BIOLOGICS

By Dr Tangina
a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.

3 Categories:

1. Biologically- an antigen is a substance that, when introduced into the tissue of

humans or other vertebrates that causes formation of antibodies.

ANTIGENS-
a) Immunogenicity- capacity to induce antibody formation.
b) Specificity- governed by small chemical sites on the antigen molecule called
the antigenic determinants.

2. Chemically- antigens are usually protein, however, some high molecular

weight polysaccharides are antigenic.
3. Physically- antigens must possess a high molecular weight. A weight of more
than 10,000 daltons is required.

Example of antigens directly concerned in infectious disease are: exotoxins,

proteins, polysaccharides on the cell surface and capsules of bacteria, and the
protein coat of virus particles.
• Specialized cells of the immune system which can recognize organisms that
invade the body (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi). The antibodies are then
able to set off a complex chain of events designed to kill these foreign invaders.

ANTIBODIES
• IgA (Alpha heavy chains)- is the predominate immunoglobulin that found
external bodily secretion (as saliva, tears, sweat).
• IgD (Delta heavy chains)- is primarily found on B cell surfaces where it
functions as a receptor for antigen
• IgE ( Epsilon heavy chains)- function in allergic reaction.
• IgM ( Mu heavy chains)- is the first Ig to be made by the fetus and the first Ig to
be made by a virgin B cells when it is stimulated by antigen.

• IgG ( Gamma heavy chains)- Most abundant serum in immunoglobulins. IgG is

the only class of Ig that crosses the placenta.
Definition:
immunity is the state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection,
disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. It is the capability of the body to
resist harmful microbes from entering it.

IMMUNITY
• Natural immunity- is the natural resistances with which a person is born.

• Acquired immunity- Immunity obtained either from the development of

antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen, as from vaccination or an attack
of an infectious disease, or from the transmission of antibodies, as from mother
to fetus through the placenta or the injection of antiserum.
Acquired Immunity
1. Active Immunity
a) Naturally acquired active immunity - Receive by the body in a natural
manner.
b) Artificially acquired active immunity- Receive by the body through the
administration of a vaccine or toxoid.

2. Passive Immunity- is the transfer of active immunity, in the form of readymade

antibodies, from one individual to another.
a) Artificially acquired passive immunity - is a short-term immunization by the
injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by
the recipient's cells

b) Naturally acquired passive immunity- occurs during pregnancy, in which

certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream.
• A substance used to stimulate the productionof antibodies and provideimmunity
against oneor several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its
productor asynthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigenwithout inducingthe
disease.
• It may contain living,attenuated or killedviruses, killedrickettsiae.
• Vaccines create immunity that protects you from an infection sometimes
vaccines are called immunization, needles, or shots.
• It protect you from a specific disease that can make you very sick, disable or
even kill you.
• They boost your body’s own defense system which is called the immune
system.

VACCINES
  Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease. Sometimes, this
is because, the host’s immune system simply doesn’t respond adequately or at all.
This may be due to a lowered immune system in general ( diabetes, steroid use,
HIV infection) or because the host immune system doesn’t have A B cell capable
of generating antibodies to that antigen.
The efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors:
1. The disease itself ( for some diseases vaccination performs better than other
disease)
2. The strain of vaccine ( some vaccinations are for different strains of disease)
3. Whether on kept to time table for the vaccination.
4. Some individuals are “non-responders” to a certain vaccine.
5. Other factors such as age or genetic predisposition.

FACTORS
Vaccine type Vaccine of this type on US recommended childhood (ages 0-6)
immunization Schedule
1. Live attenuated Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (chicken pox) , influenza
(nasal spray).
2. Killed or inactivated vaccines Polio (IPV), Hepatitis A
3. Toxoid (Inactivated Form) Diptheria
4. Subunit Conjugate Hepatitis B
Non-living vaccines include the absence of virulent, pathogens, the ability to
manufacture these vaccines to a high level of purity, and their stability under
adverse conditions ( for example heat) which facilitates their use in field
applications.

Viral vaccines- a drug contain either inactivated viruses, or attenuated (alive but
not capable causing disease) viruses.
 Hepatitis B vaccine Medical workers and lab workers with frequent exposure
to blood or blood products, intravenous drug abusers, male homosexuals,
dialysis patients, recipients of clotting factors VIII or IX, Mortuary workers,
residents staff of institutions for mentally retarded and immuno comprised
patients. 1ml intramuscularly in deltoid muscle, repeated after 4 weeks and
again 6 months after first dose.
 Small pox Vaccine
Is the living virus vaccinla(cowpox)thathas been grown in the skin of a
vaccinatedbovine calf.It was the first vaccine for smallpox invented by Edward
Jenner to treat smallpox disease caused by Variola major and Variola minor
viruses.
1. Anyone who is allergic to the vaccine or any of its component (streptomycin,
chlortetracycline, neomycin).
2. Pregnant women.
3. Lactating women.
4. Persons with skin problems. ( esp. eczema, and atopic dermatitis)
5. People with weakened immune system such as those with received transplant.
6. People taking medications with steroids.
7. HIV Positive.
8. People recovering from the ailment cancer.

WHO SHOULD GET SMALLPOX

VACCINE?
• The smallpox is not given with a hypodermis needle.
• It is not a “shot” like many vaccinations.
• The vaccine is given using abifurcardneedle that is dipped into the solution.The
needle is then used to prick the skin a number of times in a few seconds. The
vaccine usually given in the upper arm.

HOW IS THIS GIVEN?

Side effects of Small pox Vaccine
I. Feeling usually cold.
II. Shivering.
III. Swollen painful or huder lymph glands in the neck, armpit, or groin.
Dose:
It is administered by making punctures in the skin with special needle.
Revaccinationis recommended at least every 10 years.
 • Is a deadly disease caused by virus that attacks the central nervous system.
The virus is present in the saliva, spinal fluid and brain tissue of rabid animal,
human get rabies when they are bitten by an infected animal.
 Rabies Vaccine
 • Is also known as human diploid cells rabies vaccine HDCV.
 • A sterile lyophilized preparation of either the whire virion on subvirion
rabies virus. Whire Virion- is prepared from wistar rabies virus grown in
cultures of human diploid embryo lung tissue and inactivated with Tri- N-
Butyl phosphate and B- propiolactone.

RABIES
• Is prepared from the Pasteur derived pamannoore virus crown on human diploid
cell cultures developed in Europe and inactivated with B- Propiolactone. Both
vaccines are supplied as 10ml, single- dose vials of lyophilized vaccines with
accompanying diluent.

Preventive Vaccination ( No Exposure)

• People whose activities bring them to frequent contact with rabies or with possibly
rabid animals.
• International travelers who are likely to come in contact with animals in parts of the
world where rabies is common.

SUBVIRION VACCINE
Used to treat yellow fever or yellow sack, black vomit. It is a serious disease
caused by the yellow fever virus called flaui virus.Fibricus causative agent.

Aedes mosquito was finally proved to be the vector of the disease.

Yellowfever can cause: a) Fever, flu b) Jaundice c) Liver, kidney, respiratory

organ system failure d) death

YELLOW FEVER VACCINE

• Babies under 9 months of age babies who are 6-9 monthsold should only be
vaccinated if the risk of getting yellow fever.
• Pregnant women
• Breast feedingwomen
• Weakened immune system
• People who are allergic to eggs.

WHO SHOULD BE VACCINATED?

• Is a sterile aqueous suspensions inactivated influenza virus type A and B. It also
contains a suitable preservative and may contain an adsorbent such as aluminum
phosphate or protamine.

• Used to treat flu virus that infect our respiratory system as nose, throat and
sometimes lungs.

INFLUENZA VACCINE
 2 types of influenzaVaccine (seasonal)
 1. The injection ( with killed virus)
 2. Nasal spray vaccine (containing live but weakened virus)

 4 things you might not know about flu vaccine:

 1. There are no live virus in the flu shots.
 2. The composition of vaccine changes every year.
 3. The flu shots is safe for pregnant women at all stages of their pregnancy.
 4. Bioscl Fluwax is not recommended for children under 5 years of age.
• a highly effective vaccine used against measles.
• Contains live attenuated ruboela (measles) and rubella (German measles)
viruses.
• Grown on cultures of either avian embryo tissue or human diploid cells.
• The vaccine acts by stimulating the adaptive immune response and provides
long term protection against the disease. The onset of the protection is slow but
the effect is long lasting.
• Stored in temperature of between 2 and 8 C and have 1 year expiration date.

MEASLES VACCINE
 Prepared with theB– level Jeryl Lynn strain from the virus which is grown in
cell cultures of chicken embryo tissue.
 Provides active immunity for at least 10 years after immunization and is
particularly valuable to susceptible individuals approaching puberty and to
adults.

MUMPS VACCINES
• The vaccine contains one of theviral envelopeproteins, hepatitisB surface
antigen(HBsAg). It is produced by yeast cells, in to which thegenetic code for
HBsAg has been inserted.

• A course of two to three (2–3) vaccine injections is given, the second injection
at least one month after the first dose and the thirdi njection being administered
six months after the first dose. The first and second dose offer complete
protection. The final injection is to prolong protection against the hepatitis B
virus.

HEPATITIS VACCINE
Bacterial Vaccines

• a preparation of killed or attenuated bacteria used as an active immunizing

agent.
• any of several preparations of Salmonella typhi used for immunization against
typhoid fever.
• Also known as Enteric vaccine because it prevents the effect of the disease on
the intestinal tract.
• Recommended for persons who have household contact with known typhoid
carrier or for travelers going to areas of the world where typhoid fever is
endemic.

TYPHOID VACCINE
• A sterile suspension of killed cholera vibrios ( vibrio cholerae) in isotonic
sodium chloride solution or other suitable diluent.

• An active immunizing agent in the development of immunity to the disease.

CHOLERA VACCINE
Plague vaccine a preparation of killed Yersinia pestisbacilli, administered
intramuscularly as an active immunizing agent against plague.
Pertussis vaccine a preparation of killed Bordetellapertussis bacilli or of purified
antigenic components there of, used to immunize against pertussis; generaly used
in combination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids(DTP or DTaP).
Pneumococcal vaccine polyvalenta preparation of purified capsular
polysaccharides from the 23serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia ecausing the
majority o f pneumococcal disease;used as an active immunizing agent in persons
over 2 years of age, administered intramuscularly.
A biological product, or biologic, is a preparation, such as a drug or a vaccine,
that is made from living organisms. Compared with conventional chemical drugs,
biologics are relatively large and complex molecules. They may be composed of
proteins (and/or their constituent amino acids), carbohydrates (such as sugars),
nucleic acids (such as DNA), or combinations of these substances. Biologics may
also be cells or tissues used in transplantation.

BIOLOGIC PREPARATION