(Paul)

3. What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria? (10)

-The gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet color and stain purple whereas the gram-negative
bacteria lose crystal violet and stain red. Thus, the two types of bacteria are distinguished by gram
staining.

-The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is composed of thick layers of peptidoglycan.

-The cell wall of gram-negative bacteria is composed of thin layers of peptidoglycan.

-In the gram staining procedure, gram-positive cells retain the purple-colored stain.

-In the gram staining procedure, gram-negative cells do not retain the purple-colored stain.

-Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins.

-Gram-negative bacteria produce endotoxin.

4. List 5 examples of Gram-positive cocci and bacilli bacteria. Give the disease caused and the treatment.
Discuss the disease caused. (50)

GRAM POSITIVE COCCI BACTERIA

-Enterococcal infections

-Pneumococcal infections

-Staphylococcal aureus infections

-Streptococcal infections

-Toxic shock syndrome

CAUSE:

Enterococcal infections are caused by a group of gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria called
enterococci, which normally reside in the intestine of healthy people but sometimes cause infection.

TREATMENT:

Antibiotics Treatment depends on where the infection is, but doctors usually give antibiotics and drain
any abscesses.
Certain strains of enterococci have become resistant to many antibiotics and can be difficult to treat.
Strains that are resistant to vancomycin are particularly problematic.

CAUSE: Pneumococcal infections are caused by the gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria.
These bacteria commonly cause pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, and middle ear infection.

TREATMENT:

Antibiotics

Penicillin (or the related antibiotics, ampicillin and amoxicillin) is used for most pneumococcal infections.
It is usually taken by mouth but, if the infection is severe, may be given intravenously.

Pneumococci that are resistant to penicillin are becoming more common. Thus, other antibiotics, such as
ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, fluoroquinolones (such as levofloxacin), vancomycin, lefamulin, or
omadacycline, are often used.

Cause: Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria.
These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause
pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some
antibiotics.

TREATMENT:

Antibiotics

Sometimes surgical removal of infected bone and/or foreign material

Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus are treated with antibiotics. Doctors try to determine whether
the bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and, if so, to which antibiotics.

CAUSE: Streptococcal infections are caused by any one of several species of Streptococcus. These gram-
positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria cause many disorders, including strep throat, pneumonia, and
wound, skin, heart valve, and bloodstream infections. TREATMENT:

Antibiotics (usually penicillin)

For necrotizing fasciitis, surgery to remove dead tissue

CAUSE: Toxic shock syndrome is a group of rapidly progressive and severe symptoms that include fever,
rash, dangerously low blood pressure, and failure of several organs. It is caused by toxins produced by
the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci.
TREATMENT: Fluids given intravenously

Often medications to increase blood pressure

Cleaning of the infected area (vagina or wound) and removing infected tissue

Antibiotics

If toxic shock syndrome is suspected, people are hospitalized, usually in an intensive care unit (ICU).

GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI BACTERIA

-Anthrax

-Diphtertia

-:Erysipeloid

-Listeriosis

-Nocardiosis

CAUSES: Anthrax is a potentially fatal infection with Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, rod-shaped
bacteriaAnthrax may affect the skin, the lungs, or, rarely, the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract.

TREATMENT:Antibiotics

Sometimes other medications

The longer anthrax treatment is delayed, the greater the risk of death. Thus, treatment is usually started
as soon as doctors suspect that people have anthrax.

CAUSES:Diphtheria is a contagious, sometimes fatal infection of the upper respiratory tract caused by the
gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Some types of Corynebacterium
diphtheriae release a potent toxin that can damage the heart, kidneys, and nervous system.

TREATMENT:Diphtheria antitoxin

Antibiotics

People who have symptoms of respiratory diphtheria are typically hospitalized in an intensive care unit
(ICU) and given antibodies (antitoxin) by injection to neutralize the diphtheria toxin.

Doctors also give antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, to kill the diphtheria bacteria. Antibiotics
are given for 14 days. People must be kept in isolation (to prevent other people from being exposed to
infected secretions) until two cultures, taken after the antibiotics are stopped, confirm that the bacteria
have been killed.
CAUSE:Erysipeloid is a skin infection caused by the gram-positive bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

TREATMENT:Antibiotics

If erysipeloid involves only the skin, doctors usually give people antibiotics, such as penicillin or
ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, or clindamycin, by mouth for a week.

If the Erysipelothrix bacteria have spread, doctors give antibiotics by vein for a longer time.

CAUSE:Listeriosis is infection caused by the gram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, usually when
contaminated food is eaten.

TREATMENT:Antibiotics

Antibiotics can cure listeriosis.

For most infections caused by Listeria, including endocarditis and meningitis, the antibiotics ampicillin
and gentamicin are given by vein (intravenously). If people are allergic to penicillins,
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is used instead of ampicillin.

CAUSE:Nocardiosis is an infection (typically of the lungs) caused by the gram-positive bacteria Nocardia.

TREATMENT:Antibiotics

Nocardiosis is treated with one or more antibiotics for a long time. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is
often used. If people have a weakened immune system or the infection has spread, they need to take a
second antibiotic. Treatment is started before doctors get the test results. The antibiotics may later be
adjusted based on the results of susceptibility testing.

(Dawn)

5. Enumerate 10 examples of Gram-negative bacteria and give the disease and treatment of choice.
Discuss briefly the disease.

GRAM-NEGATIVE
BRIEF INFORMATION
BACTERIA
Brucellosis Brucellosis is a contagious, infectious, and
communicable disease, primarily affecting
cattle, bison, and swine, and is caused by
bacteria of the genus Brucella. Brucella
abortus (B. abortus) primarily affects bovine
species; however, goats, sheep, and horses are
also susceptible. B. suis primarily affects
porcine species; and a third strain, B.
melitensis, primarily affects goats and sheep.
A fourth strain, B. ovis, which primarily affects
TREATMENT OF CHOICE
For acute brucellosis in adults and
children older than 8 years, the
World Health Organization (WHO)
guidelines recommend the following:
Doxycycline 100 mg PO twice daily
plus rifampin 600-900 mg/day PO –
Both drugs are to be given for 6
weeks; this regimen is more
convenient but probably increases
the risk of relapse
 sheep, exists in the United States but it does
not cause significant disease problems.
Currently, there is no program or initiative to
establish a program for the control of B. ovis
or B. melitensis.

In its principal animal hosts, brucellosis causes

loss of young through spontaneous abortion
or birth of weak offspring, reduced milk
production, and infertility. It can affect both
animals and humans. Brucellosis is transmitted
from animals by direct contact with infected
blood, placentas, fetuses, or uterine
secretions, or through the consumption of
infected and raw animal products (especially
milk and milk products). There is no
economically feasible treatment for brucellosis
in livestock.
Campylobacter infection is a type of stomach
flu (gastroenteritis). Some people call it food
poisoning. The most common symptoms are
diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramping and
fever.
Campylobacter
infections This foodborne illness starts after someone
eats or drinks something that has
Campylobacter bacteria in it. If you take in
enough bacteria, you may become infected.
Usually, symptoms show up one to seven days
after coming into contact with the bacteria.
Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial
infection spread by cats. The disease spreads
when an infected cat licks a person’s open
wound, or bites or scratches a person hard
enough to break the surface of the skin. About
three to 14 days after the skin is broken, a
Cat-scratch mild infection can occur at the site of the
disease scratch or bite. The infected area may appear
swollen and red with round, raised lesions and
can have pus. A person with CSD may also
have a fever, headache, poor appetite, and
exhaustion. Later, the person’s lymph nodes
near the original scratch or bite can become
swollen, tender, or painful.
Most people recover from
Campylobacter infection without
antibiotic treatment. Patients should
drink extra fluids as long as diarrhea
lasts.
Some people with, or at risk for,
severe illness might need antibiotic
treatment. These people include
those who are 65 years or older,
pregnant women, and people with
weakened immune systems, such as
those with a blood disorder, with
AIDS, or receiving chemotherapy.
Most often, cat-scratch disease is not
serious. Medical treatment may not
be needed. In some cases, treatment
with antibiotics such as azithromycin
can be helpful. Other antibiotics may
be used, including:
Clarithromycin
Rifampin
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Ciprofloxacin
In people with HIV/AIDS and others,
who have a weak immune system,
cat-scratch disease is more serious.
Treatment with antibiotics may be
needed.

Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by
infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae
bacteria. People can get sick when they
Cholera swallow food or water contaminated with
cholera bacteria. The infection is often mild or
without symptoms, but can sometimes be
severe and life-threatening.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) are a group of gram-
negative bacteria that normally reside in the
intestine of healthy people, but some strains
can cause infection in the digestive tract,
urinary tract, or many other parts of the body.
Urinary tract infections are the most common
infection caused by E. coli, and people may
also develop intestinal infections by eating
contaminated food (such as undercooked
Escherichia coli
ground beef), touching infected animals, or
(E. coli) infections
swallowing contaminated water.
Intestinal infections can cause diarrhea,
sometimes severe or bloody, and abdominal
pain.
Antibiotics can effectively treat E. coli
infections outside the digestive tract and most
intestinal infections but are not used to treat
intestinal infections by one strain of these
bacteria.
Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a
influenzae type of bacteria that can cause several
infections different kinds of infections. These bacterial
infections can range from mild, such as ear
infections, to severe, such as bloodstream
infections. The infections typically affect
children younger than 5 years old. They also
affect people who are immunocompromised,
such as those with certain medical conditions.
Some H. influenzae infections are “invasive,”
which means the bacteria invade parts of your Breathing support through face mask
The choice of antibiotic should be
informed by local antibiotic
susceptibility patterns. In most
countries, doxycycline is
recommended as first-line treatment
for adults (including pregnant
women) and children. If resistance to
doxycycline is documented,
azithromycin and ciprofloxacin are
alternative options.
For illness caused by E. coli, no
current treatments can cure the
infection, relieve symptoms or
prevent complications. For most
people, treatment includes:
Rest
Fluids to help prevent dehydration
and fatigue
Avoid taking an anti-diarrheal
medication — this slows your
digestive system down, preventing
your body from getting rid of the
toxins. Antibiotics generally aren't
recommended because they can
increase the risk of serious
complications and they don't appear
to help treat the infection.
If you have a serious E. coli infection
that has caused a life-threatening
form of kidney failure (hemolytic
uremic syndrome), you'll be
hospitalized. Treatment includes IV
fluids, blood transfusions and kidney
dialysis.
Haemophilus influenzae treatment
depends on the type of infection or
disease. Treatment usually includes
the use of antibiotics to fight the
infection. However, H. influenzae can
be resistant to antibiotics.
Depending on the severity of your
condition, you may need additional
treatment in the hospital. Treatment
may include:
 body that are normally free from germs. For
instance, H. influenzae can invade the fluid
surrounding your spinal cord and brain, which
can cause meningitis. Meningitis is the
swelling of the lining of your brain and spinal
cord. Invasive diseases usually require hospital
treatment and can sometimes be fatal.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative,
encapsulated, non-motile bacterium found in
the environment and has been associated with
pneumonia in patient populations with alcohol
Klebsiella use disorder or diabetes mellitus. The
infections bacterium typically colonizes human mucosal
surfaces of the oropharynx and
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Once the bacterium
enters the body, it can display high degrees of
virulence and antibiotic resistance.
Legionnaires' Legionnaires’ disease is a serious type of
disease pneumonia you get when Legionella bacteria
infect your lungs. Symptoms include high
fever, cough, diarrhea and confusion. You can
get Legionnaires’ disease from water or
cooling systems in large buildings, like
hospitals or hotels. Legionnaires’ disease can
be life-threatening.
oxygen or intubation.
Intravenous steroids.
Medication to treat low blood
pressure.
Wound care for damaged skin.
Surgical drainage for septic arthritis.
Klebsiellainfections can be
dangerous, so doctors start
treatment with antibiotics right
away. Examples include
cephalosporins (cefotaxime and
ceftriaxone) and carbapenems
(imipenem or cilastatin).
If your doctor prescribes antibiotics,
take them just as it says on the
bottle. If you stop taking them too
soon, the infection may come back.
If you have an antibiotic-resistant
infection, your doctor will decide the
best way to treat it. They’ll probably
try a different type of antibiotic or a
combination of them.
Most people who get a klebsiella
infection recover. But some cases can
be deadly, especially pneumonia in
people who are already very sick.
Legionnaires’ disease is treated with
antibiotics. You may get antibiotics
through your veins (IV) or in a pill
that you swallow. If you’re having
trouble breathing, your provider may
give you treatments to help you get
enough oxygen. You’ll probably have
to stay in the hospital while you’re
treated.
Antibiotics used to treat
Legionnaires’ disease include:
Azithromycin.
Levofloxacin, moxifloxacin or
ciprofloxacin.
Tetracycline, doxycycline or
minocycline.
Rifampin.
You may also receive extra oxygen

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a
highly contagious respiratory infection caused
by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In 2018,
there were more than 151 000 cases of
pertussis globally.
Pertussis spreads easily from person to person
mainly through droplets produced by
coughing or sneezing. The disease is most
dangerous in infants, and is a significant cause
of disease and death in this age group.
The first symptoms generally appear 7 to 10
Pertussis
days after infection. They include a mild fever,
runny nose and cough, which in typical cases
gradually develops into a hacking cough
followed by whooping (hence the common
name of whooping cough). Pneumonia is a
relatively common complication, and seizures
and brain disease occur rarely.
People with pertussis are most contagious up
to about 3 weeks after the cough begins, and
many children who contract the infection have
coughing spells that last 4 to 8 weeks.
Antibiotics are used to treat the infection.
Plague Plague is an infectious disease caused by the
bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria,
usually found in small mammals and their
fleas. It is transmitted between animals
through fleas. Humans can be infected
through:
the bite of infected vector fleas
unprotected contact with infectious bodily
fluids or contaminated materials
the inhalation of respiratory droplets/small
particles from a patient with pneumonic
plague.
Plague is a very severe disease in people,
through a tube in your nose or a
mask. In serious cases, you may need
to have a machine breathe for you
until you can do it on your own again
(mechanical ventilation).
Treatment options vary by age
Macrolides erythromycin,
clarithromycin, and azithromycin*
are preferred for the treatment of
pertussis in persons 1 month of age
and older.
For persons 2 months of age and
older, an alternative to macrolides is
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
For infants younger than 1 month of
age, use macrolides with caution as
an association between orally
administered erythromycin and
azithromycin with infantile
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS)
has been reported. However,
azithromycin remains the drug of
choice for treatment or prophylaxis
of pertussis in very young infants
because the risk of developing
severe pertussis and life-threatening
complications outweighs the
potential risk of IHPS. Clinicians
should monitor infants younger than
1 month of age who receive a
macrolide for the development of
IHPS and for other serious adverse
events.
Untreated pneumonic plague can be
rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and
treatment is essential for survival
and reduction of complications.
Antibiotics and supportive therapy
are effective against plague if
patients are diagnosed in time.
Pneumonic plague can be fatal
within 18 to 24 hours of disease
onset if left untreated, but common
antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram
negative rods) can effectively cure
the disease if they are delivered
 particularly in its septicaemic (systemic
infection caused by circulating bacteria in
bloodstream) and pneumonic forms, with a
case-fatality ratio of 30% to 100% if left
untreated. The pneumonic form is invariably
fatal unless treated early. It is especially
contagious and can trigger severe epidemics
through person-to-person contact via droplets
in the air.
early.
Historically, plague was responsible for
widespread pandemics with high mortality. It
was known as the "Black Death" during the
fourteenth century, causing more than 50
million deaths in Europe. Nowadays, plague is
easily treated with antibiotics and the use of
standard precautions to prevent acquiring
infection.

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/nvap/NVAP-Reference-Guide/Control-and-
Eradication/Brucellosis#:~:text=Brucellosis%20is%20a%20contagious%2C%20infectious,and%20horses
%20are%20also%20susceptible.

https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/treatment/index.html

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15251-campylobacter-infection

https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/faq.html#:~:text=People%20with%20Campylobacter%20infection
%20usually,and%20last%20about%20one%20week.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001614.htm#:~:text=Most%20often%2C%20cat%2Dscratch
%20disease,as%20azithromycin%20can%20be%20helpful.

https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/antibiotic-treatment.html#:~:text=The%20choice%20of
%20antibiotic%20should,and%20ciprofloxacin%20are%20alternative%20options.

https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/
escherichia-coli-infections

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372064

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23106-haemophilus-influenzae

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519004/#:~:text=Klebsiella%20pneumoniae%20is%20a
%20gram,and%20gastrointestinal%20(GI)%20tract.

https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/klebsiella-pneumoniae-infection

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17750-legionnaires-disease
https://www.who.int/health-topics/pertussis#tab=tab_1

https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/treatment.html#:~:text=Treatment%20options%20vary%20by
%20age,to%20macrolides%20is%20trimethoprim%2Dsulfamethoxazole.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague#:~:text=Plague%20is%20an%20infectious
%20disease,bite%20of%20infected%20vector%20fleas

6. In a tabular format, give the disease or infection caused by the following bacteria.

BACTERIA DISEASE OR INFECTION CAUSED

A. Atypical Bacteria
Rickettsia species cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rickettsialpox, other
spotted fevers, epidemic typhus, and murine typhus. Orientia (formerly
Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus. Patients present with febrile
I. Rickettsia spp.
exanthems and visceral involvement; symptoms may include nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, encephalitis, hypotension, acute renal failure, and respiratory
distress.
Known diseases caused by Bartonella infections include Carrion’s disease, cat-
scratch disease, chronic lymphadenopathy, trench fever, chronic bacteraemia,
II. Bartonella spp.
culture-negative endocarditis, bacilliary angiomatosis, bacilliary peliosis,
vasculitis, and uveitis
Ocular Infections: Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and inclusion
conjunctivitis. Trachoma is characterized by the development of follicles and
inflamed conjunctivae. The cornea may become cloudy and vascularized;
repeated infections are a common cause of blindness. Inclusion conjunctivitis is
a milder inflammatory conjunctival infection with purulent discharge.

Genital Infections: Some C trachomatis strains cause genital infections,

III. Chlamydia spp.
including nongonococcal urethritis in men and acute salpingitis and cervicitis in
women. Other strains cause lymphogranuloma venereum, a venereal disease
with genital lesions and regional lymph node involvement (buboes).

Respiratory Infections: Chlamydia psittaci usually causes an influenzalike illness

called psittacosis. Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR organism) causes atypical
pneumonitis in humans.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7624/#:~:text=Rickettsia%20species%20cause%20Rocky
%20Mountain,Rickettsia)%20tsutsugamushi%20causes%20scrub%20typhus.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630881/#:~:text=Known%20diseases%20caused
%20by%20Bartonella,9%2C10%2C11%5D.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/
(Trixie )

BACTERIA DISEASE OR INFECTION CAUSED

B. Bacteria in the Respiratory Tract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was once the most common cause of
bacterial infection in children. Hib causes a variety of diseases including
I. Haemophilus spp.
meningitis (inflammation of the coverings of the spinal column and brain),
bacteremia (infection of the blood), and pneumonia (infection of the lungs).
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough (pertussis), an acute respiratory
infection marked by severe, spasmodic coughing episodes during the
II. Bordetella pertussis paroxysmal phase. Leukocytosis with lymphocytosis is also common during this
phase of the illness. Dangerous complications are bronchopneumonia and
acute encephalopathy.
Legionnaires' disease is a serious type of pneumonia you get when Legionella
III. Legionella
bacteria infect your lungs. Symptoms include high fever, cough, diarrhea and
pneumophila
confusion.
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, which is a zoonotic disease. Q
fever can present as a febrile illness, pneumonia, or hepatitis. If it is not
IV. Coxiella burnetti
appropriately treated, it can lead to complications such as osteomyelitis,
endocarditis, and vascular infections.
C. Zoonotic Bacteria
Yersiniosis is an acute diarrheal illness that is caused by 3 species of Yersinia:
I. Yersinia spp. enterocolitis, pestis, and pseudotuberculosis. Diagnosis is predominantly based
on positive stool culture.
Tularemia is an illness you get from the bacterium Francisella tularensis (F.
II. Francisella tularensis). It causes your lymph nodes to painfully swell and other symptoms
tularensis in your lungs, eyes, throat and intestines, depending on where the bacteria
infects you.
Respiratory disease caused by Pasteurella multocida follows a relatively
III. Pasteurella nonspecific course, with cough fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain being
multocida common complaints. Pneumonia is the most common type of infection,
although tracheobronchitis, empyema, and lung abscesses may also occur.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterial genus Brucella. The
bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans by ingestion through infected
food products, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols.
IV. Brucella spp The disease is an old one that has been known by various names, including
Mediterranean fever, Malta fever, gastric remittent fever, and undulant fever.
Humans are accidental hosts, but brucellosis continues to be a major public
health concern worldwide and is the most common zoonotic infection.

https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/hflu/index.html#:~:text=Haemophilus%20influenzae%20type
%20b%20(Hib,(infection%20of%20the%20lungs).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7813/#:~:text=Bordetella%20pertussis%20causes
%20whooping%20cough,are%20bronchopneumonia%20and%20acute%20encephalopathy.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17750-legionnaires-
disease#:~:text=Legionnaires'%20disease%20is%20a%20serious,buildings%2C%20like%20hospitals
%20or%20hotels.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557893/#:~:text=Coxiella%20burnetii%20is%20the
%20causative,%2C%20endocarditis%2C%20and%20vascular%20infections.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499837/#:~:text=Yersiniosis%20is%20an%20acute
%20diarrheal,based%20on%20positive%20stool%20culture.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17775-tularemia

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557629/#:~:text=Respiratory%20disease%20caused%20by
%20Pasteurella,lung%20abscesses%20may%20also%20occur.

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-overview

(Nathan)
BACTERIA DISEASE OR INFECTION CAUSED
D. Spirochetes Bacteria
Treponema contains both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species, with four
treponematoses caused by human pathogens: syphilis (T pallidum subsp
pallidum), yaws (T pallidum subsp pertenue), endemic syphilis (T pallidum
I. Treponema spp.
subsp endemicum), and pinta(T carateum). Nonpathogenic treponemes may be
found in the intestinal tract, oral cavity, or genital tract, and some oral
treponemes have been linked to gingivitis and periodontal disease.
Borrelia spp. are Gram-negative spirochaetes responsible for Lyme disease and
tickborne relapsing fever in humans and animals. The genus contains 42
species, divided into 21 TBRF groups, 20 Lyme-Borreliosis groups, and one
associated with reptiles (B. turcica). The LB groups, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto
II. Borrelia spp. and B. burgdorferi sensu lato, can cause disease in both humans and animals.
Borrelia turcica has unknown pathology in reptiles, wildlife, domestic animals,
or humans. Although clinical disease in wildlife is limited with Lyme and TBRF, it
is crucial to consider their role in the transmission of these bacteria to domestic
animals and humans.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease affecting humans and animals caused by
Leptospira bacteria. It can cause various symptoms, some mistaken for other
III. Leptospira
diseases, and some may have no symptoms. Without treatment, Leptospirosis
interrogans
can cause kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress, and
even death.
E. Acid-Fast Bacteria
Mycobacterium species are acid-fast, aerobic, slow-growing bacteria with over
70 species, with 30 associated with human disease. The most important species
I. Mycobacterium spp. is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis and leprosy. Atypical
mycobacterial infections can still cause harm, especially in people with
immune-related issues like AIDS.
II. Mycoplasma Mycoplasma pneumonia is a bacteria that infects humans, causing upper
 respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. It is a common cause of atypical
pneumonia in the US. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections often cause mild
pneumonia
respiratory system infections but can also lead to more severe lung infections
requiring hospital care.

References:

https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-bacteria/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7716/#:~:text=The%20genus%20Treponema%20contains
%20both,and%20pinta%20(T%20carateum) .

https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/borrelia-spp-infection-with.pdf

https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/index.html#:~:text=Leptospirosis%20is%20a%20bacterial
%20disease,have%20no%20symptoms%20at%20all ..

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153382/#:~:text=Mycobacterium%20species%20are
%20a%20group,the%20causative%20agent%20of%20tuberculosis.

https://medlineplus.gov/mycobacterialinfections.html#:~:text=Mycobacteria%20are%20a%20type
%20of,Another%20one%20causes%20leprosy.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430780/#:~:text=Mycoplasma%20pneumonia%20is%20a
%20bacteria,attributed%20to%20Mycoplasma%20pneumoniae%20infections.

https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/index.html#:~:text=Mycoplasma
%20pneumoniae%20Infection&text=Mycoplasma%20pneumoniae%20bacteria%20commonly
%20cause,require%20care%20in%20a%20hospital