L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. < 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 1 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. = 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 9 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 7 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

YLYEFJFC fsfh og =

YLYEFJFC lilelj fsfh ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud @FH ilc `unl hgcnulslf Hlclzfe \khlr / Euclr
hlcsfkc ltlu ruhlj auelc Y]WQKVL , Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL \WIIW] VL \KIFQ
sgalnflc elnf hgrfwlyltol VL ]WAAWJ, Ilrf salnflc ojlsflt ojlsfltcyl lilelj Alrlcn sflpl
ylcn hgcuefs YLYEFJFC <= x plil ehalrlc eknlh ylcn
y lcn agrsfj oghuiflc if egtloolc if Quhlj
ylcn tgrilplt @fc ylcn hgcnnlcnnu hlol sgmgplt ofelt @fc tgrsgaut pgrnf, Alrlcn sflpl ylcn

hhalml YLYEFJFC >2 x sgtflp jlrf hlol krlcn tgrsgaut tfilo lolc hltf ogmulef ifl Olyl ilc
ifl ifagrfolc ojfiuplc ylcn alfo, Ilc alrlcn sflpl ifl ilc sulhf sgilcn agrtgcnolr jgcilo
cyl ifl hgcuefs >2 x YLYEFJFC plil oueft of`lcn oghuiflc ifalwlcyl sgrtl oghlclpuc ifl
pgrnf hlol sf fstrf lolc alfo ogplilcyl.

YLWQKCFC Fsfh og 9

YLWQKCFC  lilelj fsfh og 9, fsfh fcf hgcnulslf Jurud ILE `unl hgcnuslf Hlclzfe
Hlclzfe \khlr
ltlu Euclr hlcsfkc ( Quhlj Auelc ) IPLAQLC, Lrtfccyl ilelh aljlsl
aljlsl Lrla lilelj VL JLVVW
JLVVW
sgalnflc rfwlylt hgcnltlolc VL HWJVF , Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs YLWQKCFC 7x ifsgrtlf 9
lylt tgrlojfr surlt Le-Jlsyr , `unl =x JL agslr ilc > x Jlh`lj , Hlol
Hlol krlcn tgrsgaut
tgrsgaut ifagrf
oglhlclc ilrf sgngclp nlcnnulc Hlcusfl ilc @fc, Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml
YLWQKCFC sgalcylo <222 x plil krlcn ylcn Izkefh ilc sgtflp hgcilplt `uhelj uelcnlc
<22 x hghalml Yluofe ifalwlj fcf <x 0

Yftfo if fsf clhl krlcn ylcn Izkefh ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌu ä ä 0 í  o t t d   g í

Hlol tfilo lolc slhplf 1 jlrf krlcn Izkefh tgrsgaut if Lizla kegj leekj igcnlc lizla slcnlt
pgifj, Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs ALQJLYFJFC OLQFQFC YLYEFJFC YLWQKCFC plil ogrtls ,
Oghuiflc tuefslc tgrsgaut ifnlctucnolc plil krlcn ylcn tgrogcl sfjfr, Hlol lolc jfelcn
pgcnlruj sfjfrcyl sgogtfol, Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs plil pfsfc ( Rfrfcn ogmfe ) ALQJLYFJFC
OLQFQFC YLYEFJFC YLWQKCFC oghuiflc ifjlpus ltlu ifegaur igcnlc lfr hlwlr eleu lfr
tgrsgaut ifalsujolc ogwl`ljcyl eleu agrlcnolt ogplil krlcn ylcn ifhlosui cfsmlyl sgnlel

jl`ltcyl lolc ifeloslclolc kegj krlcn tgrsgaut, Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml ALQJLYFJFC
OLQFQFC YLYEFJFC YLWQKCFC tlcpl afelcnlc plil plil wlotu Ojkewlt ( < jlrf huelf egpls Lsjlr
ifolhlr okskcn igcnlc tlcpl elhpu , agnftu sljur hlolcelj igcnlc hlolclc tlcpl
agrcylwl , agrpulsl igcnlc agrauol tfilo hghlolc ylcn agrcylwl, slhplf suauj elnf,
tfilo akegj tfiur
tfiur ogmulef cnlctuo
cnlctuo ylcn slcnlt
slcnlt ) Hlol sghul Ojkilh nkekcnlc ltlsltls ( Elcnft
) ilc ojkilh nkekcnlc auhf if tuciiuolc alnfcyl ilc ifeloslclolc sgnlel hlmlh jl`ltcyl
igcnlc sgogtfol.

HLP@LEFC Fsfh og 7

HLP@LEFC lilelj Fsfh og 7 ylcn hgcnulslf jurud JL agslr `unl hgcnulslf Hlcl`fe qkhlr /
Euclr hlcsfkc / Quhlj auelc JL\‖LJ , Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL \KVVWHW sgalnflc
rfwlylt hgcygautolc VL \KFHW , Ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs HLP@LEFC >

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 4 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

x ifsgrtlf igcnlc hgcuefs Lshl‖ : YJLJLYFE ( lshl‖ : YJLJLYFE suilj slyl ofrfholc iljueu
) plil hlcnoko eleu ifegaur igcnlc lfr ilc lfrcyl ifhfcuholc plil wlcftl ylcn suslj sgolef
jlhfe sgelhl > jlrf agrturut turut hhfcuhcyl sgtgelj > jlrf sumf ilrf Jlfi hlol igcnlc
fizfc Leekj ]^Y wlcftl tgrsgaut lolc jlhfe, Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml HLP@LEFC 72x
sgtflp jlrf hlol leekj swt hgcgrfhl tlualtcyl ilrf iksl ikslcyl ilc ifagrfol rfzqf uctuo
agrzflrlj og hlolh Qlsueueelj ]L^ sgageuh ifl hgcfcnnle, Ilc ifl hgcilpltolc Hlrtlalt
ylcn lnucn ilc ifmfctlf kegj sgtflp krlcn ylcn hgefjltcyl.

ALP@LEFC fsfh og 4

ALP@LEFC lilelj fsfh og 4 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud ^lwu `unl hgcnulslf Euclr Hlcsfkc
JL\‖HLJ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrlalrla VL ^LIWIW sgalnflc rfwlylt hgcygauto
hgcygautolc lc VL LEEKJ
sgalnflc VL \KJFQ sgalnflc VL LJLI sgalnflc elnf hgcygautolc VL ^LJFI , Ilc ilrf
ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs ALP@LEFC < x if jlrf olhfs  sgageuh tgraft
hltljlrf plil ogrtls agrwlrcl hgrlj , hgcuefscyl sgageuh agrafmlrl igcnlc krlcn eleu
sgautolc Jl`ltcyl eleu aulcnelj tuefslc tgrsgaut ogelut hlol jl`lt cyl lolc tgreloslc if jlrf
 `uh‖ltcyl ( < jlrf ), Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml HLP@LEFC
HLP@LEFC ALP@LEFC 44x plil lfr ylcn
ifagrf nlrlh oghuiflc ifplolf hlcif kegj krlcn ylcn tgrogcl sfjfr jfelcn sgogtfol pgcnlruj
sfjfrcyl, Ilc Leekj ]^Y lolc hgcmlaut ilrfcyl
ilrfcyl foltlc foltlc sfjfr
sfjfr ilrf krlcn tgrsgaut.

YLQ\KAFC fsfh og >

YLQ\KAFC hgruplolc fsfh og > ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud @LV `unl hgcnulslf Euclr Hlcsfkc
JL\‖HLJ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla
lrla VL ]LELH ilc ilrf sgalnflc ojlsfltcyl lile
lilelj
lj Alrlcn
sflpl ylcn hgcuefs YLQ\KAFC <x plil jlrf @uh‖lt
@uh‖lt ifsgrtlf hgcuefs dfrhlc Leekj 0

é  X 3 5 é s6 
s6 cc \   6-p çí 81 
1   ``  gí  }  l  3 é t t ~~  d\ n7: é ` ` d   l l 
é  8l3
Ilc `unl hgcuefs wfdfq ifalwlj fcf 0

ÚÕÕ  Ú  Ó  ÖÕÕ 
ÖÕÕ  ÚÕÕ  Ú  Ó 
Ó  ÖÕÕ  ÚÕÕ  Ú 
Ú  Ó  ÖÕÕ  ÚÕÕ 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. > 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

Eleu tuefslc tgrsgaut if nlctucnolc if tkok/ ogilf hlol igcnlc fizfc Leekj pgelcnnlc lolc
iltlcn ilrf sgngclp pgc`uru.

ALQJL]VFC fsfh og :

ALQJL]FC hgruplolc fsfh og : ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud YJK `unl hgcnulslf Euclr Hlcsfkc
Hlcsfkc

YKQDLJ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla

lrla VL LEEKJW LAIWOL sgalnflc rfwlylt h hgcygautolc
gcygautolc VL
HW\YLIFQ, ALQJL]VFC fcf hruplolc Ylsafjcyl hlelfolt Hfolfe L.] , Ilrf salnflc
ojlsfltcyl alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs ALQJL]FC <<x  plil ogrtls agrwlrcl oucfcn  ilc
hgcuefscyl if lojfr auelc Qkhlijkc oghuiflc nlctucnolc tuefslc tgrsgaut if tghplt ylcn
lcnogr ifsgrtlf Clhl krlcn ylcn ifhlosui, Hlol krlcn tgrsgaut lolc sgeleu tlout ilc olngt
slhlplf ifl hltf, Hlol tloutelj oleflc lolc Leekj ]^Y, Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml
YLQ\KAFC ALQJL]FC <126 x, ilc ifsgtflp hcilplt <22 x plcnnfeelj clhl krlcn ylcn
ifhlosui ltlu krlcn ylcn olaur, hlol igcnlc fizfc Leekj krlcn ylcn ifhlosui lolc iltlcn
plil lcil, auojurcyl tltolel hghalml lilelj EWAALC ilc ifalmlcyl plil tcnlj hlelh.

NKEHL]VFC fsfh og 6

NKEHL]VFC hgruplolc fsfh og

og 6 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud
Jurud JL ogmfe `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Euclr
Hlcsfkc CLY]QKJ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL JLHFIW VL HL@FI HL@FI sgalnflc rfwlylt
hgcygautolc VL HLEFO , Ilc ilrf sgalnflc ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn agr rfylijkj
ltlu tfrlolt sgelhl = jlrf ylcn ifhuelf jlrf sgelsl, Ifsgtflp sgegslf ]jkelt dlriu ifl hghalml
NKEHL]VFC =22 x agnftu `unl ifsgtflp tgcnlj Hlelh =22 x sgtflp sgtflp hgcilplt uelcnlc <22 x
almlelj Yluofecyl ifalwlj fcf 0

ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌæ  g íÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ F  ò o Lví í?s jí6 7é  }  í qd l l  p%

Ì  ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÔ PP Fò
Yftfo tftfo iffsf lcil fcnfc agrwu`ui sgpgrtf lpl ilc ogplil sflpl mkctkj ― Lou hujlhhli
Qkzlcf ogplil Whlr afc lauolr,
lauolr, sgautolc jl`ltcyl lpl mkc
mkctkjcyl
tkjcyl pfc`lh ulcn QH < `utl ―
hlol sgtgelj = hlelh krlcn ylcn ifhlosui lolc iltlcn plil lcil igcnlc tllt tuciuo
ilc hgeloslclolc jl`lt jl`lt lcil.

Ilc Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs NKEHL]VFC

NKEHL]VFC <<x plil ogrtls putfj iftuefscyl igcnlc
igcnlc jurud
jurud tgrpfslj pfslj ifalwlj fcf 0

I  j  i  Y
Oghuiflc tuefslc tgrsgaut ifauojurf igcnlc auojur EWAALC ( auojur Euaalc if fcikcgsfl
slcnlt alcylo ilc hurlj < On QH 72 ) oghuiflc tuefslc tgrsgaut ifalwl oghlcpuc ifl pgrnf,
Hlol stflp krlcn ylcn hgefjltcyl ifl lolc hgcmfctlf ilc if tgrfhl ifhlclpuc ifl agrlil.

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. : 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

OJWYFFQFC fsfh og <2

OJWYFFQFC  hgruplolc fsfh

fsfh og <2 ylcn hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Jurud JLHPLJ
JLHPLJ `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Euclr
Hlcsfkc @LAJLY Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL \K^FVVW
\K^FVVW sgalnflc rfwlylt hgcygautolc VL
HLYFC VL LEFH VL JLOFH ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hcuefs
OJWYFFQFC ifsgrtlf hgcuefs
hgcuefs surlt LY YKEL\ igcnlc
igcnlc jurup tgrpfslj pfslj oghuiflc tuefslc
tgrsgaut if nlctucnol plil egjgr lclo ogmfe ylcn rgwge ltlu tgrogcl nlcnnulc `fc hlol icnlc

fizfc Leekj ifagrf oglhlclc lclo tgrsgaut ilrf nlcnnulc `fc.

Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml OJWYFQFFC
OJWYFQFFC >2 x sgtflp jlrfcyl hlol leekj swt lolc
hghagrfolc ogwfalwllc ylcn slcnlt , Ilc ifl lolc jldle sgnlel sgsultu ylcn ifl igcnlr
ilc lolc hghlcmlr ilrf jltfcyl aralnlf hlmlh fehu jfohlj.

Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcnuofr HLP@LEFC ALP@LEFC YLQ\KAFC ALQJL]VFC NKELH]FC
OJWYFFQFC 4 lshl‖ plil mfcmfc agsf ifuofr plil jlrf agsf ylftu jlrf @uh‖lt tltolel hltljlrf
tgraft oghuiflc ifl plolf mfcmfc tgrsgaut hlol sgnlel `gcfs sgc`ltl tl`lh ilc puouelc tfilo
ilplt hgeuolf tuaujcyl.

Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs HLP@LEFC ALP@LEFC YLQ\KAFC ALQJL]VFC NKELH]FC
OJWYFFQFC plil wlilj ylcn agrsfj oghuifl tuefslc
tuefslc trsgaut if jlpus igcnlc lfr
lfr ylcn agrsfj
, Ilc lfrcyl ifhfcuholc plil krlcn ylcn jfelcn fcnltlc Hlol leekj swt lolc hgcmlaut
pgcyloftcyl ilc hgcnjfelcnolc pgcyloftcyl .

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs HLP@LEFC ALP@LEFC YLQ\KAFC ALQJL]VFC NKELH]FC OJWYFFQFC
plil oueft sgrfnlel ylcn suilj if slhlo, ohuiflc tuefslc tgrsgaut if pgcilh plil olhpucn
ltlu oktl, Hlol sgelhlcyl ilgrlj trsgaut tfilo lolc ifiltlcnf lc`fcn sgelhl tuefslc tgrsgaut
tgrpgcilh.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs HLP@LEFC ALP@LEFC YLQ\KAFC ALQJL]VFC NKELH]FC OJWYFFQFC
plil sgaulj Lpge ifsgrtlf igcnlc clhl krlcn ylcn ifhlosui oghuiflc lpe tgrsgaut ifagrfol
plil krlcn ylcn ifhlosui, Hlol lolc tfhaue ifilelh jltfcyl rlsl mfctl ylcn lalif plil
krlcn ylcn hghagrf lpge tgrsgaut.

@fol sgkrlcn rl`l hgcuefs HLP@LEFC ALP@LEFC YLQ\KAFC ALQJL]VFC NKELH]FC OJWYFFQFC
oghuiflc tuefslc tgrsgaut ifalwl sgrtl , Hlol lolc slcnlt agrwfalwl ifjlilplc hususj
husujcyl.

\KECLJWIFC fsfh og <<

\KECLJWIFC  hgruplolc fsfh og << ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud OLD `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc OJKCLC Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL HLYFC HLYFC sgalnflc rfwlylt hgcygautolc VL
]LHF‖ VL AL]JFQ ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj , Hlol alrlcn sflpl ylcn hhalmlcyl 12 x
plil krlcn ylcn oghlsuolc @fc , Hlol `fc tgrsaut lolc ogeulr ilrf tuaujcyl `fol `fc tgrsgaut
tfilo ogeulr hlol almlelj sghul 1: Lshl‖ cfsmlyl `fc tgrsgaut lolc ogeulr ilc tuefselj 1:
lshl‖ afrjltfjfc eleu oleucnolc plil krlcn tgrsgaut hlol `fc tgrsgaut tfilo lolc oghalef elnf
plilcyl.

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 6 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

ALQ]VLCFC fsfh og <1

ALQ]VLCFC  hgruplolc fsfh og <1 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud ELH `unl hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc ]KQDLJ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL HWJFY sgalnflc rfwlylt
rfwlylt hgcygautolc VL
LEEKJW VL L@FP ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj Alrlcn sflp
sflpl
l ylcn hgcnuofr cyl ALQ]VLCFC
plil mfcmfc ylcn lil pgrhltlcyl oghuiflc ifl hghalwlcyl plil sgsgkrlcn , Hlol sgnlel
jl`ltcyl lolc ifeloslclolc.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn fcnfc hgclrfo Olalr ilrf nkekcnlc hlelfolt rujlcy jgcilocyl ifl alcylo
hghalml \KECLJWIFC
\KECLJWIFC ALQ]VLCFC
ALQ]VLCFC tlcpl jftucnlc
jftucnlc ilrf wlotu hlnrfa slhplf suauj
suauj
oghuiflc iflc hghfctl lnlr nkekcnlc rujlcy hghagrfolc olalr tctlcn lpl ylcn lcil hlu
tlcylolc hgrgol lolc clhplo ifjlilplc lcil ilc agrafmlrl igcnlc lcil tgctlcn olalr
tgrsgaut.

OLIPJFFQFC fsfh og <=

OLIPJFQFC  hgruplolc fsfh og <= ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud HFH `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc ‚L^LL Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla
lrla ]WAJLCLEEKJ sgalnflc rfwlylt hgcygautolc
VL \K^FVVW VL HLYFC
HLYFC ilc olizjfrfc fcf hgruplolc tlsafjcyl
tlsafjcyl claf Vucus L.] ]galnflc ilrf
ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs sgpgrtf ifalwlj fcf 0

 5  |  s  à b 
b   5  |  s  à
à b   5  |  s 
s  à b   5  | 
|  s  à b   5 

Oghuiflc tuefslc tgrsgaut ifnlctucnolc if ruhlj , Hlol ruhlj ftu if lhlcolc ilrf
nlcnnulc pgcmurflc ilc ilrf ogalolrlc igcnlc fizfc Leekj ]^Y

Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn fcnfc hgcn Lizla ilrf `fc ylcn hgcnnlcnu pgralcyloelj hghalml
OLIPJFFQFC.

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <2 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

CLHW]LELOJFC fsfh og <9

CLHW]LELOJFC hgruplolc fsfh

fsfh og <9 ylcn hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Jurud CWC `unl hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc ]LHLO Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL LEEKJW VL L@FP sgalnflc rfwlylt
hgcygautolc LCLEEKJW
LCLEEKJW LHLCLE
LHLCLE OJKFDFC ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn
alrlcn sflpl
ylcn hgcuefs CLHW]LEOJFC <>x ifsgrtlf lylt
lylt ifalwlj
ifalwlj fcf =x igcnlc jurud
jurud tgrpfslj
tgrpfslj pfslj 0

9   i  I   p  j  e  9   i  I   p  j  e 9   i  I   p  j  e

9   i  I   p  j  e  9   i  I   p  j  e 9   i  I   p  j  e 
9   i  I   p  j  e  9   i  I   p  j  e 9   i  I   p  j  e 
9   i  I   p  j  e  9   i  I   p  j  e 9   i  I   p  j  e 

9   i  I   p  j  e  9   i  I   p  j  e 9   i  I   p  j  e 

9   i  I   p  j  e 9   i  I   p  j  e
Ilc fcfelj lylt cyl

× ç U 5 b Z × ç U 5 i í í j b í 5 : í í j p × ç U 5 i í j 2 $ U í i Z 
× ç U 5 b Z × ç U 5 i í í j b í 5 : í í j p × ç U 5 i í j 2 $ U í i Z 
 
× ç U 5 b Z × ç U 5 i í í j b í5 : í í j p × ç U 5 i í j 2$UíiZ
Oghuiflc tuefslc tgrsgaut ifnlctucnolc plil krlcn ylcn oggsusljlc , Jfelcnelj susljcyl
igcnlc Fizfc Leekj Yl‖lel.

ALQJLVWEL fsfh og <7

ALQJLVWEL hgruplolc fsfh og <7 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud ]FC `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc CL\KQ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL OLDFF VL ]LLHF‖ sgalnflc rfwlylt
hgcygautolc VL LEEKJW QWJFF EFQWJFOL
EFQWJFOL ilc ALQJLVWEL fcf hgruplolc Yl Ylsafjcyl
safjcyl Claf
Farljfh L.] ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl
ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn
alrlcn sflpl ylcn ylcn
ylcn ogjfelcnlc sgsul
sgsultu
tu ilc
ifl hgcnfcnfcolccyl oghalef tuefselj ALQJLVWEL
ALQJLVWEL igcnlc mlrl if `uhelj iljueu ALQJLVWEL
cyl igcnlc afelcnlc LAL@LIWC sgpgrtf ifalwlj fcf 0

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. << 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

< 8 í   i
=2 8 4 8  p <2 8 | 7 8  s 122 8  5     ç 
1 8

@uheljcyl 17= jurud lefdcyl ifaulc

ifaulcnn hgc`lif 171 , oghuiflc
oghuiflc 171 ifalnf = jlsfecyl lilelj
lilelj
:9 eleu tuefselj plil wfdfq husleefs okekh = `unl
`unl iftuefs ifsgoefefcn wfdfq ALQJLVWEL >x
sgpgrtf ifalwlj 0

ÛР Ûâ  ÛÚ 

ÛÖ  Ûß  ÛØ 
ÛÓ  ÛÞ  ÛÕ 

@uhelj lcnol ylcn lil ilelh wfdfq oghlcl sl`l lilelj 171

Nlctucnolc tuefslc tgrsgaut if ruhlj ylcn ogjfelcnlc / ogmurflc Igcnlc fizfc Leekj ]^Y
alrlcn ylcn jfelcn tgrsgaut lolc oghalef elnf .

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn fcnfc hgefjlt sgsultu if ilelh tfiurcyl hlol jgciloelj ifl ^uiju ilc
sjkelt suclt jl`lt 4 rkol‖lt igcnlc = x slelh , oghuiflc ifl hgcuefs ALQJLVWEL >x plil
tgelplo tlcnlc sgaelj olclc ilc almlolc tluofe ifalwlj fcf 0

ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌæ hh  p 5 íp _  D gígí o Lví  í?s  jí6 7 é  }  í qd l l  p%

_ } 8 D 
Yftfo tftfo if fsf lpl ylcn fcnfc lcil efjlt if wlotu tfiur ( hfhpf ) ,eleu tfiur hlol igcnlc fizfc
Leekj ]^Y lcil lolc hgefjlt sgsulf ogfcnfclc lcil.

AL]VOLVELOJFC fsfh og <4

AL]VOLVELOJFC hgruplolc fsfh og

og <4 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud
Jurud L‖FC `unl hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc @LALVL
@LALVL Lrtfcyl ilelh
ilelh aljlsl
aljlsl lrla VL HW‖HFCW
HW‖HFCW sgalnflc rfwlylt
rfwlylt hgcygautolc
hgcygautolc
LPPLEEKJW LQQKHLC LQQKJFH
LQQKJFH ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs
AL]VOLVELOJFC >x plil ogrtls if jlrf ]gcfc ifsgrtlf igcnlc Alft ifalwlj fcf 0

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <1 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

6`agí uf 0í uä 0éQ&Lí é`ä é`l   ?~\í

    çqSQ~ä |8Èéh é} 
6f8gí ét}í ês0éV çqSQ} [1ä uä 8~Dîgí  xé-  0í  _Lq}  O~`X
Oghuiflc tuefslc fcf ifnlctucnolc plil krlcn ylcn hltlcyl Oltlrlo icnlc fizfc Leekj swt
oltlrlo ilc pgcyloft plil hltlcyl lolc jfelcn.

@fol if AL]VOLVELOJFC >2 x sgtflp hlelh igcnlc fizfc leekj if elplcnol sgnlel suslj ilc
afcnucncyl ilc leekj lolc tuclfolc sghul jutlcn jutlcncyl.

\KPHL@FC fsfh og <>

\KPHL@FC hgruplolc fsfh
fsfh og <> ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud DL `unl hgcnulslf Euclr Hlcsfkc
LOEFE Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl
aljlsl lrla VL HWJLFHFCW
HWJLFHFCW ilc fcf hgruplolc tlsafj
tlsafj cyl Claf Fs
Fsyl
yl L]
]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl
ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs
hgcuefs \KPHL@FC <x plil olfc sutrl
agrwlrcl afru ifsgrtlf wfdfq ifalwlj fcf 0

ÚÞ  ÕÞ  ÚÞÞÞ 

ÚÞÞÞ  ÚÞ  ÕÞ 
ÕÞ  ÚÞÞÞ  ÚÞ 

Oghuiflc tuefslc fcf if sfhplc plil olctucn ulcn , ilc olctucncyl if fsf ulcn tlcpl ifjftucn
( agrlpl sl`l ) eleu sgtflp hlelh `uh‖lt ifalmlolc
ifalmlolc qkslh Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc
Afrjltfjfc if ltls , hlol
igcnlc fizfc Leekj ]^Y ulcn if ilelh olctucn tgrsgaut tfilo lolc jlafs sgelhl elhlcyl.

LC NKEWELVYFC fsfh og <:

LC NKEWELVYFC hgruplolc fsfh og <: ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud ]JKI `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc LE \KA Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla
lrla VL LIPFHW VL JLOFH ilc ilelh rfwlylt ylcn
elfc lrtfcyl lilelj VL JLOFH VL OJKAFQ VL , ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl
ylcn hgcuefs LC NKEWELVYFC plil altu ifsgrtlf hgcuefs ]urlt Le- Dffe oghuiflc eghplrolc
altu tgrsgaut og lrlj husuj hlol icnlc Fizfc Leekj husuj elrf tucnnlcn elcnnlcn.

@fol LC NKEWELVYFC ifalml sgtflp jlrf tlcpl jftucnlc hlol lpf ylcn hgcylel tfilo lolc
hghalolrcyl.

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <= 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

\KAQKYFC fsfh og <6

\KAQKYFC hgruplolc fsfh og <6

<6 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud \KD
\KD `unl hgcnulslf Euclr Hlcsfkc
]L^ELJ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL LPF@W VL AL\F VL JLEFH ]galnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl
lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs \KAQKYFC <x ilc ]urlt Vucus
Vucus lylt 61 oghuiflc tuefslc
tgrsgaut ifalwl sgrtl oghlclpuc ifl pgrnf, Hlol ifsgelhltolc kegj Leekj ]^Y ilrf agralnlf
a gralnlf
Husuj husujcyl.

Ilc alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcygclctflslolc hghalml \KAQKYFC sgtflp jlrf 62 x ifl tfilo lolc
hgc`uhplf jle jle ylcn ifl agcmf sgelhlcyl .

NKVLJL fsfh og
og 12

NKVLJL hgruplolc fsfh

fsfh og 12 ylcn hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Jurud QK `unl hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Euclr Hlcsfkc
CL‖LVFH Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrlalrla VL OLQFH VL \KJLQ , Ilc sgalnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl
ojlsfltcyl
lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs NKVLJL 62 x igcnlc tfctl agrwlrcl hgrlj if sgrtlf tuefslc
]urlt Lt Ykrfq lylt
lylt : uelcnlc =x igcnlc jurud tgrpfslj, Oghuiflc if jlpus igcnl
igcnlcc lfr ylcn
agrsfj ifhfcuh olc plilplil wlcftl ylcn sgclcctflsl sloft
sloft , Jfelcnelj
Jfelcnelj sgnlel pgcyloftcyl
pgcyloftcyl
igcnlc fizfc Leekj ]^Y.

OLVILJWEL fsfh og 1<

OLVILJWEL hgruplolc fsfh og 1< ylcn hgcnulslf

hgcnulslf Jurud ]VFC `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc ALEILJ
ALEILJ Lrtfcyl ilelh
ilelh aljlsl
aljlsl lrla VL \KKIFQ
\KKIFQ VLVL \KIFH
\KIFH VL \KJFQ , Ilc
sgalnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl
ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs
hgcuefs OLVILJWEL <22 x ifsgrtlf surlt
Ykjl lylt 46 ilc surlt Vucus lylt :< igcnlc jurud tgrpfslj ohuiflc
ohuiflc ifalwl sgrtl kegj
krlcn ylcn tgrogcl fehu jftlh/ slctgt hlol jfelcnelj pgcnlruj sfjfr , fehu jftlh ilrf
tuaujyl.

]VLHOJKKJFQFC fsfh og 11
]VLHOJKKJFQFC hgruplolc fsfh og 11 ylcn hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Jurud
Jurud ELH LEFD `unl hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf
Euclr Hlcsfkc
Hlcsfkc IPLAFJ Lrtfcyl ilelh
ilelh aljlsl lrla VL JW^L VL JW^L VL QKAALJQKAALJ , Ilc
sgalnflc ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs ]VLHOJKKJFQFC <7 x plil
ogrtls oghuiflc ifalolr plil tghplt ylcn lcnogr , Hlol jfelcn elj lcnogrcyl.

]VLHOJKKJFFQFC fsfh og 1=  ( yn hghagilolc igcnlc fsfh og 11 lilelj yl plil jurud JFF
]VLHOJKKJFFQFC JFFQFC
QFC )

]VLHOJKKJFFQFC hgruplolc fsfh

fsfh og 1= ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud Y]L `unl hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc ]KE‖WC
]KE‖WC Lrtfcyl ilelh
ilelh aljlsl lrla VL ‚LEFHW VL JLOFHW , Ilc sgalnflc ilrf
ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlan sflpl ylcn hgcuefs ]VLHOJKKJFFQFC >x plil wlilj oghuiflc
ifjlpus kegj lfr eleu mfprlt mfprlt lfr tgrsgaut iftghplt ylcn alcylo sgolef sghut, Hlol sghut
tgrsgaut lolc jfelcn ilc tfilo oghalef .

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <9 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

]VLHJLLJFFQFC fsfh og 19

]VLHJLLJFFQFC hgruplolc fsfh og

og 19 ylcn hgcnulslf
hgcnulslf Jurud
Jurud JL `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc ]W‖WI Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl
aljlsl lrla VL
VL OLLDF VL LPF@ VL @LAALQ
@LAALQ , Ilc sgalnflc
sgalnflc ilrf
ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs ]VLHJLLJFFQFC <22 x ifsgrtlf hgcuefs surlt Le-
Hlfilj lylt 49 `unl iftuefs clhl 1 krlcn ylcn slefcn mfctl tfilo pli
plil
l Qfijkcyl Leekj, Hlol
lolc tgr`lif iflctlrl ogiulcyl pgrhusujlc sltu slhl elfc slefcn hghagcmf igcnlc slcnlt.

AFOLJYWCLVJFC fsfh og 17

AFOLJYWCLVJFC  hgruplolc fsfh og 17 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud IPLE `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc LE-LOJFALJ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL \KKIFHW VL ILLFHW , Ilc sgalnflc
ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs AFOLJYWCLVJFC >2 x plil wlilj ltlu
hlcnouo oghuiflc ifegaur igcnlc lfr , lfrcyl oghuiflc ifhfcuh , Hlol iflhlcolc krlcn
tgrsgaut ilrf rlsl elplr.

AL]VLLQF]FC fsfh og 14

AL]VLLQF]FC hgruplolc fsfh og 14 ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud IJKI `unl hgcnulslf

hgcnulslf Euclr
Euclr
Hlcsfkc LE-RLQK‖ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL \KIFQW ‚LEL OWEEF ]VL-F
]VL-F , Ilc sgalnflc
sgalnflc
ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalmlcyl tlcpl jftucnlc hlol ifl tfilo lolc
cnlctuo ilc ifegplsolc kegj Leekj ]^Y ilrf ogojlwltfrlc ogojlwltfrlc hlcusfl .

YWWCF]VFC fsfh og 1>

YWWCF]VFC hgruplolc fsfh og 1> ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud IPK `unl hgcnulslf Euclr
Hlcsfkc LE[HWLOJJFQ
LE[HWLOJJFQ Lrtfcyl ilelh aljlsl lrla VL ]VLOWQ VL OLQFH , Ilc sgalnflcsgalnflc
ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs YWWCF]VFC hgcuefscyl ifault wfdfq sgpgrtf
ifalwlj fcf 0

I  e   p  À 
À  I  e   p 
 p  À  I  e 
e   p  À  I 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <7 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

Oghuiflc tuefs `unl ]urlt Le-Dltfjlj << x eleu if nlctucnolc plil egjgr lclo sgeleu rgwge
hlol jfelcn rgwgecyl ilc iflhlcolc ilrf nlcnnulc `fc.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghpucylf jl`lt ogplil leekj ilc fcnfc sgolef jl`lt tgrsgaut if tuclfolc,
Hlol almlelj YWWCF]VFC :2 x hghalml egpls sjkelt Fsyl ilc ifalml cyl cyl slhafe su`ui
su`ui
oghuiflc ifl agrik‖l ogplil leekj swt ilc sgautolc jl`ltcyl , Hlol jl`ltcyl tgrsgaut if
olaueolc kegj leekj ]^Y .

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs YWWCF]VFC 12 x iftuefs puel jurud ]JKI 6 x , jfelcnelj pusfcn
ifogplel , ault ylcn sgeleu pusfcn.

]VLHOJK ALQWOJFC fsfh og 1:

]VLHOJK ALQWOJFC hgruplolc fsfh og 1: ylcn hgcnulslf Jurud NJFC `unl hgcnulslf

Euclr Hlcsfkc
Hlcsfkc QK]VL
QK]VL Lrtfcyl ilelh
ilelh aljlsl
aljlsl lrla
lrla JW^LEEKJWE
JW^LEEKJWE OLQFHW , Ilc sgalnflc
ilrf ojlsfltcyl lilelj alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs ]VLHOJK ALQWOJFC <x ifsgrtlf ]urlt
Vucus lylt :< oghuiflc ifhfcuholc ogplil krlcn ylcn tgrogcl sfjfr , fehu jftlh, Hlol
jfelcn sfjfr , fehu jftlh ylcn lil plil tuaujcyl.

YLHHLY

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <4 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

\K]LH L]HL AFQJLYFJFC

( Tgrsf Fhlh ]ylhsuiifc Le- Aljslclwy Q.L )

o ~~ <   8 gígí k ` `<   8 gígí o A A ä

.tt   f    6 d d-  n  } qf   í nn  }  qTT   D 
, éé  ~P tt f  u  }: p 5p  / ` ` d ds  é ``  .  D   T T D 
D Å 
Åd d   ä  ÿ DÅ DÅ T T } /~ t t a  1 ä  o t t d   g í
at t   l [ 1 
 qs   p  xæ G ud * *` `  l M ~ ~ g k f eé 1  1îî    L  o s 5é @  @ä ä   í p o t tQ  Q ``  L  $? 7í 7í éé f   v í m   ; 
%  QäQä
 8 ~~ @ 
@   î gí  ] ~~  `` A 
A    gí 

Fcf hgruplolc rfwlylt Huttldlquc Lelfjf ( tgelj ifsgploltf kegj plrl uelhl tgriljueu
) aljwl fcf hgruplolc Qfwlylt ilrf ]lyyfifcl Lsjfp afc alrojkyl ilrf Claf suelfhlc L.], Ilc

plrl uelhl alcylo ylcn hgcnnuclolc \kslh fcf sgtgelj hghalml Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc. Yltl
mlrl hcnlhleolccyl lilelj agrpulsl > jlrf ifhuelf jlrf Hfcnnu igcnlc agrauol ilc sljur
tfilo akegj hlolc hlolclc ylcn agrcylwl sgtflp sgegslf ]jkelt wl`fa , Lshl‖ ifalml 97 x,
ilc qkslhcyl if ltls ifalml = x , ]gtflp hlu agrauol pulsl tuefselj 1: Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc plil
pfsfc/pfrfcn ogmfe oghuiflc egaur igcnlc lfr ilc lfrcyl ifhfcuh, ]gtgelj ftu almlolc lshl‖
Afrjltfjfc 97 x ilc qkslh cyl = x, ]gegslf
]geg slf agrpulsl > jlrf

Lplafel lcil hgcnfcnfcolc uctuo hgcnjlifrolc nkekcnlc

nkekcnlc Ojkilh Qujlcy nkekcnlc elcnft,
Agrpulslelj < jlrf hlsuoelj lcil og thplt ojkewlt ylcn sumf ilc agrsfj tghplt cyl jlrus
agclr agclr tfilo lil krlcn , Oghuiflc almlelj lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc igcnlc qkslh cyl > x ,
]gautolc Ojkilh Qujlcy lpl ylcn fcnfc lcil ucilcn , Hlol lolc jlifr ifjlilplc lcil
ilc hgeloslclolc jl`lt lcil.

@fol lcil hgcilpltf krlcn ylcn ogsuruplc , Agrwuiuelj eleu tuefs iftgelplo tlcnlc lcil

s s s pgrefjltolc tuefslc tgrsgaut plilcyl, Hlol lolc sghauj sgogtfol.

Ilc `fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc sgsgkrlcn Afrljf igcnlc mfctl mfctl plil ifrf lcil tuefselj wfdfq
husleefsue njkzlef ifalwlj fcf plil olfc ilrf plolflc krlcn tgrsgaut fcfelj ylcn ifhlosui 0

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <> 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

Afofcelj suhau olfc ylcn suilj if tuefs wfdfq , euhurf igcnlc Hfcylo ylcn alnus,
oghuiflc alolrelj suhau olfc tgrsgaut , ]gsucnnujcyl krlcn ylcn lcil hlosui lolc
iltlcn igcnlc slcnlt mgplt igcnlc pgcuj ogmfctllc plil lcil.

Ilc `fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc uctuo hgcnfolt efilj ( ]uplyl lpl ylcn ifl oltlolc tfilo
agrualj elnf ) tuefselj wfdfq tgrsgaut ifltls plil oueft of`lcn hggcnnuclolc tfctl `l‖dlrlc eleu
almlolc lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc ilc qkslhcyl > x ilc ilc ifalwl sgrtl wfdfq tgrsgaut oghlcl
oghlcl lcil
pgrnf , Hlol sgtflp krlcn ylcn tgelj agroltl plstf `lif ilc tfilo lolc agrualj ( Wct Wctuo
uo `ule
agef , afscfs ).

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc hgclrfo pgelcnnlc / pghagef hlol tuefselj wfdfq husleefsue njkzlef
if ltls igcnlc tfctl `l‖dlrlc plil ogrtls putfj
putfj eleu lslpf igcnlc Auojur euaalc almlolc pl
plil
il
wfdfq tgrsgaut Lshl‖ ilc qkslhcyl 77 x, Oghuiflc nlctucnolc wfdfq tgrsgaut if tghplt

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <: 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

ilnlcn lcil / tkok , Cfsmlyl pgelcnnlc, pghagef lolc iltlcn og tghplt lcil ilrf sgngclp
pgc`uru .

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc hgcnngrloolc agcil agcil hltf tlcpl jlrus hgcygctuj ( tgeg
ofcgsfs ) tuefselj plil ogrtls wfdfq husleefssue Njkzlef if ltls oghuiflc almlolc Lshl‖ ilc
qkslhcyl 97 x plil ogrtls tgrsgaut, ilc aflslolcelj hghalml lshl‖ ilc qkslh 97 x tflp
sgegslf sjkelt dlriu sgelhl > jlrf, eleu foltolc ogrtls ylcn suilj if tuefs wfdfq husleefsue

njkzlef plil egcnlc olclc sgagelj ltls ilc agcil lpl sl`l ylcn lcil tuc`uo lolc agrngrlo
sgogtfol.

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc hgruaujolc ilc hgcnjlmurolc ruhlj krlcn ylcn Izkefh tuefselj
wfdfq husleefsue njkzlef igcnlc wfdfq sgpgrtf ifalwlj fcf 0

ß  Ö 
Õ 
Û  Ø 

Oghuiflc almlolc lshl‖ afrjltfjfc ilc qkslhcyl 97 x eleu pgcilhelj wfdfq tgrsgaut if
tlclj krlcn izkefh tgrsgaut cfsmlyl lolc jlcmur ruhlj tgrsgaut igcnlc mlrl ylcn tfilo oftl
ogtljuf.

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc

hgcnfcnfcolc hghault sloft krlcn
krlcn ylcn izkefh, Lhafeelj sg go
gokr
kr folc Jfu eleu
pcujf pgrut folc jfu tgrsgaut igcnlc lfr plcls ilc oldlcf igcnlc olfc oldlc ylcn aflsl
ifnuclolc uctuo krlcn hltf sgtgelj tgregafj iljueu lcil tuefs plil olfc oldlc tgrsgaut
igcnlc lshl‖ afrjltfjfc ilc qkslhcyl eleu tuefs puel if alwlj lshl‖ afrjltfjfc clhl ilrf
krlcn ylcn if hlosui oghuiflc pgcilhelj if quaurlc , cfsmlyl krlcn tgrsgaut `ltuj sloft
ylcn slcnlt ogrls ilc ifl tfilo afsl sghauj ogmulef folc jfu tgrsgaut if lhafe ilc if
agrsfjolc olfc oldlccyl ilrf tuefslc lshl‖ afrjltfjfc .

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc hgrualj ogrtls

ogrtls hgc`lif ulcn nuctfcnelj ogrtls sguourlc
sguourlc ulcn lsef
sgalcylo 97 eghalr tlrujelj pktkcnlc ogrtls tgrsgaut plil eghalrlc ogrtls ylcn suilj if
tuefs plil ogrtls tgrsgaut wfdfq husleefsue njkzlef ilc `unl suilj ifegtloolc < ulcn lsef,
almlolc lshl‖ afrjltfjfc ilc qkslhcyl 97 x, eleu auojurf / lslpf igcnlc lslp nljltu ilc
hgcylc `lwl sfhplc ogrtls ilc 97 eghalr ogrtls ogrtls tgrsgaut plil
plil slou al`u lcil hlol
sgsucnnujcyl pktkcnlc ogrtls tgrsgaut lolc agrualj sgsulf ulcn mkctkj ilc tfilo lolc
agrualj sgelhlcyl.

Alcylo sgolef hlcdllt sgrtl ojlsflt ilrf lshl‖ afrjltfjfc fcf igcnlc ojlsflt ylcn tfilo ilplt
ifjftucn ilc ifafelcn , ^leekju ‚Lelh afhurkifjf

YLHHLY

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. <6 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

\K]LH L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC

( Tgrsf fhlh Clsruiifc Le Njkzy Q.L )

o ~~ <   8 gígí k ` `<   8 gígí o A A ä

e q7  v  9  qÅ 
Å   D 
D~ ~   \ 5 í   N \5
\5 ql  é  } eí q)  q``    }:  í q)  q4 
4   d df   í q hí0é  } e q*  *~ ~ Å 
Å  ~~   G  í q fé sv
sví0 > ` ` D 
D ä
Ié  X 5 í   N  } 3é  }   o ~ ~ ) q4 
4   ~~  ) é  } e qcc    g e qî î   < í q* *  ~ ~ f  í qf    é  *~~   <  é  } e q` `   ~~  7 5 í   o ~~ 7   5 í  é 7 5 í ( q ` ` s:é  }
e p 8 ÅÅ 
ÅÅ ~ ~ f rv í  í qd ~~  ds  : é  *~~   ` `  s: é  } e q% %   p ø îF $ p ø îF
   í æh  p: í é  ~ sí 8G  é  ~ s í é  } e q d 
~  ~ \  5í:
$ qaa    df é  } e qTT    G í  é éT  T G í   > ` ` G í  p 8 G 8~ A 
A îG é  } e qD 
D   T T g e qD 
D   T T g N ~~ D 
D   W 5 í N ~~ \   5 í U 5 q ä 5 q h éé  }
4 ``  G  > ``  G e q h ;l l   e qW   5í:  é W 5 í ÿÿ  W 5 í  n W 5 í o  g éé \  jw \é  } eq 1 1 g éé  f é 4 4~~  df  > d df  >  g éé  f
é  *~ ~   4 
$ qaa    df r6  ~ ä ð?  g í  eé 1 
1îî   A 
A   V V  e qaa    ~V k l u  g i qS S   } e í é  z ~~  G :í 5í í0 í r8 f í  é ` ` h   í  e q fw D 
D f
e qQ Q   - 8 % %  u ~~  g í p

\kslh ltlu ik‖l sgjlafs hghalml Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc fcf Hu`laui Il‖lwlt ( Ik‖l ylcn
]lcnlt Hustl`la ), Le Fhlh Clsjruiifc Le- Njkzf hgcilpltolc
hgcilpltolc \kslh Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc
Afrjltfjfc fcf
ilrf uelhl uelhl tgriljueu ylftu ilrf plrl hurfi hurficyl  Le-Jlofh \kydltkrusyfc ilelh
clsolj Hftslq Le-Lizfh ( Rgr`lc`flc lnucn ) , Ilelh Hftslq tgrsgaut if sgautolc Lshl‖
Afrjltfjfc jlruselj elj tgregafj iljuef if huilwlhljolc ltlu ifaflslolc iljueu sgelhl
sghfcnnu agrturut turut ylftu Lshl‖ tgrsgaut if alml 97 x egpls sjkelt wl`fa, ]gtgelj if
huilhlwljolc sgelhl < hfcnnu, Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc if rfylijkjf sgelhl < hfcnnu ylcn if
huelf jlrf Ljli fcfelj olydfyylj / Yltlmlrlcyl
Yltlmlrlcyl 0

<.  Agrpulsl < hfcnnu ylcn ifhuelf plil jlrf hfcnnu, igcnlc tfilo hghlolc hlolclc
ylcn agrcylwl ( Folc, ilnfcn ) ilc ylcn ifogeulrolc ilrf cylwl ( tgekr, susu, ogrlcn )
1.  Egafj utlhl plil jlrf Hfcnnu ylcn `ltuj if lwle auelc jf`rfyylj
=.  ]gelhl agrpulsl lcil if jlrusolc hghalml Lshl Afrjltfjfc 97 x egpls sjkelt wl`fa,
Ilc qkslh cyl ifalml = x.
9.  ]gelhl lcil agr rfylijkj / tfrlolt tfilo agrjuaucnlc
agrjuaucnlc alilc igcnlc fstrf
fstrf

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 12 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

7.  ]gegslf Qfylijkj Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc ifalml = x igcnlc fstfqkhlj

Hlcdllt, Ojlsflt sgrtl dlfilj dlfiljcyl 0

Lplafel lcil hgcnfcnfcolc skralc tgralcn hgelylcn og tghplt pgcilhlc jlrtl

olruc ( igtgosf tghplt ylcn lil jlrtl qlruccyl ) , Lhafeelj olfc skralc agrwlrcl jf`lu ,
Yuefselj ^fdfq Husleefsue Njkzlef igcnlc iftuefs puel > Jl ( 2   ) ifalwlj wfdfq husleefsue
njkzlef sghulcyl iftuefs if olfc skralc agrwlrcl jf`lu, Eleu almlolc Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc ilc
qkslh if ltls 1< x, skrlalc lolc hgelylcn tgralcn og tghplt ifhlcl if
ifpgcilh
pgcilh jlrtl qlruc
tgrsgaut.

@fol lcil hgcilpltolc tghplt jlrtl qlruc tgtlpf lcil if nlcnnu kegj `fc fdrft sgjfcnnl lcil
tfilo ilplt hgcnlhafe jlrtl tgrsgaut, ltlu jlrtlcyl jfelcn tfal tfal , Elctlolc ghls agrualj
hgc`lif oucfcnlc ilc elfc sgalnlfcyl nlcnnulc ilc lcil hgcnfcnfcolc uctuo hghaltleolc
nlcnnulc tgrsgaut hlol almlelj
almlelj Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc
afrjltfjfc igcnlc qkslhcyl 1<x igcnlc ifauojurf
/ if lslpf igcnlc lslp euaalc izlolr ltlu igcnlc olyu nljlru, Cfsmlyl sgnlel hlmlh

nlcnnulc lolc jfelcn.

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc uctuo hgcmgelol olc krlcn ylcn izkefh almlelj Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc
icnlc qkslhcyl =7 x ifalml plil jlrf hfcnnu igcnlc if lslpf Af`f okpf , Hlol sgsucnnujcyl
krlcn izkefh tgrsgaut lolc mgelol, agnftu `unl `fol lcil tuefs tjkelsfh ifalwlj fcf plil altu
nucucn , oghuiflc almlolc qkslh ilc lshl‖cyl 1< x eleu eghplrol ogtghplt / ruhlj ylcn
okskcn , sgogtfol krlcn izkefh tgrsgaut lolc mgelol , Fcfelj Yjkelsjfh ylcn if hlosui 0

ÚÚâØRiââ2|â
@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc
hgcnfcnfcolc hgclrfo ilc hgcnjlifrolc
hgcnjlifrolc hlcusfl ltlu @fc almlolc Lshl‖ ilc
ilc

qkslhcyl =7 x sgtflp sgegslf sjkelt wl`fa

wl`fa sgelhl < jlrf , hlol sgsucnnujcyl hlcusfl
hlcusfl ltlu
 `fc lolc jlifr ogplil
ogplil lcil.

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc uctuo hgclrfo krlcn ylcn `luj ( Njlfa ) agrpulslelj < jlrf plil jlrf
hfcnnu almlolc Lshl‖
Lshl‖ ilc qkslhcyl 1< x cfsmlyl lolc
lolc jlifr.

@fol lcil fcnfc hgcnjlifrolc ilc hgclrfo sgogtfol hlol tuefselj Yjkelsjfh ifalwlj fcf plil
sgaulj altu igcnlc tfctl hgrlj hgcuefs cyl plil jlrf sgelsl wlotu Lsjlr fcfelj tjkelsjfh
ylcn jlrus lcil tuefs
tuefs 0

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 1< 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

çÛØÛÖÖÛÚââ
uQL ]L ug
âÚÚÚ ÛØÖ ç |

]gtgelj iftuefs oghuiflc almlolc lshl‖ ilc qkslh plil tjkelsjfh tgrsgaut 1< x oghuiflc
if wlotu tgcnlj hlelh pgcilh altu tjkelsfh igcnlc if ltlscyl alrl lpf ylcn plcls, Hlol
tlrngt lolc sgngrl jlifr iltlcn.

@fol lcil fcnf tlju sflpl pgcmurfcyl , Mlrfelj lclo ogmfe ylcn ageuh alefnj prfl ltu wlcftl eleu
tuefs plil tgelplo tlcnlc sgagelj olclc AFQJLYFJFC OLQFQFC igcnlc jurud ylcn tgrpfslj
pfslj sgpgrtf fcf 0

 5 | 5 ! s | $ s 5 ç
@fol lcil fcnfc hgclrfo pghagef suplyl iltlcn og tkok lcil tuefselj wfdfq Husleefsue Njkzlef
plil ortls eleu almlolc Lshl‖ ilc qkslh cyl 77 x , oghuiflc lslpfelj igcnlc lslp nljlru ,
Cfsmlyl alcylo ylcn iltlcn ogtkok lcil.

Lplafel lcil
lcil hgcnfcnfcolc
hgcnfcnfcolc hgcnfolt Izlolr/oghleulc ilrf Pfcl hlol tuefselj tuefselj wfdfq
Husleefsue Njkzlef plil agols plolflccyl , eleu foltlelj igcnlc agclcn oltuc almlolc
plilcyl lshl‖ ilc qkslhcyl 97 x sgtflp lcil hghalml lshl‖ ilc qkslh < x lcil
ifjlrusolc hgcnfolt cyl, sgegslf hghalml
hghalml 97 x ilc 97 foltlc, tlclh if ouaurlc ylcn tfilo
if zflrljf ltlu ouaurlc yn tfilo if urus, Cfsmlyl krlcn tgrsgaut tfilo lolc hlhpu hgelouolc
pgrzfcljlc.
@fol lcil fcnfc hghfsljolc juaucnlc ylcn tfilo if rfijkf leekj swt, tuefselj clhl ogiulcyl
plil ogrtls eleu tuefselj tjkelsjfh ifalwlj fcf 0

Áâ ßÁ â Ø ß Û â â k- Ö

Almlolc lshl‖ ilc qkslhcyl > x , eleu jlcyutolc ifsucnlf, hlol pgrpgmljlc lolc tgr`lif
plil ogiulcyl.

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 11 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

@fol lcil fcnfc hgrualj lfr ogruj hgc`lif

hgc`lif agcfcn ltlu sgalefocyl, lfr okpf hgc`
hgc`lif
lif tlwlr, lfr
tlwlr hgc`lif tgj ilc elfc sgalnlfcyl pulslelj plil jlrf ljli ltlu rlau ohuiflc almlelj
lshl‖ afrjltfjfc sgegslf sjkelt
sjkelt wl`fa ilc tuefselj tjkelsfh ifalwlj
ifalwlj fcf plil ogrtls 0

ep 5:íUisççís0|iRíeíp
Eleu almlolc lshl‖ ilc qkslh afrjltfjfc plil tjkelsjfh tgrsgaut 97 x eleu foltelj plil
egcnlc olclc lcil `fol lcil fcnfc hgrualj sgsultu hgc`lif sgsultu ojususcyl Lfr.

@fol lcil fcnfc hcnfrfh sulrl tlcpl wu`ui plil sgskrlcn, Lhafeelj ogrtls eleu tuefselj wfdfq
husleefsue njkzlef nlctucnolcelj wfdfq tgrsgaut plil pkjkc Aulj igefhl ylcn hltlcn eleu
almlolc lshl‖ afrjltfjfc ilc qkslhcyl > x, oghuiflc almlolc ik‖l ifalwlj fcf = x 0

ÌÌÌÌk  ä  ÌÌÌÌÿ  g í é  ~C 
C  f  í p  eé ` ` ~~ Ë Ë  QQ    gí eé ad` 
ad`  gí éé t t  }  í é  î~~   -   í n a 
a~~   V V  kk  } í I6 c c 7 kk  } í
Yftfo tffto if fsf clhl ilc lyljcyl eleu sgautolc lpl ylcn fcnfc lcil afmlrlolc , Cfsmlyl
slhplf hgeleuf pgrlctlrl 1 hlelfolt ylftu Ojkcilsy ilc dlyole.

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc if qlaueolc jl`lt ylcn pgctfcn hlsuoelj og tghplt ojkewlt ilc
lcil agr rfylijkj / tfrlolt sgelhl
sgelhl > jlrf ylcn ifhuelf plil jlrf Hfcnnu almlelj
almlelj sgtflp jlrf
fshu izlt ylftu Leekju 44222 x, sgtflp lcil hgcilpltolc <222 x almlelj lshl‖ afrjltfjfc
afrjltfjfc
ilc qkslhcyl = x slhafe hgegtloolc
hgegtloolc if ltls ogplel lcil wfdfq ifalwlj fcf 0

ÚÖ  ßÓ  Û 

ÚØ  ÖÞ  Öß 

ÐÓ  Ðß 

Ilc plil okekh ylcn okskcn lcil tuefsolc lpl ylcn hgc`lif jl`lt pgctfcn lcil , ]gtgelj
sghpurcl lcil agrfylijkj < hfcnnu , Lcil tlruj wfdfq tgrsgaut ifalwlj sl`lilj tghplt
lcil agrtfrlolt eleu alml fshu izlt <222 x ilc lshl‖ sgrtl qkslhcyl = x, Hlol jl`lt lcil
lolc tgreloslcl ilelh wlotu ylcn slcnlt mgplt.

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 1= 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

\K]LH L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC

( Tgrsf fhlh @lhleuiifc Le-\kyrucy Q.L )

n ~  d s í n  ~s   í ç qÅ 

Å   G ç q d G ç qQ Q   }: ç q \: é `` s  é ` `s  Ié  ~ s í é  ~ s í n P P a&  a& f  é  }  ÿ  &f: é  } o tt  d   g í  
$é  cäp j: í  :v p í   k \ æ hh  qP P   7í p æ hh  qî î   ~~ -   í  ÿ Pl  Å  V V   é é }  R é é h q` `   G é  } e q&&    f é  }
Pl   æ c cW   é }  ÿ c c* *  W   í  >  dc c   dÅ 
o aa  Sd7
Sd7  |?  g  í  [ 1  . gí eé  ~\   í k \p\p xí q< $é  cäp j: í  :v p í   k \ æ h h qP P   7í p æ h h qî  î ~~ -   í  
1 ä k . 
b8ä   r6  } 5 í   # X p | í  ò  æ hh  qPP    4 
4 %  e í  ÿ  d\  æ hh  p6 sé \p
\p æ f f éé  cf ò æ h h q%  % õp   5 q h k f o a 
aSd7
S  d7 
   àí ol 
 í8 ~~ 7
 8  ol í ;-p o aa  ~QQ    L àí 8aGp o a a~ ~ V V   àí

\kslh Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc vgrsf Le Fhlh @lhleuiifc Le- \kyrucy Q.L aflsl `unl ifsgaut
Jfzfa lpf hgcylel , Olrgcl krlcn ylcn hghalml Lshl‖ ilc qkslh cyl ifltls lolc
hgcngeulrolc ilrf tuaujcyl lpf ylcn hgcylel sgjfcnnl tucnnlcn elcnnlcn elrf tgrafrft afrft
nkekcnlc `fc, Ilc altle elj sgnlel fehu sfjfr, Le Fhlh ]ygfoj @lhleuiifc Le-\kyrucy hgcgrfhl
Fzl`lj fcf ilrf nurucyl ylftu ]ygfoj ]yfjlauiifc Ljhli Lsy sylizfef ageflu hgcgrfhl ilrf
nurucyl ylftu ]ygfoj Yl`uiifc afc Ltjk‖ Lsy ]ylizfef ilc ageflu hgcgrfhl ilrf ]ygfoj Whlr
Le-Lcsjkry Q.L, \kslh lshl fcf hgruplolc hu husujcyl
sujcyl plrl Oljfc / Iuouc fehu jftlh `lh
`lhlc
lc
iljueu, Alcylo sgolef hlcdl‖lt ilc dlfiljcyl , lilpuc olydfyylj / Yltlmlrlcyl

Agrpulsl rfylijkj sgelhl > jlrf ylcn ifhuelf plil jlrf Hfcnnu , ]gelhl agrpulsl Lshl‖
Afrjltfjfc ifalml > x oghuiflc
oghuiflc qkslhcyl ifalml < x sgtflp sgegslf sjkelt wl`fa ilc plil
tgcnlj hlelh Lshl‖cyl ifalml 97 x ilc qkslhcyl = x, Rlil jlrf tgrlojfr lcil agrpulsl
sgtgelj agrauol , ]flpolc olhlr okskcn lcil hlsuo oghuiflc lcil hghalml lshl‖
afrjltfjfc 97 x ilc qkslhcyl ifalml >2 x, agsko plnfcyl lcil jlrus hgcnlilolc syuourlc
igcnlc hgcyghagefj lylc `lnk olhpucn
olhpucn ilc ifhlolc agrslhl ogrlalt, tgtlcnnl lilpuc
mlrl mlrl hgcnnuclolccyl lilelj 0

@fol lcil hgcnfcnfcolc uctuo ifmfctlf if tgrfhl ifagralnlf olelcnlc if tl‖ltf if pltuju sgnlel
hlmlh pgroltllc lcil hlol tuefselj wfdfq ifalwlj fcf plil jlrf hfcnnu tltolel tgraft
hltljlrf , fcfelj wfdfq ylcn jlrus lcil tuefs 0

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 19 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

ÖÖ  ÚÛ  ÚÛ  ÖÖ 

ÚÛ  ÚÚÚÚ  ÚÚÚÚ  ÚÛ 
ÚÛ  ÚÚÚÚ  ÚÚÚÚ  ÚÛ 

ÖÖ  ÚÛ  ÚÛ  ÖÖ 

Oghuiflc almlolc plil wfdfq tgrsgaut Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc << x , ilc qkslhcyl = x , Alwl sgrtl
oghlclpuc lcil pgrnf , hlol sgtflp krlcn ylcn hghlcilcn, agrafmlrl igcnlc lcil alfo
ogmfe, agslr, prfl hlupuc wlcftl sghulcyl lolc tfhaue ifilelh jltfcyl rlsl mfctl ogplil
lcil ilc hgrgol lolc tl‖lt sgrtl pltuj plil lpl ylcn lcil umlpolc.

Ilc `fol lcil hgcuefs wfdfq ifalwlj fcf sgageuh lcil tuefs tgregafj iljueu lcil almlolc
lshl‖ afrjltfjfc ilc qkslhcyl 97 x ilc ogtfol lcil hgcuefs wfdfq lcil agrizfofr ifilelh
jltf igcnlc lshl‖ afrjltfjfc `fol ifalwl sgrtl kegj krlcn ylcn tgrogcl sfjfr hlol tfilo lil
agols cyl slhl sgolef fehu sfjfr ifalilccyl, krlcn ylcn hghalwl sgrtl wfdfq fcf sgclctflsl
ifagrfolc og lhlclc kegj leekj swt ilrf sghul hlslelj
hlslelj hlslelj ylcn ilplt hghaljlylolc
hghaljlylolc
ifrfcyl alfo Izkjfr hlupuc fehu fehu altfc, Fcfelj wfdfq ylcn ifhlosui 0

r:éîQä  _~Åg  udgí 

ÓÕ  âР ÚÚÚÚÚ 
ÚÖÕ  ÕÛ  ÕÖ 

@fol lcil iftfhpl igcnlc husfalj ltlu lcil sgilcn afcnucn ylcn slcnlt , ltlu lcil sgilcn
if tfhpl ogsusljlc
ogsusljlc hlsuo elj ogolhlr
ogolhlr ojkewlt eleu
eleu lcil alml ls
lshl‖
hl‖ afrjltfjfc 97 x
oghuiflc qkslhcyl <<< x eleu lcil su`ui if ilelh su`ui lcil alml qkslh <2 x oghuiflc
lcil hghalml sjkelwlt <2 x, cfsmlyl sgnlel hlmlh ogsusljlc ogafcnucnlc if jfelcnolc
kegj leekj sgogtfol eleu leekj elplcn olc ilrf sgnlel hlmlh ogsusljlc igcnlc ylcn tfilo ifl
slcnol.

@fol lcil hgcnlhafe aueu gokr agago `lctlc oghuiflc lhafe puel pktkcnlc ouou lcil eleu
ogiulcyl ifalolr, ilc lau alolrlccyl lcil hlsuoolc ogilelh Lfr hlwlr ylcn suilj
ifmlhpur igcnlc hfcylo @l‖dlrlc,
@l‖dlrlc, oghuiflc tuefselj lshl‖
lshl‖ afrjltfjfc > x , almlolc
almlolc qkslh
ifltls = x ,@fol sgsgkrlcn ylcn tgrogcl lcil uslp plil oueftcyl igcnlc lfr lau alolrlc ouou
& aueu , Krlcn tgrsgaut lolc tgrus hgcnfoutf lcil igcnlc mfctl ( Ngcilh ).

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 17 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml yl leekju <222 x plil jlrf `uh‖lt oghuiflc hghalml lshl‖
afrjltfjfc > x, eleu qkslhcyl ifalml < x, Leekj ]^Y lolc hghuiljolc ylcn ifl mlrf , ylcn ifl
hfctl.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hhalml VlVl Leekju 7222x oghuiflc hghalml yl jlyyu yl qkyyuhu <222
x, oghuiflc Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc 97 x ilc qksslhcyl = x, hlol ifl lolc hgefjlt ogl`lfalc plil
uruslc rfzqfcyl ilc oghuiljlc ilelh uruslc uruslc ylcn slcnlt sueft

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcnuofr wfdfq if alwlj fcf plil mfcmfc ghls ylcn if folt plil mfcmfc
tgrsgaut Altu pgrhltl ( @gcfs lpl sl`l
sl`l agreflc, @lharui, Quaay, ]ldfr ) fcfelj
fcfelj ylcn lcil uofr

ÖÚ  ÖØ  Úâ 

ÖÞ  ÖÖ  Öß 
ÖÕ  ÚÛ  ÖР

Oghuiflc aflslolc igcnlc hgcilwlholc Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc ilc qkslhcyl stflp jlrf > x,
Hlol ojkilh ilrf lshl‖ afrjltfjfc lolc clhplo ifjlilplc lcil ilc ojkilh trsaut lolc
hghlolf olc hljoktlcyl if ogplel lcil, hlol Lcil lolc hgc`lif slcnlt agrwfalwl,
slcnlt lnucn ilc lcil afsl hgelouolc ojkwlrfq efe lilj ( agralnlf hlmlh olrkhlj )
]gjfcnnl `fol lcil hgefjlt krlcn ylcn izkefh igcnlc plcilcnlc hlrlj mgelolelj ifl
sgogtfol.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hghalml lshl‖ afrjltfjfc 97 x oghuiflc qkslhcyl << x. Hlol sgeuruj
fehu jftlh tfilo lolc hlhpu hgcngclfcyl.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs mfcmfc ifalwlj fcf plil ogrtls oghuiflc if tuefs if sgogefefcn ogrtls
Lshl‖ Afrjltfjfc, Yfilo elj if plolf kegj krlcn ylcn tgrogcl sfjfr ogmulef ifl sghauj ilrf
sfjfrcyl , Yfilo elj ifalwl sgrtl kegj krlcn ylcn
y lcn nfel ogmulef sghauj ilrf nfelccyl, @fol mfcmfc
fcf if nlctucn olc plil krlcn ylcn suslj hgeljfrolc, hlol hgeljfrolc sgogtfol ilc hlsfj
alcylo hlcdl‖lt ilrf mfcmfc fcf . Fcfelj mfcmfc ylcn ifhlosui 0

ÛÕ  âÞ  ÛР

Ûß  ÛØ  ÛÛ 
Ûâ  ÛÖ  ÛÓ 

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 14 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

Iftuefs if sgogefefcn mfcmfc tgrsgaut 1: Lshl‖ afrjltfjfc, Oghuiflc sgtgelj sgegslf almlolc
plil mfcmfc fcf qkslh cyl =x , Eleu alwl sgrtl.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn alcylo hghalml Lshl‖ afrjltfjf sfsloft, hlol ifsghaujolc ilrf sloft cyl.

Yuefselj lshl‖ afrjltfjfc igcnlc qkslhcyl eleu jlpus igcnlc lfr , ilc lfrcyl ifhfcuholc
ogplil krlcn ylcn sgilcn hgcnlelhf sloft plil sgeuruj tuaujcyl , hlol lolc sghauj
sgogtfol.

Alrlcn sflpl ylcn hgcuefs wfdfq ifalwlj fcf 0

æhql   
âÚР ÖÖ  Ûß  ÚÛ 
 
      ä
          é ÖÓÖ  ÚÚß  ÚâР ÚÖÛ    5 í        
é l      
     5
          í
     

ÐÓР âââ  ÖÛÖ  í8äí 

ßßâ  âß  ÖÖÛ  ÖßÖ 
æhqä 

]gageuh hgcuefs ifl hghalml lshl‖ afrjltfjfc tgregafj iljueu 97 x, Oghuiflc qkslhcyl if
alml > x , Hgcuefs plil pfcnnlc ltlu wlilj/wlilj/ hlcnoko eleu ifjlpus igcnlc
igcnlc lfr ju`lc,
Ifhfcuholc ogplil krlcn ylcn fcnfc olrfrcyl clfo, plcnoltcyl clfo, Hlol ilelh wlotu
mgplt plcnoltcyl
plcnoltcyl lolc clfo, igrl`ltcyl clfo, @fol ifhfcuh kegj krlcnkrlcn ylcn elnf ilelh
lcmlhlc husuj, Hlol ifl ilplt hgcnleljolc husuj husujcyl, @fol ifhfcuh kegj krlcn
ylcn alcylo jutlcn , Leekj tuclfolc jutlcn jutlcncyl, `fol ifhfcuh kegj krlcn ylcn if
tfhpl ogsghpftlc rfzqf hlol leekj eulsolc rgzgqfcyl, @fol ifhfcuh kegj krlcn ylcn tgrogcl
sfjfr hlol altleelj sfjfr sfjfr cyl, dlfilj dlfilj ylcn alcylo , hlcdl‖lt ylcn tfilo afsl if
afelcn ilc ifjftucn, Wctuo sghul jl`lt hlcusfl .

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 1> 

 

L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC 

\K]LH L]HL‖ AFQJLYFJFC

( Tgrsf Fhlh Lau Laals Le-Hursy Q.L

Le-Hursy  Q.L )

í: 8f  é QQ D     f ~  í q\ |6G B p6 X  2  q î   L   * é  ~~   <  é ` 
D   \ í 8@ 
@ ` < í  é D 
D ~~    ä í 8ä d ffpp
I I o  }  o  g  `  Å  9  > 
U qSS    QQ  G N~ ~  f  f éé  ÅX Å   X  N  c%   Ií 8~~   Q Q   F Ié  X q d``    s  I q Wé fé Æ N ~~  g íq\ N f5f5  8 
ÅX  8t t Å   í8 T TF
 
6  } 8 }  é ``  g     ié Q Q PP  gí  5é t t SS  gí  6<í q gí  àí  × ; 
 ; Qä Qä  p k  ~ 
~~   h h éé <   p 8  ~~   ä p 8a a   gí  Ô1 c c - í é  }
 8 ggíí n ~~  d t t %p k  ~ 

Lau Laals Le Hursf lilelj sgkrlcn wlef qutua

qutua ilc pghfhpfc tkrfqkj tgragslr plil zlhlc
ftu ylftu Ykrfqkj ]ylizfefyylj, Clhl egcnolpcyl Le Fhlh ]yfjlauiifc Laau Le Laals Ljhli
Afc Whlr Le- Lcsjkry Le Hursy Q.L, ]galnflc ljef sg`lrlj lil ylcn hgcnltlolc aljwl clsla
ageflu slhplf plil sljlalt ]l'li afc Walilj rlifleelju 'lcju pghfhpfc suou Ojlzrl`. Le-
Hursf ifeljfrolc tljuc 4<4 J (<1<6 H) if oktl Hlrsfyylj, slelj sltu oktl if Lcileus ]plcyke .

JL@F L]GD NJLFA66 pn. 1: