Task #01: Uses of Computer Networks and How Computer Networks Work Throughout the World

Uses of Computer Networks:

Computer networks serve a wide range of purposes and have become an essential part of modern
society. Some of the key uses of computer networks include:

1. Communication: Computer networks enable efficient communication between individuals and

groups across the globe. Through emails, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media
platforms, people can interact and exchange information in real-time.
2. Data Sharing: Networks facilitate the sharing of data and resources among connected devices.
Whether it's sharing files within a local office network or accessing cloud-based storage solutions,
data sharing has become seamless and convenient.
3. Internet Access: The internet itself is a vast network of interconnected computers worldwide. By
connecting to the internet through a network, users gain access to a vast repository of information,
services, and entertainment.
4. Resource Sharing: Networks allow multiple devices to access shared resources, such as printers,
scanners, and servers, making resource utilization more efficient.
5. Collaboration: Networked environments enable collaborative work among individuals and teams.
Cloud-based applications and file-sharing platforms allow multiple users to work on the same
document simultaneously.
6. E-commerce: Computer networks have revolutionized the way business is conducted. E-commerce
platforms facilitate online shopping, electronic payments, and secure transactions.
7. Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming, and social media platforms are all made possible
through computer networks, providing endless entertainment options to users.

How Computer Networks Work Throughout the World:

The global network that connects millions of computers and devices is commonly known as the
Internet. Understanding how computer networks work at a worldwide level involves grasping
concepts like the Internet Protocol (IP) and the Domain Name System (DNS), along with the physical
infrastructure.

1. Physical Infrastructure: The backbone of the internet consists of physical cables, fiber-optic lines,
satellites, and other network infrastructure. These elements are interconnected to form a vast
network spanning across continents and oceans.
2. Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Internet Service Providers play a crucial role in connecting end-users
to the internet. ISPs serve as intermediaries that provide internet access to individuals and
organizations. They use various technologies like DSL, cable, fiber, wireless, and satellite to connect
their customers to the global network.
3. Routers and Switches: Routers and switches are essential networking devices that help route data
packets efficiently across the internet. Routers determine the best path for data to travel from the
sender to the receiver, while switches manage local data transmission within a network.
4. Internet Protocol (IP): The Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules governing data transmission over the
internet. Each device connected to the internet has a unique IP address, which serves as its identifier.
 When data is sent from one device to another, it is broken down into smaller packets and routed
based on IP addresses.
5. Domain Name System (DNS): The DNS is like a phonebook for the internet, translating human-
readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses. This allows users to access
websites using familiar domain names, while computers communicate using IP addresses.
6. Data Transmission: When a user sends data (e.g., a web page request) from their device, it travels
through the local network to the ISP, and then through a series of routers and switches across the
internet. Each intermediate device forwards the data to the next hop until it reaches the destination
server.
7. Data Exchange: Once the data packets reach the destination server, they are reassembled and
processed. The server sends back the requested information, which is broken down into packets
again and routed back to the user's device.
8. Security: Various security measures, such as firewalls, encryption, and secure socket layers (SSL),
ensure data integrity and protect against unauthorized access during data transmission over the
internet.

In conclusion, computer networks have revolutionized how we communicate, share information, and
conduct business globally. The internet, with its underlying infrastructure and protocols, enables the
seamless exchange of data across the world, making it an indispensable part of modern life.

Task#02: What different type of security threats occur in computer network. Detail concept and
issues must be discussed.
ChatGPT
Task #02: Types of Security Threats in Computer Networks

Computer networks face various security threats that can compromise the confidentiality, integrity,
and availability of data and resources. Understanding these threats is crucial for implementing
effective security measures. Here are some of the most common types of security threats in
computer networks:

1. Malware: Malware, short for malicious software, is a broad category of software designed to harm or
exploit computer systems. It includes viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, ransomware, and adware.
Malware can infiltrate systems through various means, such as email attachments, malicious
websites, or software downloads.
2. Phishing Attacks: Phishing is a social engineering technique where attackers impersonate legitimate
entities (e.g., banks, companies) to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as login
credentials, credit card details, or personal data. Phishing attacks are often carried out through
deceptive emails, messages, or websites.
3. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks: DoS and DDoS attacks aim
to overwhelm a network, server, or website with a massive volume of traffic, making it inaccessible to
legitimate users. DoS attacks are typically carried out by a single source, while DDoS attacks involve
multiple sources, making them even more challenging to mitigate.
4. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: In MitM attacks, an attacker intercepts and relays communication
between two parties without their knowledge. This allows the attacker to eavesdrop on sensitive
information or manipulate the data being transmitted.
5. Insider Threats: Insider threats come from individuals within an organization who misuse their access
privileges for malicious purposes. This could be a disgruntled employee, a contractor with
unauthorized access, or an unintentional mistake by a well-meaning employee.
6. Password Attacks: Password attacks involve various methods to gain unauthorized access to user
accounts. These include brute force attacks (trying all possible combinations), dictionary attacks
(using common passwords), and credential stuffing (using leaked credentials from other breaches).
7. Network Sniffing: Network sniffing refers to the interception and monitoring of network traffic to
capture sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card details. Attackers use tools like packet
sniffers to analyze data packets passing through the network.
8. SQL Injection (SQLi) and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): These are web application security vulnerabilities.
SQLi allows attackers to manipulate a web application's database, while XSS enables attackers to
inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.
9. Zero-Day Exploits: Zero-day exploits target unknown vulnerabilities in software or operating systems
for which no patch or fix is available. Attackers exploit these vulnerabilities before developers can
release updates, making them challenging to defend against.
10. Social Engineering: Social engineering attacks manipulate individuals into revealing sensitive
information or taking specific actions. This can include pretexting (creating a false scenario), baiting
(enticing users to download malware), or tailgating (gaining physical access to restricted areas).

To counter these threats, organizations employ a range of security measures such as firewalls,
antivirus software, intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), encryption, multi-factor
authentication (MFA), regular security updates, and employee security training and awareness
programs. It is essential to have a layered and comprehensive security strategy to protect computer
networks from evolving threats. Additionally, conducting regular security audits and risk assessments
can help identify vulnerabilities and strengthen the overall security posture.
Task#03: Search on the internet about the working of the touch screens, its types and its
applications. Make a comprehensive note on touch screens.
ChatGPT
Comprehensive Note on Touch Screens

A touch screen is an input device that allows users to interact with a display directly by touching the
screen's surface with their fingers or a stylus. Touch screens have become increasingly popular due
to their intuitive and user-friendly interface. They are used in various electronic devices, from
smartphones and tablets to information kiosks and interactive displays. Let's explore how touch
screens work, the different types of touch screens, and their applications.

1. Working of Touch Screens:

The basic principle behind touch screens involves detecting and interpreting the user's touch input.
Different technologies are used to achieve this, but the common goal is to convert touch input into
electrical signals that can be processed by the device's software.
 a. Capacitive Touch Screens: Capacitive touch screens are the most widely used type in modern
devices. They work based on the capacitance changes caused by the touch of a conductive object,
such as a finger. A capacitive touch screen is constructed with a transparent, conductive layer (usually
made of indium tin oxide) placed over a glass panel. When a user touches the screen, it creates an
electrical charge at that point, which is detected by the touch controller.

b. Resistive Touch Screens: Resistive touch screens consist of two flexible layers, typically made of
polyester, separated by a small gap. When pressure is applied to the screen, the layers come into
contact, causing a change in the electrical current. The touch controller then interprets this change to
determine the touch's position.

c. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Touch Screens: SAW touch screens use transducers placed along
the screen's edges to generate ultrasonic waves across the surface. When the screen is touched, a
portion of the wave is absorbed, and the touch controller calculates the touch's location based on
the timing of these disruptions.

d. Infrared (IR) Touch Screens: Infrared touch screens have an array of infrared LED sensors on one
edge and infrared light detectors on the opposite edge. When a touch occurs, it interrupts the
infrared beams, allowing the touch controller to triangulate the touch's position.

2. Types of Touch Screens:

 Single-Touch vs. Multi-Touch: Single-touch screens detect only one touch point at a time, while
multi-touch screens can recognize and track multiple touch points simultaneously, enabling gestures
like pinch-to-zoom and swipe.
 Transparent vs. Non-Transparent: Most touch screens are transparent, allowing them to overlay
displays seamlessly. However, there are non-transparent touch screens used in applications like
industrial control panels.

3. Applications of Touch Screens:

 Smartphones and Tablets: Touch screens are integral to modern smartphones and tablets,
providing an intuitive interface for users to navigate and interact with apps and content.
 Kiosks and ATMs: Touch screens are commonly used in self-service kiosks, ATMs, and ticketing
machines, enabling users to perform tasks quickly and efficiently.
 Information Displays: Touch screens are utilized in interactive information displays at museums,
exhibitions, and public spaces, allowing visitors to access information interactively.
 Gaming and Entertainment: Touch screens are popular in gaming devices and consoles, providing
an immersive gaming experience and easy interaction with virtual elements.
 Medical Devices: Touch screens are used in medical devices like ultrasound machines, patient
monitors, and electronic health record systems for user-friendly interaction.
 Automotive Infotainment: Touch screens are integrated into car infotainment systems, providing
drivers and passengers with access to navigation, music, and other features.
 Retail Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: Touch screens are used in retail POS systems for faster and
more accurate order processing and payment.