Introduction To Big Data and AI

1
RESTRICTED
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN INDIA
1. Introduction
Research and Development (R&D) plays a critical role in determining a nation's
productivity and economic growth. Empirical data underlines that a robust R&D infrastructure
directly contributes to a nation’s sustained growth and creates employment opportunities1. At the
time of India’s independence in 1947, the West was already far ahead in terms of Science and
Technology, while a fledgling India was confronted with multiple challenges. The excruciating
partition, a fragile economy, massive chaos, and the newly discovered political autonomy;
everything had to be taken charge of together 2. Even then R&D was a part of the Government’s
plan under the Indian Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the cultivator of scientific temper
in India. But many of his policies proved a practical failure owing to a closed economy and the
results were not evident in the short run 3 .
Research establishment in India has been growing significantly over the past decade.
Liberalization and the subsequent opening of the Indian economy from 1991 onwards are
beginning to make significant impacts. Lowering customs duties has played a key role in
facilitating and encouraging investment in R&D. There has been progress in building new
institutions and established institutions are now expanding their research capabilities. India has
improved its rank in the Global Innovation Index (GII) by climbing 15 spots4, from 81 to 66 as
well as maintained the top spot in the Central and South Asia regions; has scored high on tertiary
education and R&D. The quality of its universities and scientific publications, its market
sophistication, information, and communication technology service exports, where it ranks first
in the world, according to the GII Index. The need for focus on R&D has been highlighted under
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s). According to SDG 9 highlights that ‘Investment in
infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic growth and development. SDG 9
calls on governments to promote sustainable industrialization and innovation by ramping up
spending on R&D and increasing the number of researchers. The SDG agenda provides a
1
Chetty, Priya & Agarwal, Ankita, “An overview of R&D in India”, Wired, last modified March 13, 2023,
2
Khureja, Kunal. R&D in India; Status, Challenges & Recommendation. 2023.
23
Joseph, Reji K; Dhar, Biswajit, & Singh, Akoijam Amitkumar. FDI in R&D in India, An Analysis of Recent Trends. Institute of
Studies in Industrial Development, 2019.
3
4
Shira, Dezan. R&D in India, trends and opportunities. 2023.
RESTRICTED
2
RESTRICTED
country like India with an excellent opportunity to further integrate R&D to deal with various
developmental challenges5.
The Indian R&D System can be grouped by way of a variety of performers and funding
sources with five main R&D stakeholders i.e. Central Government, State Government, Public
Sector industries, Private sector industries, and higher education institutions 6. These stakeholders
are contributing significantly in various sectors. As per the Department of Science &
Technology, the allocation of funds in 2017/ 18 with the maximum going to Defense Research &
Development Organization (31.6%), followed by Space (19%), Atomic Energy (10.8%), General
R&D agencies like Agriculture, Scientific & Industrial Research, Science & Technology,
Biotechnology, and Medical, etc. (37%) and only 0.9% for R&D in electronics, IT and
Renewable Energy. Budget 2022-23 and the next 10 years focus on areas like Cyber Security,
Artificial Intelligence, Cloud computing, Geospatial Systems and drones, semiconductor, space,
genomics & pharmaceutical, green energy, and clean mobility systems7.
The main contributing factors driving R&D in India are the availability of an affordable
workforce, good educational institutes & skilled workforce, a huge domestic market, policy
support, and a rise in global capacity centers 8. R&D helps in the development of new
technologies and improves existing ones, contributing to economic growth. It also helps in
creating low-cost indigenous solutions besides reducing imports of high-end technologies. R&D
also enhances National Security as domestic R&D requirements from foreign countries increase
the vulnerability to espionage and cyber-attacks.
Presently, India is investing less than 0.8% of its GDP on R&D 9. Many countries are also
investing in R&D in different sectors but Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India’s R&D
constitutes only a meagre part of total FDI inflows to India, although India has been
characterized as a leading destination for offshore corporate R&D globally. Information,
communication and technology, natural sciences & engineering and pharmaceuticals are the
leading sectors receiving FDI in R&D. The main contributing countries for FDI Equity inflow
are the US, France, Singapore, Germany, Oman, and Mauritius10.
5
Research & Development Statistics 2019-20. Government of India, Ministry of Science and Technology.
6
Chetty, Priya & Agarwal, Ankita, “An overview of R&D in India”, Wired, last modified March 13, 2023,
7
Anand, JC. India’s R&D spends amongst the lowest in the world: NITI Aayog study. The Economic Times, 2022.
88
Joseph, Reji K; Dhar, Biswajit, & Singh, Akoijam Amitkumar. FDI in R&D in India, An Analysis of Recent Trends. Institute of
9
Harnessing Private Sector investment in R&D. Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry.
1010
India Business Trade. March, 2023.
RESTRICTED
3
RESTRICTED
This study is an attempt to identify the recent trends in various sectors (including
defense) in India and their effects on the overall development of the country with a view to
highlighting potential risks/ challenges together with recommending various takeaways for
Pakistan in its improvement in the R&D sector.
2. Significance of Study
India has been rapidly emerging as a global innovation hub in recent years, with R&D
playing a crucial role in driving its growth. There has been a growing emphasis on advanced
technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), information, communication and technology,
and the Internet of Things (IoT) in R&D in India 11. The Indian government has been providing
significant support for R&D efforts, including through funding, policy initiatives, and regulatory
framework
12
. The study on the latest trends in research and development in India can provide insights into
the country’s innovative potential, technological capabilities, and areas of expertise highlighting
strengths and weaknesses of India's economy, technology, and innovation ecosystem. By
studying these trends, policymakers in Pakistan can identify potential opportunities for growth
and development, and take steps to enhance their own research and development capabilities. By
anticipating these challenges, policymakers can develop strategies to mitigate risks and
maximize opportunities.
3. Objectives of the Study
The objective of this study is to provide a deliberate review of the latest R&D
developments in India. It examines key trends, drivers, and future prospects for R&D including
India’s emerging role as an attractive location for R&D and knowledge process service
industries. The study also focuses on the numerous factors that added to the development of
India’s R&D capabilities, such as human resources and infrastructure developments, the
intellectual property rights legislation, compliance conditions and overall governance issues.
Finally, this paper discusses India’s emergence as a global R&D power with special focus on
following:-
a. To identify main sectors in India, contributing significantly in R&D.
b. To identify the future focus of India in various R&D sectors such as cloud
computing, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics.
11
Pal, Suresh. Agricultural R&D Policy in India: The Funding, Institutions and Impact.
12
Pal, Suresh. Agricultural R&D Policy in India: The Funding, Institutions and Impact.
RESTRICTED
4
RESTRICTED
c. To recommend various measures for Pakistan required to take in Research and

Development.
4. Problem statement
India has emerged as a global innovation hub, with significant investments in research
and development (R&D) across various sectors including healthcare, information technology,
AI, education, industrialization, and renewable energy. However, while these R&D efforts are
driving economic growth and innovation in India, their implications for neighboring countries
such as Pakistan are well understood. This paper aims to examine and highlight the existing
R&D trends in India and, how cloud platforms, AI, and Big Data are changing the game for
India’s military, future perspectives, and collaboration with developed countries. India is
emerging as the global economy, and their potential implications for Pakistan include
opportunities for collaboration, competition, potential risk, and technological dependence. The
paper will additionally examine methods of policy for Pakistan to optimize advantages from
India's research and development initiatives while reducing possible hazards and obstacles.
5. Review of Literature
Several studies have been conducted on the latest trends and evaluations in R&D in India.
The study by Reji K. Joseph, Biswajit Dhar, Akoijam Amitkumar Singh estimates the quantum
of inflow in R&D in India and identifies the sectors, nature, and characteristics of investor/
investee firms and examines the innovation performance of investee firms in terms of R&D
expenditure. Researchers involved in the study have published papers using the data collected for
the study which provides new insights on R&D in the Indian context 13. The publication
“Research and Development Statistics, 2019-20” is based on the survey conducted during 2018-
19. The report includes several cross-tabulations on financial and manpower resources deployed
for R&D by sector/objectives/fields of science/industry groups/qualification/nature of
activity/gender/emoluments, etc. Khureja, Kunal (2023) in his article made an attempt to
highlight current status of amount spending by India on Research and Development and steps
taken by the Indian government to boost R&D14.
According to the Department of Science & Technology, one of the significant
transformations that can be witnessed over the years is a change in the relative share of
stakeholders in India’s R&D ecosystem. India’s R&D ecosystem comprises five stakeholders
13
Joseph, Reji K; Dhar, Biswajit, & Singh, Akoijam Amitkumar. FDI in R&D in India, an Analysis of Recent Trends. Institute of
14
Khureja, Kunal. R&D in India; Status, Challenges & Recommendation. 2023.
RESTRICTED
5
RESTRICTED
who contribute their varying shares to fund the country’s research and development. Indian
University Grants Commission has directed every academic institution to establish an R&D Cell
to facilitate networking & collaborations for interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research.
JC Anand in his article explained with facts and figures on India spending lowest in R&D
in the world as compared to other countries. As per Dezan Shira (2019), India has emerged as the
choice location for cutting-edge Research and Development (R&D) projects for global
companies across industries. Companies from information technology
(IT), automobile, pharmaceutical, telecommunications sector and many other sectors have set up
their captive technology centers in the country to step up R&D in areas like Internet of Things
(IoT), artificial intelligence, and data analytics 15. The Central Government has invested the major
share in India since its independence, however, it is on a decline while that of the private sector
is increasing. Corporate India is finally looking forward to R&D for product innovation as the
major re-investment destination. India is an exception in this regard, as, in most nations, the
Central Government’s share in the total R&D expenditure is far lesser than that of the Private
Sector.
Main Considerations of Research and Development in the Recent Era

In the recent era, Research and Development (R&D) efforts have been driven by several key
considerations across various sectors.16
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
1. R&D represents the activities companies undertake to innovate and introduce new
products and services or to improve their existing offerings.
2. R&D allows a company to stay ahead of its competition by catering to new wants
or needs in the market.
3. Companies in different sectors and industries conduct R&D—pharmaceuticals,
semiconductors, and technology companies generally spend the most.
4. R&D explores broadly, while applied research focuses on a narrower scope.
5. The accounting for treatment for R&D costs can materially impact a company's
income statement and balance sheet.
15
Shira, Dezan. R&D in India, trends and opportunities. 2023.
16
James, Stephen. What is R&D? Its role in Business and how it relates R&D tax credits, 2022.
RESTRICTED
6
RESTRICTED
Figure: A glimpse of R&D and its Significance among top of the line Nations across World
Brief overview of main Sectors in which R&D is being practiced

The main sectors of R&D and their associated considerations are as follows:17
1. Technology and Information Technology (IT): R&D in the technology sector

continues to be shaped by the pursuit of innovation, particularly in emerging
technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, blockchain,
quantum computing, and cybersecurity. The focus is on developing cutting-edge
solutions that address challenges related to data privacy, ethical AI, and secure
digital infrastructure.
2. Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals: R&D in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
centers around the development of advanced therapies, personalized medicine,
and precision healthcare. Considerations include gene editing, gene therapies,
regenerative medicine, immunotherapy, and the use of big data and AI to
accelerate drug discovery and clinical trials.
3. Renewable Energy and Sustainability: Research and development efforts in the energy
and environment sector are increasingly focused on sustainability. Researchers are
working on improving renewable energy technologies, developing better energy storage
solutions, implementing smart grid systems, utilizing captured carbon through carbon
capture and utilization methods, and creating more sustainable materials for construction
and transportation. These advances aim to provide cleaner, more efficient, and eco-
friendly energy and infrastructure to meet society's current and future needs in an
17
Chetty, Priya & Agarwal, Ankita. An Overview of Research and Development in India. 2022.
RESTRICTED
7
RESTRICTED
environmentally responsible manner. The Indian military is increasingly recognizing the

need for renewable energy and sustainability initiatives to reduce costs, enhance energy
security, and meet environmental goals. There are a number of areas where research and
development efforts could help the military transition to renewable energy sources and
more sustainable practices.
4. Aerospace and Space Exploration: R&D in the aerospace sector is driven by
advancements in aircraft technologies, propulsion systems, autonomous flight,
and space exploration. Considerations include the development of supersonic and
hypersonic aircraft, electric propulsion, reusable space vehicles, satellite
technologies, and space tourism.
5. Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation: The transition to electric
vehicles (EVs) and sustainable transportation systems remains a prominent
consideration in R&D. Efforts are directed towards improving EV battery
technologies, charging infrastructure, range and performance, and the integration
of renewable energy sources. Additionally, research focuses on autonomous
driving technologies, smart mobility solutions, and urban transportation planning.
6. Digital Health and Telemedicine: R&D efforts in digital health and telemedicine
continue to address the need for accessible and efficient healthcare services.
Considerations include the development of remote patient monitoring devices,
telehealth platforms, AI-assisted diagnostics, wearable technologies, and
interoperable electronic health records to enhance healthcare delivery and patient
outcomes.
7. Advanced Materials and Manufacturing: R&D in advanced materials aims to
revolutionize various industries through the development of lightweight, high-
performance materials with unique properties. Considerations include
nanotechnology, 3D printing, biomaterials, smart materials, and sustainable
manufacturing processes that reduce waste and energy consumption.
8. Food and Agriculture: R&D in the food and agriculture sector focuses on
sustainable farming practices, precision agriculture, crop improvement, and food
security. Considerations include the development of resilient crop varieties,
vertical farming, smart irrigation systems, efficient supply chains, and alternative
RESTRICTED
8
RESTRICTED
protein sources to meet the increasing global food demand while minimizing
environmental impact.
These main sectors of R&D represent areas where significant advancements, investments, and
collaborations are anticipated as societies strive for technological progress, sustainability, and
improved quality of life.
An Overview of most Considered Sectors in which R&D is being practiced Worldwide

The most highlighted sectors in recent R&D efforts can vary depending on the specific context
and current trends. Here is a brief explanation of the most highlighted sectors:18
1. Technology and Information Technology (IT): This sector focuses on advancing
technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, cybersecurity, and data
analytics. R&D efforts aim to develop innovative solutions that improve efficiency,
productivity, and user experiences across various industries.
2. Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals: R&D in this sector emphasizes the discovery of new
drugs, therapies, and medical technologies. Research focuses on genetics, molecular
biology, and drug development to combat diseases, improve healthcare delivery, and
address global health challenges.
3. Renewable Energy and Sustainability: R&D in renewable energy technologies, energy
storage, and clean technologies is driven by the need for sustainable energy sources.
Efforts are directed toward reducing reliance on fossil fuels, mitigating climate change,
and promoting environmental conservation.
4. Aerospace and Space Exploration: This sector involves R&D in aerospace technologies,
aviation systems, and space exploration. Efforts focus on aircraft design, propulsion
systems, satellite technology, and materials engineering to enhance safety, efficiency, and
security in air and space domains.
5. Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation: R&D in this sector centers around
electric vehicles, autonomous driving technologies, and sustainable transportation
systems. The goal is to develop efficient, low-emission vehicles and smart transportation
networks to address climate change and improve mobility.
6. Digital Health and Telemedicine: R&D in digital health aims to enhance healthcare
accessibility and patient outcomes through remote monitoring devices, telehealth
18
RESTRICTED
9
RESTRICTED
platforms, AI-assisted diagnostics, and wearable technologies. The goal is to improve

healthcare delivery, especially in remote areas.
7. Quantum Computing and Quantum Technologies: R&D efforts in this sector focus on
developing quantum computers, algorithms, and applications. Quantum computing has
the potential to revolutionize cryptography, optimization, drug discovery, and materials
science, among other fields.
These highlighted sectors represent areas where significant R&D investment and breakthroughs
are occurring, driven by the need for technological advancement, sustainability, and improved
quality of life.
Comparative effects of practicing R&D in most Mainstreamed Sectors

Practicing R&D in the most highlighted sectors yields various comparative effects, each with its
unique impact:19
1. Technology and Information Technology (IT): R&D in this sector fosters technological
innovation, leading to advancements in digital solutions, automation, and connectivity. It
drives economic growth, improves productivity, and enhances user experiences.
Additionally, R&D in IT enhances data security and privacy, enabling the development
of robust systems that protect sensitive information.
2. Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals: R&D efforts in this sector result in breakthroughs in
healthcare, such as the development of new drugs, therapies, and medical technologies. It
leads to improved treatment options, enhanced patient outcomes, and extended lifespans.
R&D in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals also drives economic growth by creating job
opportunities and generating revenue from the sale of innovative healthcare products.
3. Renewable Energy and Sustainability: R&D in renewable energy and sustainability
promotes the transition to clean and sustainable energy sources. It reduces greenhouse
gas emissions, mitigates climate change, and enhances environmental conservation.
Additionally, R&D in this sector drives technological advancements, cost reductions, and
energy efficiency, contributing to long-term energy security and economic stability.
4. Aerospace and Space Exploration: R&D in the aerospace sector results in advancements
in aviation, space exploration, and defense capabilities. It leads to safer and more
efficient aircraft, improved space technologies, and enhanced national security.
19
RESTRICTED
10
RESTRICTED
Moreover, R&D efforts in aerospace create high-skilled job opportunities, stimulate

economic growth, and drive innovation across various industries.
5. Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation: R&D in this sector drives the adoption
of electric vehicles, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions. In
fact The Indian military stands to gain significant benefits from the adoption of electric
vehicles (EVs). EVs offer several advantages over traditional fossil fuel powered
vehicles, including lower operating costs, less dependence on imported fuel, and reduced
carbon emissions. It improves air quality, reduces noise pollution, and promotes
sustainable transportation systems. EVs have the potential to transform logistics and
transportation within the Indian military, while also supporting strategic objectives like
energy security and environmental sustainability. With focused R&D efforts, India can
develop specialized military EVs to meet the unique demands of the armed forces.
6. Digital Health and Telemedicine: R&D in digital health and telemedicine revolutionizes
healthcare delivery by enabling remote monitoring, teleconsultations, and personalized
medicine. It improves access to healthcare services, especially in underserved areas, and
enhances patient outcomes. R&D efforts in this sector also drive the development of
healthcare technologies and digital infrastructure, fostering economic growth and creating
employment opportunities.
These comparative effects demonstrate how practicing R&D in the most highlighted sectors
contributes to societal progress, economic development, and sustainable solutions in various
domains, tax breaks, and supportive regulatory frameworks can encourage the establishment of
startups focused on R&D in the highlighted sectors. Startup incubators and accelerators can also
provide necessary resources and mentorship to foster growth.
1. Government Policies and Regulations: Formulating supportive policies and regulations

that encourage R&D investments, protect intellectual property rights, and promote
technology adoption can attract both domestic and foreign investments. The government
can establish regulatory frameworks that facilitate collaboration, streamline research
approval processes, and provide incentives for R&D activities.
2. Leveraging Existing Infrastructure: India can leverage its existing research and
development infrastructure, such as scientific institutions, laboratories, and technology
parks, to support R&D efforts in the highlighted sectors. Upgrading and expanding
RESTRICTED
11
RESTRICTED
existing facilities and encouraging collaborations between institutions can enhance

resource availability and utilization.
By implementing these strategies and initiatives, India can work towards acquiring the necessary
resources for R&D in the highlighted sectors, fostering innovation, economic growth, and
sustainable development in the country.
Brief Overview of Other Emerging Sectors in R&D

Alongside the most highlighted sectors, several other emerging sectors are gaining prominence
in R&D efforts. Here is a brief overview of some of these sectors:20
1. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): R&D in AR and VR focuses on
creating immersive experiences and interactive simulations. These technologies have
applications in gaming, entertainment, education, training, and various industries like
healthcare, architecture, and manufacturing.
2. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT involves connecting everyday objects and devices to the
Internet, enabling data collection and communication between them. R&D in IoT aims to
improve connectivity, security, and interoperability, leading to the development of smart
cities, smart homes, and intelligent industrial systems. The Indian military has been
exploring the potential of IoT technology to transform operations and boost efficiency.
The military sees IoT as a way to modernize its capabilities and gain an edge over
potential adversaries.
3. Robotics and Automation: R&D in robotics and automation focuses on developing
intelligent machines and systems capable of performing tasks with minimal human
intervention. This sector includes advancements in robotics, artificial intelligence, and
machine learning, with applications in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare,
logistics, and agriculture. Robotics and automation are becoming increasingly important
for India's military and defense forces. Robotic drones and aerial vehicles can monitor
borders and locations of interest, providing real-time video and sensor data with less risk
to human pilots.
4. Advanced Manufacturing and 3D Printing: R&D efforts in advanced manufacturing aim
to improve production processes, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. This includes the
20
RESTRICTED
12
RESTRICTED
development of additive manufacturing techniques like 3D printing, which enables the

creation of complex and customized products with reduced waste and faster prototyping.
5. Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the Nano scale to
create materials and devices with unique properties. R&D in nanotechnology explores
applications in electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental conservation, with the
potential to revolutionize various industries.
6. Cognitive Computing: R&D in cognitive computing combines artificial intelligence,
machine learning, and natural language processing to create systems that can understand
and interact with humans in a more human-like way. This sector focuses on developing
intelligent virtual assistants, chatbots, and cognitive analytics for enhanced decision-
making and problem-solving.
7. Block chain and Crypto currencies: R&D efforts in block chain technology aim to create
secure, decentralized, and transparent systems for data management, digital transactions,
and identity verification. This sector also includes research on crypto currencies and their
potential applications in finance, supply chain management, and other industries.
8. Advanced Materials and Nano materials: R&D in advanced materials and nanomaterial’s
focuses on developing materials with enhanced properties such as strength, conductivity,
and flexibility. These materials have applications in electronics, energy storage,
healthcare, and environmental sustainability.
These emerging sectors represent areas where R&D is driving innovation and technological
advancements, opening up new possibilities and opportunities across various industries. As
research and development efforts continue, these sectors are expected to grow and contribute
significantly to societal progress and economic development.
Business leverage and profitability to jump into these emerging sectors

Jumping into emerging sectors can provide businesses with several opportunities for leverage
and profitability. Here are some key aspects to consider:21
1. Early Market Entry: Being an early adopter in an emerging sector allows
businesses to establish a strong market presence and build brand recognition. By
21
RESTRICTED
13
RESTRICTED
offering innovative products or services, businesses can capture a significant

market share before competition intensifies, providing them with a competitive
edge and potential long-term profitability.
2. Competitive Advantage: Emerging sectors often lack established players and
mature markets, creating opportunities for businesses to differentiate themselves
and gain a competitive advantage. By focusing on unique value propositions, such
as superior technology, cost-effectiveness, or disruptive business models,
companies can position themselves as market leaders and attract customers
seeking new and improved solutions.
3. Innovation and Research: Investing in R&D and innovation is crucial in emerging
sectors. By continuously developing new technologies, products, or services,
businesses can stay ahead of the curve and offer cutting-edge solutions to meet
evolving customer needs. This can lead to market differentiation, increased
customer loyalty, and the potential for high-profit margins.
4. Partnerships and Collaborations: Collaboration with other companies, research
institutions, or industry experts can provide access to necessary resources,
expertise, and market networks. Strategic partnerships can help businesses
accelerate development, reduce costs, and mitigate risks associated with entering
an emerging sector. Collaboration also enables knowledge sharing and fosters
innovation through the exchange of ideas.
5. Scalability and Global Reach: Emerging sectors often have the potential for rapid
growth and global scalability. Businesses that successfully navigate these sectors
can expand their operations and tap into new markets nationally and
internationally. This scalability, combined with increasing market demand, can
drive profitability and attract investment opportunities.
6. Regulatory Environment: Understanding and navigating the regulatory landscape
in emerging sectors is crucial. Businesses should monitor and comply with
relevant regulations to ensure legal compliance, protect intellectual property
rights, and maintain a positive reputation. Staying informed about evolving
regulations can provide businesses with a competitive advantage and mitigate
potential legal risks.
RESTRICTED
14
RESTRICTED
7. Customer Engagement and Experience: Building strong relationships with

customers and focusing on exceptional customer experience can be a key driver of
profitability in emerging sectors. Engaging with customers, understanding their
needs, and incorporating their feedback into product or service development can
lead to increased customer satisfaction, loyalty, and positive word-of-mouth
referrals.
It's important to note that entering emerging sectors also carries risks, including market
uncertainty, technological challenges, and regulatory complexities. Thorough market research,
strategic planning, and risk assessment are essential to make informed business decisions and
maximize profitability.
Significance contribution of R&D and Market of India:

In India, several sectors have witnessed significant contributions from research and development
(R&D) efforts. Here are some of the main sectors where R&D has made notable advancements22:
1. Energy and Renewable Resources: R&D in the energy sector in India aims to
promote renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and sustainable
development. Efforts are directed towards developing solar power, wind energy,
biomass, and hydropower technologies, as well as energy storage solutions, to
meet the growing energy demand and reduce carbon emissions.
2. Agriculture and Food Processing: R&D plays a crucial role in agricultural
development, crop improvement, and food processing techniques in India. Efforts
are directed towards developing high-yield crop varieties, efficient farming
practices, irrigation technologies, and value-added food products. R&D also
focuses on sustainable agriculture practices and addressing challenges related to
food security and climate change.
22
RESTRICTED
15
RESTRICTED
3. Space and Aerospace: India's space program, led by the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO), has made significant contributions through R&D efforts.
ISRO has helped develop many applications of space technology for the benefit of
society, including satellite communication, remote sensing, meteorology, and
navigation systems. ISRO technology is used to monitor natural resources and
manage disasters, provide tele-education and telemedicine services, as well as
improve rural connectivity.
4. Information Technology (IT) and Software: The IT sector in India has been a
driving force for R&D, with a focus on software development, IT services, and
emerging technologies. R&D efforts in this sector have led to innovations in areas
such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, cyber security, cloud computing,
and data analytics.
5. Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: India has a robust pharmaceutical and
biotechnology industry that heavily relies on R&D for drug discovery,
development, and clinical trials. R&D investments have helped in the
RESTRICTED
16
RESTRICTED
development of new drugs, vaccines, biologics, and medical devices, contributing

to advancements in healthcare and improving access to affordable medicines.
6. Automotive and Transportation: R&D in the automotive sector in India aims to
develop sustainable and efficient transportation solutions. Efforts are directed
towards electric vehicles, hybrid technologies, alternative fuels, and intelligent
transportation systems. R&D also focuses on improving vehicle safety, reducing
emissions, and enhancing manufacturing processes.
7. Healthcare and Medical Technology: R&D plays a crucial role in advancing
healthcare services, medical technology, and diagnostics in India. Efforts are
directed towards developing innovative medical devices, telemedicine solutions,
healthcare delivery models, and precision medicine approaches. R&D also
focuses on addressing healthcare challenges specific to the Indian population.
These sectors demonstrate the diverse areas in which R&D is making significant contributions to
India's development and growth. Through continuous investment in research and innovation,
India aims to strengthen its position as a global leader in these sectors and drive socioeconomic
progress23.
Brief Overview of all R&D Sectors in India

In India, several sectors are witnessing significant contributions from research and development
(R&D) efforts. The information technology (IT) and software sector focuses on software
development, IT services, and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and data
23
Murali, Swetha. Research and Development in India – An Overview. 2019.
RESTRICTED
17
RESTRICTED
analytics. The pharmaceuticals and biotechnology sector invests in R&D for drug discovery,
development, and clinical trials, resulting in advancements in healthcare and access to affordable
medicines. The energy sector emphasizes renewable resources and sustainable development,
including solar power, wind energy, and energy storage technologies. R&D in agriculture and
food processing addresses challenges in crop improvement, farming practices, and food security.
The space and aerospace sector, led by ISRO, drives R&D in satellite technology, space
exploration, and communication. Automotive and transportation R&D focuses on sustainable
transportation solutions, including electric vehicles and intelligent transportation systems. Lastly,
R&D efforts in healthcare and medical technology drive innovations in medical devices,
telemedicine, and precision medicine. These sectors collectively contribute to India's growth,
innovation, and socioeconomic progress24.
24
Murali, Swetha. Research and Development in India – An Overview. 2019.
RESTRICTED
18
RESTRICTED
India’s Current Standing in Military and Defense

India’s Military Strength Ranking in the world is fourth. For 2022, India is ranked 4 out of the
142 countries that are considered for the Global GPF review. India holds a PwrIndx score of
0.0979. In general, a score of 0.0000 is considered perfect. Above India are three major
countries: the United States of America, Russia, and China respectively25.
Role of R&D into that positioning in Defense
Research and Development (R&D) plays a crucial role in shaping India's positioning in
defense. R&D efforts are essential for strengthening defense capabilities, achieving self-
reliance, and maintaining a competitive edge in the global defense landscape. Through
R&D, India aims to develop indigenous defense technologies, reduce dependency on
foreign imports, and enhance the operational effectiveness of its armed forces26.
25
Patil, Sameer & Manhas, Neeraj Singh. Accelerating the pace of India’s defence Research. 2022.
26
RESTRICTED
19
RESTRICTED
R&D in defense involves the development of advanced weapons systems, military

equipment, and cutting-edge technologies. It encompasses areas such as missile systems,
aircraft, naval vessels, cyber security, communication systems, surveillance technologies,
and more. By investing in R&D, India can develop state-of-the-art defense systems
tailored to its specific requirements, thereby enhancing its defense preparedness.
The Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India plays a vital role
in defense R&D. It spearheads various research programs, collaborations, and technology
transfers to develop indigenous defense capabilities. The DRDO focuses on research,
design, and prototyping of defense equipment, as well as conducting field trials to ensure
reliability and effectiveness.
R&D efforts also contribute to cost optimization and long-term sustainability. By

investing in R&D, India can reduce reliance on foreign imports and develop cost-
effective alternatives through indigenous production. This not only strengthens the
domestic defense industry but also boosts the economy by creating jobs and promoting
technological innovation.
Furthermore, R&D in defense fosters collaborations and partnerships between the

government, academia, research institutions, and the private sector. These collaborations
facilitate knowledge sharing, technology transfers, and the development of a skilled
workforce. They also enable the integration of cutting-edge technologies from different
domains into defense systems, enhancing their capabilities.
In summary, R&D is a driving force behind India's positioning in defense. It empowers the
country to develop advanced defense technologies, reduce dependency on imports, achieve self-
reliance, and enhance the operational capabilities of its armed forces. By investing in R&D, India
can strengthen its defense industry, enhance national security, and maintain a competitive edge
in the global defense arena.
RESTRICTED
20
RESTRICTED
India R&D imports vs India inhouse R&D
India has traditionally relied on imports for a significant portion of its Research and
Development (R&D) requirements, particularly in the defense and technology sectors. However,
in recent years, the country has made substantial efforts to bolster in-house R&D capabilities and
reduce dependency on foreign imports. Initiatives like "Make in India" and the Defense Research
and Development Organization (DRDO) have emphasized indigenous development of defense
technologies. The aim is to enhance self-reliance, reduce costs, promote domestic innovation,
and strengthen the domestic R&D ecosystem. While imports continue to play a role, the focus on
building indigenous R&D capabilities reflects India's commitment to becoming self-sufficient in
critical sectors, fostering innovation, and reducing reliance on external sources for its R&D
needs.27
Highlighted/Published future plans/2030 goals of India in Defense/R&D

The report titled "Force Development Options for India by 2030" published by the Center for a
New American Security (CNAS) provides valuable insights into the potential force development
options for India in the coming decade. The report highlights the need for India to enhance its
defense capabilities to effectively address evolving security challenges and maintain a credible
deterrence posture. It emphasizes the importance of investing in indigenous defense production,
modernizing the armed forces, and strengthening research and development (R&D) efforts. The
27
RESTRICTED
21
RESTRICTED
report also suggests leveraging technology and innovation, building partnerships with like-
minded nations, and prioritizing investments in critical areas such as cyber security and space
technology. The recommendations provided in the report offer a strategic roadmap for India to
bolster its defense capabilities and ensure the country's security and stability in the dynamic
geopolitical landscape of the future.
Conclusion about significant contributions in R&D by India

In conclusion, research and development (R&D) efforts have made significant contributions to
various sectors in India, including defense, information technology, pharmaceuticals, energy,
agriculture, space, automotive, and healthcare. R&D has played a crucial role in driving
innovation, enhancing capabilities, promoting self-reliance, and addressing key challenges in
these sectors. It has led to the development of advanced technologies, improved products and
services, increased efficiency, and sustainable practices. R&D has not only boosted economic
growth but also strengthened national security, improved healthcare outcomes, increased
agricultural productivity, and contributed to environmental sustainability. The continued focus
on R&D in these sectors will further propel India's progress, competitiveness, and
socioeconomic development in the years to come.
What will be the areas of focus for R&D in the next 10 years down the line in India?
According to an interview published in Business Today, there are several areas of focus for
research and development (R&D) in India over the next 10 years. The interview highlights that
sectors such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, energy, agriculture, and healthcare will
RESTRICTED
22
RESTRICTED
continue to be significant areas for R&D investment. In the IT sector, the focus will be on
emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, data analytics, and cybersecurity. In
pharmaceuticals, R&D efforts will concentrate on drug discovery, vaccine development, and
biotechnology advancements. The energy sector will prioritize R&D in renewable energy
sources, energy storage, and efficiency. In agriculture, the focus will be on sustainable farming
practices, crop improvement, and food processing. Finally, R&D in healthcare will center on
medical technology, telemedicine, and precision medicine. These areas of focus align with
India's goals of enhancing innovation, self-reliance, and addressing key challenges in various
sectors to drive economic growth and societal development.28
Global R&D Race

The global R&D race refers to the competition among countries to lead in research and
development activities, innovation, and technological advancements. In this race, countries strive
to invest in R&D to gain a competitive edge, drive economic growth, and secure strategic
advantages.
Several factors drive the global R&D race. Firstly, countries recognize the crucial role of
innovation in fostering economic development, job creation, and improving quality of life. They
28
3 Emerging Technology R&D Trends. 2019.
RESTRICTED
23
RESTRICTED
seek to attract research talent, promote scientific collaboration, and create conducive
environments for R&D activities.29
Secondly, technological advancements and disruptive innovations have increased the urgency to
stay ahead in the R&D race. Countries understand that breakthroughs in areas like artificial
intelligence, biotechnology, clean energy, and advanced manufacturing can transform industries,
reshape economies, and provide a significant competitive advantage.30
Furthermore, national security considerations play a role in the R&D race. Countries invest in
defense-related R&D to enhance military capabilities, develop advanced weapon systems, and
safeguard their strategic interests.31
As a result of the R&D race, countries compete for resources, talent, funding, and intellectual
property. They establish research institutions, innovation hubs, and create policies to incentivize
private sector investment in R&D. Governments also formulate national R&D strategies and
collaborate with academia, industry, and international partners to accelerate innovation. The
global R&D race has positive implications, such as fostering technological progress, improving
living standards, and addressing global challenges. However, it can also lead to concerns like
29
Tripathy, Sushanta; Ray, Pradip Kumar & Sahu, Sukant Kumar. “Factors governing R&D practices in India
30
manufacturing firms: Structural equation modelling”. 2012.

31
RESTRICTED
24
RESTRICTED
intellectual property disputes, brain drain, and unequal access to benefits. To address these
challenges, international collaboration, knowledge sharing, and responsible innovation are vital
to ensure that R&D advancements benefit societies and promote sustainable development
globally.32
Profitability comparison of various R&D Sectors of global race

Comparing the profitability of various R&D sectors in the global race can be complex and
dependent on several factors such as market dynamics, competition, and technological
advancements. However, I can provide a general overview of the profitability potential of some
prominent R&D sectors33:
1. Information Technology (IT) and Software: The IT sector is known for its high-
profit potential, driven by the demand for software solutions, cloud computing,
data analytics, and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and block
chain. Companies that innovate in this sector can benefit from scalability,
recurring revenue models, and global market reach.
2. Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: The pharmaceutical industry can be highly
profitable, particularly when breakthrough drugs or treatments are discovered.
Patented drugs with high market demand and limited competition can generate
substantial revenues. However, the sector also involves significant R&D costs,
stringent regulatory requirements, and lengthy development timelines.
3. Energy and Renewable Resources: The profitability of the energy sector varies
depending on factors such as energy prices, government policies, and
technological advancements. In recent years, renewable energy has shown
promising growth, with the potential for profitability driven by declining costs of
solar and wind technologies, as well as favorable incentives and increasing public
demand for sustainable energy solutions.
4. Automotive and Transportation: The profitability of R&D in the automotive
sector depends on factors like market demand, consumer preferences, and
technological innovations. Advancements in electric vehicles, autonomous
32

33
RESTRICTED
25
RESTRICTED
driving, and connected car technologies present opportunities for companies to

differentiate themselves and capture market share in this evolving sector.
Healthcare and Medical Technology: The healthcare sector offers opportunities for profitability
through the development of innovative medical devices, diagnostics, and digital health solutions.
Successful commercialization of new treatments, devices, or diagnostic tools can lead to
significant returns on R&D investments, especially when coupled with robust intellectual
property protection.
Future prospects of top 3 sectors globally

The future prospects of the top three sectors globally, which are cloud computing, artificial
intelligence (AI), and data science, are highly promising.34
1. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is expected to continue its rapid growth and
evolution. As businesses increasingly rely on cloud solutions, the demand for
advanced cloud technologies, features, and security updates will persist. R&D
investment in cloud computing will allow providers to adapt to new technology
developments, streamline business processes, and scale their services. The
benefits of cloud computing, such as improved service delivery, simplified
management, and scalability, will continue to drive its adoption and profitability.
2. Artificial Intelligence: AI is poised to have a transformative impact across
industries. R&D efforts in AI will focus on advancing the capabilities of AI
systems, enabling businesses to improve their products, services, and internal
operations. The potential benefits of AI, including enhanced innovation,
optimized efficiencies, and better customer experiences, make it a critical area for
R&D investment. As AI technologies mature and organizations recognize their
value, increased investment in AI R&D is expected, leading to significant
advancements and applications in various sectors.
3. Data Science: Data science is becoming increasingly important for businesses as
they strive to leverage data to gain insights and competitive advantages. R&D
investments in data science will focus on improving data collection, analysis, and
interpretation methods. This will enable companies to harness the power of big
data more efficiently, leading to faster innovation cycles, improved efficiencies,
34

RESTRICTED
26
RESTRICTED
and more effective R&D processes. The rising emphasis on personalized services
and data-driven decision-making will continue to drive the demand for data
science expertise and R&D investment in this field.
Overall, the future prospects for cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and data science are
highly promising. Continued R&D efforts in these sectors will drive technological
advancements, innovation, and business growth, allowing organizations to stay competitive in a
rapidly evolving global landscape.
Resources required for R&D regarding those top 3 sectors

The resources required for R&D in the top three sectors, cloud computing, artificial intelligence
(AI), and data science, include35:
1. Cloud Computing: R&D in cloud computing requires a robust infrastructure with high-
performance servers, storage systems, and networking equipment. Additionally, cloud
providers need access to cutting-edge software development tools, virtualization
technologies, and security frameworks to enhance their offerings continuously.
2. Artificial Intelligence: R&D in AI demands significant computing power, including
specialized hardware such as graphical processing units (GPUs) or tensor processing
units (TPUs) to handle complex calculations. Extensive datasets are also essential for
training AI models. Furthermore, AI researchers require access to advanced algorithms,
programming frameworks, and machine learning libraries to develop and refine AI
technologies.
3. Data Science: R&D in data science relies on vast amounts of data from diverse sources.
Companies need data storage systems capable of handling large-scale datasets, along with
powerful data processing and analysis tools. Access to data engineering platforms,
statistical modeling software, and visualization tools is critical for data scientists to derive
meaningful insights from the collected data.
These sectors also require skilled professionals with expertise in cloud technologies, AI
algorithms, machine learning, data analysis, and software development. Adequate funding,
research facilities, and collaboration opportunities with academia and industry partners are
additional resources that support R&D in these sectors.
35
RESTRICTED
27
RESTRICTED
Why India will go after these and what is India’s current situation regarding the resources
required
India is actively pursuing research and development (R&D) in sectors such as cloud computing,
artificial intelligence (AI), and data science due to several reasons. Firstly, these sectors have
immense potential to drive economic growth, technological innovation, and job creation. By
investing in R&D in these areas, India aims to position itself as a global leader in cutting-edge
technologies and gain a competitive edge in the global market.
However, India currently faces some challenges in terms of resources required for R&D. One of
the main challenges is the availability of skilled talent. India needs to invest in developing a
robust pool of professionals with expertise in cloud computing, AI, and data science. This
requires a focus on quality education, specialized training programs, and research institutions
that can nurture talent in these fields.
Additionally, infrastructure development is crucial. India needs to enhance its research

infrastructure, including advanced computing facilities, data centers, and technology parks, to
support R&D activities effectively. Adequate funding and collaborations between industry,
academia, and government institutions are also essential to provide the necessary resources for
R&D projects.
While India has made significant progress in these sectors, there is still room for improvement.
The government and private sector are increasingly recognizing the importance of investing in
R&D and are taking steps to address these resource challenges. Initiatives such as the
establishment of AI research institutes, funding programs, and skill development initiatives are
being implemented to strengthen India's R&D capabilities in these sectors.
Overall, India is making efforts to overcome resource challenges and tap into the potential of
cloud computing, AI, and data science by investing in R&D and building the necessary
infrastructure and talent pool.36
India's research and innovation performance requires systematic improvement:

To enhance India's research and innovation performance, a comprehensive approach is
necessary. Simply increasing expenditure on R&D is not enough. The country must address
systemic issues such as skilling the youth, establishing an open innovation ecosystem, and
36
RESTRICTED
28
RESTRICTED
strengthening the regulatory framework. Although the number of research papers published in
India is increasing, their impact is limited due to low impact factors and language barriers.
These challenges can be categorized into several areas:
1. Structural issues: These arise from policies, systems, and frameworks

governing research and development, which are crucial for building a strong
scientific community.
2. Manpower crunch: India faces difficulties in finding and retaining talented

individuals who are essential for a knowledge-based economy.
3. Bureaucratic principles: Navigating the complex and uniform administrative

processes poses challenges that hinder research and innovation.
4. Intellectual property: Issues related to the systems governing the protection of

inventions need to be addressed to encourage innovation and safeguard
intellectual property rights.
RESTRICTED
29
RESTRICTED
By addressing these classifications of challenges, India can work towards improving its research
and innovation ecosystem and achieving comparable performance to leading nations in these
domains.37
Perceived Conclusion
India is actively pursuing research and development in emerging technologies like cloud
computing, artificial intelligence, and data science to drive economic growth and innovation.
There are challenges for India in this area, including the availability of skilled talent and
infrastructure. However, the government and private sector are investing in initiatives to support
research and development activities. These include education programs, research infrastructure,
and funding. With these efforts, India aims to become a global leader in these cutting-edge
technologies and gain a competitive advantage internationally.
Several factors are driving research and development (R&D) in India:
37
RESTRICTED
30
RESTRICTED
1. Government Initiatives: The Indian government has implemented various

initiatives to promote R&D activities in the country. This includes setting up
dedicated institutions, funding programs, tax incentives, and policies that
encourage innovation and collaboration between academia, industry, and research
organizations.
2. Skilled Workforce: India has a large pool of skilled professionals in science,

technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The availability of a
talented workforce attracts companies to invest in R&D activities in India. The
country's strong education system and focus on technical education contribute to a
skilled talent pool for R&D.
3. Growing Market Opportunities: India's rapidly expanding domestic market

provides significant opportunities for R&D-driven innovation. Companies
recognize the potential for developing and customizing products and services to
cater to the diverse and evolving needs of the Indian market.
4. Global Competitiveness: India aims to enhance its global competitiveness by

fostering R&D capabilities. With a focus on sectors like information technology,
pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, renewable energy, and aerospace, India seeks to
position itself as a global leader and attract multinational companies to invest in
R&D activities in the country.
5. Collaborative Ecosystem: India has established a collaborative ecosystem that

encourages partnerships between academia, industry, and research institutions.
This ecosystem facilitates knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and joint R&D
projects, fostering innovation and driving R&D activities in the country.
6. International Collaboration: India actively engages in international

collaborations and partnerships to access global knowledge, expertise, and
funding opportunities. Collaborations with foreign institutions and participation in
international research programs contribute to the growth of R&D in India.
These factors collectively contribute to the growth of R&D in India, attracting investments,
fostering innovation, and driving technological advancements in various sectors.38
38
Investments in India. 2022.
RESTRICTED
31
RESTRICTED
Human resources and India

India has a significant advantage when it comes to human resources. The country boasts a large
population of highly skilled and talented individuals in various fields, particularly in science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The Indian education system places a strong
emphasis on technical education, producing a steady stream of graduates with expertise in key
areas of research and development (R&D). Furthermore, India has a vibrant culture of innovation
and entrepreneurship, with many individuals and start-ups contributing to cutting-edge research
and technology development. The availability of a vast talent pool, coupled with a competitive
cost advantage, makes India an attractive destination for companies looking to establish R&D
centers or outsource research and development activities. The Indian government has also
implemented initiatives to further enhance and harness this talent pool through skill development
programs, research grants, and collaborations with industry and academia. Overall, India's
human resources play a crucial role in driving R&D activities and fostering innovation in the
country.39
Talent and India

India has a vast talent pool due to its large population and education system focused on STEM
subjects. Indian professionals are known for their skills in technology, engineering, medicine,
and business. They have a reputation for being adaptable, analytical thinkers, and problem
solvers, which makes them desirable for the global job market. The country's rich heritage of
producing highly skilled specialists across many domains and the diversity of expertise available
ensures India is recognized globally for its abundant talent. India has been attracting
multinational companies to set up research and development centers and innovation hubs in the
country by leveraging the expertise and creativity of Indian professionals. India has a
continuously growing talent pool combined with an entrepreneurial spirit and appetite for
innovation. These factors position India as a global talent hub and a key contributor to research
and development efforts worldwide.40
Investments and India
39

40
Etal.
RESTRICTED
32
RESTRICTED
India has emerged as an attractive investment destination, drawing the attention of both domestic
and international investors. The country's robust economic growth, large consumer base, and
favorable business environment have positioned it as one of the fastest-growing economies in the
world. India offers a diverse range of investment opportunities across various sectors, including
infrastructure, manufacturing, technology, healthcare, and renewable energy. The government's
proactive policies, such as the introduction of initiatives like Make in India, Digital India, and
GST, have further improved the ease of doing business and encouraged investments. India's
young and dynamic workforce, coupled with its strong entrepreneurial culture, provides a
conducive environment for innovation and growth. With a focus on attracting foreign direct
investment (FDI) and promoting domestic investments, India aims to create a favorable
investment ecosystem that fosters economic development, job creation, and technological
advancements.41
Equipment and India
India has been steadily expanding its manufacturing capabilities, including the production of
various types of equipment. The country has seen growth in the manufacturing sector, driven by
initiatives such as Make in India, which aims to boost domestic manufacturing and reduce
dependence on imports. India has emerged as a hub for the production of equipment in industries
such as automobiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and renewable energy. The
availability of a skilled workforce, competitive labor costs, and a large domestic market
contribute to India's attractiveness as a manufacturing destination. The government has also
implemented policies to encourage investment in the manufacturing sector, including providing
incentives and simplifying regulatory procedures. Additionally, advancements in technology and
infrastructure have further supported the growth of equipment manufacturing in India. With a
focus on enhancing domestic production capabilities, India aims to become self-reliant and
establish itself as a global manufacturing hub for a wide range of equipment.42
International Collaborations and India

India recognizes the importance of international collaborations in advancing its artificial
intelligence (AI) capabilities. The country has engaged in several significant international
collaborations in the field of AI to foster knowledge sharing, research collaborations, and
41
Gandharv, Kumar. India’s Top 3 International collaborations in AI. 2023.
42

RESTRICTED
33
RESTRICTED
technological advancements. One notable collaboration is between India and Canada, known as
the Canada-India Research Centre of Excellence (CIRCE) in AI. This collaboration aims to
promote joint research projects, exchange of expertise, and collaborative development of AI
technologies. Another significant partnership is the collaboration between India and Japan,
specifically the Japan-India Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Network (JAI-C). This initiative
focuses on enhancing cooperation in AI research, technology development, and policy
discussions between the two countries. Additionally, India has partnered with Finland through
the Centre of Excellence in AI and Robotics to drive collaborative research, innovation, and skill
development in the field of AI. These international collaborations play a crucial role in
facilitating knowledge exchange, leveraging global expertise, and fostering cross-cultural
learning, ultimately contributing to the growth and development of India's AI ecosystem.43
Geographical leverage/Geo Politics and India
India's geopolitical rise has significant regional implications and provides the country with
geographical leverage. Situated in South Asia, India's strategic location gives it access to
important trade routes and connects it to various regions, including the Middle East, Central
Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean. India's growing economic and military strength,
coupled with its democratic values, positions the country as a key player in regional and global
affairs. With its "Act East" policy, India aims to strengthen its engagement with Southeast Asian
nations and establish itself as a major regional power. Additionally, India's participation in
initiatives such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association and the Quad (comprising India, the United
States, Japan, and Australia) highlights its efforts to enhance regional cooperation and maintain
stability. India's geographical leverage also plays a role in its energy security, as it seeks to
diversify its energy sources and develop partnerships with oil-rich nations. Furthermore, India's
proximity to conflict-prone regions like Afghanistan and its involvement in peacekeeping
operations demonstrate its commitment to regional stability. Overall, India's geographical
advantage and its active role in regional geopolitics have implications for security, trade, and
diplomatic relations, shaping the country's influence in the broader geopolitical landscape.44
Key take away for Pakistan from R&D trends in India:

Pakistan can draw several key takeaways from the research and development (R&D) trends in
India. Firstly, the emphasis on R&D in India has led to technological advancements and
43
Gandharv, Kumar. India’s Top 3 International collaborations in AI. 2023.
44
Kumar, Sandeep. India’s geopolitical rise in context: Regional implications. 2023.
RESTRICTED
34
RESTRICTED
innovation across various sectors. Pakistan can recognize the importance of investing in R&D to
foster economic growth, enhance competitiveness, and drive technological progress. Secondly,
India's focus on sectors like cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and data science highlights
the relevance of these areas for future development. Pakistan can prioritize these sectors and
allocate resources to build capabilities and expertise in order to leverage their potential benefits.
Additionally, Pakistan can learn from India's collaborations and partnerships in the international
arena, such as in the field of AI. Strengthening international collaborations can enable
knowledge sharing, research cooperation, and access to global expertise. Lastly, India's human
resources play a significant role in driving R&D activities. Pakistan can invest in education and
skill development programs to nurture a talented workforce capable of driving innovation and
contributing to R&D efforts. By adopting these key takeaways, Pakistan can enhance its R&D
ecosystem, foster technological advancements, and bolster its economic and competitive
standing in the global arena.45
Key constraints in overall/general R&D infrastructure need to be considered by Pakistan

There are several key constraints that can affect the overall/general research and development
(R&D) infrastructure. These include:
1. Funding limitations: Adequate funding is essential for R&D activities, including
investment in equipment, technology, facilities, and human resources. Insufficient
funding can restrict the scope and quality of research projects and limit the ability to
attract top talent.
2. Lack of infrastructure: Inadequate physical infrastructure, such as research laboratories,
testing facilities, and advanced equipment, can hinder R&D efforts. The absence of state-
of-the-art infrastructure may limit the capacity to conduct cutting-edge research and
experimentation.
3. Shortage of skilled workforce: R&D requires a highly skilled and knowledgeable
workforce. A shortage of researchers, scientists, and technical experts can impede the
progress of R&D projects and limit the ability to innovate and develop new technologies.
4. Regulatory hurdles: Complex regulatory frameworks, lengthy approval processes, and
bureaucratic red tape can pose significant challenges to R&D activities. These obstacles
45
Nauman, Muhammad. “Science and Technology in Pakistan”. 2016.
RESTRICTED
35
RESTRICTED
can slow down the pace of research, discourage innovation, and hinder collaboration with
other institutions or industries.
5. Intellectual property protection: Inadequate intellectual property protection can
discourage investment in R&D. Without proper safeguards for intellectual property
rights, researchers and organizations may be reluctant to share their findings or invest in
long-term projects.
6. Limited industry-academia collaboration: Collaboration between academia and industry
is crucial for effective R&D. However, limited collaboration and knowledge transfer
between these two sectors can hinder the translation of research outcomes into practical
applications.46
7. Infrastructure for commercialization: Establishing mechanisms and support systems for
the commercialization of research outcomes is crucial. Lack of infrastructure and
resources to facilitate the successful transfer of research findings into marketable
products or services can be a constraint on overall R&D infrastructure.
Addressing these constraints requires a comprehensive approach involving increased funding,
improved infrastructure, targeted skill development programs, streamlined regulatory processes,
enhanced intellectual property protection, stronger industry-academia collaboration, and support
for commercialization efforts. Overcoming these constraints can help build a robust R&D
ecosystem that drives innovation, technological progress, and economic growth.47
Current R&D stance in Pakistan

Pakistan is actively working to enhance its research and development (R&D) capabilities. The
government, in collaboration with academic institutions, industry, and international partners, has
undertaken initiatives to promote R&D activities across various sectors. Efforts are being made
to increase funding for R&D projects, establish research centers, and provide incentives for
industry-academia collaboration.48 The focus is on building a skilled scientific workforce and
fostering a culture of innovation and technology-driven growth. Pakistan's R&D activities span a
wide range of sectors, including agriculture, healthcare, energy, information technology, and
defense. The country is also actively pursuing collaborations with international organizations and
institutions to leverage global expertise and knowledge sharing. While there is still progress to be
46
Rahman, Atta. “Science and Technology in Pakistan: The Way Forward”. 2002.
47
“Pakistan: A Land of Opportunities”. Government of Pakistan – Finance Division.
48
Nauman, Muhammad. “Science and Technology in Pakistan”. 2016
RESTRICTED
36
RESTRICTED
made, Pakistan's current R&D stance reflects a commitment to harnessing innovation and
technology for sustainable development and economic growth.49
Possible loopholes in R&D

There are several possible loopholes or challenges that can exist in the research and development
(R&D) process. These include:
1. Insufficient funding: Limited financial resources can hamper R&D efforts,

restricting the scope and quality of research projects. Inadequate funding can
hinder the acquisition of advanced equipment, hiring of skilled researchers, and
execution of large-scale projects.
2. Lack of collaboration: Limited collaboration between academia, industry, and

other research institutions can hinder the progress of R&D. Effective
collaboration is crucial for knowledge sharing, access to resources, and
interdisciplinary approaches that can lead to breakthrough innovations.
3. Inefficient knowledge transfer: Difficulty in effectively transferring research

findings from the lab to practical applications can be a significant challenge. It
requires effective mechanisms and processes to bridge the gap between theoretical
research and commercialization.
4. Regulatory hurdles: Complex regulatory frameworks and bureaucratic

processes can impede R&D activities. Lengthy approval processes and
compliance requirements can delay projects and limit the ability to explore
innovative ideas.
5. Intellectual property protection: Inadequate protection of intellectual property

rights can discourage investment in R&D. Without proper safeguards, researchers
may be reluctant to share their findings or pursue commercialization
opportunities, leading to limited innovation and economic growth.
6. Lack of long-term vision: Short-term focus and a lack of sustained commitment

to R&D can hinder progress. R&D requires continuous investment, support, and a
long-term vision to yield meaningful results.
49
RESTRICTED
37
RESTRICTED
7. Skilled workforce shortage: The availability of a skilled workforce, including

researchers, scientists, and technicians, is crucial for successful R&D. Shortages
in skilled personnel can limit the capacity to conduct research and innovate in
various fields.
Addressing these loopholes requires proactive measures, such as increasing R&D funding,
fostering collaboration between academia and industry, streamlining regulatory processes,
strengthening intellectual property protection, and investing in skill development programs. A
comprehensive approach that addresses these challenges can help create a favorable environment
for R&D, leading to more impactful and innovative outcomes.50
Hypothetical solutions to fill loopholes

While addressing the loopholes in research and development (R&D) can be complex, here are
some hypothetical solutions that can help fill these gaps:
1. Increased funding and investment: Governments and private sectors can

allocate more resources to R&D by increasing funding and investment in research
initiatives. This can include providing grants, tax incentives, and venture capital
to support innovative projects and attract top talent.
2. Enhanced collaboration: Foster stronger collaboration between academia,

industry, and research institutions through partnerships, joint projects, and
knowledge-sharing platforms. Encouraging open innovation and creating
ecosystems that facilitate collaboration can accelerate the translation of research
into practical applications.
3. Streamlined regulatory processes: Simplify and streamline regulatory

frameworks to expedite the approval processes for R&D projects. This can reduce
bureaucratic hurdles, enabling researchers to move quickly from concept to
implementation.
4. Intellectual property protection: Strengthen intellectual property rights and

enforcement mechanisms to incentivize researchers and organizations to protect
their innovations. Clear guidelines and efficient patent filing processes can
encourage the commercialization of R&D outcomes.
50
RESTRICTED
38
RESTRICTED
5. Long-term strategic planning: Develop and implement long-term strategic plans

that prioritize R&D as a key driver of innovation and economic growth. Align
policies, funding, and resources with a vision for sustained R&D efforts, ensuring
continuity and stability in research activities.
6. Skill development initiatives: Invest in skill development programs to cultivate

a talented and diverse workforce in science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM) fields. Promote interdisciplinary education, provide training
opportunities, and encourage collaboration between academia and industry to
develop a highly skilled R&D workforce.
7. International collaborations: Foster collaborations with international partners,

leveraging their expertise and resources. Encouraging joint research projects,
exchange programs, and participation in global R&D networks can facilitate
knowledge exchange and enhance the quality of research.
Implementing these hypothetical solutions requires a comprehensive approach involving

policymakers, academia, industry stakeholders, and funding agencies. By addressing the
loopholes and implementing these measures, countries can create an enabling environment for
R&D, driving innovation and contributing to societal and economic development.
Which sectors Pakistan should go after
Pakistan has the potential to focus on several sectors to drive economic growth and development.
Here are some sectors that Pakistan could consider prioritizing:
1. Information Technology (IT) and Software Development: Pakistan has a
growing IT industry with a skilled workforce. By investing in IT infrastructure,
promoting digital literacy, and supporting software development initiatives,
Pakistan can position itself as a hub for IT services, software exports, and
technology innovation.
2. Agriculture and Agribusiness: Pakistan has a strong agricultural base and can
capitalize on this sector by promoting modern farming practices, agricultural
research, and value-added agribusiness ventures. Emphasizing agricultural
technology, irrigation systems, and improving supply chains can enhance
productivity, increase exports, and improve rural livelihoods.
RESTRICTED
39
RESTRICTED
3. Energy and Renewable Resources: Pakistan faces energy challenges, and

investing in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower can
help address energy shortages while promoting sustainability. Developing
renewable energy projects, encouraging private investment, and implementing
supportive policies can boost the energy sector and reduce dependence on fossil
fuels.
4. Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: Pakistan has a well-established
pharmaceutical industry. By focusing on research and development in
pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, Pakistan can enhance its capabilities in drug
discovery, biopharmaceuticals, and medical research, contributing to the
healthcare sector and export opportunities.
5. Textiles and Apparel: Pakistan is already a significant player in the textile and
apparel industry. By emphasizing product diversification, value addition, and
adopting sustainable practices, Pakistan can further strengthen its position as a
global textile exporter and create job opportunities in the sector.
6. Tourism and Hospitality: Pakistan possesses rich cultural heritage, scenic
landscapes, and historical sites. Developing infrastructure, promoting tourism-
friendly policies, and marketing Pakistan as a tourist destination can attract
domestic and international visitors, generating revenue and employment
opportunities.
7. Education and Skill Development: Investing in quality education and skill
development programs can enhance human capital and create a competitive
workforce. Focusing on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
(STEM) education, vocational training, and entrepreneurship programs can foster
innovation and economic growth.
It's important to note that the selection of sectors should align with the country's resources,
competitive advantage, and market demand. A strategic and holistic approach, along with
supportive policies, infrastructure development, and public-private partnerships, can contribute
to the growth and success of these sectors in Pakistan.51
Short term and long term benefits for Pakistan in those sectors
Investing in the aforementioned sectors can bring both short-term and long-term benefits to
Pakistan's economy and society.
In the short term, focusing on sectors such as Information Technology and Software
Development can create immediate job opportunities, especially for the country's growing youth
population. The IT industry can attract foreign investment, generate export revenue through
51
RESTRICTED
40
RESTRICTED
software development and IT services, and contribute to GDP growth. This can lead to a positive
balance of payments, improved foreign exchange reserves, and an overall boost to the economy.
Investing in the Agriculture and Agribusiness sector can enhance food security, increase
agricultural productivity, and improve rural livelihoods. Short-term benefits include higher
agricultural yields, reduced post-harvest losses, and increased income for farmers. This, in turn,
can help alleviate poverty, create rural employment opportunities, and enhance the overall living
standards of rural communities.
In the Energy and Renewable Resources sector, the short-term benefits include addressing the
energy deficit and reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels. By promoting renewable energy
sources, Pakistan can achieve energy diversification, reduce the burden on the national grid, and
mitigate the impact of frequent power shortages. This will lead to improved energy access,
increased industrial productivity, and a more sustainable energy mix.52
In the Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology sector, short-term benefits include advancements in
healthcare and medical research. Developing indigenous pharmaceutical products can reduce
dependence on imported medicines, ensure the affordability and availability of essential drugs,
and improve the overall healthcare system. This can positively impact public health outcomes,
reduce healthcare costs, and contribute to the well-being of the population.
Investing in sectors such as Textiles and Apparel can bring short-term benefits through increased
exports, job creation, and foreign exchange earnings. By focusing on value addition, product
diversification, and improving quality standards, Pakistan can attract international buyers and
strengthen its position in the global textile market. This can stimulate economic growth, reduce
unemployment, and enhance the country's export competitiveness.
Long-term benefits in these sectors include sustainable economic growth, technology transfer,
skill development, and human capital enhancement. By investing in education and skill
development, Pakistan can build a knowledge-based economy, foster innovation, and nurture a
highly skilled workforce. This will create a positive ripple effect across various sectors, driving
long-term productivity gains, attracting further investment, and establishing Pakistan as a
regional hub for research and development.
Additionally, sectors like Tourism and Hospitality can contribute to long-term economic
diversification, create employment opportunities, and showcase Pakistan's rich cultural heritage
52
“Pakistan: A Land of Opportunities”. Government of Pakistan – Finance Division.
RESTRICTED
41
RESTRICTED
and natural beauty to the world. This can lead to sustained growth in tourism revenue, foreign
exchange earnings, and the development of tourism-related industries and infrastructure.
Overall, investing in these sectors can deliver both short-term gains and long-term sustainable
development, positioning Pakistan for economic progress, job creation, and improved living
standards for its citizens.
6. Gap of Knowledge
The gap of knowledge in studying the latest research and development in India is the
need for more comprehensive research that goes beyond the surface-level analysis of the latest
trends that provides a deeper understanding of the factors that are shaping the country's
innovation landscape. While there is literature available that discusses the latest R&D trends in
India, but there is a need to identify the latest R&D trends and progress being made in different
important sectors contributing significantly towards development and economic growth.
Moreover, data available and consulted on the subject allows the reader to understand the
contributions made by India in R&D including its future perspective but its implication for
Pakistan needs comprehensive research on the specific implications of India's research and
development trends, the role of government policies and initiatives in promoting or hindering
collaboration between India and Pakistan. This can allow Pakistan's ability to formulate effective
policies to promote collaboration in these areas.
7. Major/ Minor Questions

a. What is the main consideration of Research and Development in the recent era?
b. Which are the main sectors in India, where Research and Development are
making significant contributions?
c. What will be the areas of focus for R&D in the next 10 years down the line in
India?
d. What are the factors driving R&D in India?
e. What are the key take away for Pakistan from R&D trends in India?
8. Conceptual Framework
RESTRICTED
42
RESTRICTED
India and its implication on Pakistan would provide a structured approach to the study,
guiding the researcher on the key concepts and variables that need to be considered. Key
concepts such as research and development, innovation, technology transfer, intellectual property
rights, investment, and collaboration, among others research and development trends in India can
be based on the "National Innovation Systems" (NIS) framework 53. This framework highlights
the importance of understanding the interactions and relationships between various stakeholders
involved in the innovation process including firms, universities, research institutions,
government agencies, and other organizations. The NIS framework emphasizes that innovation is
not just about developing new products or technologies, but also about creating an enabling
environment that fosters innovation and entrepreneurship 54. These concepts would be used to
define the scope of the study and identify the relationships between the different variables. The
conceptual framework would also identify the research approach and methodology to be used in
the study, involve the identification of the data sources, research methods, and analytical
techniques that will be used to analyze the data collected.
9. Methodology
The research will be conducted using information collected from secondary sources like
books, journals, newspaper articles and internet articles. It will follow a deductive approach
where existing information on the subject will be analyzed to answer the research questions.
There is a lack of comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis around areas like R&D
inputs and outputs, corporate behavior, high-tech industry clusters and international networks in
India. So there is a need to define relevant indicators and analysis methods to properly examine
R&D developments in India55.
10. Limitation of the Study
The study had a limitation in that it only analyzed research articles published in academic
journals. It did not include other types of publications that could contain relevant information,
such as book reviews, editorials, field notes, reports from organizations, and open access sources.
53
Henry, Nickie; Makada, Frimpong Kwadwo, & Sun, Hao. Trends in the Information Technology sector. Brookings, 2019.
54
Harnessing Private Sector investment in R&D. Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry.
55
India’s Emergence as a Global R&D Center
RESTRICTED
43
RESTRICTED
Selective Research Bibliography

[1] Agarwal, Priya Chetty & Ankita. "An Overview of R&D in India."
https://www.projectguru.in/an-overview-of-research-and-development-in-india, 2023.
[2] Anand, JC. "India’s R&D Spends Amongst the Lowest in the
World: Niti Aayog Study." The Economic Times, 2022.
https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/indias-rd-spends-amongst-the-lowest-in-the-
world-niti-aayog-study/articleshow/93024586.cms.
[3] "Cyber Security R&D Road Show." National Centre of
Excellence for Cyber Security Technology Development, India.
[4] Dhingra, Mayank. "Tech That! – India Is Becoming the Auto R&D
Hub for the World." Auto car Professional, 2023. https://www.autocarpro.in/feature/tech-
that-%E2%80%93-india-is-becoming-the-auto-rd-hub-for-the-world-113904.
[5] Dr. V.K Saraswat. "India Semiconductor Mission Boosting India’s
Semiconductor and Display Ecosystem." Science Report, 2022.
[6] "Harnessing Private Sector Investment in R&D." Federation of Indian
Chamber of Commerce & Industry.
[7] "India Business Trade." https://www.tpci.in/indiabusinesstrade/blogs/india-the-next-
global-rd-hotspot/, 2023.
[8] "India: The New R&D Hub for Automotive
Industry." The Taplow Group
India, 2018.
[9] "Indian Aerospace Taking Off." Department of Defense
Production, India, 2019.
[10] Joseph, Reji K, and Biswajit Dhar & Akoijam Amitkumar Singh. "Fdi in R&D in India,
an Analysis of Recent Trends." Institute of Studies
in Industrial Development, 2019.
[11] Khureja, Kunal. "R&D in India; Status, Challenges &
Recommendation." https://blog.forumias.com/research-and-development-in-india-
statuschallenges-and-recommendation/, 2023.
[12] Makada, Nickie Henry & Frimpong Kwadwo. "Trends in the Information Technology
Sector." edited by Hao Sun, Brookings, 2019.
[13] Mallick, Maj Gen PK. "R&D in Cyber Domain & Indian Perspective." Vivekananda
International Foundation, 2019.
[14] Pal, Suresh. "Agricultural R&D Policy in India: The
Funding, Institutions and Impact.” National Institute of
Agriculture Economics & Policy Research, 2019.
[15] Ranjith, Naveen P Singh & P C. "Time to Get Aggro on Agri R&D." edited by Bhawna
Anand, The Economic Times, 2020. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-
commentary/time-to-get-aggro-on-agri-rd/.
[16] James, Stephen. “What is R&D? Its role in Business and how it relates to R&D tax
credits.” Forrest Brown.co.uk, 2022. https://forrestbrown.co.uk/news/what-is-r-and-d/
[17] Murali, Swetha. “Research and Development in India – An Overview”
investinindia.gov.in, 2019. https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/research-
and-development-india-overview
RESTRICTED
44
RESTRICTED
[18] Patil, Sameer & Manhas, Neeraj Singh. “Accelerating the pace of India’s defense
research”. 2022. Observer Research Foundation. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-
speak/accelerating-the-pace-of-indias-defence-research/
[19] “3 Emerging Technology Research and Development (R&D) Trends”. 2019. TechFunnel.
https://www.techfunnel.com/information-technology/research-development-trends/
[20] Tripathy, Sushanta; Ray, Pradip Kumar & Sahu, Sukant Kumar. “Factors governing
R&D practices in India manufacturing firms: Structural equation modelling”. 2012.
International Journal of Modelling in Operations Management.
[21] “Investments in India”. 2022. India Brand Equity Foundation.
https://www.ibef.org/economy/investments
[22] Gandharv, Kumar. “India’s top 3 International Collaborations in AI”. 2023. India in AI.
https://indiaai.gov.in/article/india-s-top-three-international-collaborations-in-ai
[23] Kumar, Sandeep. “India’s geopolitical rise in conteChrisxt: Regional Implications”.
2023. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/indias-
geopolitical-rise-in-context-regional-implications/
[24] Dougheety, Chris. “Force Development Option for India by 2030”. 2019. Centre for a
New American Security. https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/force-development-
options-for-india-by-2030
[25] Nauman, Muhammad. “Science and Technology in Pakistan”. 2016. Dailytimes.
[26] Rahman, Atta. “Science and Technology in Pakistan: The Way Forward”. 2002.
Science.org https://www.science.org/content/article/science-and-technology-pakistan-
way-forward
[27] “Pakistan: A Land of Opportunities”. Government of Pakistan – Finance Division.
[28] Rabbi, Ashan & Mamoon, Dawood. “Short Term versus Long Term Economic Planning
in Pakistan: The Dilemma”. 2017. MPRA.
[29] "Research & Development Statistics". Government of India,
Ministry of Science and Technology, 2019-20.
[30] Shira, Dezan. "R&D in India, Trends and Opportunities." 2023. https://www.india-
briefing.com/news/rd-in-india-18919.html/.
[31] Shrotriya, Vikrant. "Innovation and R&D Key to Accelerating the
Growth of Indian Pharma." Times of India, 2022.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/innovation-and-rd-key-to-accelerating-
the-growth-of-indian-pharma/.
[32] Singh, Sameer Minhas Patil & Neeraj. "Accelerating the Pace of India’s Defence
Research." Observer Research Foundation, 2022. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-
speak/accelerating-the-pace-of-indias-defence-research/.
RESTRICTED

Introduction To Big Data and AI

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Big Data and AI

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

c. To recommend various measures for Pakistan required to take in Research and

Main Considerations of Research and Development in the Recent Era

Brief overview of main Sectors in which R&D is being practiced

1. Technology and Information Technology (IT): R&D in the technology sector

environmentally responsible manner. The Indian military is increasingly recognizing the

An Overview of most Considered Sectors in which R&D is being practiced Worldwide

platforms, AI-assisted diagnostics, and wearable technologies. The goal is to improve

Comparative effects of practicing R&D in most Mainstreamed Sectors

Moreover, R&D efforts in aerospace create high-skilled job opportunities, stimulate

1. Government Policies and Regulations: Formulating supportive policies and regulations

existing facilities and encouraging collaborations between institutions can enhance

Brief Overview of Other Emerging Sectors in R&D

development of additive manufacturing techniques like 3D printing, which enables the

Business leverage and profitability to jump into these emerging sectors

offering innovative products or services, businesses can capture a significant

7. Customer Engagement and Experience: Building strong relationships with

Significance contribution of R&D and Market of India:

development of new drugs, vaccines, biologics, and medical devices, contributing

Brief Overview of all R&D Sectors in India

India’s Current Standing in Military and Defense

R&D in defense involves the development of advanced weapons systems, military

R&D efforts also contribute to cost optimization and long-term sustainability. By

Furthermore, R&D in defense fosters collaborations and partnerships between the

India R&D imports vs India inhouse R&D

Highlighted/Published future plans/2030 goals of India in Defense/R&D

Conclusion about significant contributions in R&D by India

Global R&D Race

manufacturing firms: Structural equation modelling”. 2012.

Profitability comparison of various R&D Sectors of global race

manufacturing firms: Structural equation modelling”. 2012.

driving, and connected car technologies present opportunities for companies to

Future prospects of top 3 sectors globally

manufacturing firms: Structural equation modelling”. 2012.

Resources required for R&D regarding those top 3 sectors

Additionally, infrastructure development is crucial. India needs to enhance its research

India's research and innovation performance requires systematic improvement:

These challenges can be categorized into several areas:

1. Structural issues: These arise from policies, systems, and frameworks

2. Manpower crunch: India faces difficulties in finding and retaining talented

3. Bureaucratic principles: Navigating the complex and uniform administrative

4. Intellectual property: Issues related to the systems governing the protection of

Several factors are driving research and development (R&D) in India:

1. Government Initiatives: The Indian government has implemented various

2. Skilled Workforce: India has a large pool of skilled professionals in science,

3. Growing Market Opportunities: India's rapidly expanding domestic market

4. Global Competitiveness: India aims to enhance its global competitiveness by

5. Collaborative Ecosystem: India has established a collaborative ecosystem that

6. International Collaboration: India actively engages in international

Human resources and India

Talent and India

Investments and India

manufacturing firms: Structural equation modelling”. 2012.

International Collaborations and India

manufacturing firms: Structural equation modelling”. 2012.

Key take away for Pakistan from R&D trends in India:

Key constraints in overall/general R&D infrastructure need to be considered by Pakistan

Current R&D stance in Pakistan

Possible loopholes in R&D

1. Insufficient funding: Limited financial resources can hamper R&D efforts,

2. Lack of collaboration: Limited collaboration between academia, industry, and

3. Inefficient knowledge transfer: Difficulty in effectively transferring research

4. Regulatory hurdles: Complex regulatory frameworks and bureaucratic