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J Rser 2019 05 015
J Rser 2019 05 015
Keywords: The floating photovoltaic (FPV) system is a new power generation system which has attracted a wide attention
Floating photovoltaic (FPV) due to its numerous advantages. Apart from power generation, the system can reduce the water evaporation.
FPV allocation Development of FPV power plants requires studying both mechanical and electrical structure of these systems.
Evaporation reduction Many studies have been conducted on FPV systems which have assessed these systems from different points of
Emission
view. In this paper, an analytical analysis and updated review that studies different aspects of FPV systems as a
FPV array reconfiguration
DC-DC converter
power generation system is presented. Also, a comparison between the ground mounted and floating PV systems
is presented and the gaps of the reviewed subjects are indicated. Furthermore, the applicable FPV array inter-
connection schemes are discussed and the most favorable reconfiguration schemes for FPV arrays are shown,
also multilevel DC-DC converters for grid integration of FPV panels are investigated. Reviewing the articles
indicated that the main focus of the researchers was on the experimental study and mechanical investigation of
FPV systems as well as the impact of the application of these systems on water evaporation. The present research
has a potential to make a contribution to the electrical design and application of FPV panels which are less
described in the existing papers.
1. Introduction Ueda et al. [12] explored this project with the aim of analyzing water
cooling effect on the power output of FPV panels. Since then, the ap-
The consequences of growing energy demand including the deple- plication of FPV power generation systems expanded in many countries
tion of fossil fuels, increasing global warming, and greenhouse gas such as USA, Italy, Spain, France, South Korea, and Singapore [12].
emission, necessitate the development and penetration of Renewable Recently a 40 MW FPV power plants have been installed in China [13]
Energy Sources (RES) all over the world [1]. Being environmentally and presumably in the future, the capacity of FPV power plants will be
friendly, RES are good choices for supplying the energy demand, solar increased even more. As a matter of fact, approximately 25% of the
power systems are of interest [2]. Nowadays solar energy has become electrical energy demand throughout the world can be supplied by
one of the most applicable sources of energy. It is used in a variety of covering just 1% of natural basins surfaces by FPV panels (in 2014)
ways and has potential to be an alternative to conventional energy [14]. In many countries like Iran, the construction of FPV plants has
resources [3]. The most common form of solar energy application is begun [15]. Many studies have been conducted to develop the FPV
photovoltaic (PV) system, which absorbs the sunlight to directly create system and improve the power generation. In 2013, Ferrer-Gisbert et al.
electricity [4]. One of the promising applications of PV modules is [16] assessed the operation of the new FPV system in an agriculture
floating photovoltaic (FPV) system, which having higher level of effi- reservoir consisting of polyethylene floating modules which have de-
ciency and it can reduce evaporation of water reservoirs as well. veloped by both CELEMIN Energy and the Polytechnic University of
Due to its high potential of power generation, the application of Valencia. Also, Sacramento et al. [17] investigated cooled FPV modules
renewable energy technologies in forms of offshore and floating on on three different reservoirs in Brazilian semi-arid region and compared
water, is developing rapidly. These systems including wind offshore, the efficiency of the floating PV systems with the efficiency of ground-
floating photovoltaic, and floating solar chimney have attracted a wide mounted PVs.
attention [5–10]. The construction and installation of FPV power plants The main components of the FPV systems are including Pontoon or
have begun since 2007, as one of the first FPV projects in Aichi, Japan, separate floats, mooring system, PV modules, underwater cables, elec-
was installed for research purposes with the capacity of 20 kW [11]. trical connections, and inverters [16,18]. One of the important factors
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hosseinyousefi@ut.ac.ir (H. Yousefi).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.015
Received 15 April 2018; Received in revised form 17 April 2019; Accepted 6 May 2019
1364-0321/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
333
Table 1
Summary of studies about allocation of FPV systems.
Author(s) Brief title Highlights Methods and Materials Discussions and Considerations
P. Ranjbaran, et al.
Cazzaniga et al. Floating tracking cooling Introducing a novel Floating tracking cooling concentrating (FTCC) system which Analysis Presentation an economic comparison between the proposed
(2012) [59] concentrating was more efficient in comparison with conventional FPV systems. configuration and the conventional FPV schemes
Trapani K, Millar Proposing offshore photovoltaic Presenting a feasibility study and economic assessment of PV offshore which Feasibility study Evaluation of the reliability of PV offshore systems
(2013) [6] technology indicated a great potential of installation in Malta and investigating the CO2
emission reduction
Ferrer-Gisbert A new FPV cover system Covering 7% of an agriculture reservoir which resulted in water evaporation Feasibility study Detailed calculation of water evaporation reduction and
et al. (2013) reduction. presentation of more data about the impact of FPV panels
[16] surface on water evaporation reduction
Trapani et al. Novel offshore application of Providing a techno-economic assessment of different offshore power generation Techno-economic analysis Calculation of payback period and net present value
(2013) [79] photovoltaics systems such as wind offshore, floating PV, wave and tidal energy technologies.
Santafé et al. Theoretical and experimental Indicating the design characteristics and components of an FPV system and Techno-economic and Presentation of a theoretical model for the evaporation
(2014) [42] analysis installing a 20 kWp prototype FPV power plant and evaluating the evaporation empirical analysis reduction prediction of FPVs
and CO2 emission reduction of the system.
Choi and Lee A study on development Presenting the design concept and investigating the structure of the first tracking Analysis Assessment of life span of tracking-FPV systems
(2014) [60] type FPV.
Choi et al. (2014) A study on major design elements, Presenting the basic design futures of tracking type FPV and utilization of GPS Design assessment Presentation of more empirical data and analysis of wind effect
[61,62] A study on development receiver and terrestrial magnetism sensor in the tracking system and tracking on the structure
algorithm to reduce the error.
Lee et al. (2014) A study on development of ICT Proposing a control system composed of 2.45 GHz Zigbee network and solar Controller design Presentation of more detailed analysis of the monitoring system
[63] tracking sensor to control and monitor a 100 kW tracking type FPV system.
Teixeira et al. Feasibility Study of a Hydro PV Analyzing the feasibility of installation of 60 kW FPV system on a hydroelectric Feasibility study Evaluation of the feasibility of integrating larger FPV plants into
(2015) [74] dam located in Val de Serra, Brazil using Homer software. hydroelectric power plants
Trapani and Millar Floating photovoltaic arrays Presenting the pros and cons of using thin film (a-Si) PV panels in floating systems Techno-economic analysis Demonstrating of the effect of the type of PV panels on the
(2015) [43] in comparison to crystalline PV panels. evaporation
Ho et al. (2015), Thermal and electrical Assessing the effect of the utilization of MEPCM on the temperature and efficiency Numerical simulation and Presentation of an experimental analysis and application of
334
(2016) performance of the FPV system. Analysis different PCMs
[56,57]
Song and Choi Analysis of the Potential for Use of Assessing the potential of FPV systems on a mine pit lake and simulating the Simulation and Analysis Consideration the profit of abating the emission of CO2 in the
(2016) [44] FPV energy production using SAM software and presenting the economic and CO2 calculation of net present value.
emission evaluation.
Won et al. (2016) FLOATING PV POWER SYSTEM Presenting a reliability study on a test bed 100 kW and commercial 500 kW FPV Reliability assessment Indicating the factors affecting the reliability of the FPV panels
[86] systems and illustrating that module nominal power declines slightly by the rate
of 13.9%, after twenty-five years
Solanki et al. Assessment of offshore solar Assessing the mean global horizontal radiation and the power production of FPV Analysis Evaluating the economic aspects
(2017) [45] energy systems in different regions of India.
Rosa-Clot et al. FPV plants and wastewater basins Evaluating the feasibility of application of FPV panels on wastewater basins of Feasibility study Investigation of the impact of the application of the FPV covers
(2017) [46] Australia and estimating the evaporation reduction and calculating the on the evaporation model.
installation cost.
Mittal et al. Floating solar photovoltaic systems Investigating the installation of 1 MW FPV plants in two different places in India Feasibility study Calculation of water saving price
(2017) [9] and estimating the reducing of evaporation and CO2 emission.
Kim et al. (2017) Fabrication and Construction of Presenting different levels of the construction of a 6 MW FPV power plant in Korea Analysis of design, fabrication, Presentation of an economic comparison between the assessed
[47] FPV and evaluating the structures and installation structures
Kim et al. (2017) Design and Construction of 1 MW Assessing the process of the construction of a 1 MW FPV on a waterway of the Investigation of design and Assessment of the reliability of the system
[48] cooling water intake channel in a thermoelectric power plant construction
Mittal et al. Potential of FPV System Investigating the potential of the FPV plants in power generation and water Analysis Evaluation of the potential of the FPV systems in CO2 emission
(2017) [49] evaporation decrement reduction in these lakes
Rahman et al. Solar Lanes and Floating Solar PV Calculating the electricity generation by FPV panels on Kaptai Dam in Bangladesh Numerical calculation and Consideration of all the environmental parameters in the
(2017) [50] Simulation calculation of power generation
Azami et al (2017) Theoretical analysis of reservoir- Evaluating the total cost and payback period of a 1.45 MWdc FPV power plant in Theoretical analysis Estimating the profit of the decrement of the CO2 emission and
[81] based 15-khordad dam in Delijan, Iran. water evaporation
Cazzaniga et al. Compressed air energy storage Proposing an innovative compressed air energy storage mechanism integrated Principal design analysis Conducting more experimental research
(2017) [69] with FPV systems which is suitable for both fixed and tracking systems.
Liu et al. (2017) Power Generation Efficiency and Assessing the potential of FPV installation in China and estimating the water Comprehensive analysis Presentation of more detailed information about integrating FPV
[39] Prospects of FPV evaporation reduction. systems into hydropower plants
(continued on next page)
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
Korea and the energy production was simulated using System Advisor
Model (SAM) software [44]. The results of this study showed that the
Techno-Economic analysis and
Simulation and Optimization
m2 of water surface. Solanki et al. [45] have assessed the mean global
Analysis and Calculation
Numerical calculation
and Simulation
basins of Australia and have concluded that for wastewater basins, the
fixed panels are more appropriate in comparison with the tracking type.
In a feasibility research, Mittal et al. [9] have investigated the in-
stallation of 1 MW FPV plants in two different places in India. The
Conducting a feasibility study on the accumulation of Jablanica Lake and proving
Demonstrating that the degradation rates of the FPV system are below 0.5% p.a.
Assessing a hybrid power plant composed of 20 kW FPV panels and 130 kW diesel
Appraising the construction of the FPV power plants in 3401 reservoirs in Korea in
Indicating that the 1 MW FPV power plant is capable of reducing 191.174 million
order to evaluate the potential of this system to decrease the green gas emission
Performing a feasibility study of construction a hybrid power plant consisting of
Studying the cooling system and temperature distribution of FPV panels, using
jasthan in India, has demonstrated that this system has the potential to
produce of 3 MW–27 MW in these lakes [49]. Rahman et al. [50] have
also calculated the electricity generation by FPV panels on Kaptai Dam
in Bangladesh. The results of a feasibility study on the accumulation of
Jablanica Lake have proved that there is a possibility of installation of
30 MW FPV plant on an area of 380250 m2 [51]. Tofani et al. [52] have
assessed a hybrid power plant composed of 20 kW FPV panels and
130 kW diesel generator. In another investigation, the cooling system
and temperature distribution of FPV panels have been studied using
computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and ANSYS-Fluent 17.0 software
Highlights
generator
regard, some studies have been conducted to assess the effect of the uti-
Techno-Economic Analysis
system [56,57]. The MEPCM reduces the temperature of the modules and
thus improves the efficiency of the FPV modules. The economic assess-
Accumulations
Hybrid System
in the azimuth angle so the output power of the system is reduced. The
Vasco et al. (2018)
Lawrence Kamuyu
(2017) [87]
(2018) [51]
(2018) [52]
(2019) [53]
(2019) [70]
Sutanto and
Mittal et al.
Author(s)
[75]
[88]
[80]
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P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
first tracking type FPV. In this research, FRP materials have been uti- Due to the increasing concern all around the world about the water
lized in tracking-type FPV structure. The basic design futures of the shortage crisis, reducing the water evaporation from reservoirs espe-
tracking type FPV and utilization of GPS receiver and terrestrial mag- cially in the arid and semi-arid region is vital [76]. Application of PV
netism sensor in the tracking system and tracking algorithm has been panels on the water reservoir surface as a solution for reducing the
presented in Refs. [61,62] to reduce the error caused by changes in water loss is worth attention. One of the advantages of using FPV cover
environmental factors. It is claimed that the structure of the floating system is reducing the water evaporation of water reservoirs [72,77]. In
tracking-type can be more simple than ground tracking-type [62]. A this regard, Ferrer-Gisbert et al. [16] have covered 7% of an agriculture
control system composed of 2.45 GHz Zigbee network and solar reservoir resulting in water evaporation reduction and protecting
agricultural lands. Santafé et al. [42] have studied the water
Fig. 3. MEPCM layer attached to back of FPV panel [56,57] [Reprinted with permission from Elsevier].
336
P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
evaporation reduction of a reservoir which was completely covered by khordad dam in Delijan, Iran. The outcome of the investigation has
floating PV panels (4490 m2 ). The results indicated that the cover could revealed that the total cost of the construction of this plant and the
save 5000 m3 of water (25% of the reservoir's storage capacity). The payback period would be about 1.71$/Wp USD and 10.2 years, re-
estimation of the effect of the application of FPV cover on water eva- spectively. An economic evaluation of a 1 MW FPV power plant con-
poration reduction in South Australia using Penman-Monteith method sisting of 3200 photovoltaic modules PV module rating is 320 Watt in
has been presented in Ref. [46]. It has been concluded that the FPV Australia has indicated that the total cost of this project would be about
cover could reduce the evaporation by 90%. An assessment has been $1,112,200 USD [46]. For ground-mounted photovoltaic power plants,
conducted in China indicating that the potential of the FPV installation relatively high ground costs, construction work, and the installation of
is about 160 GW which covers about 2500 km2 of water surface and sustained bases on ground installations are required. Floating structures
reduces the water evaporation by 2 × 10 27m3 /year [39]. It has been usually account for 25% of the total cost of building floating power
estimated that 1 MW FPV power plant was capable of reducing the plants, but this is usually less than the cost of buying and providing an
evaporation by 37 million liters of water in India [9]. It is indicated that equivalent land in the area [18]. Operational and maintenance costs in
the 1 MW FPV power plant is capable of reducing 191.174 million liters floating systems are often lower respect to ground-mounted systems
of evaporated water at Jodhpur in India annually [78]. Mittal et al. [49] since the water needed for cleaning is available and the components of
studied the water evaporation decrement of four lakes of Rajasthan, by these systems are less heated. Detailed economic evaluations of FPV
considering four different cases of covering (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) systems, including calculation of water saving and greenhouse gas
of lakes' surface. The saved water caused by utilizing FPV panels was emission reduction cost, are required research in this field.
indicated to be 64 million liters to 496 million liters annually.
The results of the studies show the potential of the FPV systems to 2.4. CO2 emission Reduction
considerably reduce the evaporation. Therefore, given the water crisis
in many countries, this system can be used as a solution to reduce the It has been shown that PV systems can help alleviate the CO2
water loss due to evaporation in arid and semiarid areas. Installing emission [82]. The amount of greenhouse gas emission reduction of an
these systems on agricultural and drinking water reservoirs, in addition FPV power plant is estimated by the amount of the generated green-
to reducing the evaporation, improves water quality by decreasing the house gas of a fossil fuel power plant when generates the same amount
growth of algae. But the impact of floating solar systems on the water of electricity generates by an FPV power plant. It can be calculated by
environment including algae growth should be studied more. Analyzing Ref. [44]:
the articles indicated that most of the studies have experimentally
Gt = Es × 10 3 × G × (1 + ) (4)
evaluated the water evaporation decrement and only few studies uti-
lized evaporation models to assess the evaporation reduction. To have a In this equation, Gt is the amount of decreased greenhouse gas
better perspective about the application of the FPV systems, having a emission (tCO2 /year ), Es is the generated electricity of the FPV power
theoretical model to predict the effect of this system on the water plant per year (MWh/year ), G is the standard value of greenhouse gas
evaporation reduction is necessary. emission of each country (tCO2 /year ), and β is the average rate of the
loss of power transmission and distribution.
2.3. Economic evaluation It has been estimated that the FPV systems have the potential to
mitigate the carbon emission by 25% for a 250 MW plant [6]. A cal-
Trapani et al. [79] have provided a techno-economic assessment of culation of the CO2 emission of FPV systems has indicated that the total
different offshore power generation systems such as wind offshore, FPV, carbon footprint of the FPV installation is about 137.73 kgCO2 /m2 [42].
wave and tidal energy technologies. It has been concluded that floating In another study, the annual CO2 emission reduction caused by instal-
thin film PV systems could be competitive with offshore wind power ling an FPV system on a mine pit lake has been calculated and the
systems from economic point of view. The cost of power generation of results have shown that the FPV configuration could save 471.21
tCO2 /year [44]. A study in India has indicated that the FPV systems
offshore PV power plants, including the annual capital costs, O&M
(operations and maintenance), and fuel costs, in Malta is also assessed could mitigate about 1.7 tons of CO2 emission per year [9]. Kim et al.
in Ref. [6]. In another study, an economic comparison between thin [80] have appraised the construction of the FPV power plants in 3401
reservoirs in Korea in order to evaluate the potential of this system to
film and crystalline PV modules has been presented in the different
configurations, which has indicated that due to the less infrastructure decrease the green gas emission. The results have shown that this
system is able to produce 2932 GWh power and reduce the green gas
requirement, thin film PV system has less cost [43]. Song and Choi [44]
have evaluated the economic aspects of locating PV modules on a mine emission by about 1,294,450 tons annually.
Given the increased pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels,
pit lake. It has been shown that the net present value has been esti-
mated to be $897,000 USD and the payback period would be 12.3 solar floating systems can be a suitable substitute for fossil fuel-based
energy sources.
years. The net present value (NPV) and the payback period (PBP) of the
FPV systems can be estimated by Eq. (2) and (3) respectively [80,81]:
2.5. Reliability and durability
n
Et Ct
NPV = C0
(1 + r )t (2) PV module reliability and durability issues are among the main affairs
t=1
for the competitiveness of solar technology [83]. Increment in operating
In the equation, N is the period of the system operating, Et is elec- temperatures decreases the reliability and energy yield of PV modules
tricity sales income per year (USD), Ct the annual operating cost (USD), [84]. So, by reducing the operating temperature, the reliability and dur-
r is the discount rate, and C0 is the initial cost (USD). ability of PV modules will be increased. Currently, the lifetime of the PV
module is about 25 years [85]. In an assessment, the durability of the FPV
X
PBP =
(3) structure has been investigated under compression test, tensile test, and
Y
dynamic test [60]. Won et al. [86] have presented a reliability study on a
where X is the total cost of the FPV power plant with all auxiliary test bed 100 kW and commercial 500 kW FPV systems. The results have
equipment and Y is the total annual revenue after the installation of the illustrated that module nominal power declines slightly by the rate of
PV system. 13.9%, after twenty-five years. In another research, different scenarios
In another assessment, Azami et al. [81] have evaluated the total have been analyzed in order to indicate the most reliable configuration
cost and payback period of a 1.45 MWdc FPV power plant in 15- [87]. The outcome has shown that floating PV systems were more reliable
337
P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
in comparison with ground-mounted PV systems, and also the scenario generation of this power plant has been measured and compared with a
consisted of the tracking system was more reliable than the fixed PV ground-mounted PV power plant it has been shown that the power
system. The results of a study demonstrated that the degradation rates of generation of the FPV system from June to August was significantly
the FPV system are below 0.5% p.a [88]. greater, however, from September to October the amount of power
The investigation of the studies proved that more research in the generation of ground-mounted PV was higher than floating PV. Fig. 4
field of reliability and stability of the FPV systems are necessitated in shows the installed FPV system of this study. Majid et al. [94] have
order to improve the application of these systems. tested and compared the performance of the floating and ground-
mounted PV systems and illustrated that in a 2-h experiment, exposing
3. Comparison between FPV and PV system sunlight, the EG of the floating type was greater than 15.5%. In another
analysis, the power generation of floating and ground-mounted PV
As mentioned above, locating the PV panels on the water surface systems have been compared by PVSYST software in Brazilian climate
helps reduce the PV temperature and enhance the efficiency of the condition [17]. The results have indicated that the floating system was
panels. Many studies have conducted in order to indicate the super- about 12.5% more efficient than the ground-mounted system. In 2016,
iority of the FPV systems in comparison with the conventional PV the electrical performance of a 250 W FPV power plant has been com-
systems from environmental point of view [89]. Also, several research pared to the same capacity ground-mounted PV power plant [95]. The
has perused the cooling effect of water by comparing the characteristics outcomes have indicated that the floating system has about 0.79% more
of FPV systems with ground-mounted ones. Two main factors con- efficiency compared to the other system. In another research, the water
sidered for comparison of the performance of the floating and ground- cooling effect on the temperature and efficiency of the FPV modules has
mounted PV systems are module efficiency (ME) and efficiency gain been investigated in China climate condition [39]. The results have
(EG). The efficiency of the PV modules is calculated by: shown that because of the water cooling effect, the operation tem-
perature had been reduced by 3.5 °C which results in an EG by about
Vmpp × Impp 1.58–2.00% in comparison with ground-mounted PV modules. An in-
ME = × 100
Pin (5) vestigation in Jodhpur city in India has shown that compared to the
ground-mounted PV system, FPV has 2.48% more power generation
The efficiency gain of the FPV system represents the enhancement of
yearly, and the temperature of the modules in this system was 14.56%
the performance of the PV modules, which is the result of the cooling
less [78]. Yoon et al. [96] in addition to explaining the mechanical
effect of water, is calculated by:
structure of the FPV systems, have compared a 100 MW floating PV
floating ground plant with a 100 MW ground-mounted PV plant and have indicated the
EG = × 100
ground (6) superiority of floating type.
By assessing these studies, it is found out that FPV systems have
Vmpp is the voltage of the maximum power point, Impp is the current superior performance in comparison with land-based PV systems.
of the maximum power point, Pin is the input solar radiation, floating and Generally, floating PV systems can enhance efficiency of modules by
ground are the values of conversion efficiency for the floating and about 12%. However, more studies are needed for evaluating the effect
ground-mounted forms, respectively. of the geographical location and other factors on efficiencies of FPV and
In Ref. [12] a comparison has been provided between the operation PV systems. Also, the differences in the standards of the construction of
of a 10 kW grid-connected FPV system and a 10 kW ground-mounted PV floating and ground-mounted PV systems should be assessed more de-
system. It has been shown that in FPV panels, losses caused by tem- tailed. In Table 2 the summary of the investigated studies is presented.
perature rise had been reduced by 9.6% in summer and 3% in winter. In
2013, Choi et al. [90] have compared 100 kW Hapcheon FPV power 4. Interconnection scheme for FPV systems and best-suited
plant in Korea with 1 MW ground-mounted PV power plant in Haman- converter
gun. It has been indicated that the EG of FPV was greater than 11% and
more. Mohd Azmi et al. [91] have provided a comparison between the Every Individual power generation system should be appraised from
power output and the temperature of the floating and ground-mounted both mechanical and electrical point of view. The mechanical aspects of
PV systems in three different solar radiation conditions. The results the FPV systems have been investigated in many articles. In this section,
have indicated that due to the cooling effect of water, the electrical the electrical interconnection of the FPV arrays and the application of a
power output of FPV modules was higher than ground-mounted PV DC-DC converter have been studied which can be similar to the issues
modules. The reasons for the superiority of FPV systems over ground- that have been discussed in PV systems.
mounted PV systems have been investigated by Choi [92]. Also, the
efficiency of the system under different environmental conditions has 4.1. Interconnection methods
been studied. In another study, Lee et al. [93] have presented an in-
troduction on the different stages of the design, construction, and in- The exploitation of solar farms has many challenges. Despite the
stallation of an FPV power plant at the sea site in Korea. The power recent advances in solar cell technology, there are some small limita-
tions such as sun exposure dependency and other environmental con-
ditions that reduce the output of the PV system [97]. One of the factors
that affects the performance of PV systems is the loss due to a lack of
coordination in the electrical characteristics of PV panels due to the
presence of a partial shading in an array. The losses due to PSC reduce
the power output of photovoltaic panels installed in buildings by
5–10% and in large solar power plants by 3–6%, since the received solar
irradiance by modules of PV arrays is at different levels [98]. In other
word, PSC causes PV mismatch as well as hot spots [99–102]. Another
issue of PSC is the exhibition of multiple peaks in the I–V characteristic
curves [103]. The power drop of PV modules mainly depends on the
array interconnection configuration, the pattern of shadow, and the
Fig. 4. Structure of installed FPV system [93] [Reprinted with permission from location of PV arrays [104]. Many researchers have studied the impact
Elsevier]. of interconnections among PV modules on power output in PSC
338
P. Ranjbaran, et al.
Table 2
Summary of studies about comparison between FPV and PV systems.
Author(s) Brief title Highlights Methods and Materials Discussions and Considerations
Ueda et al. (2008) [12] Performance Analysis of FPV Comparing the operation of a 10 kW grid-connected floating PV system and a 10 kW Performance analysis Conducting an economic comparison
systems ground-mounted PV system.
Choi et al. (2013) [90] Empirical Research on the Presenting a comparison between 100 kW FPV power plant with 1 MW ground- Calculation and Comparison Demonstrating the discrepancy of the procedure of
efficiency mounted PV power plant and indicating that the FPV has greater efficiency by 11% analysis maintenance of the systems
and more.
Mohd Azmi et al. (2013) Study on electrical power output Providing a comparison between the power output and the temperature of the Experimental study Indicating the differences between reliability and safety
[91] floating and ground-mounted PV systems. of two systems
Choi (2014) [92] A study on power generation Investigating the reasons for the superiority of floating PV systems over ground- Empirical analysis Providing a detailed analysis of the impact of wind
analysis mounted PV systems speed on the power generation efficiency
Lee et al. (2014) [93] Design and installation of floating Presenting the different stages of the design, construction, and installation of an FPV Analysis Investigation of the electrical structure of the FPV
type photovoltaic power plant and comparing its power generation with a land type PV power plant. system
Majid et al. (2014) [94] Study on performance of FPV Illustrating the better performance of FPV modules in comparison with ground- Comparative and Empirical Repetition of the experiments during the year and
339
mounted PVs. analysis evaluation of the impact of changing of weather
Sacramento et al. (2015) Scenarios for use of floating Comparing the power generation of floating and ground-mounted PV systems by Simulation Consideration of the wind effect in the appraisal of the
[17] photovoltaic PVSYST software in Brazilian climate condition and indicating that the floating efficiency
system was more efficient.
Yadav et al. (2016) [95] Energy assessment of FPV system Comparing the electrical performance of a 250 W floating PV power with the same Comparative analysis Comparison of the performance of the two PV systems
capacity ground-mounted PV power plant indicating that the floating system had under cloudy condition
more efficiency by about 0.8%.
Liu et al. (2017) [39] Power Generation Efficiency Investigating the effect of cooling water on the temperature and efficiency of the FPV Simulation and Comparative Assessment of the difference of cost of the required
modules in China climate condition. analysis infrastructure of the two PV plants
Mittal et al. (2017) [78] Comparison of FPV Plant with Showing that compared to the ground-mounted PV system, FPV has 2.48% more Comparative analysis Comparing the required infrastructures of systems
SPV power generation yearly, and the temperature of the modules in this system was
14.56% less
Yoon et al. (2018) [96] Structural analysis and design Explaining the mechanical structure of the FPV systems, comparing a 100 MW Structural analysis Explanation of the reasons for the better performance
floating PV plant with a 100 MW ground-mounted PV plant of the floating type
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
Fig. 5. Different PV array interconnection topologies (a) series-parallel (SP), (b) total-cross tied (TCT), (c) bridge-link (BL), (d) and honey-comb (HC).
[105,106]. Since the impact of PSC on FPV modules is similar to PV configuration, as well as the placement of shaded and unshaded mod-
modules, the PV array interconnection topologies can be applied to FPV ules in order to equal distribution of shading effect on modules. A
array interconnection to reduce the FPV power loss and mismatch. The comparison between a novel array scheme named Futoshiki and the
reconfiguration of the photovoltaic arrays is conducted as static and TCT topology has been provided and the results have indicated that
dynamic methods. Futoshiki configuration could improve the output power and have di-
minished PV mismatch compared to the TCT topology [117]. With the
4.1.1. Static reconfigurations aim of improving the efficiency of the TCT configuration, Vijaya-
The main interconnection topologies are series-parallel (SP), total- lekshmy et al. [118] have introduced a novel Zig-Zag scheme. This
cross tied (TCT), bridge-link (BL), and honey-comb (HC) [19,107]. configuration method can be implemented in PV arrays with any di-
These interconnection topologies are illustrated in Fig. 5. The SP to- mension. In this way, the elements in a column in the TCT configuration
pology is composed of paralleled branches containing series modules. are in the same column in the arrangement of the Zig-Zag. The results of
Shaded modules performance will improve if each series branch be the simulation have illustrated that this scheme by lessening the
shunted by a diode. However, on the other hand, it increases the cost number of multiple local maxima in P–V characteristics, can simplify
and size of the arrays [20,108]. This topology is the most common the MPPT. In another study, the application of the Zig-Zag scheme in
configuration and can be utilized in any size of PV installation the unequal number of columns and rows have been investigated [119].
[21,109]. The TCT topology is obtained from the SP topology by con- Satpathy et al. [120] presented an innovative interconnection structure
necting ties across each branch. This structure has the highest re- named Shadow Dispersion Scheme (SDS) which was based on a com-
dundancy [110]. The TCT can reduce the overall mismatch influence puter algorithm to maximize output power under all shading condi-
[109]. The BL topology is composed of modules which are configured in tions. The experimental assessment of 7 × 7 PV arrays noted that the
H-bridge rectifier form. The TCT and BL topologies can increase the SDS configuration had maximum power and minimum power losses in
lifespan of arrays by 30% [110]. The TCT is superior compared to BL comparison with the other conventional interconnection topologies.
from power generation point of view [111]. The HC topology is mod- Bana and Saini [121] have assessed the effect of uniform and non-
ified form of the BL configuration which has combined both TCT and BL uniform shading condition on the performance of PV modules and have
advantages in one solution [109,112]. analyzed the results of using bypass diode, also, have presented an
Many researchers have focused on PV array interconnections in optimal scheme for both uniform and PSC. Rakesh and Malavya [122]
order to reduce the PV mismatch and present an optimal configuration. have presented a novel interconnection scheme which reduced the
In this regard, Ramaprabha and Mathur [112] have indicated that in multiple peaks and enhanced power output in comparison with the TCT
symmetrical arrays, the TCT topology is the most proper configuration configuration. A new interconnection design based on the TCT topology
whereas in asymmetrical arrays HC topology is proper. The impact of has been developed in which the electrical interconnections were fixed
varying of shadow pattern on different interconnection topologies for and just the physical location of the panels is changed [123]. Belhaouas
3 × 3 PV fields has been analyzed in order to indicate the optimal et al. [124] have conducted an investigation of three new PV array
configuration [19]. Rani et al. [113] have produced a Sudoku pattern configuration scheme and evaluated them under different PSCs and
for enhancement of the TCT configuration. This arrangement is a fixed also, have compared the proposed schemes with conventional config-
form of the displacement scheme in which considering Sudoku pattern, uration topologies. A novel puzzle-based interconnection configuration,
panels belonging to a particular row being physically displaced and named dominant square (DS), has been provided and experimentally
placed in other rows. Both empirical and simulation analyzes have verified by implementing on 5 × 5 PV array arrangement [125]. The DS
demonstrated that the proposed configuration has greater output power scheme is based on the dominant squared puzzle pattern for placing
in comparison with the conventional topologies. Sahu and Nayak [114] numbers in a square matrix. This method is based on numeric logic that
have provided an innovative approach shadow distribution on PV solves a matrix using numbers and letters. Pillai et al. [126] have in-
modules to improve the electrical output power. This approach is sui- troduced a new reconfiguration scheme based on the column index
table for m × n PV arrays which m > n has superior power output in which is able to be implemented to any size of arrays. The capability of
comparison with the TCT topology. Potnuru et al. [115] have promoted the proposed scheme has been tested and the results were satisfying,
Sudoku based interconnection scheme which has been introduced ear- also it is demonstrated that this method is proper for large PV array
lier. The defects of the previous scheme have been eliminated and the reconfiguration. Another novel method for PV array is based on the
effect of the proposed configuration on the loss reduction was sa- two-phase method which is also compatible with the arrays of any size.
tisfactory. Pareek and Dahiya [116] have proposed a new method to The two-phase scheme has been assessed and compared to some most
predict the optimal scheme of PV module connections in the TCT applicable schemes, including the conventional interconnection
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P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
schemes (TCT), static methods (SuDoKu), and electrical reconfiguration for adjustment of electrical connections of PV arrays [137]. Moreira et al.
(PSO) [127]. The results have indicated the superiority of the two-phase [138] have developed three different models to forecast the I–V and P–V
method from the operational and economical point of view. characteristics which are useful for designing the array interconnection.
As mentioned before, the output power of PV arrays decreases under The survey of the electrical characteristics of the array output shows
PSC and thus, there is a need for determining the optimal PV modules that the application of the dynamic reconfiguration schemes can reduce
connection configuration. The PSC losses mainly depend on shading the number of P–V curve peak and the number of I–V curved steps. The
pattern and can be diminished by applying the proper PV array inter- single peak of the P–V characteristic curve provides maximum power
connection configuration. It can be said that due to higher power output point tracking (MPPT) with a simpler controller. Many researchers have
and fewer mismatch losses, among the conventional interconnection presented innovative reconfiguration schemes which can be applied to
schemes the TCT arrangement has the most application. The results of FPV arrays. But there is a lack of attention in analyze the optimal in-
the review of the fixed reconfigurations under different PSC show that terconnection configuration of FPV arrays in different sizes, so it is
Sudoku pattern has the best and most suitable configuration for the PV suggested to individually study the FPV array structures. It is re-
array among the most popular reconfiguration schemes. But the biggest commended to investigate the effect of different interconnection
limitation of this reconfiguration is that it can only be implemented to topologies on the lifespan of FPV modules and assess the corrosion of
symmetric arrays with the number of rows and columns of the square electrical connections of FPV arrays.
number. However, Zig-Zag and DS as well as the novel two-phase The summary of the articles about interconnection methods is
method can be implemented to any size of the arrays. The two most presented in Table 3.
significant factors that should be considered in selecting the FPV array
configuration are having the most optimal operation and having less 4.2. DC-DC converter
complexity in electrical connections.
Due to the intermittent nature of solar power plants and changes in
4.1.2. Dynamic reconfigurations the load demand, the integration of these systems has many challenges
Dynamic configuration or electrical array configuration (EAR) is [140–142]. The output voltage of PV modules is not meeting the AC
referred to a process whereby the communication between panels is grid voltage. The most of large-scale PV power plants are connected to
changed using some switches in such a way that the difference between the AC grid by central inverters which due to the restricted voltage of
the flow of different arrays are minimized. Using high-speed processor the DC side, operate at low voltage and require one or two voltage step-
technology, low-cost switches, and acquisition systems, EAR is con- up stages for gaining the intended voltage rating [143]. In order to
sidered one of the most appropriate ways of reconfiguring solar arrays solve this problem, the DC-DC converter is required for gaining the
[128]. In the EAR method, regardless of the size of the array, the intended voltage level [144]. Many DC-DC topologies have been pre-
shadow dispersion is obtained by setting the m × n switching. Shadow sented containing multilevel converters [145]. Due to the limitation of
dispersion in an PV array minimizes the difference in the flow of rows conventional boost converters, the application of multilevel converters
and reduces the problem of multiple peaks. EAR method is a proper is being expanded [146]. Studies have demonstrated that for long
method for minimization of the difference in the flow of rows [129]. In transmission lines (over 400 km for overhead lines and 60 km for un-
this process, the physical location of the panels remains unchanged, but derwater ones) HVDC system is superior in comparison to HVAC sys-
their electrical connections are changed by the switches so that a tems [147,148]. The advantages of HVDC system cause its expansion in
shadow dispersion can be obtained to minimize the flow difference many systems such as integrating the PV and offshore wind power
between the rows [103]. The most important point in this process is plants [22,23,149,150]. As the grid integration methods of ground-
finding the most optimal configuration at the least time. For this pur- mounted PV systems can be applied to floating PV systems, in this
pose, optimization algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and section, the multilevel converter is investigated as an FPV grid in-
Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO) can be used which can best determine tegration approach. One of the advantages of multilevel converters is
the best arrangement at a low time [103,129]. providing individual MMPT control for PV modules respect to their
Picault et al. [130] have provided a novel method to predict the PV light condition and characteristics [151]. Fig. 6 shows the application
power generation in both shaded and unshaded conditions. It has also of modular multilevel converters (MMC), which has been proposed by
been indicated that modifying the common interconnection configurations Rojas et al. [148] for integration of FPV arrays into HVDC grid. It
could enhance the maximum output power by up to 4%. A detailed for- should be noted that in designing the PV converters observance of
mulation of the PV array reconfiguration is presented in Ref. [100], is standards like IEC 62109-1:2010, which is related to the safety of power
applicable for both symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations and can converters for use in photovoltaic power systems, is necessary [152].
reduce the substantial amount of PSC losses. A dynamic PV interconnec- In 2003, a control scheme for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel was
tion configuration had been presented in Ref. [131]; the results of simu- presented which was based on independent maximum power point
lations in MATLAB/SIMULINK have showed that it could improve the tracking (MPPT) for each PV array [153]. Flourentzou et al. [154]
array performance in different shading conditions. Another reconfigura- presented an overview of the advances of the voltage source converter
tion arrangement has been presented and simulated by Parlak [132] in (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems and multilevel
Matlab/Simulink toolbox showing satisfying results. Bai et al. [133] have converter schemes which is applicable for integration of renewable
developed an equivalent circuit to forecast the electrical behavior of PV resources like wind offshore power plants. In 2013, Echeverria et al.
systems and validated it empirically. The TCT topology has been in- [143] introduced a novel configuration for integration of PV arrays into
vestigated in terms of power generation in order to represent the optimal HVDC system based on MMC. The presented scheme is composed of PV
arrangement of PV arrays [134]. A new reconfiguration strategy, com- strings, MPPT DC-DC converters, and an MMC DC-DC converter in-
posed of two parallel PV modules groups which are connected in series, tegrated into an HVDC grid. This configuration is suitable for systems
has been introduced by Tabanjat et al. [135]. In another article, a clus- containing underwater cabling like FPV systems. In Ref. [155], a
tering algorithm has been provided for enhancing the PV arrays output modular high step-up DC-DC converter, competent for wind offshore
under different shading conditions [136]. The performance and power loss plants has been proposed which is proper for unidirectional power. In
of each configuration under PSC has also been analyzed. Rajan et al. [129] order to reduce the voltage stress, Gandomkar et al. [156] have de-
have provided a TCT based interconnection topology including fixed PV veloped a multilevel step-up DC-DC converter for DC connection of
modules and alterable electrical connections. For setting the electrical offshore wind power plants. One of the advantages of the proposed
connections, standard deviation genetic algorithm (SDGA) is applied for configuration is reducing the device numbers which leads to increase in
optimizing. Another study utilized the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) reliability. In another research, a multi-modular cascaded phase-shifted
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P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
Table 3
Summary of studies about FPV array structures and interconnection methods.
Author(s) Brief title Highlights
Picault et al. (2010) [130] Forecasting photovoltaic array power Providing a method to predict the PV power generation in both shaded and unshaded
production conditions and also improving the maximum output power by up to 4% by modifying the
interconnection configurations.
Ramaprabha and Mathur (2012) A Comprehensive Analysis of PV Array Indicating that the TCT topology is the most proper configuration in symmetrical arrays
[112] whereas in asymmetrical arrays the HC topology is proper.
Villa et al. (2012) [19] Maximizing the Power Output Indicating that SP and TCT configurations are superior compared to other current topologies
and also presenting the optimal interconnection topologies for 3 × 3 PV fields.
Shams El-Dein et al. (2013) [100] Optimal Photovoltaic Array Presenting a formulation of PV array reconfiguration applicable for both symmetrical and
Reconfiguration asymmetrical configurations in order to reduce the PSC losses.
Rani et al. (2013) [113] Enhanced Power Generation From PV Producing a Sudoku pattern for enhancement of the TCT configuration and demonstrating that
Array the proposed configuration has greater output power in comparison with the conventional
topologies
Rao et al. (2014) [131] Maximum Power from PV Arrays Presenting a fixed PV interconnection configuration which could improve the performance in
different shading conditions.
Parlak (2014) [132] PV array reconfiguration method Presenting and simulating a reconfiguration arrangement in Matlab/Simulink toolbox which
had a significant effect on power generation improvement.
Sahu and Nayak (2014) [114] Power enhancement of partially shaded Providing an innovative approach shadow distribution on PV modules suitable for m × n PV
PV arrays (m > n) and indicating that the proposed reconfiguration has superior power output
compared to TCT arrangement.
Bai et al. (2014) [133] Characteristic output of PV systems Developing an equivalent circuit to forecast the electrical behavior of PV systems under PS and
validating it empirically.
Potnuru et al. (2014) [115] Positioning of PV panels Promoting Sudoku based interconnection scheme which has been introduced earlier and
eliminating the defects of the previous scheme.
Pareek and Dahiya (2015) [134] Power optimization of TCT Investigating the TCT topology in terms of power generation in order to represent the optimal
arrangement of PV arrays.
Tabanjat et al. (2015) [135] Reconfiguration solution for shaded PV Introducing a new reconfiguration strategy composed of two parallel PV modules groups which
are connected in series, with the aim of reducing the complexity and costs of the
interconnection structure.
Rathinadurai Louis et al. (2016) Effective utilization and efficient power Providing a clustering algorithm for enhancing the PV arrays output under different shading
[136] extraction conditions and presenting a fixed PV array scheme which could enhance the power output and
reduce the mismatch losses.
Pareek and Dahiya (2016) [116] Enhanced power generation Proposing a new method to predict the optimal scheme of PV module connections in the TCT
configuration, as well as the placement of shaded and unshaded modules in order to equal
distribution of shading effect on modules.
Sahu et al. (2016) [117] Maximizing the Power Generation Comparing a novel array scheme named Futoshiki with TCT topology and indicating that
Futoshiki configuration could improve the output power and diminish PV mismatch.
Vijayalekshmy et al. (2016) [118] A novel Zig-Zag scheme for power Introducing a novel Zig-Zag scheme and illustrating that this scheme, by lessening the number
enhancement of multiple local maxima in P–V characteristics, can simplify the MPPT.
Vijayalekshmy et al. (2017) [119] Performance comparison of Zig-Zag and Investigating the application of the Zig-Zag scheme in the unequal number of columns and rows
Sudoku schemes have been
Satpathy et al. (2017) [120] A shade dispersion interconnection Presenting an innovative interconnection structure named Shadow Dispersion Scheme (SDS) to
scheme maximize output power under all shading conditions.
Ko et al. (2017) [20] Electric and thermal characteristics Investigating the impact of the application of damaged bypass diode on the performance of PV
arrays and junction temperature under PSC.
Bana and Saini (2017) [121] Experimental investigation on power Assessing the effect of uniform and non-uniform shading condition on the performance of PV
output modules and analyzing the results of using bypass diode.
Yadav et al. (2017) [139] Performance enhancement of partially Different combinatorial reconfiguration strategies are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink
shaded PV environment.
Rajan et al. (2017) [129] Solar PV array reconfiguration Providing a TCT based interconnection topology composed of fixed PV modules and alterable
electrical connections.
Babu et al. (2017) [137] PSO Based PV Array Reconfiguration Utilizing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for adjustment of electrical connections of PV
arrays.
Moreira et al. (2017) [138] Modelling and simulation of PV systems Developing three different models for forecasting the I–V and P–V characteristics.
Rakesh and Malavya (2017) [122] Maximizing the power output Presenting a novel interconnection scheme to reduce the multiple peaks and enhance power
output.
Horoufiany and Ghandehari (2017) Optimal fixed reconfiguration scheme Developing a new interconnection design based on the TCT topology is in which the electrical
[123] interconnections are fixed and indicating that it can reduce the PSC losses and it is applicable
for installing more PV panels in limited areas.
Belhaouas et al. (2017) [124] PV array power output maximization Conducting an investigation of three new PV array configuration scheme and evaluating them
under different PSCs and also, comparing them with conventional configuration topologies.
Dhanalakshmi and Rajasekar Power enhancement from partially Providing a novel puzzle-based interconnection configuration and verifying experimentally by
(2018) [125] shaded modules implementing on 5 × 5 PV array arrangement
Pillai et al. (2018) [126] A simple, sensorless and fixed Introducing a new reconfiguration scheme based on the column index that is able to be
reconfiguration scheme implemented to any size of arrays and testing the capability of the proposed scheme
Pillai et al. (2018) [127] Design and testing of two phase array Assessing a two-phase scheme and comparing to some most applicable schemes, including the
reconfiguration conventional interconnection schemes (TCT), static methods (SuDoKu), and electrical
reconfiguration (PSO) and indicating the superiority of the two-phase method from the
operational and economical point of view
full bridge converter has been implemented for integrating the PV ar- the proposed topology has a significant capability of power balancing.
rays into a DC grid [157]. Yu et al. [158] have theoretically and em- An isolated MMC has been developed for medium-voltage direct current
pirically evaluated the performance of the delta connected cascaded H- (MVDC) application which had small passive components and soft
bridge converter for applying in PV systems. It has been illustrated that switching that is decent for dual active bridge circuits [159]. Rojas et al.
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P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
Fig. 6. Application of MMC for integration of FPV arrays into HVDC grid.
Table 4
Summary of studies on multilevel converters.
Author(s) Brief title Highlights
Alonso et al. (2003) [153] Cascaded H-bridge multilevel Presenting a control scheme for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel which was based on independent MPPT for
converter each PV array.
Flourentzou et al. (2009) VSC-Based HVDC Power Presenting an overview of the advances of the VSC based HVDC systems and multilevel converter schemes
[154] Transmission which is applicable for integration of renewable resources like wind offshore power plants.
Echeverria et al. (2013) Multi-modular cascaded DC-DC Introducing a novel configuration for integration of PV arrays into HVDC system based on MMC.
[143] converter
Hu et al. (2016) [155] Design of a DC-DC Converter for Proposing a modular high step-up DC-DC competent for wind offshore plants proper for unidirectional
HVDC power
Gandomkar et al. (2016) High-Power Multilevel Step-Up DC/ Developing a multilevel step-up DC-DC converter for DC connection of offshore wind power plants in
[156] DC Converter order to reduce the voltage stress.
Sun et al. (2016) [157] Multi-Modular Cascaded phase- Implementing a multi-modular cascaded phase-shifted full bridge converter for integrating the PV arrays
shifted converter into a DC grid.
Yu et al. (2017) [158] Delta-Connected Cascaded H-Bridge Evaluating the performance of delta connected cascaded H-bridge converter for applying in PV systems
and illustrating that the proposed topology has a significant capability of power balancing.
Shi and Li (2018) [159] Isolated Modular Multilevel DC-DC An isolated MMC is developed for medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) application which had small
Converter passive components and soft switching that is decent for dual active bridge circuits.
Rojas et al. (2018) [148] DC-DC MMC for HVDC Grid Interface rectify the defects of the MMC configuration which was presented Earlier and improved the performance
of the system by using a novel pulse width modulation (PWM) technique named adaptive phase shifted
tracking PWM.
[148] have improved the defects of the MMC configuration which has the TCT topology can be improved by both static and dynamic re-
been presented earlier and also improved the performance of the system configurations, which can be experimentally studied for FPV arrays in
by using a novel pulse width modulation (PWM) technique named the future works.
adaptive phase shifted tracking PWM. Also, this paper provides a thorough review of different aspects of
The investigation of the studies demonstrates that the multilevel FPV power systems having the purpose of indicating the different fea-
converter is a good choice for integration of FPV arrays. There is a gap tures of these configurations. Reviewing the relevant articles demon-
in analyzing the electrical parts and cooling effect of water on the strated that most of the papers have focused on investigating the effi-
converters of FPV systems, and also the location of FPV converters. ciency and power generation and assessing the mechanical structure of
Summary of the studies about multilevel converters is presented in these systems as well.
Table 4. Considering the reviewed works in this paper, recommendations for
future research are as follows:
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P. Ranjbaran, et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 110 (2019) 332–347
• In order to reduce the effect of using FPV panels on the water en- 04.030.
[21] Satpathy PR, Jena S, Jena B, Sharma R. Comparative study of interconnection
vironment, semi-transparent PV panels can be utilized and accord-
schemes of modules in solar PV array network. 2017 Int. Conf. Circuit ,Power
ingly more studies are required on the application of thin-film si- Comput. Technol., IEEE; 2017. p. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPCT.2017.
licon modules. 8074185.
• The effect of FPV systems on ecological footprint, water quality, and [22] Josias de Paula W, Oliveira Júnior D de S, Pereira D de C, Tofoli FL. Survey on non-
isolated high-voltage step-up dc–dc topologies based on the boost converter. IET
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future projects. [23] Azidehak A, Chattopadhyay R, Acharya S, Tripathi AK, Kashani MG, Chavan G,
• It is suggested to determine the water saving and CO2 emission re- et al. Control of modular dual active bridge DC/DC converter for photovoltaic
integration. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo., IEEE; 2015. p. 3400–6. https://
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Acknowledgment grid-connected transformerless photovoltaic inverter with extended input voltage
range. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2017.
2779144. 1–1.
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