run ticket or custody transfer ticket.
meniscus correction—the correction that must be applied to a hydrometer reading on

opaque oils to allow for the meniscus.
meniscus—the curved upper surface of the oil that adheres to the stem of the hydrometer due to
surface tension forces in the oil. The curvature can be either concave or convex.
mercaptans—naturally occurring sulfur compounds.
metals content—heavy metals in crude oil such as arsenic (As), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), and
nickel (Ni).
meter factor (MF)—a number used to correct a meter’s inaccuracy. The factor is derived in the
proving process by dividing the gross standard volume of oil flowing through the prover by the
gross standard volume registered by the meter.
meter prover—a vessel of known volume that is used as a volumetric reference standard for
checking the accuracy of pipeline meters.

meter proving—the procedure that determines the relationship between the volume of oil
indicated by the meter and the true volume being measured under the same set of conditions.
meter pulse—an electronically generated signal. The number of pulses is proportional to the
volume being measured; the frequency of pulses is proportional to the flow rate.
meter—a device for measuring volumes, quantities, or flow rates of the liquid flowing through
the meter.
middle sample—a spot sample obtained from the middle of the tank contents (a point
halfway between the upper and lower sample points).
MPMS—Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards; published by API.
multiple tank composite sample—a mixture of individual samples from several

compartments (on ships, barges, and so forth), each of which contains the same grade of petroleum
material. The mixture is blended in proportion to the volume of material in each compartment.
Compare single tank composite sample.
N
net standard volume (NSV)—a volume of oil, excluding total water and total sediment,
calculated at standard conditions. Compare gross standard volume.
neutralization number—an indication of the amount of acidic components present in the

crude oil. Also referred to as total acid number.
NIST-certified—refers to a measurement device whose accuracy has been tested by procedures

specified by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) and is accompanied by
calibration certificate.
NIST-traceable—refers to a measurement device that can be traced or referenced to a

reference measurement standard at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST).
nitrogen—in crude, the amount of “organic” nitrogen which is bound (attached) to hydrocarbon
molecules.
O
observed gravity—the API gravity of the product not temperature-corrected to 60°F.
off seal—the seal removed from the tank stop valve prior to opening the valve to transfer the
product into the pipeline.

opening gauge—the measurements taken (oil height, temperature, gravity, suspended S&W
content, and bottom S&W level) on a hand-run tank to determine the oil quantity and quality prior
to transferring the tank’s oil into the pipeline system. Also called opening a tank.
organic chlorides—in crude, primarily chlorinated hydrocarbons that remain in the

hydrocarbon phase and are not removed in the refinery desalting process.
orifice meter—a meter that measures the velocity of the fluid (flow rate) by creating and
recording a pressure differential in the fluid and then uses that rate to calculate the volume.
outlet sample—a spot sample taken at the level of the bottom of the tank outlet (either fixed or
swing pipe) but not higher than three feet above the bottom of the tank. Also called bottom sample
or clearance sample.
oxygenate—a compound containing oxygen, such as MTBE or ethanol, added to a gasoline to

improve combustion efficiency and reduce carbon monoxide emissions.
P
parcel—see batch
pipeline—a system of connected lengths of pipe, usually buried in the earth or laid on the
seafloor.
PLC— programmable logic controller. A microprocessor-based device used to control, among

other operations, the flow of liquids through a pipeline from the gathering lines to the refinery by
controlling the operation of valves and pumps along the pipeline. A PLC controls operations by
continuously gathering information from the field (in the form of electronic analog or discrete
signals), making decisions based on that information, and taking action based on those decisions.
It can be used alone or in conjunction with a SCADA or other system.
positive displacement meter—a meter that breaks up a flow into portions of a known
volume by filling and emptying chambers and counts those portions.
pour point—the lowest temperature at which a liquid will flow when its container is inverted.
powered mixer—a type of mixer that uses an external source of power (usually electricity) to
drive a motor and pump to mix the oil.
prerun—the piping on a bidirectional prover between the launch chamber and the first detector
switch. The prerun length must be long enough to allow the four-way valve to be fully seated
before the displacer (sphere) reaches the first detector switch.
pressure—force per unit area measured in pounds per square inch (psi).

probe—a small device that extends into a section of pipe. The probe contains an opening
through which small discrete units of liquid are pulled and diverted to a sample storage container.
See sample extractor.
production tank—a tank used in the field to receive crude oil as it comes from the well. Also
called a flow tank or lease tank.
prover isolation valve—a valve in line with the meter that diverts flow through the prover
when closed.
prover pass—a single movement of the displacer between the detector switches.
prover round trip—a complete forward and reverse trip of the displacer in a bidirectional
prover.
prover—see meter prover.
proving run—a single pass of the displacer in a unidirectional prover; a single round trip in a
bidirectional prover.
proving section—the calibrated area of a prover, located between the detector switches,
where actual measurement takes place. Also called the measuring section.
psia—pounds per square inch absolute; that is, pressure measured in a vacuum. It equals the sum
of gauge pressure (psig) and atmospheric pressure.
psig—pounds per square inch gauge; that is, pressure recorded by a gauge and measured with
respect to that of the atmosphere. It refers to the amount of pressure a fluid exerts on the inside
walls of a vessel containing the fluid.
psi—pounds per square inch; a measure of pressure.
pulsating flow—flow with periodic pressure fluctuations.
pulse generator—an accessory device on a meter that produces a series of repeating electrical
signals (pulses). The number of pulses is proportional to the volume measured, and their frequency
is proportional to the flow rate.
pulse interpolation—a technique for counting the whole number of pulses between two
events (such as the activation of detector switches) and then calculating any remaining fraction of
a pulse.
pulses per round trip—the number of pulses or counts generated by a meter during a proving
run. With a properly designed conventional pipe prover, the meter will generate at least 10,000
pulses between detector switches.

pulses per unit volume—the number of pulses for a given unit (barrels, gallons) that the
meter will produce. This number, also known as the K factor, is provided by the meter
manufacturer and depends on meter gearing, size, and construction.
R
reagent—a substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or analyze
another substance; for example, in Karl Fischer titration to determine the water content in oil
samples.
reference point—a point near the gauge hatch used during hand gauging. This point is
marked, and the distance between it and the gauge plate is normally written nearby on the side of
the tank.
Reid vapor pressure (RVP)—the vapor pressure of a liquid at 100°F as determined by

ASTM D323. See also vapor pressure.
relative density—The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance at a given

temperature to the weight of the same volume of water at the same temperature. API gravity is
derived from relative density. Formerly called specific gravity.
remote—a term used to refer to devices that are not part of or located near the main computer.
repeatability—the closeness of successive measurement results for the same quantity under
the same conditions and with the same equipment and methodology.
representative sample—a small portion extracted from the total parcel or batch that
contains the same proportion of flowing components as the total parcel being transferred. The
precision of extraction must be equal to, or better than, the method used to analyze the sample.
reproducibility—the closeness of the agreement between the results of measurements of the

same quantity, where the individual measurements are made by different operators using different
equipment at different locations.
resistance temperature detector (RTD)—a sensing element with an electrical resistance

that is a function of temperature.
roof correction—in gauging a tank, the number that corrects for the oil displaced by the
floating roof.
RTD—see resistance temperature detector.
run a tank—to transfer oil from an upright cylindrical lease tank to a pipeline.
run ticket—see measurement ticket.

running sample—a sample obtained by lowering an unstoppered bottle at a uniform rate of

speed from the top of the oil to the level of the bottom of the outlet connection or swing line and
returning it to the top of the oil at the same rate, such that the bottle is about three-fourths full
when it is withdrawn from the oil. Because of the difficulty of obtaining a representative sample
using this method, it is usually used with products which are more homogenous than crude oil.
RVP—see Reid vapor pressure.
S
S&W—sediment and water; that portion of the crude oil that is unmerchantable.
salt—in crude, a contaminant resulting principally from either production practice in the oil fields
or handling in tankers transporting the crude.
sample conditioning—the process of mixing a sample to prepare it for analysis.
sample container—a can, bottle, or thief containing a liquid sample for testing.
sample controller—the device in an automatic sampler that governs the operation of the
extractor either in proportion to time or to the flow rate.
sample extractor—in an automatic sampler, the device used to pull small discrete units of
liquid, called sample grabs, from the flowing stream (through the probe). The extractor diverts
these units of liquid to a nearby storage container.
sample grab—the volume of liquid extracted from the pipeline by a single actuation of the
sample extractor. The sum of all grabs results in a sample.
sample handling—the process of extracting, conditioning, transferring, and transporting a

representative sample from a sample container to analytical glassware or centrifuge tubes.
sample pot—see sample receiver.
sample proving—a technique used to validate an automatic sampling system. An acceptable

validation can be made by injecting a known quantity of water ahead of the sampling system,
taking samples, analyzing the samples for sediment and water content, and comparing those
results with the known water injection.
sample receiver—a container on an automatic sampler in which all sample grabs are
collected. A receiver may be fixed (stationary) or portable.
sample—a small quantity of liquid obtained from a tank or pipeline for analysis. See
representative sample.

SCADA—Supervisory Control and Data Acquisitions. A software system that monitors and
controls pipeline or refinery status and provides logging capabilities. SCADA systems are highly
configurable and usually interface to a facility via PLCs.
sediment and water (S&W)—materials coexisting with, yet foreign to, petroleum liquid
that require separate measurement for sales, accounting, and other reasons. These foreign
materials include free water and sediment, and emulsified or suspended water and sediment.
sediment—any foreign substance of no value in the oil that will not dissolve and remains
suspended, such as fine grains of rock, clay, metal, etc.
shakeout—see grindout.
shell height—the distance between the bottom of the bottom angle of the tank and the top of the
top angle.
SI—International System of Units (metric system).
sideline gauging—automatic gauging of a tank.
single tank composite sample—a blend of the upper, middle, and lower samples taken
from a single tank. For a tank of uniform cross sections, such as upright cylindrical tanks, the
blend consists of an equal part of the three samples. For other types, the blend may require
different proportions from each sample. Compare multiple tank composite sample.
sludge solvent—a solvent, like Stoddard solvent, used to remove sludge from sample
containers, bottles, thiefs, test tubes, or other vessels.
sludge—a mixture of sediment, dense hydrocarbons and water which can settle out on the
bottom of a tank or vessel containing a sample.
SMART—BP Pipelines’ software for creating measurement tickets and reports.
spot sample—a sample taken at a specific location in a tank or from a pipe at a specific time
during a pumping operation.
standard conditions—the standard pressure and temperature to which fluid measurements

are corrected. These are 14.73 lb/in2 and 60°F in the U. S. system.
standardization laboratory—a laboratory accredited by national or international

authorities to calibrate instruments or equipment to traceable measurement standards.
static measurement—the measurement of a hydrocarbon that is not flowing; for example,

oil in a tank.

static mixer—a mixer with no moving parts. The kinetic energy of the moving fluid provides
the power required for mixing (e.g., fixed objects in a conduit that uses the kinetic energy of the
moving fluid to mix the hydrocarbons). Compare powered mixer.
Stoddard solvent—a solvent used to clean sludge from sample containers, bottles, thiefs, test
tubes, or other vessels; may also used to dilute samples in S&W testing.
storage tank—a tank in which a hydrocarbon is stored pending transfer by pipeline, truck, or
other means to a point where it is ultimately sold.
strainer—a device placed upstream of a meter to remove from the stream foreign material which
is likely to damage the meter or interfere with its operation. The strainer element is generally
coarser than that of a filter designed to remove solid contaminants.
strapping—see tank strapping.
stream conditioning—the mixing of the pipeline contents, upstream of the sampling

location, which is necessary for delivery of a representative sample.
subsample—a sample of a sample.
sulfur— in crude oil, a contaminant primarily present as organic sulfur (attached to hydrocarbon
molecules) or as hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans (see mercaptans), and inorganic salts (sulfates).
suspended water—small droplets of water that do not quickly separate from the oil due to
the forces of gravity. Compare free water.
T
tank calibration table—a table that tells the quantity of liquid contained in a tank at any
given level. Also called tank table.
tank stop valve—a valve that controls the flow of oil into or out of a tank. The term
specifically applies to valves connected to lease tanks.
tank strapping—the process of measuring the external circumference of a cylindrical tank by

stretching a steel tape around each course of the tank’s plates and recording the measurements. The
term is often used for the process of taking the full set of measurements required in generating a
tank table.
tank table—see tank calibration table.
tap—a pipe welded to the shell of a tank that serves as a conduit or port to the inside of the tank.
Also known as a nozzle.

tape cut—the level at which the oil level in the tank crosses the gauge tape when the plumb bob
is properly resting on the datum plate.
temperature compensator—a device on a meter that automatically converts the registered

volume flowing through the meter to a standard volume at 60°F. Also known as an automatic
temperature compensator (ATC).
test measure—in a waterdraw calibration unit, a vessel of known volume calibrated by NIST.
thermowell—a metal protective pocket installed in the pipe wall into which the sensing element
(bulb) of a thermometer is inserted.
time-proportional sample—a sample composed of equal sample grabs taken from a

pipeline at uniform time intervals during the entire transfer.
titration—a process of chemical analysis by which drops of a standard solution (Karl Fischer
reagent, in the testing for water in oil by titration) are added to another solution (the oil sample) to
obtain a desired response.
top sample—see upper sample.
total observed volume (TOV)—a volume of oil, including total water and total sediment,
measured at the prevailing oil temperature and pressure. Compare gross observed volume.
total water—the sum of the dissolved, entrained, and free water in the cargo or batch of oil.
traceability—the relation of a prover or a transducer calibration, through a step-by-step

process, to the fundamental standards of mass, length and time, certified and maintained by
national or international standardization laboratories. See also NIST-traceable.
transducer—a device that is actuated by power from one system and supplies a different form
of power to another system For example, the transducers in an ultrasonic meter receive electrical
power, which causes them to vibrate (mechanical power), and in turn they convert received sound
waves back into an electrical signal.
trend—to chart meter factors from one meter over time to monitor the meter’s performance and
condition. SMART includes a utility program for this purpose.
turbine meter—a flow meter with a bladed rotor that turns at a speed approximately
proportional to the mean velocity of the flowing liquid and therefore to the volume rate of flow.

U
ultrasonic meter—an inferential meter that derives the velocity of the fluid (flow rate) by
measuring the transit times of high-frequency sound pulses; the flow rate is then used to calculate
volume.
unidirectional—referring to flow in one direction only; for example, a unidirectional pipe

prover or meter.
upper sample—a spot sample taken at the midpoint of the upper third of the tank contents in a
large tank, or just below the surface of the liquid in a lease tank.
V
vapor pressure—the pressure in an enclosed space that is due to the vapor of the substance
occupying that space. Since liquid evaporates more quickly as temperature rises, vapor pressure
increases as the temperature of the liquid increases. Thus, vapor pressure is a measure of the
tendency of the substance to evaporate.
Varsol—the brand name for a solvent that may be used in the centrifuge test, also referred to as
Stoddard solvent.
viscosity—a measurement of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Various units of viscosity measurement

include centipoise, centistokes, and Saybolt Second Universal (SSU).
volatility—the tendency of a liquid to vaporize.
volume correction factor (VCF)—the product of the temperature (CTL) and pressure
(CPL) factors for a liquid; used in calculations for determining net standard volume in a tank.
volume-weighted average temperature— the average temperature determined

electronically from the mean value of the measured temperature over a specified period of actual
flow.
W
water cut of dip—(1) the depth of free water lying on the bottom of a tank.; (2) the line of
demarcation of the oil/water interface.
waterdraw calibration—a method of certifying the volume of a prover.
water-indicating paste—a paste applied to a gauge tape that changes color when it comes
into contact with water.
water-saturated toluene—a solvent used in S&W testing.

wire seal—a metal sealing device used to replace a boxcar seal that is defective or shows signs
of tampering. Compare boxcar seal.
witness—a person who observes the measurements of a meter or tank custody transfer or meter
proving and verifies the measurement activities by signing the accompanying ticket or proving
report. This person must be a representative of the connecting carrier or shipper and should be
knowledgeable about the information contained in the ticket or proving report.

Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
A flow computer functions, uses, 13.7

ACT unit 11.7 crude oil
see LACT/ACT units flow rate in LACT unit, 9.7 manual sampling
adjustments meter factor, 14.1, 14.4, 14.6 mixing tank contents, 1.4
procedure for filing, 17.5 net standard volume, 3.13, number of samples from
sample affidavit, 17.11 4.16 tanks, 1.14
when to file, 17.4 prover diameter, 15.5 reasons for sampling, 1.3
API gravity determination prover prerun length, 15.7 temperature determination
equipment list, 2.4 pulses per barrel, 14.7 mixing tank contents, 2.5
sample to use in lease tanks, sample grabs per transfer, 9.8 tests
1.7, 3.5 tank volume, 7.3 distillation, 6.10–6.11
API gravity determination in waterdraw, 16.11 hydrogen sulfide, 6.8–6.9
tanks calibration light ends, 6.7–6.8
hydrometer method, 2.6–2.8 PET, 2.12 mercaptans, 6.4
thermohydrometer method, pressure transducers, 9.10 metals, 6.6–6.7
2.5–2.6 prover, see waterdraw calibra- neutralization number,
automatic sampling tion 6.11
see also sample receivers strapping tape, 7.5 nitrogen, 6.11–6.12
equipment list, 10.4 capacity table organic chlorides, 6.5
labeling sample container, see tank capacity table Reid vapor pressure,
10.6 centrifuge tube 6.5–6.6
mixing samples, 10.12 cleaning, 5.5 sulfur, 6.3–6.4
procedures types, 5.7, 5.11 viscosity and pour point,
handling portable receiv- claims 6.9
ers, 10.5 procedure for filing, 17.5 water content, 5.12–5.14
handling samples, 10.4, sample letter, 17.9 cupcase thermometer
10.5, 10.6 when to file, 17.4 accuracy limits, 2.2
maintaining receivers, cleaning cleaning, 2.11
10.5 pipe prover, 16.5 immersion time, 2.15
automatic sampling system sample bottle, 1.9 use of, 2.2
see also sample receivers sample receiver, 10.6
D
design, 10.8–10.11 tape, 2.9
demulsifier, 5.4
testing thermometer, 2.9, 2.11
detectors
receivers, 10.7 thief, 1.6
calibration, 14.11
total system, 10.7 closing gauge
distance between, 15.6
large tank, 4.11
C maintenance, 16.4
lease tank, 3.11–3.12
calculations role in nonrepeatability, 14.9
cloud point testing, 6.13–6.14
average tank temperature, 2.8 role in prover calibration,
compositing samples, 1.7, 1.10
detector resolution, 15.4 16.3
connection height
distance between prover de- role in prover sizing, 15.5
see tank strapping
tectors, 15.6 role in prover system design,
Coriolis meter
ELM system functions, 9.11 design, 13.7–13.8
15.3
Index September 2002 I.1

role in sphere sizing, differences between lease large tank, 4.5

distillation in crude oil, tank and large tank, 3.5 lease tank, 3.5
6.10–6.11 innage, 3.5 middle
opening gauge, 3.6–3.11 large tank, 3.5, 4.5
E
gauging height lease tank, 1.7, 3.5
effective inside tank height
see tank strapping number to take
see tank strapping
large tank, 1.14
ELM system H
small tank, 1.14
described, 9.11 haze testing, 6.15–6.16
types listed, 1.4
flow computer hydrogen sulfide testing, 6.8–6.9
upper
live input, 9.12
I large tank, 4.5
manual input, 9.11
inferential meter lease tank, 3.5
ticket output, 9.12–9.13
see turbine meter, ultrasonic manual sampling
security, 8.7
meter, Coriolis meter see also API gravity determi-
F nation, suspended S&W
K testing, settled S&W deter-
field centrifuge testing
Karl Fischer titration mination, manual samples
see suspended S&W testing
see suspended S&W testing compositing, 1.7, 1.10
flash point testing, 6.14–6.15
forms L equipment list, 1.3
LACT/ACT inspection labeling mixing samples, 1.16
blank, 9.15 automatic samples, 10.6 mixing tank contents, 1.4
sample, 9.14 demulsifier bottle, 5.5 number of samples to take
proving report, 14.15 sample container, 1.6, 1.7, crude tank, 1.14
sample adjustment affidavit, 10.2 product tank, 1.15
17.11 laboratory testing procedures
sample claim letter, 17.9 see suspended S&W testing all-levels, 1.10
sample lease meter ticket, LACT/ACT units bottle, 1.9–1.11
17.13 checking running, 1.11
sample tank ticket, 17.12 calibrating pressure trans- spot with bottle, 1.9–1.10
strapping report, 7.13 ducers, 9.10 spot with thief, 1.5–1.8
waterdraw calibration work- calibrating temperature summary of, 1.13
sheet, 16.13 devices, 9.10 where to sample
checkout list, 9.5 large tank, 4.5
G lease tank, 3.5
equipment list, 9.4
gauging mercaptans testing, 6.4
procedures, 9.6–9.9
calculations, 3.13, 4.16 metals testing, 6.6–6.7
programming run time,
equipment list, 3.4, 4.4 meter factor
9.5
for inventory accuracy limits, 11.4–11.5,
inspection form
annually, 4.13–4.15 14.7
blank, 9.15
monthly, 4.12–4.13 calculating, 14.1, 14.2, 14.4,
sample, 9.14
procedures, large tank 14.6, 14.8
meter proving, 14.5
closing gauge, 4.11 causes of fluctuations, 14.10
reporting malfunctions, 17.1
differences between lease effect of operating conditions,
where to seal, 8.5
tank and large tank, 4.5 11.11
light ends testing, 6.7–6.8
external floating roof, 4.5 trending, 11.5
innage, 4.8 M troubleshooting,
internal floating roof, 4.7 manual samples 14.11–14.12
opening gauge, 4.8–4.11 clearance, 1.7, 3.8, 3.9 meter prover
procedures, lease tank labeling sample container, 1.7 calibration schedule, 14.6
closing gauge, 3.11–3.12 lower calibration, see waterdraw

calibration inspection procedures proving

cleaning 16.5 auxiliary equipment, 11.5 see meter proving
maintenance, 14.13 meter, 11.4–11.5 proving system
meter proving troubleshooting, 11.5 see meter proving system
procedures inspection schedule, 11.3
R
general, 14.6 maintenance, 11.3
reference height
portable prover, 14.8 PD meter installation
see tank strapping
stationary prover, design, 11.7–11.10
Reid vapor pressure testing
14.6–14.7 equipment, 11.7–11.8
in crude oil, 6.5–6.6
proving report, 14.15 factors affecting accuracy,
in products, 6.13
proving schedule, 14.5 11.11–11.12
repeatability
repeatability requirements, operating ranges of meter,
and detectors, 15.4
14.8 11.10
and pulse generator, 15.4
troubleshooting specifications, 11.8–11.10
causes of nonrepeatability,
meter factor, 14.10 PET
14.9
nonrepeatability, 14.9 accuracy limits, 2.2
requirements, 14.8
procedures, 14.11–14.12 immersion time, 2.15
troubleshooting,
meter proving system keeping in motion, 2.2, 2.15
14.11–14.12
design criteria, 15.3–15.4 petroleum products
reports
detector resolution, 15.4 manual sampling
distributing, 17.7
prover sizing mixing, 1.4
types, 17.6
diameter, 15.5 number of samples, 1.15
using SMART to create, 17.6
distance between detec- reasons for sampling, 1.3
tors, 15.6 summary of procedures, S
prerun length, 15.7 1.13 S&W
valve actuator time, 15.7 tests see settled S&W determina-
prover sphere type, 15.8 flash point, 6.14–6.15 tion, suspended S&W test-
pulse generator, 15.4 oxygenate content, 6.16 ing
mixing Reid vapor pressure, 6.13 sample bottle
samples, 1.16, 10.6 viscosity, pour point, cleaning, 1.9
tank contents, 1.4 cloud point, 6.13–6.14 sample container
water content and haze, labeling, 1.7
N
6.15–6.16 sample pots
neutralization number, 6.11
pour point testing see sample receivers
nitrogen testing, 6.11–6.12
in crude oil, 6.9 sample receivers
O in products, 6.13–6.14 cleaning, 10.6
opening gauge prover maintaining, 10.5
large tank, 4.8–4.11 see meter prover portable
lease tank, 3.6–3.11 prover sphere described, 10.10
organic chlorides testing, 6.5 inflation, 16.16–16.17 handling, 10.5
orifice meter preparing for calibration, mixing equipment, 10.12
design, 13.3 16.4 sizes, 10.13
orifice plates, 13.4 role in changing meter factor, stationary
uses, 13.4 14.10, 14.11 described, 10.9
oxygenate content, 6.16 role in nonrepeatability, 14.9 mixing equipment, 10.11
roundness tolerances, samples, see manual samples, au-
P 16.15–16.16 tomatic sampling
PD meter types, 15.8, 16.14 sampling, see manual sampling,
design, 11.6 when to check, 14.13
equipment for checking, 11.3

automatic sampling maximum allowable, 5.1 tests

seals number of samples to take for crude oil, see crude oil,
see also security large tank, 1.14 tests
boxcar seal, 8.8 small tank, 1.14 for products, see petroleum
broken, 8.6 preparing demulsifier, 5.4 products, tests
during closing gauge, 3.11, preparing samples, 5.5 thermometers
3.12 preparing water-saturated tol- verifying glass thermometer,
during opening gauge, 3.6 uene, 5.4 2.12–2.13
equipment for working with, water content by volume, verifying PET, 2.11–2.12
8.3 5.12–5.14 thief, 1.5
how to use, 8.4 cleaning, 1.6
T
signs of tampering, 8.6 cord, 1.5
tank calibration table
when and where to use on procedures for lowering, 1.6
see tank capacity table
tanks, 8.4–8.5 tickets
tank capacity table
where to use on LACT/ACT correcting, 17.6
development, 7.3, 7.9
units, 8.5–8.6 distributing, 17.7
use, 2.4, 3.13, 4.16
security output from ELM system,
tank strapping
see also seals 9.12–9.13
calibration of tape, 7.5
on ELM systems, 8.7 sample lease meter, 17.13
equipment list, 7.3
on LACT/ACT units, 8.5–8.6 sample tank, 17.12
fill condition, 7.12
on tanks, 8.7 types, 17.6
procedures
settled S&W determination using SMART to create, 17.6
checks before strapping,
procedure, 1.7–1.8, 3.9, 3.12 turbine meter
7.4
rejecting tank for, 3.1 design
circumference, 7.5–7.7
SMART conventional, 12.5
connection height, 7.10
for meter factor trending, helical, 12.6
deadwood measurement,
14.9 inspection procedures
for proving report, 14.6
7.11 auxiliary equipment, 12.4
effective inside tank
for reports, 17.6 meter, 12.4
height, 7.9–7.10
for settled S&W determina- maintenance, 12.3
height measurements, 7.7
tion, 4.13, 4.14 operation, 12.5, 12.12
manhole dimensions, 7.11
for tickets, 4.12, 4.13, 17.6 turbine meter installation
overflow line, 7.10
sample lease meter ticket, design, 12.7–12.11
plate thickness, 7.4
17.13 factors affecting accuracy,
reference height, 7.9
sample tank ticket, 17.12 12.13
shell height and tilt,
sphere operating range
7.8–7.9
see prover sphere conventional meter, 12.9
strapping report, 7.13
strapping helical meter, 12.10
when to strap, 7.3
see tank strapping pulse transmission accuracy,
temperature determination in
sulfur testing, 6.3–6.4 12.10–12.11
tanks
suspended S&W testing
cupcase thermometer proce- U
equipment list, 5.3
dures, 2.10–2.11 ultrasonic meter, 13.5–13.6
field centrifuge method
for custody transfer, 2.10
large tanks and automatic V
for inventory, 2.10
samplers, 5.8–5.10 viscosity testing
immersion times, 2.15
lease tanks, 5.7–5.8 in crude oil, 6.9
mixing tank contents, 2.5
sediment only, 5.11 in products 6.13–6.14
PET procedures, 2.9–2.10
Karl Fischer titration, 5.12
where to measure, 2.8, 2.8,
laboratory method,
2.14
5.11–5.12

W
water content testing
in crude oil, 5.12–5.14
in products, 6.15–6.16
waterdraw calibration
accuracy limits, 16.10
calculations, 16.11
calibration schedule, 16.3
procedures
general, 16.6
pipe prover, 16.4–16.5,
16.8–16.10
small-volume prover,
16.6, 16.10
prover sphere types, 16.14
sphere
inflation, 16.16–16.17
roundness, 16.15–16.16
worksheet, 16.13
water-saturated toluene, 5.4

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Measurement Manual, Part I

Crude and Petroleum Products

Copyright 2002 BP Pipelines (North America), Inc.

List of Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv

7. Tank Strapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

Coriolis Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7

September 2002 iii

Figure 1.1. Thief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5

Figure 7.7. Sample page of strapping report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.13

Table 1.1. Summary of Sampling Procedures and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13

September 2002 vii

Table 15.3. Typical Actuator Times for Four-way Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7

September 2002 viii

Safety Summary of Tank

BP Pipelines September 2002 Chapter 1 Quick Reference

• Thermohydrometer • Nonaerating, high-speed shear mixer

BP Pipelines September 2002 Equipment for Gauging Tanks

Equipment You Will Need for Sampling

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.3

Before You Sample Crude Oil

Before You Sample Petroleum Products

• Spot sample—bottle or thief

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.4

Thief Spot Sampling Procedures

Figure 1.1. Thief

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.5

Procedures for All Types of Tanks

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.6

Sample bottles must

Figure 1.2. Examples of labels on sample containers

Additional Procedures for Lease Tanks

Use the middle sample to determine the API gravity.

Take a bottom or outlet/clearance sample to determine the level of settled S&W.

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.7

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.8

Bottle Sampling Procedures

Figure 1.3. Sample bottle

Spot Sampling Procedures

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.9

Multiple Tank Composite Sample

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.10

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.11

• Summary of manual sampling procedures for products and crude oil

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.12

Summary of Manual Sampling Procedures for Products

Table 1.1. Summary of Sampling Procedures and Applications

Application Type of Storage Container Procedure

Liquids and semi-liquids of 2 lb. Free or open-discharge streams, Dipper sampling

Crude and petroleum products Pipelines Automatic sampling or

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.13

Number of Samples of Crude Oil to Take with a Bottle or Thief

Table 1.2. Samples for Determining S&W

Number of Samples and Sampling Levels

1,000 barrels or less 1 1* 1

More than 1,000 barrels (no mixer)

More than 1,000 barrels (with mixer) 1 1** 1

Note: Additional tests may require additional samples.

Figure 1.4. Where to take samples in a large tank

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.14

Number of Samples to Take from a Product Tank

Table 1.3. Number of Samples to Take from a Product Tank

10 to 15 feet 2 Upper — 1/4 of liquid depth

Over 15 feet 3 Middle of upper 1/3

Manual Sampling in Tanks September 2002 1.15