Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

Corrections 2nd Edition by Stohr ISBN

1412997178 9781412997171
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Section V:
Probation and Community Corrections
Multiple Choice (36)
1. What is/was judicial reprieve? (d)
a. A delay in sentencing following a conviction that became permanent
b. A sentence suspension by a judge, releasing a defendant on his or her own recognizance
c. A postponement of sentencing contingent upon an offender’s future behavior
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
2. The first real probation system was developed in the _______by ____________ in Boston, MA.
(c)
a. 1790s; John Augustus
b. 1820s; John Locke
c. 1840s; John Augustus
d. 1870s; John Locke
3. What was significant about the Massachusetts legislature’s authorization of Boston’s hiring of
probation officers in 1878? (b)
a. It marked the first time probationers received supervision.
b. It marked the first time probation officers received pay.
c. It marked the first time convicted offenders had an alternative to incarceration.
d. It marked the beginning of the first probation program in America.
4. The passing of the National Probation Act of 1925 afforded: (a)
a. Judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation.
b. Probation officers the same legal authority as police officers.
c. State governments the federal funds necessary for probation programs.
d. Little actual change, as it was merely a political stunt.

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5. Any activity performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in establishing or reestablishing
functional law-abiding roles in the community while simultaneously monitoring their behavior
for criminal activity is known as: (b)
a. Parole
b. Community corrections
c. Probation
d. Judicial reprieve
e. None of the above
6. Upon receiving probation, an offender’s sentence is: (b)
a. Suspended for a set period of time
b. Suspended pending good behavior
c. Commuted
d. Delayed for a limited period
7. For each offender, probation costs ____per year, whereas imprisonment costs ____per year. (a)
a. Between $700-$1,000; between $20,000-$30,000
b. Between $7,000-$10,000; between $20,000-$30,000
c. Between $700-$1,000; between $10,000-$15,000
d. Between $7,000-$10,000; between $15,000-$20,000
8. From 1980 to 2008, the ratio of probationers to prison inmates has: (d)
a. Stayed the same
b. Increased, 4 probationers to 1 inmate
c. Increased dramatically, 6 probationers to 1 inmate
d. Decreased, 3 probationers to 1 inmate
9. Powerful barriers against criminal offending are ____________and ____________. (d)
a. Social bonds, Social culture
b. Social capital, Familial bonds
c. Familial bonds, Social culture
d. Social bonds, Social capital
10. Which of the following contains offender needs and risk scales that embody the principle of
responsive rehabilitation and are used to determine the level of supervision that offenders
receive? (a)
a. Client Management Classification System
b. Presentence Administrative Reports
c. Intensive Supervision Reports
d. Offender Rating Scales
11. Place these CMC supervisory categories into their correct order from low-risk to high-risk. (b)
a. Environmental structure; selective intervention; limit setting ; casework/control
b. Selective intervention; environmental structure; casework/control; limit setting
c. Environmental structure; casework/control; limit setting; selective intervention
d. Selective intervention; limit setting; environmental structure; casework/control
12. Intensive supervision probation, work release, and boot camps are all examples of what? (a)
a. Intermediate sanctions
b. Coercive corrections
c. Alternative justice
d. Community corrections
13. All of the following are benefits of intermediate sanctions in general, except: (c)
a. They cost less than prison
b. They reduce prison overcrowding

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Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

c. They lower recidivism rates over prison

d. They provide for better public safety than regular probation
14. ___________________ describes the act of encouraging probationers to seek treatment
through carrots and sticks. (d)
a. Recidivating
b. Sanctioning
c. Probation
d. Coercion
15. ______________________ involves more frequent surveillance of a probationer and is typically
limited to more serious offenders. (a)
a. Intensive supervision programs
b. Work release
c. Shock probation
d. Victim-offender reconciliation programs

16. _____________________ is/are designed to control offenders in a secure environment while at

the same time allowing them to maintain employment. (b)
a. Intensive supervision programs
b. Work release
c. Shock probation
d. Victim-offender reconciliation programs
17. ____________________ involves being sentenced to prison, serving a short period of time, and
then being placed on probation. (c)
a. Intensive supervision programs
b. Work release
c. Shock probation
d. Victim-offender reconciliation programs
18. Because of “get tough” policies, community corrections is _________ relative to incarceration.
(b)
a. Increasing
b. Decreasing
c. Staying the same
d. Not
19. About _________ of probation officers are female. (d)
a. 70%
b. 10%
c. 33%
d. 50%
20. Those selected for shock probation tend to be: (c)
a. Violent offenders
b. Repeat serious offenders
c. Young, first time offenders
d. All of the above
21. What is the relationship between corrections boot camps and recidivism? (c)
a. They reduce recidivism
b. They increase recidivism

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 c. They do not reduce recidivism
d. They have not yet been properly assessed
22. What is the relationship between shock probation programs and recidivism? (a)
a. They reduce recidivism
b. They increase recidivism
c. They do not reduce recidivism
d. They have not yet been properly assessed
23. What is the relationship between work release programs and recidivism? (a)
a. They reduce recidivism
b. They increase recidivism
c. They do not reduce recidivism
d. They have not yet been properly assessed
24. Government-imposed changes in someone’s legal status that interferes with their
constitutionally guaranteed rights is a: (c)
a. Liberty affidavit
b. Constitutional waiver
c. Liberty interest
d. Judicial reprieve
25. Which of the following is true of the population of persons under correctional supervision from
1980 to 2008? (d)
a. Jail and prison populations have risen, but parole and probation have fallen
b. Jail and prison populations have fallen, but parole and probation have risen
c. Jail, parole and probation populations have fallen, but prison has risen
d. All have risen
e. All have fallen
26. Probation and parole officers have two main roles, one is law enforcement, and the other is that
of a: (c)
a. Profiler
b. Investigator
c. Social worker
d. Supervisor
27. Probation and parole officers can follow a “third” role, which follows what approach? (a)
a. Hybrid
b. Profiler
c. Investigator
d. Social worker
28. Which of the following supervision-level categories is given to offenders who are low risk and
low needs? (a)
a. Selective intervention
b. Environmental structure
c. Casework/control
d. Limit-setting
29. Which of the following supervision-level categories is given to offenders who are on the low end
of medium risk and require regular supervision? (b)
a. Selective intervention
b. Environmental structure
c. Casework/control
d. Limit-setting

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Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

30. Offenders on/in which type of intermediate sanctions are generally the least likely of all
community-based corrections offenders to be rearrested and imprisoned within one year and
five years of successful completion? (b)
a. Intensive supervision probation
b. Work release
c. Shock probation
d. Correctional boot camps
31. Female probation officers were found to significantly report ________ physical symptoms of
stress than their male counterparts. (a)
a. Higher
b. Lower
c. The same
d. No
32. Simmons et al. (missing pub year citation) found that roughly _______ of probation officer
respondents indicated a dislike for their supervisors. (d)
a. 15%
b. 45%
c. 66%
d. 90%
33. Reading 10 by Harris et al. (2004) looked at the effectiveness of the: (c)
a. CPAI
b. Boot Camps (LEAD)
c. CMC
d. PTSD
34. What was the dependent variable for all of Harris et al. (2004) analyses? (b)
a. Length of sentence
b. Case outcome
c. Number of offenses
d. None of the above
35. Bottcher and Ezell (2005) conducted research on the effectiveness of: (a)
a. Bootcamps
b. Drug programs
c. VORPs
d. ISP
36. Bottcher and Ezell (2005) found that LEAD: (a)
a. Failed to reduce crime
b. Increased sentence length
c. Put the public at risk
d. Both B and C

True/False (26)
1. True or False? The practice of imprisoning convicted criminals has been the primary means of
punishment in the Americas since its discovery. (F)
2. True or False? There were fewer than 2 million Americans on probation in 2006. (F)
3. True or False? In 2008, 59% of probationers successfully completed their conditions of
supervision and were released. (T)

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 4. True or False? Many jurisdictions require their probationers to pay for the costs of supervision.
(T)
5. True or False? Most probation/parole officers are white and middle class. (T)
6. True or False? One study found that 13% of offenders supervised by a “hybrid” officer received a
technical violation. (T)
7. True or False? Placing offenders into programs that are overly restrictive can result in negative
outcomes. (T)
8. True or False? Many more offenders get into trouble because of pathologies, not deficiencies.
(F)
9. True or False? The American public often believes judicial reprieve to be too lenient. (T)
10. True or False? There are more offenders under community supervision today than at any other
time in history. (T)
11. True or False? A popular misconception is that correctional boot camps are highly effective
against recidivism. (T)
12. True or False? The boot camp idea of corrections is generally unpopular with the public. (F)
13. True or False? In Mempa v. Rhay the Supreme Court ruled that sentencing at a revocation
hearing is not a critical stage in a criminal case. (F)
14. True or False? Probationers and parolees have no due process rights since they have already
been convicted. (F)
15. True or False? The ruling by the Court in Morrissey noted that parole revocation does not call
for all the rights due an unconvicted defendant, but that there were certain protections under
the Fourteenth Amendment to which he or she is entitled. (T)
16. True or False? The term probation comes from the Latin term probative. (F)
17. True or False? Probation and parole officers are not officers of the courts. (F)
18. True or False? Good case management in community corrections requires community
involvement. (T)
19. True or False? Social capital refers to connections to others and social institutions that promote
prosocial behavior and discourage antisocial behavior. (F)
20. True or False? Both probation and parole are statutory privileges granted by the state in lieu of
imprisonment or further imprisonment. (T)
21. True or False? The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health figures that more than
50% of trips to primary care physicians and up to 50% of workplace accidents involve stress. (F)
22. True or False? Married probation officers are less occupationally stressed than their unmarried
cohorts. (T)
23. True or False? One of the stressors facing probation officers highlighted by Slate et al. (2003) in
Reading 9 was Role Specificity. (F)
24. True or False? LEAD program eligibility criteria were fairly stringent, such that only 7% of the
male juvenile court intake pool was eligible. (F)
25. True or False? Bottcher and Ezell (2005) in Reading 11 found no significant differences between
boot camps and control groups in average time or overall arrest charges in the first year. (T)
26. In Bottcher and Ezell's (2005) LEAD study they found that after 200 days, 30% of the boot camp
wards and 33% of the control group had been arrested on a new criminal charge. (T)

Short Answer (10)

1. Why do experienced offenders sometimes prefer prison to probation? (p. 160)
2. List the ways in which probation benefits communities as opposed to imprisonment. (p. 160-
162)

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Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

3. What is social capital? (p. 165)

4. How does treatment coercion help offenders? (p. 166)
5. What rights did probationers receive in Mempa v. Rhay, and what was the Supreme Court’s
reasoning? (p. 167)
6. What is judicial reprieve? (p. 159)
7. What notion does the general public have about offenders receiving probation? (p. 160)
8. Name the three roles probation and parole officers can follow. (p. 162-163)
9. What is intensive supervision probation? (p. 165-166)
10. What is shock probation? (p. 166-167)
Essay (8)
1. Describe the four levels of the client management classification system. Include the type of
offender and level of monitoring. (p. 163-164)
2. How are social bonds related to social capital? In your essay, define each term and provide an
example of how they are interrelated. (p. 164-165)
3. Identify the six rights granted to parolees under the Fourteenth Amendment and discuss the
rights they waive under the Fourth Amendment. (p.168)
4. Why do we need community corrections? In your response, discuss the reasons the book gave,
but also discuss which reason(s) you believe in and why. (p. 160-161)
5. List and discuss the various roles probation and parole officers can take. Which do you believe is
most effective and why do you believe this? (p. 162-163)
6. Describe the judicial reprieve and the beginnings of the first real probation system. (p. 159-160)
7. What is intensive supervision probation? What type of offenders better fit this type of
probation? Make sure to mention the components of ISP in your discussion. (p. 165-166)
8. Identify and discuss the types of intermediate sanctions mentioned in this chapter. Give
examples of the types of offenders who would ideally fit these sanctions. (p. 165-167)
Reader Questions (12)
1) What are the financial costs of stress? (p. 171)
2) What are some of the factors that reduce probation officer stress? (p. 172-173)
3) How are males and females different when it comes to stress? (p. 178-179)
4) What were Slate, Wells and Johnson’s (2003) findings? (p. 175-181)
5) What are the 5 CMC “strategy groups”? (p. 186)
6) What was Harris et al.’s (2004) dependent variable and what were the three considered
outcome measures? (p. 188)
7) List 4 of the measures of case supervision in Harris et al.’s (2004) research. (p. 190-192)
8) How is the CMC useful in helping officers identify offenders’ criminogenic needs? (p. 200-201)
9) What are some of the criticisms of correctional boot camps? (p. 205-206)
10) What were some of the positive feelings shared by the LEAD wards? (p. 206)
11) What was the percentage of boot camp wards who were rearrested after 200 days, 1 year and
at the end of the study? (p. 210-211)
12) What does the bulk of evidence from previous studies support? (p. 216)