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Naeema H. Yarkandi*
ABSTRACT
The adsorption properties of natural American bentonite and activated carbon, the
Keywords removal of Pb++ from aqueous solution were studies. The results show that the
amount of adsorption of Pb++ increases with initial metal ion concentration,
Adsorption, contact time and solution PH but decreases with amount of adsorbent and
Lead; temperatures. The adsorption process has fit pseudo-second order kinetic model.
Activated Langmuir and Freundich adsorption isotherm models were applies to analyze
Carbon; adsorption data and both were found to be applicable to these adsorption process.
Bentonite. Thermodynamic parameters e.g. G°, S° and H° of the adsorption process was
found to be endothermic. Finally it can be seen that bentonite was found to be more
effective for removal of Pb++ than activated carbon.
Introduction
As a result of rapid industrialization, toxic most serious worldwide environmental
metals and metalloid such as cadmium, problem (Axtell et al., 2003; Amarasinghe
lead, chromium, mercury, arsenic and et al., 2007).
copper are released into the environment
resulting in damage in ecosystems and Among the different heavy metals, lead is
human health. Unlike organic pollutants, one of the common and most toxic
heavy metals are non-biodegradable in the pollutants into the natural waters from
environment and can accumulate in living various industrial activities such as metal
tissues particularly in human bodies plating, oil refining and battery
causing significant physiological disorders manufacturing (Yurtsever and Sengil ,
such as damage of central nervous system (2008). Lead ions are taken into body via
and blood composition, production of inhalation, ingestion or skin adsorption. As
energy and irreversible damage of vital a result when the body is exposed to lead,
organs of body. Hence the presence of it can act as a cumulative poison. Lead
heavy metals in natural or industrial accumulates mainly in bones, brain,
wastewaters is a subject of great interest in kidney and muscles and may cause many
environmental science which is one of the serious disorders like anaemia, kidney
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
disease, nervous disorder and sickness The objectives of this study was to
even death (Kazi et al., 2008; Afridi et al., investigate the adsorption potential of
2006). Lead can replace calcium, which is activated carbon and bentonite for the
an essential mineral for strong bones and removal of Pb(II) ions from wastewater.
teeth, while play important role in The effect of several parameters such as
sympathetic actions of nerve and blood contact time, initial concentration, pH
vessel for normal functioning of nervous value of the solution, adsorbent dose,
system. The high level of lead damages volume and temperature were studied. The
cognitive development especially in adsorption mechanisms of Pb(II) ions onto
children. It also acts as an enzyme activated carbon and bentonite evaluated
inhibitor in body, e.g. replaces essential in terms of thermodynamic and kinetics.
element zinc from heme enzymes The adsorption isotherm were described
(Skerfving et al., 1998; Soylac et al., by using Langmuir and Freundlich
2002). In drinking water maximum models.
allowable limit of total Pb of 50 gL-1 is
considered safe by the World Health Materials and Methods
Organization, whereas less than 15 gL-1
is adopted by the United States Experimental
Environmental Protection Agency
(Raungsomboon et al., 2007). Due to toxic All chemicals used in this present work
effects of lead and other toxic metal ions, were either of analytical reagent or
the removal of them from water and laboratory reagent grade and were used as
wastewater is important in terms of received. Lead Nitrate supplied by BDH
protection of public health and chemicals Ltd. Distilled water was used in
environment (Unlu and Ersoz, 2006). all preparations. Lead nitrate and
deionised water were used to prepare
synthetic chromium containing
The traditional methods, for the treatment wastewater. Powder activated carbon
of lead and other toxic heavy metal (PAC) produced from natural origin by
contaminated wastewaters, include ADWIC was used as adsorbent as well as
complexation, chemical oxidation or American Wyoming calcium bentonite
reduction, solvent extraction, chemical used in Saudi Arabia Company for
precipitation, reverse osmosis, ion Refractory's.
exchange, filtration, membrane processes,
evaporation and coagulation. Besides the Powder activated carbon (PAC) and
classical wastewater treatment techniques, bentonite (clay) were supplied from
adsorption of heavy metals is the most ADWIC and Saudi arabia Company for
promising separation and purification Refractory's, respectively. Elemental
method because this technique has analysis for bentonite was evaluated using
significant advantages including high X-ray fluorescence (Philips PW 1390) as
efficiency in removing very low levels of shown in (Table-1).
heavy metals from dilute solutions, easy
handling, high selectivity, lower operating Magnetic hot plate stirrer was used to stir
cost, minimum production of chemical or the heavy metal ions solutions with
biological sludge and regeneration of adsorbents (activated carbon or bentonite).
adsorbent (King et al., 2007). A definite volume of heavy metal ions
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
Fig.1 Pseudo-first order kinetic plots for the adsorption of different initial concentrations: 50,
100 and 200 ppm Pb2+ ions onto different adsorbents doses of activated carbon: a) 0.1 g/250
mL and b) 0.3 g/250 mL, (pH: 5.5; agitation speed: 200 rpm; temperature: 25°C)
6 .5 a 50 ppm
6 .0 100 ppm
200 ppm
5 .5
5 .0
4 .5
ln(q -q)
4 .0
e
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
0 20 40 60 80 100
t , m in
5 .5 b 50 ppm
5 .0 100 ppm
200 ppm
4 .5
4 .0
3 .5
ln(q -q)
3 .0
e
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0
0 20 40 60 80 100
t , m in
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
Fig.2 Pseudo-first order kinetic plots for the adsorption of different initial concentrations: 50,
100 and 200 ppm Pb2+ ions onto different adsorbents doses of bentonite: a) 0.1 g/250 mL
and b) 0.3 g/250 mL , (pH: 5.5; agitation speed: 200 rpm; temperature: 25°C)
6 .5 a 50 ppm
6 .0 100 ppm
200 ppm
5 .5
5 .0
4 .5
ln(q -q) 4 .0
e
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
0 20 40 60 80 100
t , m in
6 .5
6 .0
b
5 .5
5 .0
4 .5
4 .0
3 .5
ln(q -q)
e
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0 50 ppm
100 ppm
0 .5 200 ppm
0 .0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
t , m in
Fig.3 Pseudo-second order kinetic plots for the adsorption of different initial concentrations:
50, 100 and 200 ppm Pb2+ ions onto different adsorbents doses of activated carbon: a) 0.1
g/250 mL and b) 0.3 g/250 mL , (pH: 5.5; agitation speed: 200 rpm; temperature: 25°C)
50 ppm a
1 .4
100 ppm
200 ppm
1 .2
1 .0
0 .8
t/q
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
20 40 60 80 100 120
t , m in
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
4 .5
5 0 p p m b
4 .0 1 0 0 p p m
2 0 0 p p m
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
t/q
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
t , m in
Fig.4 Pseudo-second order kinetic plots for the adsorption of different initial concentrations:
50, 100 and 200 ppm Pb2+ ions onto different adsorbents doses of bentonite: a) 0.1 g/250
mL and b) 0.3 g/250 mL , (pH: 5.5; agitation speed: 200 rpm; temperature: 25°C)
1 .6
50 ppm a
1 .4 100 ppm
200 ppm
1 .2
1 .0
t/q
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
20 40 60 80 100 120
t , m in
4 .5
50 ppm b
4 .0 100 ppm
200 ppm
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
t/q
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
20 40 60 80 100 120
t , m in
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Table.1 The adsorption kinetics model rate constants for adsorption of Pb2+ ions onto
activated carbon and bentonite at various concentrations and constant temperature 25°C
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
Fig.5 Effect of contact time (min) on % removal of Pb2+ ions for: a) 50 ppm and b) 100 ppm,
in the presence of different amounts of activated carbon (temp. = 25°C, pH = 5.5 and
equilibrium time = 2 h)
a
100
80
+2
% Removal of Pb
60
40
0 .1 g
0 .3 g
20 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T im e , m in
100
b
80
+2
% Removal of Pb
60
40
0 .1 g
0 .3 g
20
0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T im e , m in
Fig.6 Effect of contact time (min) on % removal of Pb2+ ions for: a) 50 ppm and b) 100 ppm,
in the presence of different amounts of bentonite (temp. = 25°C, pH = 5.5 and equilibrium
time = 2 h)
a
100
80
+2
% Removal of Pb
60
40
0 .1 g
0 .3 g
20 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T im e , m in
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
b
1 0 0
8 0
+2
% Removal of Pb
6 0
4 0
0 .1 g
0 .3 g
2 0 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
0
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0
T im e , m in
Fig.7 Effect of contact time on adsorbed amount of Pb2+ for different concentrations: a) 50
ppm and b) 100 ppm, in the presence of different amounts of activated carbon (temp. = 25°C,
pH = 5.5 and equilibrium time = 2 h)
120
0 .1 g a
0 .3 g
100 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
80
q , mg/g
60
e
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T im e , m in
250
0 .1 g b
0 .3 g
0 .5 g
200
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
150
q , mg/g
100
e
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T im e , m in
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
Fig.8 Effect of contact time on adsorbed amount of Pb2+ for different concentrations: a) 50
ppm, b) 100 ppm, in the presence of different amounts of bentonite (temp. = 25°C, pH = 5.5
and equilibrium time = 2 h)
120
0 .1 g a
0 .3 g
100 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
80
q , mg/g
60
e
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T im e , m in
120
0 .1 g b
0 .3 g
100 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
80
q , mg/g
60
e
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T im e , m in
Fig.9 The effect of variant activated carbon adsorbent doses (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/250
mL) on % removal for different Pb2+ ions initial concentrations solution at 25°C
96 50 ppm
100 ppm
200 ppm
94
300 ppm
400 ppm
92
+2
% Removal of Pb
90
88
86
84
82
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0
A d s o rb e n t d o s e (g /2 5 0 m L )
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Fig.10 The effect of variant bentonite adsorbent doses (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/250 mL)
on % removal for different Pb2+ ions initial concentrations solution at 25°C
98 5 0 ppm
1 0 0 ppm
96 2 0 0 ppm
3 0 0 ppm
4 0 0 ppm
94
+2
% Removal of Pb
92
90
88
86
84
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0
A d s o rb e n t d o s e (g /2 5 0 m L )
Fig.11 The effect of variant activated carbon adsorbent doses (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/250
mL) on the quantity adsorbed for different Pb2+ ions initial concentrations solutions at 25°C
800 5 0 ppm
1 0 0 ppm
700 2 0 0 ppm
3 0 0 ppm
Amount adsorbed (mg/g)
600 4 0 0 ppm
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0
A d s o rb e n t d o s e (g /2 5 0 m L )
Fig.12 The effect of variant bentonite adsorbent doses (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/250 mL)
on the quantity adsorbed for different Pb2+ ions initial concentrations solutions at 25°C
800 5 0 ppm
1 0 0 ppm
700 2 0 0 ppm
3 0 0 ppm
Amount adsorbed (mg/g)
600 4 0 0 ppm
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0
A d s o rb e n t d o s e (g /2 5 0 m L )
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Fig.13 The effect of initial concentrations (namely 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L) on %
removal of Pb2+ ions in the presence of different amounts of activated carbon (temp. = 25°C,
pH = 5.5 and equilibrium time = 2 h)
9 6
5 0 p p m
1 0 0 p p m
2 0 0 p p m
9 4 3 0 0 p p m
4 0 0 p p m
+2
% Removal of Pb
9 2
9 0
8 8
8 6
8 4
5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0
In itia l c o n c . ( m g /g )
Fig.14 The effect of initial concentrations (namely 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L) on %
removal of Pb2+ ions in the presence of different amounts of bentonite (temp. = 25°C, pH =
5.5 and equilibrium time = 2 h)
9 9
9 8 5 0 ppm
9 7 1 0 0 ppm
9 6 2 0 0 ppm
3 0 0 ppm
9 5
4 0 0 ppm
9 4
+2
% Removal of Pb
9 3
9 2
9 1
9 0
8 9
8 8
8 7
8 6
8 5
8 4
8 3
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
In itia l c o n c . ( m g /g )
Fig.15 The effect of initial concentrations (namely 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L) on quantity
adsorbed of Pb2+ ions in the presence of different amounts of activated carbon (temp. =
25 C, pH = 5.5 and equilibrium time = 2 h).
8 0 0 5 0 p p m
1 0 0 p p m
7 0 0 2 0 0 p p m
3 0 0 p p m
Amount adsorbed (mg/g)
6 0 0 4 0 0 p p m
5 0 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
0
0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0
I n it ia l c o n c . ( m g / g )
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
Fig.16 The effect of initial concentrations (namely 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L) on quantity
adsorbed of Pb2+ ions in the presence of different amounts of bentonite (temp. = 25°C, pH =
5.5 and equilibrium time = 2 h)
800 50 ppm
100 ppm
700 200 ppm
300 ppm
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
I n it ia l c o n c . ( m g / g )
Fig.17 Effect of pH value for the adsorption of Pb2+ ions onto activated carbon (conditions;
Pb2+ ions initial concentration: 100 mg/L; adsorbents dose: 0.5 g/250 mL; agitation speed:
200 rpm; contact time: 2 h) at 25°C
1 0 0
A c t iv a t e d c a r b o n
8 0
+2
% Removal of Pb
6 0
4 0
2 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
p H
Fig.18 Effect of pH value for the adsorption of Pb2+ ions onto bentonite (conditions; Pb2+
ions initial concentration: 100 mg/L; adsorbents dose: 0.5 g/250 mL; agitation speed: 200
rpm; contact time: 2 h) at 25°C
1 0 0
B e n t o n it e
8 0
+2
% Removal of Pb
6 0
4 0
2 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
p H
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Fig.19 Langmuir adsorption isotherm for Pb2+ ions adsorption onto different amounts of
activated carbon at constant temperature 25°C and contact time 2 h
0 .7
0 .1 g
0 .6 0 .3 g
0 .5 g
0 .7 g
0 .5 1 .0 g
0 .4
e
C /q
e
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
C e
(m g /L )
Fig.20 Langmuir adsorption isotherm for Pb2+ ions adsorption onto different amounts of
bentonite at constant temperature 25°C and contact time 2 h.
0 .6
0 .1 g
0 .3 g
0 .5 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
1 .0 g
0 .4
e
0 .3
C /q
e
0 .2
0 .1
0 .0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
C e (m g /L )
Fig.21 Freundlich adsorption isotherm for Pb2+ ions adsorption onto different amounts of
activated carbon at constant temperature 25°C and contact time 2 h.
7 .0
6 .5 0 .1 g
0 .3 g
6 .0 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
5 .5 1 .0 g
5 .0
lnqe
4 .5
4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0
ln C e
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Fig.22 Freundlich adsorption isotherm for Pb2+ ions adsorption onto different amounts of
bentonite at constant temperature 25°C and contact time 2 h
7 .0
6 .5
0 .1 g
0 .3 g
6 .0 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
5 .5 1 .0 g
5 .0
e
ln q
4 .5
4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0 4 .5
ln C e
Fig.23 Equilibrium isotherm of Pb2+ ions adsorbtion using different amounts of activated
carbon at constant temperature 25°C and contact time 2 h.
800 0 .1 g
0 .3 g
700 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
600 1 .0 g
500
q (mg/g)
400
e
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
C e(p p m )
Fig.24 Equilibrium isotherm of Pb2+ ions adsorption using different amounts of bentonite at
constant temperature 25°C and contact time 2 h
8 0 0 0 .1 g
0 .3 g
7 0 0 0 .5 g
0 .7 g
6 0 0 1 .0 g
5 0 0
q (mg/g)
4 0 0
e
3 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
C e
(m g /L )
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Table.2 Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm for the adsorption of Pb2+ ions onto different
doses of activated carbon and bentonite at constant temperature (25°C)
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Fig.25 A plot of lnKC versus 1/T for Pb2+ ions adsorption onto activated carbon for different
initial concentrations at constant adsorbents dose: 0.5 g/250 mL
3.0
2.8 50 ppm
100 ppm
2.6 200 ppm
300 ppm
2.4
400 ppm
2.2
2.0
ln KC
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.00318 0.00320 0.00322 0.00324 0.00326 0.00328 0.00330 0.00332 0.00334 0.00336 0.00338
-1
1/T (K )
Fig.26 A plot of lnKc versus 1/T for Pb2+ ions adsorption onto bentonite for different initial
concentrations at constant adsorbents dose: 0.5 g/250 mL.
3.2 50 ppm
3.0 100 ppm
200 ppm
2.8
300 ppm
2.6 400 ppm
2.4
2.2
ln KC
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.00318 0.00320 0.00322 0.00324 0.00326 0.00328 0.00330 0.00332 0.00334 0.00336 0.00338
-1
1/T (K )
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Co H° S° G°(kj mol-1)
Adsorbent (mg/L) (kj mol-1) (j mol-1K-1) 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C
Activated carbon 49 177 - 3.6 - 4.3 - 5.1 - 6.1
50
Bentonite 72 258 - 3.9 - 5.3 - 6.5 - 7.8
H° S° G°(kj mol-1)
Adsorbent Co
(kj mol-1) (j mol-1K-1) 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C
(mg/L)
Activated carbon 65 229 - 3.3 - 4.4 - 5.6 - 6.7
100
Bentonite 67 239 - 4.3 - 5.5 - 6.7 - 7.9
H° S° G°(kj mol-1)
Adsorbent Co
(kj mol-1) (j mol-1K-1) 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C
(mg/L)
Activated carbon 50 174 - 2.7 - 3.6 - 4.5 - 5.5
200
Bentonite 52 187 - 3.3 - 4.3 - 5.2 - 6.3
H° S° G°(kj mol-1)
Adsorbent Co
(kj mol-1) (j mol-1K-1) 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C
(mg/L)
Activated carbon 55 192 - 2.9 - 3.6 - 4.5 - 5.3
300
Bentonite 34 125 - 3.6 - 4.2 - 4.9 - 5.5
H° S° G°(kj mol-1)
Adsorbent Co
(kj mol-1) (j mol-1K-1) 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C
(mg/L)
Activated carbon 47 169 - 2.9 - 3.7 - 4.6 - 5.4
400
Bentonite 78 269 - 2.1 - 3.5 - 4.9 - 6.2
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
ions solution. The agitation rate for all described by a pseudo-second order
experiments was 200 rpm and the reaction. The linearized-integral form the
residence time was (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, model is:
90 and 120 min)..
t/q = t/qe + 1/k2qe2 (2)
1 mL of sample was taken from reaction
solution and diluted to 10 ml by redistilled where K2 is the pseudo-second order rate
water; adsorbents were then separated constant of adsorption.
from the solution by using filter paper
(Whatman No. 40) and the residual Pb+2 The applicability of the above two models
ions concentration in the solution was then can be examined by each linear plot of
determined by atomic-absorption ln(qe-q) vs. t, and (t/q) vs. t, respectively
spectrophotometer. The effects of several and are represented in Figs. (1,2) and
parameters, such as contact time, initial (3,4), respectively. To quantify the
concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and applicability of each model, the correlation
temperature on the adsorption of Pd(II) coefficient, R2, was calculated from these
ions onto activated carbon and bentonite plots. The linearity of these plots indicates
were studied. the applicability of the two models.
However, the correlation, R2, showed that
Adsorption kinetics the pseudo-second order model, fits better
the experimental data (R2>0.990) than the
The kinetics study for the adsorption of pseudo-first order model (R2 in the range
Pb2+ was completed in 2 h for the of 0.9108 0.986), the kinetic parameters
concentrations (50, 100 and 200 mg/L calculated are shown in Table 10.
Pb2+ ions onto (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0
g/250 ml) doses of activated carbon and Effect of contact time
bentonite at 25°C.
The effect of contact time on the
Two kinetic models were considered to adsorption of Pb(II) ions onto activated
investigate the mechanism of lead carbon and bentonite was performed by
adsorption, as follows: contacting of (50, 100, 200, 300 and 400
mg/L) of Pb(II) concentration at initial pH
Lagergren proposed a pseudo-first order 5.5 onto (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/250
kinetic model, the integral form of the mL) of adsorbent dose. The results are
model is: depicted in Figs. (5,6). The Pb(II)
adsorption rate is high at the beginning of
ln(qe - q) = lnqe k1t (1) the adsorption because the adsorption sites
are open and Pb(II) interacts easily with
where q is the amount of lead sorbed these sites. A larger amount of Pb(II) was
(mg/g) at time t (min), qe is the amount of removed in the first 1 h of contact time,
lead sorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), K1 is and after that Pb(II) increased slowly till
the equilibrium rate constant of pseudo- equilibrium time (2 h). The relation
first order adsorption (min-1). This model between the amount of adsorbed Pb(II)
was successfully applied to describe the ions per gram of adsorbent and contact
kinetics of many adsorption systems. time in presence of different amounts of
The adsorption kinetics may also be both activated carbon and bentonite is
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
illustrated in Figs. (1). It can be seen that, and (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/250 mL)
qe increased rapidly with increasing time of both activated carbon and bentonite. It
till the maximum adsorption. can be seen from the figures that, with
increased Pb(II) initial concentration, there
Effect of adsorbent dose was decreases in % removal of lead(II) for
both adsorbent. However, amount of metal
The effect of adsorbent dosage (0.1, 0.3, adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent, q,
0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g/250 mL) for both is higher at high concentration as shown in
activated carbon and bentonite on % Figs. (15,16) for both activated carbon and
removal of (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) of bentonite. According to
Pb(II) ions concentrations at 25 C is (Balasubramaniam et al., 2009), the
shown in Figs. (9,10). It is apparent that by adsorption capacity and percentage of
increasing the dosage, % removal removal are equally important in
increased till reached maximum at 1.0 g adsorption experiments because both
dosage of both activated carbon and factors usually take part in deciding the
bentonite. The increase in percentage of adsorption performance of given
removal as dosage was increased due to adsorbent.
the increased in the surface of both
adsorbents. A higher adsorbent dosage
also reflects a greater number of available Effect of pH on the uptake of Pb2+
adsorption sites, therefore, more lead ions
were able to be adsorbed. On the other The influence of pH on the adsorption of
hand, the adsorption capacity decreased Pb(II) onto activated carbon and bentonite
with the increase in adsorbent dosage for examined in the pH range 1-5.5, initial
both adsorbent Figs. (Vijayaraghavan et concentration of Pb(II) 100 mg/L and
al., 2006; Shukla et al., 2002). It is adsorbent dose 0.5 g/250 mL for both
important to note that the concentration of selected adsorbents at 25°C. Figs.(17,18)
lead was fixed while the adsorbent dosage shown that for activated carbon, %
was increased. Therefore, as the dosage removal of lead(II) increased with an
increased, the ratio of number of increase in pH of the solution from 1-5.5.
adsorption sites to the number of heavy For bentonite, it can be seen that, there is a
metal ions would increase and there would decrease for pH 4. This decrease in the
be plenty of unabsorbed adsorption sites. adsorption of Pb(II) probably reflects a
Another possible reason could be due to reduction in the quantity of negative
the particle aggregation, which would lead surface charges on the clay. At low pH,
to a decrease in total surface area of the the silica attracts positively charged
adsorbent (Shukla et al., 2002). adsorbate ions by coulombic forces. This
negative charge density on the surface of
Effect of initial lead(II) ions the adsorbent decrease as the pH increases
concentration and this leads to low adsorption of Pb(II)
from wastewater at high pH. It is therefore
evident, that the presence of a negative
Figs. (13,14) show the effect of varying charge on the silica surface sites of the
initial concentration of lead(II) ions from adsorbent over the pH range investigated
50 to 400 mg/L on the adsorption under is the main reason for Pb(II) adsorption.
the optimized conditions of pH 5.5 at 25°C
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 207-228
enthalpy ( H°) and entropy ( S°) changes The positive values of H° confirmed the
of adsorption can be evaluated from the endothermic nature of adsorption which
following equations (21,15): was also supported by the increase in
value of Pb2+ uptake of the adsorbent with
Kc = CAe/Ce the rise in temperature. The positive values
(21) of S° showed the increased randomness at
solid/solution interfaces during the
G° = - RT lnKc adsorption of metal ions onto both
(15) adsorbents and also reflected the affinity
of activated carbon and bentonite toward
Where Kc is the equilibrium constant and Pb2+ ions under consideration.
CAe and Ce (both in mg/L) are the
equilibrium concentrations for solute on References
the sorbent and in the solution,
respectively. The Kc values are used in Afridi H. I., Kazi T. G., Kazi G. H., Jamali
Eqs. (21) and (15) to determine the G°, M. K., Shar G. Q., 2006. Essential
H° and S°, the Kc may be expressed in trace and toxic element distribution in
terms of the H° (kj mol-1) and S° (kj the scalp hair of Pakistani myocardial
mol-1K-1) as a function of temperature, Eq. infarction patients and controls. Biol.
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Amarasinghe B. M. W. P. K., Williams R.
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sorption ( H°) and standard entropy ( S°) K. C., 2003. Lead and nickel removal
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temperatures range of 25-40°C at initial Balasubramaniam R., Perumal S. V.,
concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 Vijayaraghavan K., 2009. Equilibrium
mg/L) of Pb2+ ions and dose 0.5 g/250 mL isotherm studies for the
for activated carbon and bentonite, ( H°) multicomponent adsorption of lead,
and ( S°) were obtained from the slope zinc, and cadmium onto Indonesian
and intercept of a plot of lnKc versus 1/T peat. Industrial and Engineering
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parameters were recorded in Table 3. Kazi T. G., Jalbani N., Kazi N., Jamali M.
K., Arain M. B., Afridi H. I., Kandhro
The negative values of G° confirm the A., Pirzado Z., 2008. Evaluation of
feasibility of the process and the toxic metals in blood and urine
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actually obtained at higher temperatures. 2007. Removal of lead from aqueous
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228