2021 17th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN)
Satellite Laser Communication Assisted P-cycle
Protection Against SRLG Failures in WDM Optical
Networks
2021 17th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN) | 978-1-6654-2234-5/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/DRCN51631.2021.9477370
Hong Wang
School of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Engineering
Beijing University of Posts and Beijing University of Posts and
Telecommunications Telecommunications
Beijing, China
wang_hong@bupt.edu.cn xinli@bupt.edu.cn
Abstract—Since a single fiber carries a huge amount of data
in WDM optical networks, survivability for terrestrial optical
networks (TONs) has been an important area of research. P-
cycle protection against shared risk links group (SRLG) failures
in WDM optical networks has been studied extensively due to p-
cycle’s ability to achieve ring like recovery speed and maintain
the capability efficiency of a mesh-restorable network. However,
existing protection technologies totally rely on TONs themselves,
therefore it is difficult to deal with optical cable destructions in
case of unforeseen SRLG failures. In recent years, optical
wireless communication (OWC) has been widely studied owing
to its advantages of large bandwidth, high data rate and license-
free spectrum. As an important branch in the field of OWC,
satellite laser communication (SLC) can provide homogeneous
spatial ground-to-satellite and inter-satellite laser links, which
are free from terrestrial disasters, and bring a new solution to
improve the survivability of TONs. In this paper, we apply the
SLC technology in the p-cycle design against SRLG failures in
TONs. An integer linear programming (ILP) model is provided
to analysis the performance of new p-cycle protection scheme in
terms of joint working and spare capacity, the ratio of spare
capacity and working capacity, and the success rate of
protection.
Keywords—p-cycle, satellite laser communication (SLC),
shared risk links group (SRLG), integer linear programming (ILP)
I. INTRODUCTION
As one of the greatest technological inventions in the 20th
century, optical fiber communication is the foundation of
almost all network services and applications such as Internet,
wireless communication, Internet of Things, big data cloud
computing, machine learning, virtual reality, etc. In optical
networks employing WDM technology, huge amount of data
will be lost when the fiber is cut off by man-made or nature
disasters. An SRLG is a set of links which share a common
risk and may fail simultaneously. In practice, fiber optical
cables are bundled on one concrete conduit or
power/telephone pole (aerial), thus the concept of SRLG
failures can better reflect the nature of network link failures.
The capability to deal with SRLG failures is essential to the
survivability of WDM optical networks.
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Nos. 61701039 and 61821001) and Fund of State
Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture (No. CARCH201906).
978-1-6654-2234-5/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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Xin Li Shanguo Huang
School of Electronic Engineering
Beijing University of Posts and
Telecommunications
Beijing, China Beijing, China
shghuang@bupt.edu.cn
Many survivability technologies have been developed to
achieve uninterrupted traffic transmission, such as p-cycle,
dedicated/shared protections, p-cube, disaster-aware
provisioning scheme, k-node (edge) content connectivity, etc.
Among all the survivability technologies, p-cycle is a
promising approach for survivable WDM network design
because of its ability to achieve ring-like recovery speed while
maintaining the capacity efficiency of a mesh-restorable
network [1]. P-cycles are pre-configured ring-like structures
formed out of the spare capacity in the network. A p-cycle can
provide one protection path for every on-cycle span and two
restoration paths for every straddling span. A great deal of
works on p-cycles related to WDM optical network have been
made [2]-[4]. However, all the approaches mentioned above
mainly rely on the TONs themselves to achieve network
recovery in disaster scenarios. It may take a long time to
restore the damaged links and the network will suffer serious
congestion.
In recent years, with the development of OWC
technologies, the performance of wireless laser links has been
greatly improved and the feasibility of wireless optical
networks has been proved in [5]. SLC links including ground-
to-satellite links and inter-satellite links have been widely
studied and verified through experiments. In [6], Somanath
Pradhan et al. designed a high speed inter-satellite optical
wireless communication system with space and polarization
diversity techniques, which was designed, simulated and
analyzed for a link distance of 6,000 km with achievable bit-
rate of 7.63 Gbps. In National Institute of Information and
Communication Technology (NICT) of Japan, an ultra-high
speed optical satellite communication equipment onboard the
satellite has been developed which is planned to launch to
geosynchronous orbit in 2021, aiming for ultra-high speed
data transmission at 10 Gbps for both uplink and downlink
between optical ground stations (OGSs) and geosynchronous
satellites [7]. With the unique characteristics of wide coverage
and free-from terrestrial disasters, optical satellites can
provide long-distance optical transmission for OGSs and
restore communication rapidly after disasters. Meanwhile,
SLC can adopt the same transmission systems and protocols
as the wired optical communication, thus it is a promising and
feasible approach to apply SLC in p-cycle protection against
SRLG failures.
 2021 17th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN)

The rest of paper is organized as follows. In section Ⅱ, we

elaborate the concept of SRLG failures and space-ground GEO
Laser Link

integrated networks. The model of p-cycle protection assisted

by SLC is also introduced in this part. In section Ⅲ, we SON
develop an ILP model for the proposed protection scheme. In
section Ⅳ, we apply the ILP model to different networks and
analyze simulation results. Finally, a conclusion is given in b
section Ⅴ.
Laser Link
II. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
P-cycle protection against SRLG failures in optical Optical Ground
Station(OGS)
Data center

networks has been studied widely. SLC assisted p-cycle

design is a promising approach for the WDM optical network TON
a
protection. In this section, we analyze related issues in the
SLC assisted p-cycle protection against SRLG failures . Optical Ground
Firstly we introduce the concept of SRLG failures and the Station(OGS)

architecture of space-ground integrated networks. Then we Mobile Communication

elaborate the problem of OGSs deployment and analyze the Ground facilities
role of SLC links in services transmission. Optical Ground
Station(OGS)

A. SRLG Failures in TONs Fig. 2. Space-ground integrated optical network

Fiber spans are fiber optic cables that connect two nodes. With the characteristics of flexibility and ability to
Natural disasters usually span a wide area such as earthquakes, coordinate information, TONs and SONs can be backup for
snowstorms and hurricanes, which can cut off long-distance each other, thus the survivability of TONs is further enhanced.
transmission fiber optic cables and break a TON into several Considering the relative motion between satellites and
parts. A large number of services need to be restored after terrestrial targets, satellites on LEO and MEO fail to maintain
when a fiber link is destroyed by a serious disaster, which will stable laser links connected with OGSs. Therefore in the
lead to network recovery storm. Therefore, each disaster can designed model, we choose satellites on GEO to provide long-
be modeled by an SRLG failure which represents a group of term and effective protection for terrestrial services. It is also
links that will fail simultaneously. In Fig. 1, SRLG failures Ⅰ assumed that each satellite in SON is equipped with several
to Ⅵ represent areas affected by natural disasters, each of optical carriers and each node in the integrated network uses
which can cut off fiber optic cables passing through it when WDM technology.
disasters happen. For instance, both of A-B and A-C will be
cut off simultaneously in case of SRLG Ⅰ failure. C. OGSs Deployment and SLC links
For the SON assisted p-cycle protection model, all the
B. The Architecture of Space-Ground Integrated Networks
spatial light-path and ground light-path can be used to
The architecture of space-ground integrated networks has construct a large space-ground integrated cycle, such as cycle
been elaborated in [5], which consists of satellites on different (a), (b) shown in Fig. 2. Optical beams suffer from distortion
orbits, OGSs and different ground network facilities. SONs by atmospheric turbulence and obstruction by clouds, thus the
and TONs are integrated through ground-to-satellite laser deployment of OGSs should take these climatic conditions
links. In SONs, each satellite operates as a switching node and into consideration. Meanwhile, the cost of OGSs’ connection
has onboard processing capability. The performance of to real high-data-rate fiber network should also be considered
ground-to-satellite and inter-satellite wireless laser links [8]. In this paper, we focus on the cost limitation only and
upgrades sharply in recent years, therefore it is promising to place OGSs in the adjacent area of the nodes with maximum
construct a space-based optical network with global coverage. degree in topology. In p-cycle design, we regard the node and
TONs and SONs can maintain seamless connection through its adjacent OGS as one specific node and the specific node
wireless laser links. supports wavelength conversion when switching traffic from
fiber links to SLC links.
A
L Meanwhile, considering the limitation of optical satellite
ĉ weight bearing for optical communication devices, we assume
K č that each optical satellite can carry four optical
M communication devices, i.e. maintain four laser links with
Ċ
B D I other satellites or OGSs. Considering the state-of-art SLC
E G H Ď technology, the high cost of building and launching a satellite
ċ N and the long term of constructing a satellite network, in the
C pre-configured protection design, we limit the number of
Č J wavelength multiplexed in the laser link and highlight its role
of key link/service protection and adopt original p-cycle
F
design upon TONs without SLC links when the service is less
Fig. 1. Multiple SRLG failures in 14-Node NSFNet important or can be effectively protected by TONs.

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 2021 17th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN)
III. SLC ASSITIED P-CYCLE DESIGN AND ILP MODEL
The p-cycle survivability network protection against
SRLG failures has been widely studied. In this section, we
apply SLC into the p-cycle design against SRLG failures and
develop an ILP model to minimize joint working and spare
capacity. Key algorithms are elaborated and the ILP model
formulation is given.
A. Generation of Candidate Cycles Using SLC
In the ILP model, to obtain the optimal p-cycle design, a
set of candidate p-cycles containing all circles in network
should be calculated. However, as the network size increases,
the complexity of p-cycle design blows up since the number
of cycles in a network grows exponentially [1]. To overcome
the problem, we extend the algorithm mentioned in [9] and
take SLC into consideration. The main objective is to generate
a small subset of all cycles containing SLC links as candidate
p-cycles, which can survive any single SRLG failure given
enough spare capacities. Firstly, for each SRLG, remove all
links in it from the topology. Then calculate the shortest path
for each pair of end nodes of the removed link in the remaining
topology. The shortest path can be used to form a cycle with
the corresponding removed link. In order to utilize the
protection for straddling span, if there exists two node-disjoint
shortest paths, the two paths can also be combined to form a
cycle where the removed link straddles. When circulating the
shortest path, we stipulate the priority of links in TON. When
the length of the path surpasses one threshold value,
recalculate the shortest path with the assistance of satellite
laser links. The rule guarantees the efficiency of protection of
services passing through large numbers of nodes, which are
more vulnerable to risks as passing through more risk areas.
Meanwhile, the algorithm prefers to select links in the TON
when generating p-cycles owing to the high cost of satellite
laser links. The pseudo code for generating basic p-cycles is
given below. Network G(V,L) represents the topology of the
TON, GS (VS , LS ) represents the integrated network topology
of TON and SON.
Basic_pCycle (network G(V, L), GS (VS , LS ) , SRLG set R)
1. P=‫;׎‬
2. for each SRLG k ‫א‬R
3. remove links in k from L and update G to G '
4. remove links in k from LS and update G to GS ' ’
5. for each link l (u, v)  k
6. compute the shortest path l ' between u and v in G ' ;
7. if hops of l ' are larger than preset threshold
8. compute the shortest path l ' between u and v in
GS ' ;
9. end if
10. p=the cycle formed by l and l ' ;
11. P=PĤ{p};
12. compute two node-disjoint paths between u and v in
GS ' ˗
13. if the two paths exists
14. p ' =the cycle formed by the two paths˗
15. P=PĤ{ p ' };
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16. end if
17. end for
18. end for
19. return P;
B. P-Cycle Protection Path Upon an SRLG Failure
The number of protection paths provided by a p-cycle in
case of a SRLG failure depends on the location relationship
between links in the SRLG and the p-cycle. When an SRLG
fails, all links in this SRLG are cut off. Here we regard the
cycle A-B-C-F-E-G-H-A shown in Fig. 3 as the pre-
configured cycle to demonstrate the protection provided for
different links in case of a single SRLG failure in NSFNet.
If the link is not on the cycle or only one end node of the
link is on the cycle, the p-cycle provides no protection path for
this link. As shown in Fig. 3, the p-cycle provides no
protection for link B-D in case of SRLG Ⅱ failure. If the p-
cycle remains a complete cycle or a complete path after the
SRLG failure, the number of protection path provided by a p-
cycle can be 1 or 2. If the link is on the cycle, the number of
protection path is 1. As shown in Fig. 3, the p-cycle provides
one protection path for link A-B in case of SRLG Ⅰ. If the
cycle remains intact and the link straddles the cycle, the
number of protection path is 2. As shown in Fig.3, the p-cycle
provides two protection paths for link A-C in case of SRLG
Ⅱ failure.
If the p-cycle is broken into several segments by multiple
broken links after the SRLG failure, the number of protection
paths provided by a p-cycle may be 0 or 1. As shown in Fig.
3, when SRLG Ⅳ fails, links A-C, C-F and E-F fail
simultaneously and the cycle is broken into two parts, i.e., “F”
and “C-B-A-H-G-E”. If two end nodes of the link are on same
segment, the number of protection path is 1. In case of SRLG
Ⅳ failure, the p-cycle provides one protection path for link A-
C. If two end nodes of the link are on different segments, the
number of protection paths is 0. In case of SRLG Ⅳ failure,
the p-cycle provides no protection for link C-F or E-F.
C. ILP Model
According to the computation method, the problem of p-
cycle design can be approached in either a centralized or
distributed manner [1]. In this paper, we adopt centralized
method and use the joint capacity optimization (JCO) ILP
model for p-cycle design, where working and spare capacities
A
L
ĉ
K č
Ċ M
B D I
E G H Ď
ċ N
C
Č J
F
Fig. 3. P-cycle protection for different links
 2021 17th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN)

are optimized jointly. The set of candidate p-cycles is ݊௜௝௞ : number of copies of cycle i needed for link j in
generated using the algorithm Basic_pCycle elaborated the p-cycle design when SRLG k fails.
previously.
x Optimization objective:
In order to guarantee a reasonable solution of the problem,
following conditions are assumed: Minimize ¦ c j ( s j  w j ) (1)
j L
x Each link in TON is affected by a single-link failure or x Subject to:
a SRLG failure. That is, there is no risk-free link in
TON.
sj ¦p
iP
ij n i j  L (2)

x SLC links belong to no SRLG.

b jk w j d ¦ xijk nijk , j  L, k  R (3)
x G is a two-edge-connected network and each link of L iP

can be protected by at least one cycle.

nik ¦b jk nijk , i  P, k  R (4)
x An SRLG failure cannot cut off a node from the graph, jL

which means the node is connected with at least one

ni t nik , i  P, k  R (5)
node of V.
The ILP model formulation is modeled as follows: wj ¦ ¦T ( s,d )
( u , v ), O , j (u, v)  L (6)
x Sets: ( s , d )T O/

G=(V,L): Network topology, including TON optical ­° / j  L in TON

nodes and links and SON optical nodes and links. s j  wj d ® (7)
°̄ / S j  L in SON
R: A set of SRLGs, each SRLG contains several TON
links in G. ¦ ¦T
v:( u , v )L O/
( s,d )
( u , v ), O  ¦ ¦T
v:( v , u )L O/
( s,d )
( v , u ), O

P: A set of candidate p-cycles.

­1 u s (8)
T: A set of demand pairs (s,d), s represents the source °
node of traffic t and d represents the destination node, ®1 u d ,( s, d )  T
szd. °0 else
¯
/ : A set of wavelengths in one fiber link. ¦ T((us,,vd),)O  ¦ T((us,,vd),)O 0,
/S : A set of wavelengths in one satellite laser link
v:( u , v )L v:( v , u )L (9)
( s, d )  T , u  V , u z s, u z d , O  /
x Parameters:
¦ T((us,,vd),)O d 1, (u , v)  L, O  / (10)
c j : cost of one unit of capacity in link j. ( s , d )T

pij : if basic cycle i contains link j, pij 1 , else 0. Formula (2) reflects the relationship between spare
capacities and p-cycle design. Formula (3) ensures that if link
b jk : if SRLG k contains link j, b jk 1 , else 0. j is in SRLG k, its working capacity is protected by spare
capacities when k fails. Formula (4) ensures that all links in
xijk : number of protection paths provided by cycle i for SRLG k will be restored when k fails. Formula (5) reflects the
fact that in case of one single SRLG failure, the number of
link j when SRLG k fails. xijk 0 , 1 or 2,which is copies of cycle i should be less than the requirement over all
calculated according to B part of section Ⅲ . single SRLG failures. Formula (6) reflects the relationship
between working capacities and the set of demand pairs.
x Variables: Formula (7) ensures that the number of wavelengths used in
any optical fiber link is less than the total number of
T((us,,vd),)O : if wavelength O in link (u, v) is occupied by wavelength. Formula (8) reflects flow conservation constraint
demand (s,d), T((us,,vd),)O 1 ,else 0. and formula (9) reflects wavelength consistency constraint.
Formula (10) ensures that one wavelength in a link can only
w j : working capacity on link j. be occupied by one demand in the process of transmission.

‫ݏ‬௝ : spare capacity for protection on link j.
݊௜ : number of copies of cycle i needed in the p-cycle
design.
݊௜௞ : number of copies of cycle i needed in the p-cycle
design when SRLG k fails.
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULT ANALYSIS
The ILP model for SLC assisted p-cycle protection is
simulated in two integrated networks as shown in Fig. 4.
Network 1 consists of a 14-nodes NSFNet and an SON.
Network 2 consists of an 11-nodes Pan-European COST239
and an SON. Both SONs in integrated networks are composed
by three GEO satellites, each of which is connected with other

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 2021 17th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN)

S
S

(a)
S S

(a) Contrast of cost in NSFNet and integrated network

(b)
Fig. 4. Simulation networks: (a) Integrated NSFNet and an SON; (b)
Integrated Pan-European COST239 and an SON

two satellites and two OGSs in TON. In our simulations, the (b) Contrast of cost in COST239 and integrated network
number of wavelengths on each link in TON is 80 and number
Fig. 5. Cost of joint working and spare capacity optimized in JCO ILP
of wavelengths in each ground-to-satellite link or inter- model.
satellite link is 16. The cost of each unit of capacity on a link
is set to 1. In practice, SRLG sets are known a priori. In our The numerical results indicate that in integrated space-
simulations, their distribution is shown in Fig. 4 (a) and (b). ground networks, the SLC assisted p-cycle protection can
Meanwhile, we also simulate ILP model for traditional p- reduce traffic load and guarantee protection for link failures
cycle protection in TONs as comparison objects. TONs are adequately.
still 14-nodes NSFNet and 11-nodes COST239. The object is B. Ratio of Spare Capacity and Working Capacity
also optimized by the ILP model elaborated in section Ⅲ but
the sets, variables, and constraints relative to SLC are removed. Fig. 6 shows the ratio of spare capacity and working
For each network, five demand sets are used and the number capacity. We can find that the ratio in integrated networks is
of demands in set ranges from 50 to 150. For each demand, smaller than that in TON in case of different demand sets. The
source node and destination node are generated from node set results indicate that SLC assisted p-cycle design provides
in TON randomly and each source-destination pair only protection for failed links more efficiently than traditional p-
occupies one wavelength. cycle protection in TONs.
The SLC assisted p-cycle protection against SRLG
failures is evaluated from three aspects: the cost of joint
working and spare capacity, i.e., the optimization objective of
JCO model, the ratio of spare capacity and working capacity,
and the success rate of protection when the network suffers
congestion.
A. Cost of Joint Working and Spare Capacity
As shown in Fig. 5 (a) and (b), it can be found that as the
number of demands increases, the cost of joint working and
spare capacity in networks increases simultaneously. The cost
of joint capacity in integrated networks is always less than that
in TONs, i.e. the ILP model designed for JCO in the SLC
assisted p-cycle protection requires less working and spare
capacities than the traditional p-cycle protection without SLC. (a) Contrast of ratio in NSFNet and integrated network

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 2021 17th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN)
(b) Contrast of ratio in COST239 and integrated network
Fig. 6. Ratio of spare capacity and working capacity
(a) Success rate of protection in NSFNet and integrated network
(b) Success rate of protection in COST239 and integrated network
Fig. 7. Success rate of protection
C. Success Rate of Protection
In this part, we increase the number of demands
reasonably to simulate network congestion. The demands are
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routed in advance and the ILP model is designed to optimize
the spare capacity. When the spare capacity is not adequate
for restoring the working capacity in one link, the protection
for this link fails. As results shown in (a) and (b) in Fig. 7, as
the number of demands increase, the success rate of
protection declines. We can also find that SLC assisted p-
cycle protection can achieve higher success rate than
traditional p-cycle protection in TONs. The results indicate
that SLC links can improve the success rate of protection.
Thus it is feasible to use SLC technologies to enhance the
survivability of TONs.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we elaborated the advantages and feasibility
of SLC. We proposed an SLC assisted p-cycle protection
scheme and adopt JCO ILP model for the p-cycle design.
Then we simulated the model in TONs and integrated space-
ground networks to analyze the cost of joint working and
spare capacity, the ratio of spare capacity and working
capacity and the success rate of protection. Simulation results
indicate that SLC assisted p-cycle protection can reduce
traffic load, increase protection efficiency and improve
success rate of protection.
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