(yehe se kerna hai )

three
Fresh snow and ice reflect 80 - 85% of the sunlight.
'Albedo' (Latin meaning whiteness) is the name given by the scientists to this
ability of surfaces to
reflect light. The albedo is particularly high for snow and ice.
lens used in CD player
emit ultraviolet laser beams which produce sound after reflecting through the
bright surface of CD
Most of a CD is made from a tough, brittle plastic called
polycarbonate
mage formed on the retina of eye persists for about 1/16 of
a second after the removal of the stimulus.
Frequency modulation is used to transmit audio signals in television
broadcasts.
Frequency modulated signals have larger bandwidth so that FM signals on the
adjacent bands have neither noise nor interference issue.
scattering or
deviation = (n - 1 ) A. Hence, the light of shorter wavelength is scattered much
more than the light
of longer wavelength
The speed of visible light in water = 2.25 × 108 m/sec and the speed of
light in vacuum = 3.0 × 108 m/sec. Thus, it is clear that the speed of visible
light in water is 0.75
times the speed of light in Vaccum
Visual reception occurs at the retina where
photoreceptor cells called cones and rods give an image colour and shadow
The image is
transduced into neural impulses and then trans ferred through the optic nerve to
the brain for
processing. The brain then interprets the signals, allowing us to see
The only time that the sun
can be viewed with the naked eye is during a total eclipse when the moon completely
covers the
disk of the sun
Failure to use proper observing
method may result in permanent eye damage or severe visual loss caused by the
ultraviolet (UV)
radiations.
The image formed on Retina is real, inverted and smaller than the object.
colour of light is determined by its
wavelength. Different colours have different wavelengths.
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Due to the
refraction of light, the sun is visible to us a few minutes before sunrise and a
few minutes after
sunset. The sun and the moon appear elliptical near the horizon because of
refraction The blue
appearance of the sky is due to scattering of sunlight from the atmosphere.
Light of shorter wavelength is scattered by air
molecules which because of their smaller size follow Rayleigh's scattering
Blue light is strongly
scattered by the air molecules and reach the observer. This explains the blue
colour of the sky.
wavelength of red colour is highest while of violet colour is lowest. Dispersal is
inverse to
wavelength so red light can be seen from far away more clear.
That's why the red colour is used in
traffic signals.
primary reason why the red colour is used for danger signals is that red light
has the highest wavelength and scattered least by air molecules so that it can be
seen from far
away.
intensity of scattered light is inversely proportional to
its wavelength and the wavelength of violet and blue is low, thus they scattered
more.
During sunrise and sunset, the rays have to travel a
larger part of the atmosphere because they are very close to the horizon. Therefore
light other
than red is mostly scattered away. Most of the red light which is least scattered
enters our eyes.
Hence, the sun appears red.
rainbow is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light
in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky.
If a surface looks green, it means
that it absorbs all colours of the spectrum except green.
colour of the sky for an astronaut is
black. It is because of the fact that in the space there is no atmosphere.
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When two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of θ, then the number of
images formed by the object between them can be calculated In order to avoid
sunlight/heat,
top white & bottom black combination for an umbrella is most appropriate
rainbow is a meteorological
phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in
water droplets
resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky.
rainbow is located opposite to the sun; this
explains why rainbow is not seen at 12 noon with the sun overhead. The appearance
of a rainbow
involves all of the above factors that are refraction, dispersion and internal
reflection. When
sunlight hits a raindrop then depending on the angle, some of the light is
reflected from the
surface of the drop and some enter the drop through the process known as
refraction.
When light
enters a new medium, its speed changes and different coloured components of light
are affected
differently by this. This leads to the separation of light into its seven coloured
spectrum.
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minimum height of a plane mirror to enable a person to see full
image is 1/2 of his height
According to the principle of reflection, the angle of incidence is equal
to angle of reflection. When the ray of light travels from bottom to top of a
person and reaches
his eyes then he is able to see the clear image.
The ray from the foot strikes the mirror at its
bottom and reaches his eye after reflecting from the mirror. Thus, the height of
the mirror must
equal to half the height of the person. In order to see full-length image, the
minimum height of
the mirror required is half of a person’s height.
Far-sightedness
(hypermetropia) is a common vision problem, affecting about a fourth of the
population. People
with hypermetropia can see distant objects very well but have difficulty in
focusing on objects that
are close. This vision problem occurs when light rays entering the eye focused
behind the retina
rather than directly on it.
The eyeball of a farsighted person is shorter than normal
convex lens
is used to correct this defect.
eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material. Its
curvature can be modified to some extent by the ciliary muscles. The change in the
curvature of
the eye lens can thus change its focal length.
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The brown color is an odd colour. It is because of the
concept of VIBGYOR
Thus brown doesn't belong to this combination.
Melting : •A process in which solid converts into liquid by heating.
temperature at which solid matter melts and converts into a liquid at atmospheric
pressure is
known as its melting point.
melting point of wax - 63ºC The melting point of Iron - 1535ºC •
Process in which Liquid converts into vapours fastly by heating is known as
boiling.
The temperature at which liquid boils and converts into vapours very fastly at
atmospheric pressure is termed as boiling point
condensation process is the change of physical condition of matter from gas to
liquid and it is the
contrast phenomenon of vaporization
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cooling a liquid, the temperature at which it turns into a solid is known as its
freezing point.
heat required to turn a solid into a liquid or vapour or a
liquid into vapour, without change of temperature is known as latent heat.•
Latent heat is of
two types - (i) Latent heat of melting. (ii) Latent heat of vaporization.
Required energy converting for solid into liquid phase is called latent heat of
melting
value of latent heat of ice is 3.34 x 105 joule / kg
Required energy
converting for liquid into vapour is called latent heat of vaporization
value of latent heat of
water is 22.5 x 105 joule / kg
team
has more latent heat in compare to boiling water
. So when steam falls on the skin it forms water
after condensation, it releases 22.5 x 105 joule / kg heat more than boiling water.
On heating when a solid changes directly into vapour and on cooling when vapour
changes directly into solid then that phenomenon is known as sublimation
having this property are Ammonium chloride, Iodine, Camphor and Nephthalene, etc.
rate of evaporation of any liquid is maximum at its boiling point.
case of low humidity in the air, the evaporation rate is high and water evaporates
very soon, while
higher humidity in the air, results into a low rate of evaporation
A liquid filled in the pot when evaporates, it receives latent heat of evaporation
and the pot
becomes cool. •
A good example of cooling by evaporation is cooling of earthen pots.
Desert Room Cooler,
the cooling effect is produced due to evaporation of water. It cools more in hot
and dry days
because in hot days, higher temperature increases the rate of evaporation.
The boiling point of water is 100 degree celsius. At this temperature, the water
will begin to
change from the liquid state to the gaseous state. For this change to take place,
additional energy
is required. In fact, every gram of liquid water requires 540 calories of heat
energy to convert it to
steam. This is called the latent heat of vaporization or latent heat of steam.
So while they both
would exist at the same temperature, the steam would have a lot more heat energy
due to the
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addition of 540 calories per gram of heat energy that has been absorbed
This is why steam burns
are worse than water burns Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion
of matter.
Convection can be natural and forced.
The Kelvin scale is the best representation of
average kinetic molecular energy. When a substance has a temperature of 0K (–
273.15º C) it is at
'absolute zero' and has no kinetic energy at all because its particles stop moving
reasons for using alcohol than mercury as thermometric liquids.
alcohol has a
very low freezing point of about -112oC and therefore is suitable to record very
low temperature.
Ethylene glycol is
an organic molecule most widely used as antifreeze in automobile engines and as an
industrial
solvent. When it is mixed with water, the freezing point of the mixture is
depressed,
specifically a
mixture of 60% ethylene glycol and 40% water freezes at –45oC
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature at which
point the atoms of a substance transmit no thermal energy. They are completely at
rest. It is 0 on
the Kelvin scale, which translates to -273.15 degree Celsius.
Thermostat is a device that
automatically regulates temperature. It helps to save energy/power
Density is defined as the ratio
between mass and volume or mass per unit volume (Density = mass / volume)
Elements such as cast iron, ice, antimony,
bismuth, and brass when melts, their volume decreases. These type of solids floats
in their own
melted fluid.
Refrigerator temperatures do not destroy pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms.
The lower temperature slows the growth of microorganisms already in the food. Some
bacteria
grow most rapidly in the range of temperature between 40° Page 71 and 140oF, the
"Danger
Zone". Thus it is necessary to make sure that the refrigerator is maintaining the
recommended
temperature of 35 to 40 degree F or below
recommended temperature of the refrigerator is 36oF to 38oF (1.7oC to 3.3oC).
ammonia can be
liquefied at ambient temperature at high pressure, not low pressure
free refrigerators use dehumidi fication process in which the moisture or water
vapour or the
humidity is removed from the air by keeping its dry bulb (DB) temperature constant