أساسيات الهيدروليك والنيوماتيك - عملي

‫א
ووא ‬ ‫אدאאو א‬
‫א‪"#$‬א "‪ W‬‬

‫א ووא‬
‫‪ E&'(F‬‬
‫‪#*+,‬א‪./0‬א و‪-‬وא ‬
‫‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫א ووא ‬ ‫אدאאو א‬
‫‪ #‬‬
‫א و‪،‬وאوאم ‪ ،‬א و‬ ‫‬
‫و! ‪،‬و ‪ W‬‬
‫‪.‬א‪*,-$‬א‪'()&*+‬א&‪"%‬وא‪5067&"#$‬א‪34‬אد)א‪*0123‬א‪* )$‬א‪+%‬د)‬ ‫‬
‫‪5CD‬א‪@A+B3‬א&‪*01%‬وא?‪*01‬وא‪*01#$‬א‪3,<=>3&$‬قא‪،5‬و(‪96:.7‬אא‪+&6‬م&‪*80‬‬
‫&‪H+#I3‬א(ن‪+F‬د‪96‬אא‪23‬א‪+JK3L+#M <'.E‬دو‪5+4&2‬‬
‫(&ذא‪ +ً 0.‬א‪3 PQ‬א)دو‪ +D3F‬א‪P+ U$‬وא‪+ST‬ن‪5IR‬א‪=&,‬א)‬
‫‪<ً+F‬د>[‪*8‬א&‪%‬مא&‪3 5&WZ31‬نא‪X+$Y+.‬אولא‪ Kً+0+1!*%&$‬‬
‫و‪ a^_ F‬א‪T‬دא) א‪ P0& *+‬و‪ =(3^.‬א‪ [ ]?&. *0 +JK 3^_ `6+1$‬א&‪\)+8‬‬ ‫‬
‫אو‪*0‬א‪f+1 <*%&$‬א‪e‬א`א&)(‪،*0‬و>]‪3,H+^&:b+c*d(*0'0+,R‬ق‬
‫א‪ ،.+^&& .+l *>+4 5‬و‪ 96 adk F‬א‪=i < 3^j‬وع ‪K‬אد א‪g(+$‬‬
‫א‪*01#$‬א‪*0123‬א‪5dSZ9‬א=‪n0b‬א‪f+1 <*0,+,m‬א‪e‬א`א&)(‪K،*0‬ذ‪&.‬א‪<g(+$‬‬
‫ ‪+o504i.+#A+1‬ن‪3,5dk*0l‬قא‪5‬وא‪*,-$‬א‪'()&*+‬א&‪"%‬وא‪"#$‬‬
‫‪3&.t0u‬א>]א=‪*(s‬א‪[*0‬א‪3‬א‪[F‬א‪:‬א‪3,H+^&r=?.Z9‬قא‪=q&،5‬ج‪96‬‬
‫א‪+8‬ن<א‪=dbR().`+e*+4&=v1 *(+#1‬א&‪3 ً+F+‬قא‪،5‬و‪=dbR‬وא‪*0F‬‬
‫<‪.+^&]0%c‬א‪ K*0,+,m‬‬
‫و‪+1&.‬ول ‪96‬א ‪*0%‬א&)(‪H+0,+,R ?*0‬א‪)0y‬و‪x0‬وא‪zl: )&$? x0.+301‬‬ ‫‬
‫?‪ *01%.‬א‪ *vm‬א‪)0y‬و‪ *040‬وא‪ H+04 ?*0.+301‬א&‪+1&. *(30 H+3r3 *01%‬ول ‪*0?0b‬‬
‫א‪\+&b‬א‪)+#$‬א‪H‬אز*‪9y‬אא&‪ Kzq‬‬
‫وא‪T‬دא)א‪P0&*+‬و‪=(3^.‬א‪`6+1$‬و‪96x((| [}.:6‬א ‪*0%‬א&)(‪57.*0‬‬ ‫‬
‫ א ‪ n‬و‪R 5~ I‬ن ‪ 50!7. < =D+ 54i+ P#.‬א‪)+#$‬א‪ H‬א}=و)(* אز*‪\3,7 ،‬‬
‫ ‪ 3‬א&‪ H+%0^&+ P ،0%‬وא‪+4Dm‬ل א‪ *0 P. E‬א‪96 \+&b‬‬
‫א‪)+#$‬א‪ KH‬‬
‫وא‪7‬ل‪R‬ن(‪]>3‬א‪K|A+%‬אد‪+6‬وא‪+$+#1(0?&$‬و(=‪+r‬؛‪[0K‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪'0M‬א‪ Kf+‬‬
‫א‪T‬دא)א‪P0&*+‬و‪=(3^.‬א‪`6+1$‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫א‪22234‬س ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪8‬א‪ 74‬‬ ‫א‪222226‬ع‬

‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪ 39‬‬
‫‪ ٦‬‬ ‫א=<א‪0‬و;‪>?@W‬א‪C‬א‪ AB‬‬
‫‪ ١٣‬‬ ‫א=<א?‪FW/‬و‪E‬א‪C‬א‪ AB‬‬
‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫א=<א??‪W‬א‪H<8I‬א'‪F‬و‪E‬وא‪$‬א‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫א=<אא<‪W‬א‪KLM‬א‪ &-‬‬
‫‪ ٣٦‬‬ ‫א=<א‪WCN‬א‪KLM‬א و‪ &-‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫א=<א‪C‬د‪&/<<OW‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫א=<א‪ #>W<C‬אنא‪,KLM‬א‪Q</0‬‬
‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫א=<א?‪ #>W‬אنא‪U(,KLM‬א‪AU‬‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫אא‪WE‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
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‫‪2‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ 39‬‬
‫א ‪Z‬אم‪ W‬‬
‫א&=‪ X‬א‪3j‬אص א?‪3 *0A+(n0‬א‪ ،[A‬א‪ < *q&$‬א‪ Pv1‬א‪)0y‬و‪ [ ،*040‬د)א‪*,‬‬
‫و‪]0^.‬א‪3%‬א|א‪)0#*0,+,m‬و‪+40.+&,‬وא‪)0y‬ود(‪ K+40+1‬‬
‫א[<‪"#$‬א "‪ W‬‬
‫‪ 96 5i.‬א ‪ *0%‬א( א&‪ \)+8‬א‪+J *%&$‬د א‪3j‬אص א‪3 *0,+,m‬א‪[A‬‬
‫وא‪)0y‬و‪+40.+&,‬وא‪)0y‬ود(‪+40+1‬و=>*‪3‬عא=(‪+‬نو‪%>x9b‬אنא^‪*F+‬وא}‪<C‬‬
‫א‪'0 +m‬و‪=!+1‬א&‪ K50!3‬‬
‫א‪^8‬א‪9W8‬مא ]('\‪3‬אא‪ W"#$‬‬
‫(&^'א&)('‪)+#‬א‪96H‬א ‪3*+,٢٦*0%‬ز*א‪3‬א‪H‬א&‪ W*0+‬‬
‫‪ H++,E٤F‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫א_ א‪0‬و;‪zA+_W‬א‪3‬א‪F5A‬א‪*>+d4‬وא‪n‬و‪E*I‬‬
‫‪ H++,E٢F‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬ ‫א_ א?‪W/‬א‪| *F‬א‪n‬و‪*I‬ود)‪*I‬א =א) ‬
‫‪H++,E٤F‬‬ ‫‬ ‫א_ א??‪W‬א}‪C‬א‪ :40.+&,T‬وא}‪C‬א‪)0y‬و‪ :40.+&,‬‬
‫‪ H++,E٤F‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫א_ אא<‪:3= * =W‬‬
‫‪ H++,E٤F‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫א_ א‪%>WCN‬אنא}‪<C‬א‪ '0 +m‬‬
‫‪ H++,E٦F‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫א_ א‪C‬د‪%>W‬אنא}‪<C‬א‪'0 +m‬و‪=!+1‬א&‪50!3‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א‪ 0‬א‪Z‬א‪ W"#7''4‬‬
‫ א‪R \)&$‬ن (‪34‬ن ‪+F‬د)אً‪ ،‬א&‪ f+#‬א&)\ ‪ 96‬א ‪]0%c ،*0%‬‬
‫א‪6m‬א‪X‬א&?‪*00‬א&‪ W*0+‬‬
‫• ‪R‬ن(‪3%‬م &‪+JT\)+8‬دא‪3j‬אصא‪3*0,+,m‬א‪K[A‬‬
‫• ‪R‬ن(‪3%‬م ‪+0%‬س‪n‬و‪*I‬א‪1a(n‬د)‪=H+I‬א)&?*‪ K‬‬
‫• ‪R‬ن(=‪X‬א‪| *F‬א‪n‬و‪*I‬ود)‪*I‬א =א)‪K‬‬
‫• ‪R‬ن(‪3%‬م ‪+0%‬سא}‪C‬א‪ K:40.+&,T‬‬
‫• ‪R‬ن(&‪`&1‬א‪| *F‬א}‪C‬وא)‪+?.‬عא‪ K5A+‬‬
‫• ‪R‬ن(‪3%‬م & (‪%‬א)و=‪nb‬א‪،3%‬א‪*+1‬א}‪C‬א‪)0y‬و‪:40.+&,‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫• ‪R‬ن(‪3%‬م &‪:3= * =8‬و(&‪3`&1‬عא=(‪+‬ن‪K‬‬

‫• ‪R‬ن (‪3%‬م ‪+0%‬س و‪%> \+‬אن ‪ Cr‬א‪ < f+$‬א‪ '0 +m‬و‪ 50!3. =!+1‬א‪f+1QR f+$‬‬
‫א=(‪+‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫• د)א‪*,‬א‪| *F‬لא&>]و>‪%‬אنא}‪=!+1@&q$C‬א&‪ 50!3‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪abc‬א`א‪ WIC‬‬
‫א‪+.K\)&$‬ع‪H+0.[0‬و‪=D‬وطא*א‪ K*+‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫א_ א‪0‬و;‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫_‪zA+‬א‪3‬א‪5A‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫א ووא‬ ‫אدאאو א‬

AB‫א‬C‫@?>א‬ W;‫و‬0‫א=<א‬

<*>+d4‫א‬96*>=$‫ و‬+#} 5A‫א‬3‫א‬n0k E‫א‬zA+j‫א‬P6R*>+d4‫א‬
*%(=2‫ و‬0‫)و‬0y‫* א‬%(=2‫)و) و‬+%‫* א‬%(=2‫* אو)ق و‬%(=2 :6‫=ق و‬2 +16 e&q$‫א‬
K|&i‫א‬H‫ *ذא‬3m‫<א‬5A‫א‬3‫אنא‬n.K
<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

WX=&‫א‬36* =8&‫א‬96:0A=‫א‬Xy‫א‬
Ka(n‫وא‬f+$‫>*א‬+db J
W5b‫ج‬+&1&,‫= *א‬8&‫א‬96À+&‫_ل‬4S+b
K*01‫>*א‬+d4‫ א‬J
K:31‫زنא‬3‫ א‬J

<=‫א‬./ J٢
(Density) (ρFW*>+d4‫ א‬JR

*04‫א‬K‫د‬+$‫'א‬4$‫א‬$‫&*א‬b‫و‬R ،‫د‬+$‫مא‬38 ‫&*وא‬b:6[A+$‫>*א‬+db
*F+ X=.‫ و‬ρ ‫()و‬RhoF X=u+yn=(‫>*و‬+d4‫א‬:6x‫ذ‬e.E‫*א‬0A+(n0?‫א‬
W*0+&‫א‬
P8 ‫א‬L*&4‫א‬Z*>+d4‫א‬

kg/m³+#.‫و‬ ρ = (١-١)
ERelative densityF(SG) W*01‫>*א‬+d4‫ א‬J\

^.‫م و‬+I *0A+(n0> *?! :6 ESpecific GravityF *031‫>* א‬+d4+ +}(R X=.
< f+$‫>* א‬+db | ‫ و‬E[A+ ‫و‬R '!F + PI *>+db | *1‫ א‬5dk‫( و‬SG) n=+
KE١٠١٫٣٢٥ KPaFZ3o‫א‬C}‫א‬ac‫ و‬4°C )‫* =א‬I)‫د‬

6
::+&‫نא‬3+%+ *031‫>*א‬+d4‫א‬e( J
.f+$‫>*א‬+dbL5A+‫>*א‬+dbZ*031‫>*א‬+d4‫א‬

S = (٢-١)

ebR +#&>+db ‫ن‬34. ،‫* وא‬031‫ א‬+#&>+db (n. E‫ א‬5A‫א‬3‫م وא‬+Im‫ א‬J
+#&>+db Z‫و‬+. E‫ א‬x. +R K‫=ق‬C. X3, f+$‫ < א‬+#r‫ذא و‬K :+&+ ‫ و‬.f+$‫>* א‬+db
.f+$‫א‬U^,3?^.X3>5FR‫و‬R‫*وא‬031‫א‬

(Specific weight) : γ:31‫زنא‬3‫ א‬JH

K‫د‬+$‫'א‬4$‫א‬$‫ووزنא‬R‫د‬+$‫م א‬38 ‫وزنوא‬36

×

N/m33‫א‬ γ= = = ρ
×
g (٢-١)

KE*0 ‫ذ‬+o‫)عא‬+. x*>+d4‫א‬Z:31‫زنא‬3‫א‬F:31‫زنא‬3‫>*وא‬+d4‫* |א‬F‫د‬3I‫و‬

ESpecific VolumeF : ν:31‫א‬P8 ‫ א‬J
K‫د‬+$‫=אم א‬30b‫وא‬P8‫و‬R،5&4‫وא‬Ci.Z9‫א‬P8 ‫א‬
.*&4‫א‬LP8 ‫א‬Z:31‫א‬P8 ‫א‬

m3 /kg3‫א‬ ν = E٤-١F

7
‫ ‬
‫‪ J٣‬א=‪F3‬אوא‪0‬دوא‬
‫א‪m‬دوא‪H‬א‪96<*q&$‬א&‪<Ur336+b* =8‬א‪ W:6١54i‬‬
‫• ‪)\3R‬ج ‪0$+‬‬
‫• ‪)+F‬و)‬
‫• دو)ق‬
‫• ‪n0‬אن‬
‫• ‪)06‬و‪0‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪W١54D‬א‪m‬دوא‪H‬א‪<*q&$‬א&‪ * =8‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

<=‫ אא‬f J٤
WY‫و‬m‫*א‬%(=^‫ א‬J١ J٤
+‫د‬R)3b9$‫א‬H‫א‬3^j+>‫א‬9‫و‬a(n‫وא‬f+$‫א‬5A‫א‬3‫|א‬35i.* =8&‫نא‬R+W*v
K*0+Q*=<a(n‫א‬PQf+$‫א‬Y‫و‬R*=<]^.

K\3m‫لא‬+&, f+$‫*א‬0b‫ د‬K١
K)‫)و‬+%‫<א‬f+$‫*א‬04‫א‬96[r K٢
Kf+$‫)و)[א‬+%‫زنא‬3 PF K٣
Kf+$‫)و)א‬+%‫ &?=(א‬PF K٤
K*)+>)‫)و‬+%‫زنא‬3 PF K٥
KE١‫ول‬IFf+$‫>*א‬+db‫د‬+J ‫ص‬+j‫ولא‬o‫<א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58, K٦
‫د‬+J ‫ص‬+j‫ولא‬o‫<א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58, ‫ و‬a(n‫>*א‬+db‫د‬+JTH‫א‬3^j‫א‬¢?1 PF K٧
KE٢‫ول‬IFa(n‫>*א‬+db

<=‫א‬B/ J٥
f+££££‫>*א‬+db‫د‬+JKW١‫ول‬I
f+$‫&*א‬b *)+>)‫)و‬+%‫&*א‬b f+$‫)و)[א‬+%‫&*א‬b f+$‫א‬P8
EkgF EkgF EkgF Em3F
١f‫=א‬%‫א‬
٢f‫=א‬%‫א‬

a£££££(n££££‫>*א‬+db‫د‬+JKW٢‫ول‬I
a(n‫&*א‬b *)+>)‫)و‬+%‫&*א‬b a(n‫)و)[א‬+%‫&*א‬b a(n‫א‬P8
EkgF EkgF EkgF Em3F
١f‫=א‬%‫א‬
٢f‫=א‬%‫א‬
9
‫ ‬
‫‪A'g J٦‬א‪B‬وא‪E‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ J١‬א'‪54‬א‪f+$‬وא‪ Wa(n‬‬
‫ ‬
‫• א‪K*>+d4‬‬
‫• א‪*>+d4‬א‪K*031‬‬
‫• א‪3‬زنא‪K:31‬‬
‫• א ‪P8‬א‪K:31‬‬
‫‪)+F J٢‬نא‪À+&1‬א‪+#05 &$‬وא‪*>+d4 *%&$‬א‪f+$‬و‪*>+db‬א‪a(n‬و‪x.+I+&1&,K:6+‬؟ ‬

‫ ‬
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‫‪10‬‬

|&i‫א‬H‫ *ذא‬3m‫<א‬5A‫א‬3‫אنא‬n.K*%(=^ 5A‫א‬3‫>*א‬+db W/?‫א‬# ‫א‬
K&>+db‫ج‬+&1&,‫א‬P&(PQ5A+E:31‫زنא‬3‫א‬F*01‫>*א‬+d4‫|א‬0.<*%(=^‫א‬965d&.
W* =8&‫א‬H‫א‬3^_
Z9‫ א‬f+$‫* א‬0b Z3&c EUF 3( X= 54i |&D H‫ * ذא‬3R 9_7 K١
KE٢54i‫א‬F ρ٢&>+db
ρ١&>+db da(‫ز‬40‫_=و‬5A+,*0b=(m‫ '<א?=عא‬K٢
‫?=ع‬+ =S‫ و‬C *^% <Sm‫?=عא‬+ =S ‫وא‬:%>R¥3&9_7)‫=א‬%&,‫א‬1 K٣
Ka(n‫وא‬f+$‫ |א‬5!+?‫א‬U^‫א‬1A *^%<=(m‫א‬
¢0%‫ و‬h1 40‫ و‬A*^%1‫א‬15!+?‫ א‬U^‫قא‬3>a(n‫א‬U^,‫ع‬+?.)‫א‬¢0% K٤
.h240‫و‬C*^%1‫قא‬3>f+$‫عא‬+?.)K

EUF3(X=54i |&DH‫ *ذא‬3RW٢54D

11

WÀ+&1‫א‬50c
‫ن‬Rt0Ef+$‫א‬Fb+‫א‬5A+‫א‬¢?5_‫وאدא‬:%>R¥3&<C‫و‬A‫ن‬+&^%1‫نא‬m‫=א‬v
W:+&+ ‫و‬EPA = PCFA *^%1‫א‬1C}‫א‬Z‫و‬+(C*^%1‫א‬1C}‫א‬
+
ℎ = +
ℎ
ℎ
=
ℎ
:a(n*01‫>*א‬+d4‫|א‬0.4S*% +‫*א‬F‫]א‬0^& ‫و‬

*+6H+v
K=_¦‫א‬5A+:31‫زنא‬3‫|א‬0.1|A+‫א‬Rf+$‫نא‬34(‫ن‬R'J J١
‫ن‬+b ‫ذא‬K4‫ و‬١٠٠٠ < 5A+*01‫>*א‬+d4‫ }=\א‬5A+‫>*א‬+db‫د‬+JK4S J٢
.=_¦‫א‬5A+‫>*א‬+db*03|A+‫א‬R*>+db|0.4S|A+‫א‬R¢0f+$‫א‬

12

AB‫א‬C‫א‬E‫و‬F W/?‫א=<א‬
<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

WX=&‫א‬36* =8&‫א‬96:0A=‫א‬Xy‫א‬
K?¢b3&,*%(=2?*^F+‫=א‬4‫*א‬%(=2‫ل‬+&,+ x‫وذ‬a(n‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫و‬f+$‫*א‬I‫و‬n
<=‫א‬./ J٢
EViscosityF*I‫و‬n‫• א‬
eJC}&‫و‬+%)‫א‬%‫و‬،‫ن‬+(=8+5A+,*0 +F @!3(‫س‬+0%:6 *I‫و‬n‫א‬

،*I‫و‬n‫א‬aF+b‫و‬K‫ن‬+(=8&0 +Fa¨F،+5A+,*I‫و‬nH‫زאد‬+bK‫ن‬0‫א& =وא‬
¥3%[A+$‫و* א‬+%¥$‫س‬+0%b*I‫و‬n‫)א‬+&‫א‬4S+bK5A+‫אא‬96*30)‫א‬%‫زאد‬
K4D@(=c‫ول‬+cE‫א‬z%‫א‬
W*I‫و‬n‫نא‬+3I3(
EPa.sF‫و‬REN.s/m²F ‫ووحدتھا‬ µ*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬J

W:6‫و‬¥=_RH‫*وא‬040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ن‬R+b
P (Poise) or Pa.s or kg/(m.s)

1P = 1 N.s/m² = 1 Pa.s = 1 kg/(m.s)
Em²/sF ‫ووحدتھا‬ ν E*040.+104‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬F *0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬J

ν = W[A+$‫>*א‬+db*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫مא‬3%5dk*0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬

Em²/sF*0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬5+Wν
EN.s/m²F*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬5+Wµ
Ekg/m3F*>+d4‫א‬Wρ
(1 St = 1.10-4m²/s ) St (Stoke) W:6‫و‬¥=_RH‫*وא‬0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ن‬R+b
13
W*I‫و‬n‫א‬5+££<=£Q-$‫א‬5‫א‬3££‫• א‬

.[A‫א‬3$‫عא‬3‫*א =א) و‬I) gb*? *I‫و‬n‫=א‬Q7&.
| x,+&‫ א‬¥3F ‫ن‬R YK x‫[ ذ‬I=(‫* א =א) و‬I)‫د د‬+(n *I‫و‬n‫ א‬5%. W5A‫א‬3 *1+
.)‫* א =א‬I)‫دد‬+(n 5%.5A+‫א‬H+©(nI
*I)‫ع < د‬+?.)‫ن א‬R YK x‫[ ذ‬I=(‫* א =א) و‬I)‫د د‬+(n *I‫و‬n‫دאد א‬n. :H‫زא‬+C *1+
96 ‫دم‬+. ‫د < ل‬+(‫ ز‬YK ¥‫د‬-( +ª H+©(no‫* א‬b= *0b ‫د‬+(‫ ز‬YK ¥‫د‬-( )‫א =א‬
(n(+ªH+©(no‫ |א‬z%‫א‬¥3F‫و‬+4&‫א‬3F (n.:+&+ ‫ و‬+#} H+©(no‫א‬
.H‫زא‬+C‫*א‬I‫و‬n
W*££££I‫و‬n££££‫א‬H+%0^. •
W1‫=ض‬C‫نא‬Rt0P0 i&‫وא‬a0(n&‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬H+%0^.P6R
.+4&‫א‬3&$‫א =א)א‬50%. -
.5b&‫א¦*א‬f‫א‬nIR*(+¬ -
.*F+££2x#&(Z9‫א‬+4&‫א‬50%. -
W*I‫و‬n‫\א‬+ *q&$‫א‬H‫د‬+$‫• א‬

gQ7.ac[%.+#> 354i‫א‬Ur3(+b‫ج‬n5A+,_‫\دא‬3R<=b%.+1‫و‬
W:6‫و‬¥3%‫*א‬3M

‫ج‬n5A+,_‫\ א‬3R: 354D
14
W*0+&‫*א‬0r+(=‫*א‬F+ ^.‫و‬5?,RYKً+0,R)=Q-.‫=و‬4‫©*وزنא‬D+1‫א‬3%‫ א‬J

W = mg = ρ V g = ( πr )ρ g (1)
*0r+(=‫*א‬F+ ^.‫و‬RYKً+0,R)=Q-.‫א®و‬n$‫א‬5A+‫وزنא‬Z‫و‬+.‫و‬5A+‫د>[א‬3F J
WE0¯)RRF*0+&‫א‬

F% = mg = ρ& V g = ( πr )ρ& g (2)

R YK +ً 0,R) =Q-. t0 =4‫* א‬b= + *b+ ‫ن‬34.‫ و‬5A+‫* א‬I‫و‬n 3F J
‫ن‬3+% X=( + 36‫* و‬0+&‫* א‬F+ @!3. ‫ و‬، =4‫=* א‬, ‫د‬+(‫ [ ز‬3%‫ א‬96 ‫دאد‬n.‫و‬
W¢b3&,

F' = 6πrμv (3)
+,
( ) 5A+‫>*א‬+dbWρ&
-.
+,
( ) =4‫>*א‬+dbWρ
-.
(m/s )
m
E g = 9.81 F *0 ‫ذ‬+o‫)عא‬+.Wg
S2
(1 ) =4‫א‬P8WV
(1) =4‫^=א‬F@Wr
( . 3) 5A+*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬Wµ
4
(v = ) (m/s) =4‫طא‬3%,*=,Wv
5
(m) ‫ط‬3%‫א‬f+1QR=4*3^%$‫>*א‬+$‫א‬Wh
(s) =4‫طא‬3%,‫ز‬Wt

15

‫ع‬3°‫نא‬R1‫אزن‬3&.¥3%‫א‬96‫ >ن‬v *v&1*=,YK*^F+‫=א‬4‫א‬5.+1‫و‬
K‫!?=ًא‬Z‫و‬+(¥3%Zeo‫א‬
6 F = 0
W + F% + F' = 0
W*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬5+$‫م‬+‫نא‬3+%‫&`א‬1&E٣F‫و‬E٢F‫و‬E١FH‫د‬+$‫وא‬
29
µ= (ρ − ρ& )g
9v ;
‫دوא‬0‫אوא‬F3=‫ א‬J٣
W:6* =8&‫א‬96<*q&$‫א‬H‫دوא‬m‫א‬
KE٤54i‫א‬Ff+$+ ±&ª0$+ ‫\)ج‬3R E١
KE٥54i‫א‬Fa(n+ ±&ª0$+ ‫\)ج‬3R E٢
KH‫=א‬4‫*א‬3M E٣
K=^ E٤
K‫אن‬n0 E٥
K0‫)و‬06 E٦

a(n+ ±&ª\3RW٥54D f+$+ ±&ª\3RW٤54D
16
<=‫ אא‬f J٤

)3b9$‫ א‬H‫א‬3^j+> ‫א‬9‫ و‬a(n‫ و א‬f+$‫ א‬5A‫א‬3‫| א‬3 5i. * =8&‫ن א‬R + W*v
K*0+Q*=<a(n‫א‬PQf+$‫א‬Y‫و‬R*=<]^.+‫د‬R
KE=^$+ ‫ع‬+?.)T‫سא‬+0FP&(F‫عد‬+?.)K\3m‫<א‬f+$‫*א‬0b[r K١
Kf+$‫א‬U^,R=4‫طא‬+%, PF K٢
K\3m‫א‬5?,RYK+y3!‫|و‬YK=4‫=ق‬C&$‫א‬n‫'א‬K K٣
K¥=_m‫א‬H‫=א‬4‫&|א‬% +‫|א‬.3^j‫دא‬+ PF K٤
Kf+$‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫د‬+J ‫ص‬+j‫ولא‬o‫א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58, K٥
Ka(n‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫د‬+JTH‫א‬3^j‫א‬¢?1 PF K٦

<=‫א‬B/ J٥
*I‫و‬n‫دא‬+JTÀ+&1‫ولא‬I
,3&$‫א‬ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ =4‫א‬PF)
ErF=4‫^=א‬F@
EhF‫ع‬+?.)T‫א‬
EtF=4‫طא‬3%,‫ز‬
EvF=4‫=*א‬,
EmsF=4‫&*א‬b
EVsF=4‫א‬P8
EρsF=4‫>*א‬+db
EρLF5A+‫>*א‬+db
29
µ= (ρ − ρ& )g
9v ; EµF*I‫و‬n‫א‬5+

17
‫ ‬

‫‪ E١‬א'‪5+‬א‪n‬و‪f+*I‬وא‪Ka(n‬‬
‫‪ E٢‬א‪5+`&1&,‬א‪n‬و‪*I‬א =‪K*0b‬‬
‫‪:6+ E٣‬א‪H+I+&1&,T‬؟‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪18‬‬

kB‫دא‬lC] ‫א‬#‫ذج‬j
] ‫א‬k<‫م‬#‫ط‬n/o‫א'&و‬Q ‫א ]وذ< א‬A"8ep"
P(3£%&‫אא‬9£6‫ل‬+£bK*^££££,‫א‬3 x.‫)א‬£F‫و‬x£?‫م‬3² £F،5A‫א‬3‫א‬zA+_'()&‫א‬f+#&‫ א‬
Z9££‫א‬f‫دא‬m‫א‬¥3&££‫م‬+££RE F*£££££££[££r3 x££‫وذ‬،)3b9££$‫=א‬££!+1‫א‬££=££15££b££ :.‫א‬9££‫א‬
Kx9 *!+j‫*א‬+j‫[א*<א‬r]0^&*#$‫*א‬0 +F‫*م‬+<‫و‬،&1%.R
AB‫א‬C‫*א‬BfWk'(] ‫א‬qor‫א‬s ‫طא‬n‫אא‬
Et‫دא‬0‫^א‬#AFt‫دא‬0‫א‬lC
A<8uv 22222U‫א‬ ‫م‬
'@ BFE x
w" '
a(n‫>*א‬+db‫و‬f+$‫>*א‬+db*>= K١
a(n‫*א‬I‫و‬n*>= K٢
* =8&‫*<א‬q&$‫א‬H‫א‬$‫ =>*א‬K٣
* =8&‫א‬H‫א‬3^_*>= K٤
a(n‫وא‬f+$‫אصא‬3_‫د‬+JTH+ + + ‫م‬+0%‫ א‬K٥
K٦
K٧
K٨
*£ +Fg£+£#R‫و‬R:£4‫نא‬+£%.T‫*א‬£I)‫د‬YK)3b9£$‫א‬E‫د‬3£1‫א‬FH‫=دא‬£?$‫[א‬£0o*£80&1‫א‬5.‫ن‬R'J
¥=£_R=£‫ط‬+£i1‫אא‬9£6£\)£&‫دא‬+£K'£80>?+ً 0AnI?‫و‬R??*A+%‫د?=د<א‬3I‫*و‬+<‫]و‬0^&
K\)$‫א‬+

19
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫א_ א?‪/‬‬
‫א‪| *F‬א‪n‬و‪*I‬وא =א)‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א=<א??‪ W‬א‪H<8I‬א'‪F‬و‪E‬وא‪$‬א ‬
‫‪ J١‬א ‪eZ‬א=<‬
‫א‪96Xy‬א&‪ W<5d&(* =8‬‬
‫‪+0F J‬س‪n‬و‪*I‬א‪1a(n‬د)‪=H+I‬א)&?*‪ K‬‬
‫‪*>= J‬א‪| *F‬א‪n‬و‪*I‬ود)‪*I‬א =א)‪K‬‬
‫‪./ J٢‬א=<‬
‫‪R+‬نא‪n‬و‪+%$ً+,+0% :6 *I‬و*א‪+(=5A+‬نو‪96 5dk‬א‪+%$‬و* و)‪R*0,+ª3F+6‬و‬
‫‪+#IK‬دא‪ *0,+ª H‬و ‪+0F 4S :+&+‬س ‪ 5+‬א‪n‬و‪+0F ](=2 *I‬س א‪n‬م א‪ =Q-$‬‬
‫‪3^,R‬א*‪.‬و)دא_‪3^,R5‬א*‪*& +Q¥=_R‬و‪5A++ *©&ª‬א‪=$‬אد‪+0F‬س‪n‬و‪ K&I‬‬
‫‪.+1‬و)א‪3^,‬א*אא_‪*= *0‬زאو(*‪>*10‬ن‪96‬א =‪e5%&1.X3,*b‬א‪5A+‬‬
‫&‪=Q-‬א‪3^,m‬א*א‪*0I)+j‬و ‪96=Q-(:+&+‬אא‪*80&*103% +#05A+‬א‪n‬و‪ K*I‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪K‬ذא‪+b‬ن‪@r‬א‪3^,=^%‬א*א‪.E‬و)و =*زאو(*‪ω‬و ‪>:+&+‬نא=*א‪*0,+$‬‬
‫‪U^,‬א‪3^,m‬א* ‪ W:6+6)3³*1+‬‬
‫
‪v = rω‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ E١F‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫و‪96‬א‪+$‬د*‪R4S‬ن&‪`&1‬א‪L‬א)א=*‪W‬‬
‫?>‬ ‫)‪>(@
A‬‬ ‫‪>A‬‬
‫@>‬
‫=‬ ‫@>‬
‫‪= r >@ + ω‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ E٢F‬‬
‫و<‪*+‬مو‪3I‬دא‪n‬ق^‪H+%‬א‪ 5A+‬א‪U^*,+$‬א‪3^,m‬א* >ن‪ 96‬א^‪.H+%‬و)‬
‫ ‪¢?1‬א=*‪)+&K4S +b K‬א‪5A+‬و‪R1،ً+!ً+^,‬ن‪H+%2[0‬א‪+y5A+‬‬
‫?‪ ¢‬א=* א‪n‬אو(* )‪ P‬א_&‪ )3 +6 X‬א‪3^,m‬א* ‪R ZR‬ن א=* ‪34. EωF‬ن‬
‫‪K*& +Q‬و ‪+* +&b4S:+&+‬د*‪LK‬א)א=*^‪*%‬א‪ W:(+b5A+‬‬
‫?>‬ ‫)‪>(@
A‬‬ ‫‪>A‬‬
‫@>‬
‫=‬ ‫@>‬
‫‪= r >@ + ω‬‬ ‫‪E٣F‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪21‬‬

dw
'J x9 ‫ و‬،*I‫و‬n‫א) א=* ' א‬L‫ א‬E٣F *‫د‬+$‫ א‬r ‫ول‬m‫ א א‬5dS
dr
W‫ن‬Rz1.E‫*א‬I‫و‬n.30*‫د‬+<‫א‬q&,‫א‬
dw
F = µ Ar
dr E٤F
W‫ن‬Rt0
K*I‫و‬n‫ 'א‬3%‫א‬:6W F
K*I‫و‬n‫א‬5+W µ
K+4&‫א‬U^,*+W A
[ ‫ج‬n‫ א‬+4&‫ א‬3F ‫ن‬34. x‫ ذ‬1 r *0_‫א* אא‬3^,‫^= א‬F @ ‫ن‬R ‫و ?=ض‬
W:6*‫א‬3^,m+ 0³‫א‬5A+‫א‬
dw
F = µ(2πr )Lr
dr

W‫ن‬Rt0
K5A+‫)<א‬3C$‫*א‬0_‫א*אא‬3^,‫א‬fnI‫ل‬32W L
W36+#0=Q-$‫مאزدوאجא‬n+R

dw
G = µ (2 πr )Lr 2
dr

3 dw
⇒ G = 2 πµ Lr
dr

22

W:6* =8&‫א‬96<*q&$‫א‬H‫دوא‬m‫א‬
K٤54i‫א‬Ur336+bBrookfield0?b‫* =و‬I‫و‬n‫سא‬+0F‫ز‬+#I •

0?b‫* =و‬I‫و‬n‫سא‬+0F‫ز‬+#IW٤54D

‫=ض‬. E‫א‬H‫א‬gC&$‫نא‬34.t0،SI‫و‬R CGS H‫א‬3 +KH‫א‬gC&$‫زא‬+#o‫א א‬96 ‫(=ض‬
W*0+&‫א‬H‫א‬3+ *D+i‫א‬
K( mPa.sec )‫و‬R(Cent poise)3 µ *I‫و‬n‫א‬5+ J
N  d
K  2 
‫و‬R  2  3 z%‫دא‬+#IK J
m   Cm 
1 
K   3 z%‫ لא‬J
 Sec 
K (N ⋅ m ) ‫و‬REd.cm)3 ‫م‬n‫ א‬J
K0F3 a(+#=#?+ )‫*א =א‬I)‫ود‬R0C3 5A+*(3©$‫*א =א)א‬I)‫ د‬J

23
‫‪ f J٤‬אא=<‬

‫ ‬
‫‪+0%‬م ‪+.K4S* =8&+‬عא‪3^j‬א‪H‬א&‪ W*0+‬‬
‫‪[r E١‬א‪F5A+‬א‪Ea(n‬א‪=$‬אد‪n|0.‬و‪<&I‬و‪K',+1f+‬‬
‫‪ [r E٢‬و‪ f+‬א‪ 5A+‬א‪=$‬אد ‪n |0.‬و‪ < &I‬א‪+4$‬ن א‪ < zq$‬א‪nj‬אن و‪nK‬אل‬
‫א‪3^,m‬א* א‪+0F 3 *!+j‬س א‪n‬و‪ r 'JF *I‬א‪3^,m‬א* ‪3 54i‬د‪EZ‬‬
‫دא_‪5‬א‪f+3‬א‪Ka(n+ f-$‬‬
‫‪50Ci& PF E٣‬و‪+0F‬سא‪n‬و‪*I‬و‪*0+6g}c‬א‪+0%‬س‪K‬‬
‫‪50Ci.P&( E٤‬א‪+q‬ن=>[د)‪=*I‬א)א‪YK5A+‬د)‪*I‬א =א)א‪+0%* 3^$‬سא‪n‬و‪*I‬‬
‫‪K+61‬‬
‫‪ 1 E٥‬א‪3!3‬ل ‪ YK‬د)‪ *I‬א =א) א‪ *+2 P&( * 3=$‬א‪=%‬א‪f‬א‪ H‬א‪*D+D =#v. E‬‬
‫=ضو‪+0F‬سא‪n‬و‪R*I‬و‪9_R‬א‪=%‬א‪f‬א‪*D+D=D+H‬א=ض‪K‬‬
‫‪58, E٦‬א‪H+,+0%‬א‪o‬ول‪٣‬א‪<Ur3$‬א?‪=%‬א&‪ K*0+‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪H+v‬و‪'JH+0.‬א‪+l‬ذ‪=IK1+6‬א‪f‬א&‪ W* =8‬‬
‫‪1 J‬א)‪+?.‬عد)‪=*I‬א)א‪5A+‬وא=*<_?د)‪=*I‬א)‪YK.‬د)‪=*I‬א)‪P&(5FR‬‬
‫‪5X+%(K‬א‪+q‬نو‪50Ci.‬א‪e$‬د&א‪3!3‬ل‪YK‬د)‪*I‬א =א)א‪ K* 3^$‬‬
‫‪5%(+1 J‬א‪n‬م‪96<'J٪١٥‬א ‪*=,g0C.*+‬א‪3^,‬א*‪e£bR*=,YK‬و‪K‬ذא‬
‫‪gC&(µ‬א‪n‬م‪g0C.'J٪١٥‬א‪3^,‬א*و‪'0b=.‬א‪3^,‬א*‪ K*,+1‬‬
‫‪+0F1 J‬سא‪n‬و‪'J*I‬א_&‪)+0‬א‪3^,‬א*‪*,+1‬و‪*=,(c‬دو)אنא‪3^,‬א*و>‪3£1ً+£%‬ع‬
‫א‪K5A+‬‬
‫‪f+££^K'££J J‬א‪a££F3‬א‪££‬زم‪=%&££,‬א)א‪=£ %‬א‪*££D+D<f‬א‪=££‬ضو(&‪@££F3‬ذ‪*=££,££x££‬‬
‫אو)אنو‪3‬א!?‪H+‬א‪K5A+‬‬
‫‪3 J‬لد‪<*F‬א‪>H+,+0%‬ن‪=FZR‬א‪34(f‬نא‪n‬م>‪،+£y+6K'£J٪١٥5FR+#0‬‬
‫و‪g0C.‬א‪3^,‬א*‪R‬وز(‪+‬د‪*=,‬אو)אن‪96U0 .P&(:4‬א‪K*0r3‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪B/ J٥‬א=<‬
‫‪I‬ول‪H+,+0FW٣‬א&‪ * =8‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪*=,‬אو)אن‬ ‫ د)‪*I‬א =א))‪ (0C‬א‪n‬و‪* (mPa.s)*I‬א‪n‬م‪ E%F‬‬
‫‪ Er.p.mF‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ١‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ٢‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ٣‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ٤‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ٥‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ٦‬‬
‫ ‬
‫• א)‪P,‬א‪| *F‬א‪n‬و‪F*I‬א‪)3³‬א‪+‬د‪ EZ‬ود)‪*I‬א =א)‪F‬א‪)3³‬א‪E"0‬‬

‫‪<+b‬א‪54i‬א&‪U0r3.[:+‬א‪K+#10 *F‬‬
‫اللـــزوجــة‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫درجـة الحـرارة‬
‫ ‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪w2222272222'2222 J٧‬‬
‫‪+#IH+34 J١ J٧‬ز‪+0F‬سא‪n‬و‪= *I‬و‪ WBrookfield0?b‬‬
‫‪+#IH+34‬ز =و‪ 0?b‬‬
‫وא&‪ W(e‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫و‪n_a!:40+40(e.‬אن‪]C‬و‪5&.‬‬
‫‪ ?j‬د)‪ *I‬א =א) < ‪+v‬م _‪ ]C :I)+‬אא‪،=A‬‬
‫و‪ }&.‬א‪+v 3‬م ‪3y+ (e.‬א‪ f‬ول =א)‪+% Z‬وم‬
‫‪ R‬א ( وא‪+v * 3‬م ‪ [1S‬א}=)‬
‫‪*+<3‬د)‪H+I‬א =א)א‪I*}?q1$‬אً‪ K‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫وא&‪ W|q‬‬
‫‪q&.‬م < )>[ د)‪= *I‬א) א‪ ،5A+‬و‪ }&.‬و‬
‫א‪+q‬ن>‪7‬و}‪.*q‬אولو_‪n‬אن‪+%‬وم‪R‬א (‬
‫و^‪f+‬وو‪=P4c‬א)(*‪ K‬‬
‫(‪I3‬دא_‪5‬א‪nj‬אن‪f+‬و‪R'J‬ن(‪34‬نא‪ً+ 9f+$‬و‪ Kً+0%‬‬
‫‪ 50Ci. 5F‬א‪ 'J 3‬א&‪ b7‬א&(א‪H‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א‪ K*0A+ =#4‬‬
‫‪1‬א&‪*D+Df:}.50Ci‬א=ضو‪5.‬א‪ K*q}$‬‬
‫و‪+0F‬سא‪n‬و‪ W*I‬‬
‫< ‪ 96‬א‪ P&( 3‬א& ‪ *=, < P4‬א‪3^,m‬א*‪،‬‬
‫و‪= x9b‬ض א‪n‬و‪ 3+ *I‬א‪³‬د א‪q&$‬م‬
‫و‪ *=,‬אو)אن ‪3^,‬א* ود)‪ *I‬א =א) א‪ 5A+‬א‪=$‬אد‬
‫‪+0F‬س‪n‬و‪&I‬و‪%‬א)א‪n‬م‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪26‬‬

WP4 &‫وא‬U0.+?*?0B‫ و‬J٢ J٧
KE٥54DFP4 &‫א‬U0.+?*I‫و‬n‫سא‬+0F‫<و‬I3(

P4 &‫א‬3*00A=‫א‬U0.+?$‫א‬W٥54D
W3‫א‬96<®+&?5b*?0B‫=ضو‬1,:(+<
P4 &‫א‬U0.+?@A+B‫و‬
Setspeed *=‫)א‬+0&_‫®א‬+&? Motor=³‫א‬X+%(K‫و‬50Ci.
ON/OFF/Escape

1 *‫א‬3^,m‫=* א‬, a0d& ‫م‬q&(
+1 %> ®+&?$‫א א‬96 5(‫ و‬،+6(c ‫ص‬+j‫= א‬³‫ א‬X+%(K‫ و‬50Ci& ‫م‬q&(
K5(=³‫نא‬34( ‫=وج‬j‫ א‬x9b‫ و‬،*‫א‬3^,m‫ و)אن א‬
KH‫)א‬+0&_‫*א‬A+F
Down arrow5?,m‫א‬YKP#, Up arrowm‫א‬YKP#,

‫د‬+(‫ ز‬1 5?,R YK = &‫م < א‬q&( ‫د‬+(‫ ز‬1 m‫ א‬YK = &‫م < א‬q&(
*A+F‫_ل‬5%1&‫א‬x9b‫و‬،*‫א‬3^,‫=*א‬, *A+F‫_ل‬5%1&‫א‬x9b‫و‬،*‫א‬3^,‫=*א‬,
،H‫)א‬+0&_‫א‬ KH‫)א‬+0&_‫א‬
27
Enter/Auto rangeH+3$‫لא‬+_‫د‬K®+&? Select display‫)א=ض‬+0&_‫®א‬+&?

5#(‫و‬،:+ ‫[ א‬r3‫ א‬90?1. < ‫م‬q&( ‫)و‬+‫ א‬H++0 )+0&_‫® א‬+&?$‫א א‬96 *?0B‫و‬
*=,‫א* و‬3^,‫) א‬+0&_‫א < א‬q&,‫א‬ W*0+&‫)א‬3‫<א‬+#r=(t0
K*0+ ‫*א‬I‫و‬n*‫א‬3^,‫א‬ KEcP or mPa.sec F*I‫و‬n‫ א‬J
N  d
K  2 
‫و‬R  2  z%‫دא‬+#IK J
m   Cm 
1 
K   z%‫ لא‬J
 Sec 
Print*+^‫®א‬+&? Select spindle*‫א‬3^,‫)א‬+0&_‫®א‬+&?

‫=ض‬. E‫ א‬H++0‫* א‬+2 < ‫م‬q&( *‫א‬3^,‫א‬g0C.*+<®+&?$‫אא‬96‫م‬q&(
K*D+i‫) א‬+&¶PQ ً ‫و‬R*,+1$‫א*א‬3^,‫)א‬+&¶t0
C} x‫و ذ‬+y *,+1$‫* א‬b= ‫א‬
K*0+Q=®+&?$‫א‬
Options / TapH‫)א‬+0&_‫®א‬+&?

YK ‫ل‬3_ *!=> :^( H‫)א‬+0&_‫® א‬+&?
@A+B3‫ز وא‬+#o‫د < א‬3I3$‫ א‬H+3$‫א‬
*0+4K ‫م‬q&$‫ א‬:^. E‫!* א‬+j‫א‬
x9b‫زو‬+#o‫אمא‬q&,‫א‬1+#1‫د‬+?&,‫א‬
=‫وא‬m‫א‬+6g‫و‬H‫א‬3‫א‬g0C.*0?0b
K‫ز‬+#o+ *!+j‫*א‬Me‫>=<א‬3&$‫א‬

28

EDV –II+F*I‫و‬n‫سא‬+0F‫و‬50Ci.*%(=2 J٣ J٧
PFPQ‫*و‬0A+ =#4‫א‬H0!3&‫*א‬,b7.*I‫و‬n‫سא‬+0F350Ci&‫א‬f 5F •
W*0+&‫*א‬+,=‫א‬x=#v&,‫و‬+#?_‫د‬3I3$‫א‬: =#4‫®א‬+&?$‫=(]א‬23‫א‬50Ci&

DV–F ‫ز‬+#8*1+ ‫א‬96‫و‬ERVF*+<R)+2T‫)א‬+(<gi(*I‫و‬n‫س‬+0%‫*א‬F‫ند‬K •
ELVF‫و‬RERVF36=dbm‫سא‬+0%‫*א‬F‫د‬¥‫ن‬340,EII+

W*0+&‫*א‬+,=‫א‬:‫א‬3Q ‫*א=ض‬D+D=#v&, •

W*0+&‫*א‬+,=‫א‬x=#v.&®+&?ZRC}.*% +‫*א‬+,=‫)א‬3#B •

x‫و ذ‬،®+&?ZRCr‫وא‬R،x‫<ذ‬a)‫ذא‬K‫د‬3‫א‬g0C.x1'^(t0 •
W*0+&‫*א‬+,=‫א‬x=#v.

W:+&‫א‬54i‫*א=ضא‬D+Dx=#v(X3,‫®و‬+&?ZRC}+ PFPQ •

. 0C or 0F)‫*א =א‬I))+0&_‫א=ض'א‬gC&0,

KEcP or mPa.sec F*I‫و‬n‫سא‬+0%)+0&_‫א‬x9b‫و‬

29

W٦54i‫<א‬Ur336+b)+0&_[I=$‫א‬U0r3.:(+<‫و‬

)+0&_[(=‫[א‬I=$‫א‬W٦54D
Options Menu
Setup
Temperature --- F or C
Units --- CGS OR SI
Speed Sets --- Sequential, Interleave, Custom
Printer Port --- Serial (RS232) OR Parallel
Data A Verging --- Display Only
* Time to stop
* Time to Torque
Set Print time:

Set the printing time
PC Prog (ON/OFF) :
Enables / Disables Communication of Serial (RS 232) port
* Download A program:
Link to PC to Receive a B. E.V.I.S. program
(B. E.V.I.S . = Brookfield Engineering Viscometer Instruction Set )
* Run A program:
Execute a B. E.V.I.S . Program.
* Not available when motor is ON
30
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪j‬ذج‪#‬א ]‪lC‬دא‪kB‬‬
‫"‪A"8ep‬א ]وذ< א ‪Q‬א'&و‪n/o‬ط‪#‬م<‪k‬א ] ‬
‫ א&‪f+#‬א&)('א‪| *F‬א‪n‬و‪*I‬وא =א)‪3² F،‬م?‪x‬و‪)F‬א‪3 x.‬א‪+bK*^£££,‬ل‪96‬א‬
‫א&‪P(3%‬א‪9‬א‪=15b :.‬א‪=!+1‬א‪،)3b9$‬وذ‪+RE F*£££££[r3 x‬م&‪¥3‬א‪m‬دא‪f‬‬
‫א‪،&1%.RZ9‬و<‪*+‬م‪*0 +F‬א‪[r]0^&*#$‬א*<א‪*+j‬א‪Kx9 *!+j‬‬
‫אא‪n‬طא ‪s‬א‪qor‬א ]('‪Wk‬א‪H<8I‬א'‪F‬و‪E‬وא‪$‬א ‬
‫‪lC‬א‪0‬دא‪^#AFt‬א‪0‬دא‪ Et‬‬
‫‪A<8uv‬‬ ‫א‪ 22222U‬‬ ‫م ‬
‫@' ‬ ‫‪ BFE‬‬ ‫‪ x‬‬
‫' "‪ w‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪gQ7.*>= K٩‬א =א)‪n‬و‪*I‬א‪3‬א‪ 5A‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=>*א‪$‬א‪H‬א‪<*q&$‬א&‪* =8‬‬ ‫‪K١٠‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=>*_^‪3‬א‪H‬א&‪* =8‬‬ ‫‪K١١‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪+0F‬س‪n‬و‪*I‬א‪1a(n‬د)‪=H+I‬א)&?*‬ ‫‪K١٢‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K١٣‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K١٤‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K١٥‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K١٦‬‬
‫‪R'J‬ن‪5.‬א‪[£0o*£80&1‬א‪=£?$‬دא‪FH‬א‪3£1‬د‪E‬א‪YK)3b9£$‬د)‪*£I‬א‪+£%.T‬نא‪R:£4‬و‪*£ +Fg£+£#R‬‬
‫&^‪،]0‬و<‪*+‬و‪3I‬د?=د<א‪R??*A+%‬و?‪+K'80>?+ً 0AnI‬دא&)\‪9£6‬אא‪+£i1‬ط‪¥=£_R=£‬‬
‫‪+‬א‪ K\)$‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫א_ א??‬
‫א}‪C‬א‪:40.+&,T‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
&-‫א‬KLM‫ א‬W<‫א=<אא‬

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١
WX=&‫א‬36* =8&‫א‬96:0A=‫א‬Xy‫א‬
K:40.+&,T‫א‬C}‫سא‬+0F J
K5A+‫عא‬+?.)K‫و‬C}‫* |א‬F J

<=‫א‬./ J٢
gQ7£. ac 5A+‫= وزن א‬Q-( Z9‫ א‬C}‫ א‬36 WE:34‫א‬F :40.+&,‫)و‬0y‫ א‬C}‫א‬
K+6‫*و‬0r)m‫*א‬0 ‫ذ‬+o‫א‬
f+3‫ א‬54D ‫و‬R ‫ع‬3 &( Eً‫)א‬+&_‫ ( א‬+bF C}‫و א‬R :34‫ א‬C}‫وא‬
K5A+‫>*א‬+db‫عو‬+?.)T‫א‬%>&(5 ‫م‬q&$‫א‬

P=h.ρ.g E١F
E*0r)m‫*א‬0 ‫ذ‬+o‫`א‬.+1‫א‬C}‫א‬F:40.+&,T‫א‬C}‫א‬WP
[m] 5A+‫دא‬3¥3&Wh
[Kg/m3] 5A+‫>*א‬+dbWρ
[m/s2] *0 ‫ذ‬+o‫)عא‬+.Wg

1 bar = 100000Pa K)++ ‫و‬R‫ل‬+4,++ :34‫א‬C}‫א‬9_-(:‫אو‬H‫אא‬3‫مא‬+v<

33

W:6* =8&‫א‬96<*q&$‫א‬H‫دوא‬m‫א‬
W‫ن‬34&$‫وא‬E٧54DF:40.+&,‫)و‬0y‫א‬C}‫سא‬+0F‫ز‬+#I •
‫אن‬n_ J
3+ J
=^ J

:40.+&,T‫א‬C}‫سא‬+0F‫ز‬+#IW٧54D
<=‫ אא‬f J٤

K\3m‫لא‬+&, f+$‫*א‬0b‫د‬
h1 = 2 cm‫ع‬+?.)Kf+$‫*א‬0b[r K١
K3+$‫א‬C}‫א‬58, K٢
h2 = 4 cm‫ع‬+?.)KYK‫ل‬3!3‫א‬YKf+$‫*א‬0b‫د‬+(n PF K٣
10 cmf+$‫عא‬+?.)K¥3&‫ل‬3!‫|و‬YK*% +‫א‬H‫א‬3^j‫א‬¢?1 PF K٤
K٤‫ول‬o‫א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58, K٥

34
<=‫א‬B/ J٥
* =8&‫א‬H+,+0F
5 4 3 2 1
EmF‫ع‬+?.)T‫א‬
3+$‫א‬Cr
EPaF
EPaFC}‫א‬
P =ρ g h

E‫ وא‬B‫א‬A'g J٦
K‫ع‬+?.)T‫ وא‬C}‫* |א‬F‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬1 1$‫א‬P,)R E١

‫ ؟‬1$‫אא‬96`&1&.‫ذא‬+ E٢

35
&-‫א و‬KLM‫ א‬WCN‫א=<א‬
<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

W36* =8&‫א‬96:0A=‫א‬Xy‫א‬
<)3CU^,،:40.+&,‫)و‬0y‫א‬C}‫*א‬+1‫א‬،3%‫א‬nb=‫א)و‬%(c J
K5A+,
<=‫א‬./ J٢
‫א‬9 K(3c Z9‫ א‬5A+‫ א‬C}‫* א‬+ ¥3% *r= KKK،H+‫א‬nj‫ن אود وא‬34.
KC}‫א‬3% +#1e$‫א‬¥3%‫א‬96*>='^&(+6‫د‬+ R‫و‬+#.+,+%( &‫و‬

5A++ )3C*‫א‬3‫א‬
W*0+&‫د*א‬+$+ 3%‫א‬96\+P&(
h − a
FB = ρ × g × b
2
[N] C}‫א‬3FWF
[Kg/m3] 5A+‫>*א‬+dbWρ
[m/s2] *0 ‫ذ‬+o‫)عא‬+.Wg
[m] Eb = 6.7 cmF *‫א‬3‫א‬U^,‫=ض‬Wb
[m] Ed = 10 cmF *‫א‬3‫א‬U^,‫ع‬+?.)KWd
[m] 5A+‫א‬¥3&‫ع‬+?.)KWh
36

W*0+&‫*א‬F+ (cP&( EZcF3%‫א‬96gQ7.nb=$*1+
2 h − a
ZB = I J
3 h − a

*‫א‬3‫א‬U^,‫ع‬+?.)K‫و‬5A+‫عא‬+?.)K| *!+?‫>*א‬+$‫א‬:6EaF‫ن‬Rt0
a = h − d

=!+1‫ن‬34&(:40.+&,‫)و‬06‫ز‬+#I36* =8&‫א‬96<*q&$‫א‬H‫א‬n0#8&‫א‬
W:+&‫א‬54i‫|א‬36+b
*‫א‬3U^$‫א‬I3‫ א‬E١

‫אزن‬3&‫א‬5%Q E٢
*‫א‬3 E٣
‫ ذ)אع‬E٤
‫وزאن‬m‫א‬5+ E٥
n4.= E٦
5A+‫=(@א‬.‫م‬+! E٧
[r3‫}א‬5I)R E٨
37
‫ ‬
‫‪ f J٤‬אא=<‬

‫א‪5A+‬א‪q&$‬م<‪96‬א&‪36* =8‬א‪Kf+$‬‬
‫‪Rb7. K١‬نא‪+#o‬ز<و‪:%>R[r‬و‪ 36‬ونא‪)9‬אع‪+&,K4SFE4F‬لא‪E8F5I)m‬‬
‫و‪n0‬אنא‪a0d&f+$‬א‪[r3‬א‪E:%>m‬‬
‫‪[r K٢‬א‪)9‬אع<א‪+4$‬نא‪',+1$‬و‪rR‬א&‪3‬אزن ‪+&,‬ل‪5%Q‬א&‪3‬אزن‪E2F‬‬
‫‪[r K٣‬وزند‪5+‬א‪m‬وزאن‪E٥F‬‬
‫‪'4,R K٤‬א‪<f+$‬א‪nj‬אن‪5|YK‬א&‪3‬אزن‬
‫‪58, K٥‬א‪FH+,+0%‬א‪3‬زنو‪+?.)K‬عא‪Ef+$‬‬
‫‪)=b K٦‬א‪3^j‬א‪H‬א‪*Qd‬א‪[*% +‬ز(‪+‬دא‪3‬زن<‪K=5b‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪B/ J٥‬א=<‬
‫‪58,‬א‪H+,+0%‬א‪o‬ولא&‪:+‬و‪'R‬א‪P0%‬א‪W* 3^$‬‬
‫&‪À+‬א&‪ * =8‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫א‪ EkgF M*&4‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫א‪+?.)T‬ع ‪ EmFh‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫المسافة بين إرتفاع السائل ‬
‫وإرتفاع سطح العوامة‬
‫‪a = h-d‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪3F‬א}‪FcC‬‬
‫‪h − a‬‬
‫‪FB = ρ × g × b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=‪gQ7.nb‬א‪ EZcF3%‬‬
‫‪2 h − a‬‬
‫ ‪ZB = I‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫‪3 h − a‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪A'g J٦‬א‪ B‬وא‪E‬‬
‫‪P,)R K١‬א‪1 1$‬א‪Ur3(Z9‬א‪| *F‬א‪3%‬و‪+?.)K‬عא‪Kf+$‬‬

‫‪+ K٢‬ذא‪96`&1&.‬אא‪ 1$‬؟‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪39‬‬

‫ ‪£££‬א&‪£££f+£££#‬א&‪£££'()£££‬א}‪C£££‬א‪:40.+&£££,T‬وא‪)0y‬و‪3² £ £F،:40.+&£££,‬م?‪x£££‬و‪)£££F‬א‪x.‬‬
‫ ‪3‬א‪+bK*^£££,‬ل‪96‬אא&‪P(3%‬א‪9‬א‪=15b :.‬א‪=£!+1‬א‪،)3b9£$‬وذ‪E F*££££££[£r3 x£‬‬
‫‪+R‬م&‪¥3‬א‪m‬دא‪f‬א‪،&1%.RZ9‬و<‪*+‬م‪*0 +F‬א‪[r]0^&*#$‬א*<א‪*+j‬א‪Kx9 *!+j‬‬
‫אא‪n‬طא ‪s‬א‪qor‬א ]('‪Wk‬א‪KLM‬א‪&-‬وא و‪ &-‬‬
‫‪A<8uv‬‬ ‫א‪ 22222U‬‬ ‫م ‬
‫@' ‬ ‫‪ BFE‬‬ ‫‪ x‬‬
‫' "‪ w‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=>*‪+0F‬سא}‪C‬א‪ :40.+&,T‬‬ ‫‪K١٧‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=>*א‪| *F‬א}‪C‬وא)‪+?.‬عא‪5A+‬‬ ‫‪K١٨‬‬
‫=>‪\+££££££££*££££££££‬א‪3££££££££%‬א‪££££££££*££££££££+1‬א}‪C££££££££‬‬ ‫‪K١٩‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫א‪)0y‬و‪:40.+&,‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=>*‪n0#‬א‪H‬א&‪\)+8‬‬ ‫‪K٢٠‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٢١‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٢٢‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٢٣‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٢٤‬‬
‫‪+‬א‪ K\)$‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫א_ אא<‬
‫= * =‪:3‬‬
‫‪41‬‬

&/<<O W‫د‬C‫א=<א‬

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١
W36* =8&‫א‬96:0A=‫א‬Xy‫א‬
K:3= R]0%c K١
K5A+‫عא‬+?.)K‫و‬C}‫* |א‬F‫ =>*א‬K٢

<=‫א‬./ J٢
W:3= R
[?.=(‫(א=*و‬n.+1?q1( 5A+‫ א‬Cr‫ن‬R:3= +F‫و‬R:3= Rz1(
‫ حركة‬P < *F+^‫ن א‬7 :3= ‫ن‬3+F ‫و‬R :3= +F e&.‫ و‬K&=, a}?¶‫ א‬+b
،EEpotF [r3‫*א‬F+2FH+F+^‫عא‬3M‫ن‬RZR،5A+‫א‬¥=M‫ل‬32*& +Q%. 5A‫א‬3‫א‬
*‫د‬+$‫ * א‬+&b 4S :+&+ ‫ و‬Ka +Q ‫ن‬34( EEEprF C}‫* א‬F+2 ‫ و‬EEcinF *b= ‫* א‬F+2
W:(+b
Et = Epot + Ecin + Epr = const (١)
W:(+b*‫د‬+$‫א‬96* +&b4S:+&+ ‫و‬
L ?M
+g×Z+ = const
Ra +QS
(m²/s²)
or
(J/kg) (٢)

KEPaF‫ل‬+4,+‫'[وא‬,+1&&:3= *‫د‬+* +&b4SR+b

?MY ?M[
PX + (ρ × g × ZX ) + ρ = PZ + (ρ × g × ZZ ) + ρ (Pa) (3)

W*()‫&=א‬,T‫د*א‬+
*&b4‫^[_=و‬%YK[^%gC&.&=,‫^[>ن‬%$‫\&@א‬3R<[A+=‫ذא‬K
K*()‫&=א‬,T‫د*א‬++#1e(E‫ &*وא‬+Q‫ن‬34.*0+d‫^[<א‬%5b‫=_ل‬kE‫[א‬A+$‫א‬
Qm1 = Qm2 (4)

42

54i+ Ur3 36 +b gC& [^%$‫* א‬+ ‫ن‬34. +1 *‫د‬+$‫ א‬96 ]0^. 4S‫و‬
W:+&‫א‬

[^%$‫\&@א‬3RW٨54i‫א‬
Qm = ρ × Qv = ρ × A × v (5)
ρ × A1 × v1 = ρ × A2 × v2 (6)
W5L‫א‬9
A1 V1 = A2 V2 (7)

C}‫?א‬q1(‫دאدو‬n.*=‫*>نא‬+$‫א‬5%.+1>،+1Fe5A+‫*&>]א‬1+ ‫و‬
KC}‫?[א‬.=(‫א=*و‬5%.t0*+$‫دאدא‬n.+1¢4‫א‬+10
W:+&+ ‫)*و‬+%$‫א‬¥3&36'0 +m‫)א‬3‫א>ن‬9:%>R‫ن‬+(=‫)א‬3‫ن‬R)+& ‫و‬
E z1 = z 2 F
‫ل‬3YK‫ن‬+(‫د‬-(‫ن‬+(=‫א‬54DgC.*80&‫ن‬+(=‫<א‬H+ ‫^=א‬r‫وא‬+4&‫نא‬Rg
W:(+b:3= *‫د‬+U.:+&+ ‫*و‬F+^‫<א‬%>
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
+ = + + hf (8)
ρg 2g ρg 2g

43

<5!+ ‫א‬%?‫א)א‬%*,‫و)א‬،\3m‫^|א‬%| *F+^‫א‬%>:6 h f ‫ن‬Rt0
<|(‫و‬+&|F3$Z3+$‫א‬C}‫)*א‬+%P&.H+ ‫^=א‬r‫وא‬+4&‫*א‬80&*F+^‫א‬
W*‫د‬+$‫و(*<א‬+&+6e*=‫نא‬34.t0*0%>m‫א‬+1%‫^[<א‬%$‫א‬
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
+ = + + hf (9)
ρg 2g ρg 2g
E v 1 = v 2 F

W:(+b*‫د‬+$‫א‬U.¸0‫و‬
p1 p 2
h f = − (10)
ρg ρg

K h f *F+^‫א‬%>*0F\+4S:+&+ ‫و‬

E‫أ‬-٩ 54DF*+4&*040‫)و‬06*1)+ :6* =8&‫א‬96<*q&$‫א‬H‫دوא‬m‫א‬
',+1$‫زא‬+#o‫אمא‬q&, x‫ذ‬P&(‫نو‬+(=‫אعא‬3R‫&>]و‬+ *%&$‫)\א‬+8&‫(א‬+ ‫م‬+0%
KE\٩54DF:3= ‫ز‬+#In#Im‫א‬96r‫= *و‬54

:3= ‫ز‬+#IWE\٩F54D *+4&*040‫)و‬06*1WER٩F54D
44
‫(&‪34‬ن ‪+#I‬ز =‪ \3R E١٠ 54DF :3‬ذ‪ :0^& ( Z‬א‪ \)+%& [^%$‬و‪=?1‬ج‬
‫و&‪35Q+‬ل_א‪\3Rad(K@&1$‬א_&‪+0%3+\3R=i¥K)+‬س‪+?.)K‬ع‬
‫א‪Ff+$‬و ‪:+&+‬א}‪ KEC‬‬
‫‪+#IWER-١٠F54D‬ز =‪+ RWE\-١٠F54D :3‬د‪+#I‬ز =‪:3‬و‪2+%*+‬א‪ *?&q$‬‬
‫(&‪\3R5‬א_&‪nº)+‬א|& ‪*04 P4‬א‪f+$‬א‪+#I<]>&$‬ز =‪R،:3‬و‪q&(+y‬م‬

‫‪3_+ [A+ ®+‬ل ‪+#8‬ز وא‪=j+ [A+ ®+ :+d‬وج א‪+#o‬ز ‪\3R ](=2‬‬
‫‪n_+F1ad@(=.‬אنא‪=j‬وج‪ K‬‬
‫(&‪P‬א& ‪*04 P4‬א‪[A+$‬א‪g0C.](=2]>&$‬زאو(*‪0‬ن ‪ X=.\3R‬א‪9_R1 Kf+$‬‬
‫א‪=%‬א‪f‬א‪R'JH‬ن‪:%‬א}‪<ً+& +QC‬א‪'0 +m‬א‪P&( K*(3+$‬א‪T‬אد ‪3 5A++‬א‪*^,‬‬
‫}‪3%. *q‬م }» א‪n_ 5A+‬אن א&‪ < *(9C‬א‪ *1$‬א‪)0y‬و‪n_ YK *040‬אن א‪ 5_$‬و(&‪P‬‬
‫א& ‪ < P4‬א‪3 *q}$‬א‪ *^,‬و ‪ Z=( t0 ،*0A+ =#b P4c‬א‪+#I < f+$‬ز =‪:3‬‬
‫א‪nº 5&$‬אن א‪ 5_$‬و=ج א‪ \3R e f+$‬א‪ X=$‬א‪n_ < '( Z9‬אن ‪+0F‬س א&>]‬
‫‪*1‬א‪)0y‬و‪*040‬א‪3 Z9‬א‪%\+[0^&&^,‬א)א&>]_ل=>*‪*0b‬‬
‫א‪ 5A+‬א‪ < [8&$‬א‪nj‬אن ‪+0% ](=2‬س ز‪ :A= :I+I‬وز [ ‪ 96‬א‪ *04‬‬
‫א‪K5A+‬‬
‫‪45‬‬

<=‫ אא‬f J٤
K5_$‫אنא‬n_5_‫دא‬f+$‫>]א‬.aQ‫*و‬q}$‫א‬50Ci& PF K١
K50 cm)FgC&Cr‫س‬R)‫ع‬+?.)‫א‬5 &@(=&‫\א‬3Rr‫ א‬K٢
K٥‫ول‬o‫<א‬H++0‫א‬508.[Z3+\3R5b<f+$‫א‬¥3&‫ع‬+?.)‫ א'א‬K٣
K+#‫وא'ز‬10YK 5| ®‫(אو‬f+$‫|א‬P89_ K٤
W:+&‫ولא‬o‫א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58, K٥
<=‫א‬B/ J٥
:3= * =8&H+,+0%‫א‬W٥‫ول‬I
]>&‫لא‬ [‫ز‬ f+$‫*א‬0b f+$‫*א‬I‫و‬n f+$‫>*א‬+db *I)‫د‬

Q =
t = f+$‫ א‬V= µ= 10-3 ρ=١٠٠٠

)‫א =א‬
5
(m3/sec) (sec) (m3) (Pa.sec) (kg/m3 25oC
‫ع‬3 ‫ز‬31()PF) v*=‫א‬ =^%‫ א‬h‫ع‬+?.)T‫* א‬+ ‫د‬
‫ن‬+(=‫א‬ R e = v = c= D=
12.72
A
A]>&‫' א‬0 +m‫א‬
×?×f X 40.45 + A

(m/sec) (mm2) (m) (m2)
-6
102.56x10 ١
90.11x10-6 ٢
-6
77.66x10 ٣
-6
65.22x10 ٤
-6
52.77x10 ٥
40.32x10-6 ٦
-6
52.77x10 ٧
-6
65.22x10 ٨
-6
77.66x10 ٩
-6
90.11x10 ١٠
-6

102.56x10 ١١
46
h
f+$‫א‬P8‫و‬Vf+$‫ز[א‬:6t‫ن‬Rt0g = *F‫ א'لא&>]א‬E١
i
V =
H‫
د
אא‬
jjj
c
A‫ن‬Rt0 *(03+* 3R5b1 v = *0+&‫*א‬F‫ א'א=*א‬E٢
X
KE\١٠54DF)+&_T‫\א‬3R[^%*+:6
×?×f
:6 ρ ‫ن‬R t0 ‫?=ع‬. 5b 1 ke = *F‫ز א‬31() PF) '‫ א‬E٣

:40‫)و‬0y‫^=א‬%‫א‬36D ‫و‬،5A+*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬:6µ‫ و‬5A+‫>*א‬+db
.l
X
D = *0+&‫*א‬F‫ א‬+4S‫و‬
j.mnX

[*(3+$‫'א‬0 +m‫א‬e‫ذ‬3_7$‫(א‬h)C}‫سא‬R=‫ع‬+?.)T‫ |א‬:+0 P,)5 PF E٤
K(X)*>+$‫א‬

h (‫)اإلرتفاع‬

X (‫)الوضع‬

47

kB‫دא‬lC] ‫א‬#‫ذج‬j

] ‫א‬k<‫م‬#‫ط‬n/o‫א'&و‬Q ‫א ]وذ< א‬A"8ep"
P(3£%&‫אא‬9££6‫ل‬+££bK*^£££££,‫א‬3 x.‫)א‬££F‫و‬x££?‫م‬3² £ F،:3££= *££ =££'()££&‫א‬££f+££#&‫א‬££
Z9££‫א‬f‫دא‬m‫א‬¥3&££‫م‬+££RE F*£££££££[££r3 x££‫وذ‬،)3b9££$‫=א‬££!+1‫א‬££=££15££b££ :.‫א‬9££‫א‬
Kx9 *!+j‫*א‬+j‫[א*<א‬r]0^&*#$‫*א‬0 +F‫*م‬+<‫و‬،&1%.R
&/<<OWk'(] ‫א‬qor‫א‬s ‫طא‬n‫אא‬
Et‫دא‬0‫^א‬#AFt‫دא‬0‫א‬lC
A<8uv 22222U‫א‬ ‫م‬
'@ BFE x
w" '
:3= R*>= K٢٥
:3= ‫ز‬+#I*>= K٢٦
:3= * =H‫א‬3^_*>= K٢٧
‫ن‬+(=‫عא‬3‫ج‬+&1&,‫=>*א‬ K٢٨
K٢٩
K٣٠
K٣١
K٣٢
*£ +Fg£+£#R‫و‬R:£4‫نא‬+£%.T‫*א‬£I)‫د‬YK)3b9£$‫א‬E‫د‬3£1‫א‬FH‫=دא‬£?$‫[א‬£0o*£80&1‫א‬5.‫ن‬R'J
¥=£_R=£‫ط‬+£i1‫אא‬9£6\)&‫دא‬+K'80>?+ً 0AnI?‫و‬R??*A+%‫د?=د<א‬3I‫*و‬+<‫و‬،]0^&
K\)$‫א‬+

48
‫‬ ‫‬
‫א_ א‪CN‬‬
‫>‪%‬אنא}‪<C‬א‪ '0 +m‬‬
‫‪49‬‬
Q</0‫א‬,KLM‫ אنא‬#> W<C‫א=<א‬
<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

WX=&‫א‬36* =8&‫א‬96:0A=‫א‬Xy‫א‬
K‫ن‬+(=‫א‬f+1QR'0 +m‫<א‬f+$‫א‬Cr<%?‫سא‬+0F J
K]>&‫جلא‬+&1&,K J
KC}‫אنא‬%>‫* |لא&>]و‬F‫*א‬,‫ د)א‬J

<=‫א‬./ J٢

C}‫ < א‬E‫ض‬+?¶KF ‫אن‬%?‫ن א‬34( ،*040‫)و‬0y‫ א‬Pv1‫' א‬0 +R < [A+$‫ن א‬+(=, 1
W+4&T‫`א‬.+1‫א‬E∆PLF
& ?M q
∆P& =
f × × × ρ
R S ( ١)
f M
W‫ن‬Rt0
\3m‫_א‬+4&T‫א‬5+ Wf
(m) ¥=°‫لא‬32WL
(m)\3m‫^=א‬FWD
(m/s)[A+$‫نא‬+(=,*=,Wv
(kg/m3)[A+$‫>*א‬+dbWρ
W*v
WC}±>+4$‫دא‬3‫(א‬+C}‫אن<א‬%?‫א‬g&‫א‬4S
& ?M
∆h& =
f × ×
(m) ( ٢)
f

50

W*0+&‫א‬H‫د‬+$+ ‫ن‬+(=‫عא‬3'EfF+4&T‫א‬5+\+4S‫و‬

W?:%A+F)‫ن‬+(=,?ERe < 2000F‫ن‬+b‫ذא‬K •
r
f=
se

W?\=^}‫ن‬+(=,?ERe >4000F‫ن‬+b‫ذא‬K •
W?f+‫و‬R*+g,‫א‬3<\=^}‫ن‬+(=,?E4000 < Re <105F J

f = 0.316
Rtj.m
e

W?*1i_g,‫א‬3<\=^}‫ن‬+(=,?ERe >105F J
Ɛ
f = 0.79
u
f
Ɛ
\3m‫א‬U^*01‫*א‬3ij‫א‬W
f

EMoody diagramF Z‫د‬3 ^ YK ‫دא‬+1&,K +4&T‫ א‬5+ (c 4S R +b
K١١54i‫א‬Ur3$‫א‬

51
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪3^W١١54D‬د‪ Z‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ J٣‬א=‪F3‬אوא‪0‬دوא‬
‫א‪m‬دوא‪H‬א‪96<*q&$‬א&‪ W:6* =8‬‬
‫• ‪+#I‬ز ‪+0%‬س א?‪ < %‬א}‪ < C‬א‪3$‬א‪ g,‬و[ ‪ H0!3. < 5d&. H+%‬ذא‪H‬‬
‫‪+4DR‬ل&?*‪K‬‬
‫• ‪+0%‬م ‪9#‬א&‪q&.* =8‬م‪+0%*1‬سא?‪<%‬א}‪<C‬א‪3$‬א‪g,‬و‪+0F‬سא&>]‬
‫‪(١٢54D)Flowmeter test stand‬وא‪*34$‬א‪=!+1‬א&‪ W*0+‬‬
‫‬
‫ ‬
‫‪+0% E١‬سא?=ق<א}‪ C‬‬
‫‪ E٢‬وא‪+0%‬سא‪3‬د(* ‬
‫‪+#I E٣‬زא&‪ * =8‬‬
‫‪+0% E٤‬سא&>] ‬
‫‪n_ E٥‬אنא‪ E٧٠*,F¼f+$‬‬
‫‪+! E٦‬م‪ @(=.‬‬
‫‪ E٧‬وא& ‪ P4‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪+0% E٨‬س‪n‬دوج ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪+#IW١٢54D‬ز‪+0F‬س>‪%‬אنא}‪ C‬‬
‫‪53‬‬

H+% $‫א‬965d&.‫ *و‬3^$‫)\א‬+8&+ ‫م‬+0%‫م‬q&.H+% *1$‫א‬96[I3(R+b
K١٣54i‫א‬Ur336+b*?&‫ل‬+4DRH‫ذא‬H0!3.<
H+ &?‫א‬،EPitot tubeFH3&0 \3R،EVenturiFZ)3&1?‫א‬،ERotameterF3.‫א=و‬

KENozzleFH+63?‫א‬،EOrificeF
3.‫א=و‬
ERotameterF

Z)3&1?‫א‬
EVenturiF

H3&0 \3R
EPitot tubeF

EOrificeFH+ &?‫א‬
H0!3&‫ل&?*א‬+4DRW١٣54D

54

<=‫ אא‬f J٤

*1$‫א‬zq$‫نא‬+4$‫<א‬E٣F0* =8&+ ‫م‬+0%‫=אدא‬$‫زא‬+#o‫'א‬0b PF K١
‫ز‬+#o‫ =ج א‬5!3( ¥=_m‫* א‬#o‫(* و א‬9C&‫\ א‬37 5_$‫* א‬#I 0!3.‫و‬
K‫אن‬nq‫ع‬3I=‫\א‬37
f+$‫ع א‬+?.)T ‫دوج‬n$‫س א‬+0% *>+?i‫و(* א‬n0‫' א‬0 +m+ ‫ز‬+#o‫ א‬50!3& PF K٢
Kx9*q$‫א‬H!3‫مא‬q&,
E]>&‫<א‬P4 &‫مא‬+!F‫אن‬nq‫ع‬3I=‫وא‬Rf+$‫=(@א‬.‫م‬+!]R K٣
E٧FP4 &‫=(]وא‬2*q}$‫א‬50Ci& PF K٤
µ‫ن‬KK‫س‬+0%*(‫و‬n0‫'א‬0 +m‫<א‬،¥3&$‫א‬¢?f+$‫=א‬%&(|YK=v&K K٥
zq&‫'א‬JE‫א‬f+$‫<א‬f‫א‬36H++%>‫د‬3I‫ن 'و‬34(+++‫و‬،x‫ذ‬
K:I+In‫\א‬3m‫א‬R<‫د‬3I3$‫א‬¢0?1&‫مא‬+!](=2+#1
K]>&‫*א‬0b‫ د‬K٦
¥3&<g0C.YKZ‫د‬-0,+ªf+$‫®=و)א‬++0AnIE٦F@(=&‫مא‬+!U&>K K٧
03.‫=و‬+ ‫=وط‬q$‫?[א‬.=(‫سو‬+0%‫א‬%1C}+.*(‫و‬n0‫'א‬0 +m+ f+$‫א‬
K]>&‫*א‬0F'
K]>&‫*א‬04*,+1$‫و(*א‬n0‫'א‬0 +m‫<א‬f+$‫عא‬+?.)K‫س‬+0% PF K٨
< 36 +b H+,+0%‫ א‬58, PQ E٦F @(=&‫م א‬+! U&> ‫د‬+(n ]>&‫ א‬g0C& PF K٩
K*% +‫א‬3^j‫א‬
W*v
‫*א=ض‬D+D=D+،C}‫ض א‬+?¶‫*لא&>]وא‬%&$‫א‬H+,+0%‫א‬9_R4S
KP4 &‫*א‬3
H‫=א‬6*0‫=)א‬b •

55

<=‫א‬B/ J٥
W٦‫ول‬o‫א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58, •
* =8&‫`א‬A+&‫و‬H+,+0FW٦‫ول‬I
6 5 4 3 2 1
EL/hFQ ]>&‫*א‬0b
EmFh1‫ع‬+?.)T‫א‬
EmFh2‫ع‬+?.)T‫א‬
P1 =ρ g h1C}‫א‬
P2 =ρ g h2C}‫א‬
C}‫א?=ق<א‬
∆P = P1 – P2

*0b‫ و‬C}‫* | א?=ق < א‬F‫ א‬U0r3& E:k)+3 ‫س‬+0%F 1 1$‫ א‬P,)R K١
K]>&‫א‬
‫؟‬1 1$‫אא‬96`&1&.‫ذא‬+ K٢

56
‫ ‬
‫ ‬

‫ א&‪f+#‬א&)('>‪%‬אنא}‪<C‬א‪3² F'0 +m‬م?‪x‬و‪)F‬א‪3 x.‬א‪+bK*^£££,‬ل‪96‬אא&‪P(3%‬‬
‫א‪9‬א‪ =1 5b :.‬א‪ =!+1‬א‪ ،)3b9$‬وذ‪+R E F *£££££ [r3 x‬م &‪ ¥3‬א‪m‬دא‪ f‬א‪Z9‬‬
‫‪،&1%.R‬و<‪*+‬م‪*0 +F‬א‪[r]0^&*#$‬א*<א‪*+j‬א‪ Kx9 *!+j‬‬
‫אא‪n‬طא ‪s‬א‪qor‬א ]('‪ #>Wk‬אنא‪,KLM‬א‪ Q</0‬‬
‫‪A<8uv‬‬ ‫א‪ 22222U‬‬ ‫م ‬
‫@' ‬ ‫‪ BFE‬‬ ‫‪ x‬‬
‫' "‪ w‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٣٣‬‬
‫=>‪+£££0F*£££‬سא?‪C£££r<£££%‬א‪<f+£££$‬א‪f+£££1QR'£££0 +m‬‬ ‫‪K٣٤‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫א=(‪+‬ن‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=>*א‪| *F‬لא&>]و>‪%‬אنא}‪C‬‬ ‫‪K٣٥‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫=>*‪n0#‬א‪H‬א&‪* =8‬‬ ‫‪K٣٦‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫א‪+0%‬م ‪* =8&+‬א‪* 3^$‬‬ ‫‪K٣٧‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٣٨‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٣٩‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪K٤٠‬‬
‫‪+‬א‪ K\)$‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫א_ א‪C‬د‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫<א‪'0 +m‬و<‪=!+1‬א&‪ 50!3‬‬‫>‪%‬אنא}‪C‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪58‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א=<א?‪ #> W‬אنא‪,KLM‬א‪Q</0‬و‪U(,‬א‪ AU‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪=vW._I‬א‪3I3‬د‪&\)+‬د&‪9# *%‬א‪3‬و‪4S‬א‪+0%‬م ‪¢?+#‬א‪،*1$‬‬
‫‪9‬א=‪¥‬א}=و)‪96H+34U0r3.Z‬א‪5F*1$‬א&^=ق&‪\)+8‬א‪*0‬وא‪P&0,E‬‬
‫‪ K+%+#=D‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ J١‬א=‪F3‬אوא‪0‬دوא‬
‫א‪m‬دوא‪H‬א‪96<*q&$‬א&‪ W:6* =8‬‬
‫• ‪+0% (١٤ 54D) *+4& *1‬م ‪ (+‬א&‪ \)+8‬א‪)0y‬و‪ < *040‬א‪3$‬א‪g,‬‬
‫و‪=!+1‬א&‪50!3‬ذא‪+ RH‬دو‪+4DR‬ل&?*)‪K(١٥54D‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪W١٤54D‬א‪*1$‬و‪ +#.+34‬‬
‫‪59‬‬
\)+8&‫*<א‬q&$‫א‬50!3&‫!=א‬+1‫'و‬0 +m‫א‬W١٥54D

<%?‫*א‬,‫ )א‬U(+ª*040‫)و‬0y‫א‬5A‫א‬3‫>]א‬.3,*,‫*)א‬1$‫א‬96‫م‬q&.
@&q 50!3&‫!= א‬+1 < ‫ و‬g,‫א‬3$‫ < א‬x‫ وذ‬،+4&T‫ ' א‬،C}‫و א‬R *F+^‫א‬
K+y+4DR‫و‬+#+8R
‫ن‬+(=,‫و‬R: A+?!‫ن‬+(=,F‫ن‬+(=‫عא‬3(c4SEReF‫ز‬31()PF)*>=‫و‬،R+b
KE\=^}
W:6*1$‫א‬96+# ‫م‬+0%‫א‬4SE‫)\א‬+8&‫א‬
Kf+$‫*وא‬1ij‫א‬g,‫א‬3$‫<א‬C}‫אنא‬%> J١
KC}‫<א‬%?‫^=א‬%‫א‬gQ7. J٢
Kf+$‫*وא‬1ij‫א‬g,‫א‬3$‫<א‬+4&T‫א‬5+ J٣
Kg,‫א‬3$‫<א‬+4&T‫א‬5+=^%‫א‬gQ7. J٤
EKKKH+63?‫ א‬JVenturiZ)3&1?‫ א‬J> J‫م‬+!F50!3&‫!=א‬+1<C}‫אنא‬%> J٥
K50!3&‫!=א‬+1<]>&‫אنא‬%>‫سא&>]و‬+0F J٦
KE\=^} J:%A+F)F‫ن‬+(=‫אعא‬3R*,‫ د)א‬J٧
60

Cr )+i&,K ‫س‬+ +6)+&_K \3^$‫!= א‬+1‫= א‬1 5b *(+# ‫ < א(* و‬I3(
K:A+3+‫و‬R?Bourdon?‫)دون‬3 ‫ع‬33+0!3.4SZ9‫وא‬:r+?.
W*v
K:A+$‫א‬3+$‫وא‬R‫)دون‬3 3+](=2C}‫אنא‬%>‫س‬+0F4S
3+$‫ < | א‬،‫א‬gb ‫ن‬34( +1 C}‫س א?=ق < א‬+0% ‫)دون‬3 3+ 5&(
f‫א‬36*q}‫אم‬q&, ^r4S:A+$‫א‬3+$‫א‬KgC‫א‬C}‫سא?=ق<א‬+0%:A+$‫א‬
K3+$‫א‬R<‫د‬3I3Z‫(و‬
Wk"
W*0+&‫א‬H+0‫א‬90?1.Z)‫ز>א}=و‬+#o‫א‬50Ci.5F
K+(=%. P200££ *q}$‫ 'א‬,\3R‫وز‬+8&(*(9C&‫אنא‬n_<f+$‫א‬¥3&‫ن‬Rb7. J
K*q}$‫'א‬+½‫د‬3I3$‫א&>]א‬5_‫م‬+!U&>K J
KE7PF)YK1PF)F'0 +m‫א‬H++![0U&>K J
K*q}$‫א‬50Ci& PF J
< f+$‫ن א‬+(=, 'F‫ )א‬+61‫ و‬+0J). E‫ع‬3I=‫م א‬+!F ]>&‫ < א‬P4 &‫م א‬+! U&>K J
K‫אن‬nj‫א‬YK[I‫مא=א‬32=j‫א‬e‫و‬g,‫א‬3$‫א‬
Kg,‫א‬3$‫=('<א‬.‫د‬3I‫مو‬b7.‫و‬+0b]>&‫<א‬P4 &‫مא‬+!]K J
À+&1‫א‬50c‫و‬H+ + ‫[א‬0½‫م‬+0%',+ ‫אمא‬q&, U(`+= *1$‫א‬96[I3(
K١٦54i+ Ur336+bR)3b9$‫)\א‬+8&+ *%&$‫א‬
AFT/CAL. Computer Aided Learning Software (Results Calculation and Analysis)

À+&1‫א‬50c‫و‬H+ + ‫[א‬0½‫م‬+0%',+ ‫אمא‬q&,KW١٦54D
61

'f‫ دא‬8‫ذא‬tC'‫وא‬nN‫א‬u‫אא‬,{-_‫א‬e(‫א‬KLM‫ אنא‬#>W١-٨<=‫א‬
4'|
<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١
W<5d&(* =8&‫א‬96Xy‫א‬
< 5A‫א‬3‫=* א‬,‫ و‬،+4&T‫ ' א‬،E*F+^‫א‬F C}‫אن א‬%> | *F‫( א‬c J
K'0 +m‫א‬

<=‫א‬./ J٢
WE١٤54DFg,‫א‬3$‫א‬5_‫ندא‬+(=‫אعא‬3R‫د‬3I‫و‬EReynoldsF‫ز‬31()aQR%
*0,+1.*=‫وא‬E*F+^‫א‬FC}‫<א‬%?‫* |א‬F‫نא‬34.W: A+?!‫ن‬+(=, •
K+(‫=د‬2*=‫'[א‬,+1&(E*F+^‫א‬FC}‫אنא‬%>W\=^}‫ن‬+(=, •

y×z×{
wx = :EReF‫ز‬31()PF)
|
Wt0
(m/s)[A+$‫نא‬+(=,*=,Wv
(m)\3m‫^=א‬FWd
EPa.sF5A+*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬Wµ
|
} = W?*040.+104‫*?א‬0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫نא‬R+‫و‬
y

z×{
w x = W:(+b‫ز‬31()*‫د‬+U.:+&+ ‫و‬
}
62

W*?&)‫=א‬H+I)‫د‬1f+?*040.+104‫*?א‬0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬P0F+1Ur3(٧‫ول‬o‫א‬

*?&)‫=א‬H+I)‫د‬1*0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬W٧‫ول‬I
Em2/secF *0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬EoCF)‫*א =א‬I)‫د‬
1,52.10-6 5
1,308.10-6 10
1,142.10-6 15
1,007.10-6 20
0,897.10-6 25
0,804.10-6 30
0,727.10-6 35
0,661.10-6 40
0,556.10-6 50

<=‫ אא‬f J٣
K]>&‫<א‬P4 &‫مא‬+!‫'و‬0 +m‫א‬H++![0]K*q}$‫א‬50Ci.5F K١
K%>\3m‫אא‬96‫_ل‬f+$‫®=و)א‬+)+&_K‫=אد‬$‫\א‬3m‫مא‬+!U&>K K٢
U(‫م‬+‫אא‬96F+0J).]>&‫<א‬P4 &‫مא‬+!U&>KPQ،*q}$‫א‬50Ci& PF K٣
KE]>&‫لא‬g0C&
KC}‫אنא‬%>‫&>]و‬+ *%&$‫א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58,PQ]>&‫<א‬P4 &+ PF K٤

63

<=‫א‬B/ J٤
=1‫(א‬c'J‫א‬9*?&50!3.=!+1‫'و‬0 +R+# ‫م‬+0%‫א‬4S* =8&‫نא‬R+
Ur336+b‫ول‬o‫א‬¢?H+,+0%‫א‬508.PQ* =8&',+1$‫ولא‬o‫م<א‬q&$‫א‬
W+‫د‬R
* =8&‫`א‬A+&‫ول‬I
23 mm ‫و‬R 17 mm:_‫אא‬+6=^F*1i_)3,+W* =8&‫א‬96<‫م‬q&$‫=א‬1‫א‬
‫ز‬31()PF) C}‫ع א?=ق<א‬+?.)T‫א?=ق<א‬ f+$‫=*א‬, ]>&‫א‬
Re ∆P = ρ g ∆h hf=∆h = h1-h2 v =Q/A Q
3
(Pa) (m) (m/sec) (m /sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6
* =8&‫`א‬A+&‫ول‬I
16.5 mm‫و‬R 6.5 mm:_‫אא‬+6=^Ff+)3,+W* =8&‫א‬96<‫م‬q&$‫=א‬1‫א‬
‫ز‬31()PF) C}‫ع א?=ق<א‬+?.)T‫א?=ق<א‬ f+$‫=*א‬, ]>&‫א‬
Re ∆P = ρ g ∆h hf=∆h = h1-h2 v =Q/A Q
3
(Pa) (m) (m/sec) (m /sec)
1
2
3
4
5
64
6
E‫ وא‬B‫א‬A'g J٥
<‫وא?=ق‬ELog vF*=‫* |א‬F‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬E١٧54i‫א‬F1 1$‫א‬P,)R K١

KELog hf F‫ع‬+?.)T‫א‬
KE:%A+F=‫نא‬+(=‫وא‬: A+?‫نא‬+(=‫א‬F‫ن‬+(=‫عא‬3‫ز‬e.E‫א‬H++$‫&`א‬1&,K K٢

‫ع‬+?.)T‫* |א=*وא?=ق<א‬F‫א‬W١٧54D
65

4'|'f‫ دא‬8‫ذא‬tC'‫وא‬nN‫א‬u‫אא‬,{-_‫א‬A W٢ J٨ <=‫א‬
<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

W<5d&(* =8&‫א‬96Xy‫א‬
K‫ن‬+(=‫אعא‬3R@&q$EReF‫ز‬31()PF)‫و‬+4&T‫א‬5+| *F‫*א‬,‫ د)א‬J

<=‫א‬./ J٢
C}‫>نא?=ق<א‬:%>R[r‫)<و‬3,+e،2‫ و‬1 |^%| =S5A+‫نא‬+b‫ذא‬K
W*0+&‫د*א‬+$+ +P&(
∆P = P1 - P2= ρ g hf (Pa) E١F
hf =∆h = h1 – h2
Wt0
(Pa)1[^%$‫א‬1C}‫א‬WP1
(Pa)2[^%$‫א‬1C}‫א‬WP2
(m)1[^%',+1$‫א‬:A+$‫א‬3+$‫<א‬f+$‫عא‬+?.)KWh1
(m)2[^%',+1$‫א‬:A+$‫א‬3+$‫<א‬f+$‫عא‬+?.)KWh2

hf‫ع‬+?.)T‫جא?=ق<א‬+&1&,K4S*% +‫د*א‬+$‫א‬
L~ tLM
h' = (٢)

+4&T‫א‬5+* ‫ع‬+?.)T‫\א?=ق<א‬+4SZ=A‫^[دא‬%H‫ذא‬g,‫א‬3*1+

W*0+&‫د*א‬+$‫אمא‬q&,
&×?M
h' = λ ( ٣)
××>
66

Wt0
g,‫א‬3$‫<א‬+4&T‫א‬5+Wλ
(m) ?2‫و‬1|^%$‫>* |א‬+$‫\?א‬3m‫لא‬32WL
(m/s)[A+$‫نא‬+(=,*=,Wv
(m)\3m‫^=א‬FWd
Em/s2F*0 ‫ذ‬+o‫)عא‬+. Wg
W*0+&‫د*א‬+$‫א‬+4&T‫א‬5+‫ج‬+&1&,K4S+b
××>×4
λ = E٤F
?M ×&

<=‫ אא‬f J٣
K]>&‫<א‬P4 &‫مא‬+!‫'و‬0 +m‫א‬H++![0]K*q}$‫א‬50Ci.5F K١
K%>\3m‫אא‬96‫_ل‬f+$‫®=و)א‬+)+&_K‫=אد‬$‫\א‬3m‫مא‬+!U&>K K٢
U(‫م‬+‫אא‬96F+0J).]>&‫<א‬P4 &‫مא‬+!U&>KPQ،*q}$‫א‬50Ci& PF K٣
KE]>&‫لא‬g0C&
KC}‫אنא‬%>‫&>]و‬+ *%&$‫א‬H+,+0%‫א‬58,PQ]>&‫<א‬P4 &+ PF K٤

K:A+$‫א‬3+$‫وא‬R‫)دون‬3 3+](=2C}‫אنא‬%>‫س‬+0F4SW*v

67

<=‫א‬B/ J٤
=1‫(א‬c'J‫א‬9*?&50!3.=!+1‫'و‬0 +R+# ‫م‬+0%‫א‬4S* =8&‫نא‬R+
Ur336+b‫ول‬o‫א‬¢?H+,+0%‫א‬508.PQ* =8&',+1$‫ولא‬o‫م<א‬q&$‫א‬
W+‫د‬R
* =8&‫`א‬A+&‫ول‬I
17 mm:_‫אא‬+6=^F*1i_)3,+W* =8&‫א‬96<‫م‬q&$‫=א‬1‫א‬
‫ز‬31()PF) 5+ <‫א?=ق‬ f+$‫=*א‬, ]>&‫א‬
Re λ+4&T‫א‬ ‫ع‬+?.)T‫א‬ v =Q/A Q (m3/sec)
(m/sec)
hf = h1-h2 (m)
1
2
3
4
5
* =8&‫`א‬A+&‫ول‬I
16.5 mm:_‫אא‬+6=^Ff+)3,+W* =8&‫א‬96<‫م‬q&$‫=א‬1‫א‬
‫ز‬31()PF) C}‫א?=ق<א‬ <‫א?=ق‬ f+$‫=*א‬, ]>&‫א‬
3
Re ∆P = ρ g ∆h ‫ع‬+?.)T‫א‬ v =Q/A Q (m /sec)
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(m)
1
2
3
4
5

68
KERe F‫ز‬31()PF)‫و‬EλF+4&T‫א‬5+| *F‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬1 1$‫א‬P,)R •
Ww2272'2222 J٦
x9b‫)\ و‬+8&‫ א‬96 < *q&$‫* א‬1 *00A=‫* א‬D+i‫| א‬. *0+&‫אول א‬o‫א‬
K+#05 &$‫`א‬A+&1‫א‬
*00A=‫*א‬D+i‫א‬W١]

*q}$‫א‬W AB J]>&‫سא‬+0%W SC JC}‫سא‬+0%W SP JC}‫سא?=ق<א‬+0%WSPD
K16.5 mm=^F¢R\3R* =À+&W٢]
69

26.5 mm=^F¢R\3R* =À+&W٣]

K6.5 mm=^F¢R\3R* =À+&W٤]

70

K17 mm=^Fi_\3R* =À+&W٥]

23 mm=^Fi_\3R* =À+&W٦]

71
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‫אא‪n‬طא ‪s‬א‪qor‬א ]('‪ #>Wk‬אنא‪,KLM‬א‪Q</0‬و‪U(,‬א‪ AU‬‬
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74

أساسيات الهيدروليك والنيوماتيك - عملي

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أساسيات الهيدروليك والنيوماتيك - عملي

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‫ א

و وא ‬ ‫אدא  א  و  א‬

‫א‪ "#$‬א "‪ W‬‬

‫ ‪ 8‬א‪ 74‬‬ ‫א‪222226‬ع‬

‫• ‪R‬ن(‪3%‬م &‪:3= * =8‬و(&‪3`&1‬عא=(‪+‬ن‪K‬‬

<=‫ א‬e Z ‫ א‬J١

(Density) (ρFW*>+d4‫ א‬JR

ERelative densityF(SG) W*01‫>*א‬+d4‫ א‬J\

(Specific weight) : γ:31‫زنא‬3‫ א‬JH

‫‪)+F J٢‬نא‪`A+&1‬א‪+#05 &$‬وא‪*>+d4 *% &$‬א‪f+$‬و‪*>+db‬א‪a(n‬و‪x.+I+&1&,K:6+‬؟ ‬

|& i‫א‬H‫ *ذא‬3m‫<א‬5A‫א‬3‫אنא‬n.K*%(=^ 5A‫א‬3‫>*א‬+db W/?‫ א‬# ‫א‬

:a(n*01‫>*א‬+d4‫|א‬0 .4S*% +‫*א‬F ‫]א‬0^& ‫و‬

<=‫ א‬e Z ‫ א‬J١

eJC}&‫و‬+%)‫א‬%‫و‬،‫ن‬+(=8+5A+,*0 +F @!3(‫س‬+0%:6 *I‫و‬n‫א‬

EPa.sF‫و‬REN.s/m²F ‫ووحدتھا‬ µ*040+1(‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬J

P (Poise) or Pa.s or kg/(m.s)

Em²/sF ‫ووحدتھا‬ ν E*040.+104‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬F *0b= ‫*א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬J

W*I‫و‬n‫א‬5+££ <=£Q-$‫א‬5‫א‬3££ ‫• א‬

W*I‫و‬n‫\א‬+ *q&$‫א‬H‫د‬+ $‫• א‬

W*0+&‫*א‬0r+(=‫*א‬F + ^ .‫و‬5?,RYKً+0,R)=Q-.‫=و‬4‫©*وزنא‬D+1‫א‬3%‫ א‬J

<=‫ א א‬f J٤

‫‪ A'g J٦‬א‪ B‬و א‪E‬‬

‫‪ f J٤‬א א=<‬

‫• א)‪P,‬א ‪| *F‬א‪n‬و‪F*I‬א‪)3³‬א‪+‬د‪ EZ‬ود)‪*I‬א =א)‪F‬א‪)3³‬א‪E"0‬‬

Enter/Auto rangeH+3 $‫لא‬+_‫د‬K®+&? Select display‫)א =ض‬+0&_‫®א‬+&?

Set Print time:

* Not available when motor is ON

&-‫ א‬KLM‫ א‬W<‫א=< אא‬

<=‫ א א‬f J٤

K‫ع‬+?.)T‫ وא‬C}‫* |א‬F ‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬1 1$‫א‬P,)R E١

&-‫ א و‬KLM‫ א‬WCN‫א=< א‬

<=‫ א‬e Z ‫ א‬J١

‫دوא‬0‫א و א‬F3=‫ א‬J٣

*‫א‬3 U^$‫א‬I3‫ א‬E١

‫‪ f J٤‬א א=<‬

‫‪P,)R K١‬א‪1 1$‬א‪Ur3(Z9‬א ‪| *F‬א‪3%‬و‪+?.)K‬عא‪Kf+$‬‬

‫‪j‬ذج ‪ #‬א ] ‪ lC‬دא‪ kB‬‬

&/< <O W‫د‬C‫א=< א‬

KEPaF‫ل‬+4,+‫'[وא‬,+1&&:3= *‫د‬+ * +&b4SR+b

‫‪+#IWER-١٠F54D‬ز =‪+ RWE\-١٠F54D :3‬د‪+#I‬ز =‪:3‬و‪ 2+%*+‬א‪ *?&q$‬‬

‫(&‪\3R5‬א_&‪nº)+‬א|& ‪*04 P4‬א‪f+$‬א‪+#I<]>&$‬ز =‪R،:3‬و‪q&(+y‬م‬

t = f+$‫ א‬V= µ= 10-3 ρ=١٠٠٠

E‫ و א‬B‫ א‬A'g J٦

kB‫ دא‬lC ] ‫ א‬# ‫ذج‬j

Q</0‫ א‬, KLM‫ אن א‬#> W<C‫א=< א‬

<=‫ א‬e Z ‫ א‬J١

W?f+‫و‬R*+g,‫א‬3<\=^}‫ن‬+(=,?E4000 < Re <105F J

H+ &?‫א‬،EPitot tubeFH3&0 \3R،EVenturiFZ)3&1?‫א‬،ERotameterF3.‫א=و‬

‫‪j‬ذج ‪ #‬א ] ‪ lC‬دא‪ kB‬‬

<=‫ א‬e Z ‫ א‬J١

E‫ و א‬B‫ א‬A'g J٥

<‫وא?=ق‬ELog vF*=‫* |א‬F ‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬E١٧54i‫א‬F1 1$‫א‬P,)R K١

<=‫ א‬e Z ‫ א‬J١

+4&T‫א‬5+ * ‫ع‬+?.)T‫\א?=ق<א‬+4SZ=A‫^[دא‬%H‫ذא‬g,‫א‬3*1+

W*0+&‫د*א‬+ $‫א‬+4&T‫א‬5+ ‫ج‬+&1&,K4S+b

KERe F‫ز‬31()PF)‫و‬EλF+4&T‫א‬5+ | *F ‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬1 1$‫א‬P,)R •

K16.5 mm=^F¢R\3R* =`A+&W٢] 

K17 mm=^Fi_\3R* =`A+&W٥] 

23 mm=^Fi_\3R* =`A+&W٦] 

‫ ]‪* =`A+&W٧‬א?‪ VenturiZ)3&1‬‬

‫‪j‬ذج ‪ #‬א ] ‪ lC‬دא‪ kB‬‬

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ووא ‬ ‫אدאאو א‬

‫א‪"#$‬א "‪ W‬‬

‫‪8‬א‪ 74‬‬ ‫א‪222226‬ع‬

‫• ‪R‬ن(‪3%‬م &‪:3= * =8‬و(&‪3`&1‬عא=(‪+‬ن‪K‬‬

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

(Density) (ρFW*>+d4‫ א‬JR

ERelative densityF(SG) W01‫>א‬+d4‫ א‬J\

(Specific weight) : γ:31‫زنא‬3‫ א‬JH

‫‪)+F J٢‬نא‪`A+&1‬א‪+#05 &$‬وא‪>+d4 %&$‬א‪f+$‬و‪*>+db‬א‪a(n‬و‪x.+I+&1&,K:6+‬؟ ‬

|&i‫א‬H‫ ذא‬3m‫<א‬5A‫א‬3‫אنא‬n.K%(=^ 5A‫א‬3‫>*א‬+db W/?‫א‬# ‫א‬

:a(n01‫>א‬+d4‫|א‬0.4S% +‫א‬F‫]א‬0^& ‫و‬

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

eJC}&‫و‬+%)‫א‬%‫و‬،‫ن‬+(=8+5A+,0 +F @!3(‫س‬+0%:6 I‫و‬n‫א‬

EPa.sF‫و‬REN.s/m²F ‫ووحدتھا‬ µ040+1(‫א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬J

Em²/sF ‫ووحدتھا‬ ν E040.+104‫א‬I‫و‬n‫א‬F 0b= ‫א‬I‫و‬n‫ א‬J

W*I‫و‬n‫א‬5+££<=£Q-$‫א‬5‫א‬3££‫• א‬

WI‫و‬n‫\א‬+ q&$‫א‬H‫د‬+$‫• א‬

W0+&‫א‬0r+(=‫א‬F+ ^.‫و‬5?,RYKً+0,R)=Q-.‫=و‬4‫©وزنא‬D+1‫א‬3%‫ א‬J

<=‫ אא‬f J٤

‫‪A'g J٦‬א‪B‬وא‪E‬‬

‫‪ f J٤‬אא=<‬

‫• א)‪P,‬א‪| F‬א‪n‬و‪FI‬א‪)3³‬א‪+‬د‪ EZ‬ود)‪*I‬א =א)‪F‬א‪)3³‬א‪E"0‬‬

Enter/Auto rangeH+3$‫لא‬+_‫د‬K®+&? Select display‫)א=ض‬+0&_‫®א‬+&?

&-‫א‬KLM‫ א‬W<‫א=<אא‬

<=‫ אא‬f J٤

K‫ع‬+?.)T‫ وא‬C}‫* |א‬F‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬1 1$‫א‬P,)R E١

&-‫א و‬KLM‫ א‬WCN‫א=<א‬

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

‫دوא‬0‫אوא‬F3=‫ א‬J٣

*‫א‬3U^$‫א‬I3‫ א‬E١

‫‪ f J٤‬אא=<‬

‫‪P,)R K١‬א‪1 1$‬א‪Ur3(Z9‬א‪| *F‬א‪3%‬و‪+?.)K‬عא‪Kf+$‬‬

‫‪j‬ذج‪#‬א ]‪lC‬دא‪kB‬‬

&/<<O W‫د‬C‫א=<א‬

KEPaF‫ل‬+4,+‫'[وא‬,+1&&:3= ‫د‬+ +&b4SR+b

‫‪+#IWER-١٠F54D‬ز =‪+ RWE\-١٠F54D :3‬د‪+#I‬ز =‪:3‬و‪2+%+‬א‪ ?&q$‬‬

‫(&‪\3R5‬א_&‪nº)+‬א|& ‪*04 P4‬א‪f+$‬א‪+#I<]>&$‬ز =‪R،:3‬و‪q&(+y‬م‬

E‫ وא‬B‫א‬A'g J٦

kB‫دא‬lC] ‫א‬#‫ذج‬j

Q</0‫א‬,KLM‫ אنא‬#> W<C‫א=<א‬

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

W?f+‫و‬R*+g,‫א‬3<\=^}‫ن‬+(=,?E4000 < Re <105F J

H+ &?‫א‬،EPitot tubeFH3&0 \3R،EVenturiFZ)3&1?‫א‬،ERotameterF3.‫א=و‬

‫‪j‬ذج‪#‬א ]‪lC‬دא‪kB‬‬

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

E‫ وא‬B‫א‬A'g J٥

<‫وא?=ق‬ELog vF=‫ |א‬F‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬E١٧54i‫א‬F1 1$‫א‬P,)R K١

<=‫א‬eZ ‫ א‬J١

+4&T‫א‬5+ ‫ع‬+?.)T‫\א?=ق<א‬+4SZ=A‫^[دא‬%H‫ذא‬g,‫א‬31+

W0+&‫دא‬+$‫א‬+4&T‫א‬5+‫ج‬+&1&,K4S+b

KERe F‫ز‬31()PF)‫و‬EλF+4&T‫א‬5+| *F‫א‬Ur3(Z9‫א‬1 1$‫א‬P,)R •

K16.5 mm=^F¢R\3R* =`A+&W٢]

K17 mm=^Fi_\3R* =`A+&W٥]

23 mm=^Fi_\3R* =`A+&W٦]

‫ ]‪* =`A+&W٧‬א?‪ VenturiZ)3&1‬‬

‫‪j‬ذج‪#‬א ]‪lC‬دא‪kB‬‬