OSCAR ESPUELAS Y MENDOZA, petitioner, vs. PEOPLE, respondent.G.R. No.

L-2990 December 17,

1951BENGZON, J.

FACTS:

In 1947, in Tagbiliran, Bohol, Oscar Espuelas had his picture taken, making it appear as if hewere hanging
lifeless at the end of a piece of rope suspended from the limb of a tree, when intruth and in fact, he
was merely standing on a barrel. Espuelas sent pictures to severalnewspapers and weeklies of
general circulation, not only in the Province of Bohol but alsothroughout the Philippines and
abroad, for their publication with a suicide note or letter,wherein he made to appear that it
was written by a fictitious suicide, Alberto Reveniera andaddressed to the latter's supposed wife. In said
letter, he wrote the reasons why he committed suicide, mainly because he “was notpleased with the
administration of Roxas.” Here, he asked his wife to write President Trumanand Churchill that the
Philippines is “infested with many Hitlers and Mussolinis” and to telltheir children to “burn pictures
of Roxas when they come across one.” He was apparentlyashamed of the government and had
“no power to put under Juez de Cuchillo all the Roxaspeople now in power”, so he sacrificed his own
self.Espuelas admitted to the fact that he wrote the letter and caused its publication in several
localperiodicals and he impersonated one Alberto Reveniera. The trial court found him guilty, and the CA
affirmed the decision.

ISSUE:

Whether Espuelas is liable for the crime of sedition under Art. 142 of the RPC.

RULING:

Yes. Espuelas is found guilty of the crime of sedition.

Writings which tend to overthrow or undermine the security of the government or to weaken the
confidence of the people in the government are against the public peace, and are criminal not only
because they tend to incite to a breach of the peace but because they are conducive to the destruction
of the very government itself. Regarded as seditious libels they were the subject of criminal proceedings
since early times in England. Freedom of speech secured by the Constitution "does not confer an
absolute right to speak or publish without responsibility whatever one may choose." It is not "unbridled
license that gives immunity for every possible use of language and prevents the punishment of those
who abusethis freedom." So, statutes against sedition have guaranty, although they should
not beinterpreted so as to agitate for institutional changes. The citizens have the privilege to criticize his
government officials and to submit his criticism,but let such criticism be specific and therefore
constructive, reasoned or tempered, and not acontemptuous condemnation of the entire government
set-up.

The letter tries to arouse animosity towards all public servants headed by President Roxaswhose
pictures this appellant would burn and would teach the younger generation to destroy.Analysis of said
letter truly seeks to sow the seeds of sedition and strife.Furthermore, if he argued that it is only directed
to President Roxas himself, Art. 142 punishednot only libels against the Government, but also "libels
against any of the duly constitutedauthorities thereof." The "Roxas people" in the Government
obviously refer of least to thePresident, his Cabinet and the majority of legislators to whom the
adjectives dirty, Hitlers andMussolinis were naturally directed. On this score alone the conviction could
be upheld. It is clear that the letter suggested the decapitation or assassination of all Roxas officials (at
leastmembers of the Cabinet and a majority of Legislators including the Chief Executive himself).And
such suggestion clinches the case against appellant.The accused is found guilty. The decision if
AFFIRMED.