Electrical Engineering Concepts and

Applications 1st Edition by Zekavat

ISBN 0132539187 9780132539180
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Chapter 6 Solutions
Section 6.1 Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
6.1
e 2+3 j = e 2 e 3 j
= e 2 (cos 3 + j sin 3)
= 7.389(!0.99 + j0.1411)
= !7.32 + j1.04

6.2
e 3 j " e1! j = e 3 j +1! j
= e1+2 j
= e1 (cos 2 + j sin 2)
= 2.718(!0.416 + j0.929)
= !1.13 + j2.47

6.3 The peak value of the voltage is Vm = 100V.

The voltage at t = 10, is v(10 ) = 100 sin (1000! + 30°) = 100 sin (30°) = 50V .
6.4 The amplitude is:
Vm = 10V.
The phase is:
! !
θ = 60ο or 60° = 60 " radian = radian .
 180 3
The angular frequency is:
ω = 110π rad/s.
The period is:
2! 2! 1
T= = = = 0.0182 sec.
" 110! 55
The frequency is:
1
f = = 55Hz
T
6.5 The period of a sinusoidal function is defined by:

2"
T=
!
2" "
a. ! = 2! , T = =

2! !
2!
b. ! = 3 , T =
3
c. ! = 1 , T = 2!

2" "
d. ! = 2! , T = =

2! !
e. The sinusoidal function consists of two different frequencies. However, the period of
this function is only depending on the slowest frequency. In other word, the largest period
is the period of this sinusoidal function.
1
!1 = , T1 = 4!
2
1
!2 = , T2 = 6! . T2 is the period of this sinusoidal function.
3

6.6 Given that sin " = cos(" ! 90°) . Thus,

a. v(t) = sin (100t + 30o )= cos(100t + 30 o ! 90 o )= cos(100t ! 60 o )
b. v(t ) = sin (50o )= cos(50 o ! 90o ) = cos(!40 o ) = cos(40 o )
c. v(t ) = sin (115o )= cos(115o ! 90o ) = cos(25o )
d. v(t ) = sin (#t + " ) = cos(#t + " ! 90°)
& )
e. v(t ) = sin (*t + ) ' ( ) = cos(*t + ) ' ( ' 90°) = cos $*t + ' ( !#
% 2 "

6.7 Given that cos ! = sin(! + 90°) . Thus,

a. v(t ) = cos (100!t +10 o )= sin (100!t +100 o )
b. v(t ) = cos(t +150 o )= sin cos(t + 240 o )
c. v(t ) = cos(195o )= sin (285o )
d. v(t ) = cos("t + ! ) = sin ("t + ! + 90°)
e. v(t ) = cos(#t ! " ) = sin (#t ! " + 90°)

6.8 The peak value is

Vm=156V.
The rms value is
Vm 156
Vrms= = = 110.31 V.
2 2
6.9 The rms value is
Im 2
Irms= = = 1.414 A.

2 2

6.10 The peak value is

Vm=200V.
The rms value is
 Vm 200
Vrms= = = 141.4 V.

2 2
2
V (141.4 )2
rms
Pavg = = =13.33 W.
R 1500

6.11
1 T 2
Vrms = !V S (t)dt
T 0

1 T
! (6 cos(20t) + 2) dt
2
Vrms =
T 0

1 T
Vrms = ! 36 cos 2 (20t) + 12 cos(20t) + 4dt
T 0

1 T
Vrms =
T ! 18[1 + cos(40t)]+ 12 cos(20t) + 4dt
0
T

1& 12
Vrms = 18t + sin(20t) + 4t #
T 20 0

For a period cycle, sin(20T ) = sin(0) = 0 . Therefore, Vrms is:

1
Vrms = 22T = 22V
T

6.12 The frequency for the voltage source is,

"
f = =
0.1Hz
2!

The time require for one period cycle is,

1
T= = 10
sec
f

The voltage sketch is shown in Figure S6.12. The initial voltage due to phase angle is
0.866V.
 Figure S6.12: Voltage sketch for Problem 6.12.
6.13 The peak to peak voltage is:
V peak = 6.5 ! (!1.5) = 8V

Thus the amplitude for the sinusoidal voltage is:

V
peak
V
amp = V =4
2

Also, we can determine the offset voltage, which is:

Voffset = V peak ! Vamp = 2.5V

From the plot, the voltage experience two cycle in one second, then the period of one
cycle and the frequency of the sinusoidal voltage are,

1sec
T= = 0.5 sec
2
1
f = = 2Hz
T

Therefore, the voltage source can be expressed as:

VS (t) = 4 cos(4"t + !) + 2.5V

Where ! is phase angle. It can be determine by substitute t = 0 sec in the voltage source
equation and compare to the plot.
At t =0, the plot shows the voltage is 4.5V. And the equation we obtain shows:

VS (t) = 4 cos(!) + 2.5V

4 cos(! ) + 2.5V = 4.5V
4 cos(! ) = 2V
cos(! ) = 0.5V
! = 60 o

Thus, the final expression for the sinusoidal voltage source is:

VS (t) = 4 cos(4!t + 60 o ) + 2.5V

Section
r
6.2 Phasorsr
6.14 V1 = 156!60° ; V 2 = 220"(! 45° ! 90°) = 220" !135° .

r
6.15 I = 3!20° .

6.16 The phasor for these voltage sources are,

V1 = V2 = 110!60°V

Both phasor are same, because the phasor does not show the characteristic of the
frequency of voltage sources. But it only shows the magnitude and their phase angle.

6.17 The phasors of v1 (t ) and v2 (t ) are, respectively

r
V1 = 100!30° ,
r
V2 = 250!60° .
r r
V1 + V2 = 100!30° + 250!60° = 100 ! cos(30°)+ j100 ! sin (30°)+ 250 ! cos(60°)+ j250 ! sin (60°)
= 86.6 + j50 +125 + j216.5
= 211.6 + j266.5
& 266.5 #
= (211.6 )2 + (266.5)2 ' tan (1
$ !
% 211.6 "
= 340.3!51.6° .
Then,

v a (t ) = 340.3 cos(120!t + 51.6° ).

6.18 The phasors of v1 (t ) and v2 (t ) are, respectively

r
V1 = 100!30° ,
r
V2 = 250!60° .
 r r
V1 – V2 = 100!30° – 250!60° = 100 ! cos(30°)+ j100 ! sin (30°)" 250 ! cos(60°)" j250 ! sin (60°)
=86.6 + j50 !125 ! j216.5
= !38.4 ! j166.5
& ' 166.5 #
= (38.4)2 + (166.5)2 ( tan '1
$ !
% ' 38.4 "
=170.9" !102.98° .
Then,

v d (t ) = 170.9 cos(120"t !102.98°).

6.19 The total phasor of V1 + V2 is,

V = V1 + V2 = 20!15° + 10!45°
V1 + V2 = 19.32 + j5.18 + 7.07 + j7.07
V = 26.4 + j12.25
V = 29.1!24.9°
Since the frequency of the voltage source is not given, assume that " = 2!f , we get:

v(t) = 29.1cos(!t + 24.9°)

Section 6.3 Complex Impedance

6.20 The angular frequency, ω is

200
( = 2'f = 2' $ ! = 400
& #
% ' "

Impedance of inductor is,

Z L = j"L = j80!

The total impedance is

!1
1 1
Z = 150 + % + "
' $
T % 200 j80 "
& #

Z T = 150 + 27.58 + j68.97

Z T = 177.58 + j68.97!

6.21 For ! = 200

 1
ZC = " j Z L = j! L
!C

1
Z =#j #6
+ 25 + j0.150 ! 200 = 25 " j970!
5"10 ! 200

For ! = 500
1
Z =#j #6
+ 25 + j0.150 ! 500 = 25 " j325!
5"10 !500

For ! = 1000
1
Z =#j #6 + 25 + j0.150 !1000 = 25 " j50!
5"10 !1000

6.22 For ! = 200

1
ZC = " j = " j5k!
200 #10 "6

Z L = j0.2 " 200 = j40!

3

! j5k # j 40 ! (! 1)200 "10

Z = Z C // Z L = = = j40.32!

! j5k + j40 ! j4960

For ! = 800
1
ZC = " j = " j1250!
800 #10 "6

Z L = j0.2 "800 = j160!

! j1250 " j160

Z = Z C // Z L = j183.5!
=
! j1250 + j160

For ! = 1500
1
ZC = " j = " j667!
1500 #10 "6

Z L = j0.2 "1500 = j300!

 Z = Z C || Z L = j545.45 !

6.23 Given that,

ω=600

Find total resistance.

!1
([
Z = '% ! j3333.33!1 + j150 !1 ] + j60) +100
!1 !1
!1 $
"#
Therefore:

Z = 82.49 + j38!

6.24 Given that,

ω=250
Total resistance is
(
Z = 50 !1 ! j4000 !1 )
!1
+ j30 !
j2000

Z = 50- j1970 Ω

(15 ! j10 )( j5) = 1.5 + j5.5

6.25 (15 ! j10 )|| j5 =
15 ! j10 + j5

-j 25

Z 1.5+
j5.5

j20

Figure S6.25: impedance calculation

Z = 1.5 + j5.5 ! j25 + j20 = 1.5 + j0.5!

[ !1 !1
6.26 Z = (30 ! j50 ) + ( j20) + (50 ! j30 )
!1 !1
] = 9.41+ j17.65!

6.27 The angular frequency of the circuit is, ! = 200 .

Then the impedance of inductor and the total impedance is,

Z L = j"L = j20!
!1

1 1
Z = 200 + % + "
' $
T % "
& 250 j20 #

Z T = 201.59 + j19.87!

The voltage across the inductor is,

1.59 + j19.87
V= "15!0°
201.59 + j19.87
V = 0.26 + j1.45V

Power consume by inductor is,

V 2 (0.26 + j1.45) 2
P= =
ZL j20

P = 0.038 + j0.102W
P = 0.109!69.57°W
P = 0.11cos(200t + 69.57°)W

6.28 The simplified circuit is,

200mH
450_

vS (t) 160_F

Figure S6.28: Simplified circuit for solution 6.28.

The angular frequency of the circuit that corresponds to the voltage source is,

! = 200

Therefore, the total impedance is,

 1
Z = R + j # L + j# C

Z = 450 + j40 " j31.25

Z = 450 + j8.75!
6.29 The impedance of capacitor is given by,
1
ZC =
j! C

Then, we can write the total impedance of the circuit as,

Z = Z C + (Z C || R )
1& R #
Z= +$ !
j'C % j'CR + 1 "

Let the total impedance can be expressed as,

Z = Z A + jZ B
Then we have,
1 & R #
Z A + jZ B = +$ !
j'C % j'CR + 1 "
2 2 2 2

2 j!CR + 1 = "Z B!C " Z A! R + jZ A!C " jZ B! C R

C

Finally, consider the imaginary part of the equation. The angular rate, ω is,

2!CR = Z A!C " Z B!2 C2 R

2R = Z A " Z B!CR
Z !
2R
"= A
Z B CR

Then, substitute the value of ZA, ZB, C and R into the equation above, the angular rate is,
! = 200rad / sec
1
6.30 Assuming the radius frequency of the signal is ! . Let Z 1 = ( + j"C1 ) !1 and
R1

1
Z2 = ( + j"C 2 ) !1 . Therefore
R2
V2 Z2
=
V1 Z 1 + Z 2
Meanwhile,
 V2 R2
=
V1 R1 + R2
Thus,

R2 Z2
=
R1 + R2 Z 1 + Z 2

R1 Z 2 = R 2 Z 1
1 1
R1 ( + j!C1 ) = R2 ( + j! C 2 )
R1 R2

R1C1 = R 2 C 2

Note that this condition is applied to any radius frequency ! .

6.31 The impedance network is shown in Figure S6.31.

L1 L1
A
R1 R1
ZA B C1 C1
R2 R2

B
Z’

Figure S6.31: The impedance network.

1
Let Z 1 = (R1 + j!L1 ) , Z 2 = ( + j"C1 ) !1 . The circuit in the box is called a unit.
R2

Since there are infinite units connected, Z΄ = ZAB.

Thus,
Z AB = (Z 2 || Z AB ) + Z 1
2
Z ± Z 1 + 4Z 1 Z 2
Z AB = 1
2

Section 6.5 Steady state circuit analysis using phasors

6.32 The angular frequency of the circuit is, ! = 120 .

Then the impedance of inductor and the total impedance is,

Z L = j"L = j24!

Z T = 150 + j24!
Z T = 151.91"9.09°!

The correspond current phasor is,

V
I=
ZT
12!0°
I=
151.91!9.09°
I = 0.079" ! 9.09°A

Thus, the steady-state current is,

I = 79 cos(120t ! 9.09°)mA

6.33 The angular frequency of the circuit is, ! = 200 .

Then the impedance of capacitor and the total impedance is,

1
ZC = = " j125!
j# C
Z T = 250 + " j125!
Z T = 279.5# " 26.57°!

The correspond current phasor is,

V
I=
ZT
10"30°
I=
279.5" ! 26.57°
I = 0.0358!56.57°A

Thus, the steady-state current is,

I = 35.8cos(200t + 56.57°)mA

6.34 By KCL,

V1 ! 10"30° V1 V1 ! V2
V1 : + + =0
30 j35 ! j25

V2 ! V1 V2
V : 0
2 + =
! j25 50
Arranging the equations,
 (# j35 " j25 # 30 " j25 + 30 " j35)V1 # (30 " j35)V2 = # j35 " j25 "10!30°

! 50V1 + (50 ! j25)V2 = 0

We obtain,
V = 6.24!52.64 o V
V2 = 5.58!79.20 o V 1

6.35 By KCL

V1 V ! V2
V1 : ! 3"5° + 1 =0
j50 ! j60

V2 " V1 V
V2 : " 2!30° + 2 = 0
" j60 30
Then

(# j60 + j50)V1 + (# j50 )V2 = # j50 " j60 " 3!5°

# 30V1 + (30 # j60 )V2 = # j60 " 30 " 2!30°

Solving the equations,
V1 = 334.53!66.47°
V2 = 125.37!109.78°

6.36
V1 = 5!45°

By KCL
V2 ! 5"45° V2 V2
V2 : + + =0
! j35 50 j40
Then
(50 " j40 # j35 " j40 # j35 " 50 )V2 = 50 " j40 " 5!45°
So
V2 = 7.032!124.86°

6.37 The angular frequency of the circuit is, ! = 500 .

Using the parallel rule for capacitor, the total capacitance in parallel is,

C = 30 + 70 = 100 µF

Thus, the impedance of parallel capacitor and the corresponding total impedance is,

1
ZC = = " j20!
j# C
Z T = 200 " j20!
Z T = 201# " 5.71°!

The correspond current phasor is,

V
I=
ZT
24"60°
I=
201" ! 5.71°
I = 119!65.71°mA

Thus, the steady-state current is,

I = 119 cos(500t + 65.71°)mA

And the rms current is,

119
I rms = = 84.15mA
2

6.38 KCL:

V1 ! 5"60° V1 V1 ! V2
V1 : + + =0
j40 70 ! j25

V2 ! V1 V2 V2
V : 0
2 + + =
! j25 ! j30 50 + j20
Then

(70 " (# j25) + j40 " (# j25) + j40 " 70)V1 # (70 " j40)V2 = 70 " (# j25) " 5!60°

! (! j30 " (50 + j20 ))V1 + (! j30 " (50 + j20 )+ (! j25) " (50 + j20)+ (! j25) " (! j30) ) = 0

Therefore
 V1 = 5.81! " 9.4°V
V2 = 3.39!5.2°V

6.39 Finding the impedance of the capacitor for ω = 200:

1 1
ZC = ! j =!j = ! j2500
$C 200 # 2"10 !6

I s = 2!0° and by current Division:

! j 2500
I R = 2"0° = 1.961" !11.31 " I R = 1.961cos(200 t !11.31) A
500 ! j2500

500
I C = 2!0° = 0.392 !78.69
500 " j2500
6.40 The amplifier gain is,

Z out 105
G=! =! = !7
Z in 35

Thus, the output voltage is,

Vout = GVin
Vout = #7 " 50!30°
Vout = 7!180°" 50!30°
Vout = 350!210°
Vout = 350 cos(120!t + 210°)

6.41 Compute impedances at ω = 100 :

1
Z C1 = " j =" Z L1 = j100 # 50"10 $3 = j5!
100 $ 4#10 "6
j2500!

1
ZC 2 = " j =" Z L2 = j100 #100 "10 $3 = j10!
100 $5#10 "6
j2000!

By KCL
V1 ! 10"0° V1 V !V
V1 : + + 1 2 =0
50 ! j2500 j5
 V2 ! V1 V2 V2
V : 0
2 + + =
j5 30 ! j1990

($ j50 +1 $ 500 )V1 + (500 )V2 = $ j50 # "10!0°

! (! 2388)V1 + (! 2388 ! j398 + 6 )V2 = 0

Therefore
V1 = 3.79"4.94° V1 = 3.79 cos(100t + 4.49°)
!
V2 = 3.75" ! 4.55° V2 = 3.75cos(100t ! 4.55°)
! I C = 0.392 cos(200t + 78.69) A

6.42 Computing impedances at ω = 500:

1
Z L1 = j " 0.2 "500 = j100! ZC = ! j = ! j2000 Z L 2 = j " 0.15"500 = j75!
500 "10 !6

By KCL
V1 ! 5"0° V1 V1 ! V2
V1 : + + =0
j100 60 ! j2000

V2 ! V1 V
V2 : + 2 =0
! j2000 j75
Therefore

V1 = 2.61! " 60.34° V1 = 2.61 cos(500t ! 60.34°)

!
V2 = 0.10!119.63° V2 = 0.10 cos(500t +119.63°)

6.43 For the US standard voltage source, the frequency is 60Hz. Thus, the angular
frequency of the circuit is, " = 120!

The rms of voltage source is, Vrms = 110V . Therefore the amplitude of voltage source is,
VS = 110 2 = 155.56!0°V .

The impedance for parallel circuit is,

(1
'1 1 1 $
Zp =% + + " = 4.605 + j4.125!
& 10 j12 20 + j24 #

Z p = 6.182"41.85°!
The total impedance is,

Z T = 20 + j12 + Z p = 24.605 + j16.125!

Z T = 29.42"33.24°!
The voltage flow across the parallel circuit is,

Z
p
Vp = VS
ZT
4.605"41.85°
Vp = !155.56
29.42"33.24°
V p = 29.11!8.61°V

The rms voltage and rms current across the motor are:
29.11
V p,rms = = 20.58V
2
Vp
Ip =
20 + j24
29.11!8.61°
Ip =
31.24!50.19°
I p = 932" ! 41.58°mA
932
I p,rms = = 659.02mA
2

Therefore, average power is,

P = Vrms I rms = 13.562watt

The cost for 12hours usage is,

13.562 !12 ! 0.23 = $0.37

6.44 By the trigonometry, 4 cos3 wt = 3cos wt + cos 3wt

So the voltage source can be broken into two sinusoidal voltage sources.
For voltage source 3cos wt, using the voltage divider rule,
jwLR jwLR
V1 = 3!0° " /( + R), wL = R
jwL + R jwL + R

j
= 3!0° " = 1.34!26.6°
2 j +1
 For voltage source cos 3wt, using the voltage divider rule,

j3wLR j3wLR
V ' = !0° " /( + R), wL = R
1
j3wL + R j3wL + R

3j
= !0° "
= 0.4932!9.5°
6 j +1
Thus the voltage across the inductor at t = 0 is
VL = real(V1 + V1' ) = 1.34 cos 26.6° + 0.4932 cos 9.5° = 1.69 V

Section 6.5 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits with Phasors

6.45 After zeroing the sources, the Thévenin impedance is the parallel combination of
the resistance and the impedance of the inductance.
1 1 10
Z th = = = = 5(1+ j1) = 7.07!45° .
1 1 0.1 " j0.1 1 " j1
+
10 j10
The Norton impedance is:
Z n = Z th = 5(1 + j1) = 7.07!45° .
The voltage across the load is equal to the voltage across the inductor. Using a simple
voltage dividing, we obtain the Thévenin voltage:
r j10 j j (1 # j ) 1+ j
Vth = 5!0° = 5!0° = 5!0° = 5!0° = 5!0° " 0.707!45° = 3.54!45°
10 + j10 1+ j 2 2 .
Finally, the Norton current is: r
r Vth 3.54!45°
In = = = 0.5!0° .
Z th 7.07!45°

Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits are shown in Figure S6.45.

A A

Vth = 3.54 !45 °

ZL
ZL

Z th = 5 + j5
B B

Figure S6.45: Circuits for Solution 6.45.

6.46 The Norton equivalent impedance can be obtain by zero the current source, which
is, I = 0.5!0° n
Z n = 5 + j5
 !1
' 1 1 $
ZN = % + j(200)(0.2) "
& 250 #

Z N = 6.24 + j39!

If we rearrange the current source and resistor as shown in Figure S6.46, it is clearly
shows that the current source is also the Norton equivalent current. Therefore, the Norton
equivalent current is,

I N = 4cos(200t + 30°)

ZN

IS 250_ RL
200mH

Figure S6.46 Circuit for Solution 6.46.

6.47 After zeroing the sources, the Thévenin impedance is:

1 1
Z th = 50 + = 50 + = 50 ! j20 = 53.85" ! 21.8° .
1 1 j0.1! j0.05
+
! j10 j20
The Norton impedance is:
Z n = Z th = 50 ! j20 = 53.85" ! 21.8° .
Because the current through 50Ω resistor is zero (the load terminal is open circuit), the
voltage across the load is equal to the voltage across the inductor. Using a simple voltage
dividing, we obtain the Thévenin voltage:
r j20
Vth = 10!0° = 20!0°
" j10 + j20 .
Finally, the Norton current is: r
r V 20!0°
I n = th = = 0.37!21.8° .
Z th 53.85! " 21.8°

The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in Figure S6.47

 A

I n = 0.37"21.8° ZL

Figure S6.47: Circuit for Solution 6.47.

6.48 The thevenin impedance observer by ZL is,

(1
' 1 1 $
Z TH =% + " + j50 = 120 + j50!
300 200
& #
Z TH = 130!22.62°

The thevenin voltage can be calculated by:

200 + j50
VTH = " 20!30°
Z

where,
!1
1 1
Z = 300 + % + "
' $
% 200 j50 "
& #

Z = 311.76 + j47.06!
200 + j50
VTH = " 20!30°
311.76 + j47.06

VTH = 0.654!5.45°" 20!30°

VTH = 13.08!35.45°

The Norton equivalent current is,

VTH
I TH =
Z TH
13.08!35.45°
I TH =
130!22.62°
I TH = 0.1!12.83°
Therefore, the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit are:
Z T H = 130 ∠ 22 .62 °

0.1∠12.83° A
ZL ZL

Figure S6.48: Circuit for Solution 6.48.

6.49 The resistance between two parallel resistor is,

1
Z R = $& + 1 #! '1 = 300 R
% R 300 " 300 + R

Thus the total impedance is,

300R 300R + j300Z C + jRZ C
ZT = + jZ C =
300 + R 300 + R

Note that the impedance of capacitor is always in complex number.

The voltage source and thevenin voltage relationship can be obtain using the voltage
division and parallel circuit rule, which is

ZR
VTH = VS
ZT
300R
VTH = ! 20 = 12 + j4 6
300R + 300 jZ C + RjZ C
( )
! 6000R = 12 + j4 6 (300R + j300Z C + jRZ C )

( ) (
" 6000R = 3600R !1200 6Z C ! 4 6RZ C + j 3600Z C +12RZ C +1200 6R )

For the real part we have,

(
6000R = 3600R !1200 6Z C ! 4 6RZ C )

ZC 6
We know the ratio of two impedance, which is =! . Substitute this into the

R 5
equation above, then we obtain the impedance for capacitor and resistor, which are:
R = 200!
Z C = "40 6!

6.50
Z TH = [(! 80 j || !20 j )+ 250]|| 150
Z TH = (250 !16 j )||150
Z TH = 93.84 " 2.25 j!

6.51 After zeroing the sources, the Thévenin impedance is the parallel combination of
the resistance and the impedance of the capacitor.
1 1 10
Z th = = = = 5(1! j1) = 7.07" ! 45° .
1 1 0.1+ j0.1 1+ j1
+
10 ! j10
The Norton impedance is:
Z n = Z th = 5(1 ! j1) = 7.07" ! 45° .
r r r r
Replace the load with a short circuit, then I sc = I s = 2!0° , and I n = I sc . Hence, the
Thévenin voltage is:
r r
Vth = I n Z th = 2"0° # 7.07" ! 45° = 14.14" ! 45°
.
The Thévenin equivalent circuit is shown in Figure S6.51.

ZL

Figure S6.51: Circuit for Solution 6.51.

Vth = 14.14" ! 45°

6.52 After zeroing the sources, the Thévenin impedance is the parallel combination of
the resistance and the impedance of the Zcapacitor.
= 5 ! j5 th

1 1 10
Z th = = = = 5(1! j1) = 7.07" ! 45° .
1 1 0.1+ j0.1 1+ j1
+
10 ! j10
The Norton impedance is:
Z n = Z th = 5(1 ! j1) = 7.07" ! 45° .
Replacing the load with a short circuit (the resulted circuit is shown in Figure S6.52a, we
have:
 V s 10!0°
IR = = = 1!0° .
10 10
10! IR Isc

Is
10 !0° 2 !0° -j10 !

Figure S6.52a: Circuit for Solution 6.52.

Thus,
I sc = I R + I s = 1!0° + 2!0° = 3!0° .
The Norton current is:
Vth = 21 .21" ! 45 ° r r
I n = I sc = 3!0° .
Thus, the ThéveninZ v=o5l!taj 5ge is:
th
r r
Vth = I n Z th = 3"0° # 7.07" ! 45° = 21.21" ! 45° .
Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits are shown in Figure S6.52b.

A A

ZL ZL

I n = 3"0°
B B

Figure S6.52b: Circuits for Solution 6.52.

6.53 The parallel impedance between 2R and ZL is, Zn = 5 ! j5

'1
& 1 1 # j 2RZ L
Z =$ + ! =
!" 2R + jZ L
% jZ L 2R

Then, the thevenin impedance is,

j 2RZ L
Z TH = +R
2R + jZ L
2
j3RZL + 2R
Z TH =
2R + jZ
L

6.54 The total resistance for the parallel resistor is:

 '1
& 1+1# =2R
ZR = $ !
% 2R R " 3

The total impedance of the circuit is,

2
ZT = R + jZ L
3

Then using the voltage division rule, we can obtain the thevenin voltage as,

ZR
VTH = VS
ZT
! Z TVTH = Z RVS
)2 & 2
* ' R + jZ L $20! # 60° = R " 50!0°
(3 % 3
2 2
) (& R + jZ L %# 10 " j10 3 = R ! 50
( )
' 3 $ 3

100& 20 # & 20 #
( R = $ R +10 3Z L ! + j$10Z L ' R !
3 3
% " % 3 "

Taking the real part of equation, we can express R in term of ZL:

100 & 20 #
R = $ R +10 3Z L !
3 % 3 "
80
R = 10 3Z L
3

3 3
R= ZL
8

Also, we can obtain the thevenin/Norton resistance through the thevenin and Norton
voltage and current,

VTH
Z TH =
ITH
20" ! 60°
Z TH =
2" ! 90°
Z TH = 10!30°
Z TH = 5 3 + j5

From previous question, we have the thevenin resistance as,

 j3RZ + 2R
Z TH 2
= L
2R + jZ L

Equate both equation, we obtain

( ) (
2R 2 + j3RZ = 10 3R ! 5Z L + j 10R + 5 3Z L )

Taking the real part of equation we have,

2R 2 = 10 3R ! 5Z L

Substitute the expression of R into the equation above, then we can solve for ZL.

27 2 90
2 Z = Z ! 5Z L
64 L 8 L

27 50
ZL =
32 8
200
! ZL =
27
3 3 200
R= !
8 27

25 3
!R=
9

6.55 The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Figure S6.55.

V1
R/2
V(t)
L
V’(t)

Figure S6.55: The Thevenin equivalent circuit.

Short circuit the two ends of the inductor, the equivalent resistance is R/2
Open circuit the two ends of the inductor, the equivalent voltage source is
V(t) = 1.5 cos wt, V’(t) = 0.5 cos 3wt
Using the voltage divider rule, the voltage of the inductor generated by V(t) is

V1 = 1.5∟0° × j wL/(j wL + R/2)

 The voltage of the inductor generated by V’(t) is
V’1 = 0.5∟0° × j 3wL/(j 3wL + R/2)
Using wL = R, and applying the superposition rule, the total voltage across the
inductor at t = 0 is
VL = real(V1 + V’1) = 1.67 V

Section 6.6 AC Steady-State Power

6.56 Resistor has real positive impedance, while Capacitor has negative complex
impedance and inductor has positive complex impedance.
a. Z = –j25, ω = 110π.The circuit contains a capacitor.
1
!j = ! j25
"C
1
C=
25"110!
1
C=
2750!

1
C= F
2750 !

Figure S6.56a: Circuits for Solution 6.56a.

b. Z = 12 + j110, ω = 220π. The circuit contains a resistor and inductor.

R = 12!
j!L = j110
1
L=
2!
 R = 12!

1
L= H
2"

Figure S6.56b: Circuits for Solution 6.56b.

c. Z = 20 – j 220, ω = 110π. The circuit contains a resistor and capacitor.

R = 20!

1
!j = ! j220
"C
1
C=
220 "110!
1
C=
24200!
1
C = F
24200 !

R = 20 "

Figure S6.56c: Circuits for Solution 6.56c.

d. Z = j110, ω = 220π. The circuit contains an inductor.

j!L = j110
1
L=
2!
 1
L= H
2!

Figure S6.56d: Circuits for Solution 6.56d.

6.57 Resistor has real positive impedance, while Capacitor has negative complex
impedance and inductor has positive complex impedance.
a. Z = j250, ω = 110π. The circuit contains an inductor.
j!L = j250
25
L=
11!

25
L= H
11!

Figure S6.57a: Circuits for Solution 6.57a.

b. Z = 1 + j10, ω = 220π. The circuit contains a resistor and an inductor.

R = 1!
j!L = j10
1
L=
22!

R = 1!

1
L= H
22"

Figure S6.57b: Circuits for Solution 6.57b.

c. Z =2 – j 20, ω = 110π. The circuit contains a resistor and a capacitor.

R = 2!
 1
!j = ! j20 s
"C
1
C=
20 "110!
1
C=
2200!

1
C= F
2200!

R = 2"

Figure S6.57c: Circuits for Solution 6.57c.

d. Z = 1 – j , ω = 1. The circuit contains a resistor and a capacitor.

R = 1!

1
!j =!j
"C
C =1

C = 1F

R = 1!

Figure S6.57d: Circuits for Solution 6.57d.

6.58 The total impedance of the circuit is,

(1
' 1 1 $
Z =% + " = 20 + j40!
j50 100
& #
The current flow through the resistor is,
V 160!30°
IR = =
R 100

I R = 1.6!30°A

And the corresponding rms voltage and rms current are:

Vrms = 113.14V
I rms = 1.13A
Average Power,
Pave = Vrms I rms cos(" v !" i ) = 127.85W
Reactive Power,
Preac = Vrms I rms sin (" v !" i ) = 0W
and Apparent Power
Papp = Vrms I rms = 127.85W

6.59

Figure S6.59: The triangle of real and reactive power

" = cos !1 (0.8) = 36.87°

The real consumed power is

P = 15 ! 0.8 = 12W
The reactive power is

Q = 15sin (36.87°) = 9 VAR

6.60
 Figure S6.60a: The triangle of real and reactive power

The lagging angel of Ia compared to Va is

cos !1 (0.5) = 60°
Va = 15!45° , thus the phase of Ia is
" ia = " iv ! 60° = 45° ! 60° = !15°
The amplitude of Ia can be obtained and Ia is
| Sa | 20
Ia = "#ia = " !15° = 1.886" !15°A

Vs / 2 15 / 2

Figure S6.60b: The triangle of real and reactive power

Similarly, the leading angel of Ib compared to Vb is

cos !1 (0.6) = 53.1°
Thus the phase of Ib is
" ib = " iv ! (!53.1)° = 45° + 53.1° = 98.1°
Given the reactive power, S b can be computed as shown in Figure S6.60b.

15
= sin(53.1°) ! S = 18.75VA
b
Sb
|S | 18.75
b
Ib = = !98.1° = 1.768!98.1°A
Vs / 2 15 / 2

I rms = I a + I b = 1.886"60° + 1.768" ! 53.1° = 2.016!6.25°A

I = 2(I rms ) = 2.86!6.25°A

6.61
 2
& 50 '30° #!
2 $
V 2
Papparent = =% " = 23.21!38.20°VA
Z 50 + j20

Then we have the power relationship shown in Figure S6.61.

Figure S6.61: The triangle of real and reactive power

The power factor is
PF = cos(38.2°) = 0.786
The real power is
P = 18.24 W
The reactive power is
Q = 14.35 VAR

6.62
10"15°
I= = 131.3!38.20° mA
70 ! j30
The apparent power is
VI 10!15° "
S= 0.1313!38.20° 0.657!53.2° VA
2 = =
2

6.63 r
1 rr * 1 r V * 1 V m2
Pcomp = VI = V * =
2 2 Z 2 Z*
1 100 2
=
2 50 + j20
5000
=
53.85"21.8°
= 92.85" ! 21.8°

6.64 After zeroing the sources, the Thévenin impedance is:

 1 1
Z th = 50 + 1 1 = 50 + j0.1! j0.05 = 50 ! j20 = 53.85" ! 21.8° .
+
! j10 j20
The Norton impedance is:
Z n = Z th = 50 ! j20 = 53.85" ! 21.8° .
Vth = 20!0°
Because the current through 50Ω resistor is zero (the load terminal is open circuit), the
voltage across the load is equal to the vZol=ta5g0 "e ja20cross the inductor. Using a simple voltage
th

dividing, we obtain the Thévenin voltage:

r j20
Vth = 10!0° = 20!0°
" j10 + j20 .
The Thévenin equivalent circuit is shown in Figure S6.64.

ZL

Figure S6.64: Circuit for Solution 6.64

1) The load is pure resistance:

The maximum average power that can be delivered to the load attains when
RL = Z th = 50 2 + 20 2 = 53.85 , X L = 0 .

Vm2 400
Pmax = = = 0.9629 W.
4&$ R 2 + X 2 + Rth #! 4&$ 50 2 + 20 2 + 50 !#
% th th
" % "

2) The load is not pure resistance:

The maximum average power attains when
Z L = Zth* = 50 + j20 ,
Vm2 400
P
= =
1 W.
max =
8Rth 8 ! 50

6.65 The triangle relationship in figure shows that ! z = 30° > 0 . Therefore this is an
inductive load.

Since the θz is positive, then it is an Inductive load.

6.66 The unit voltage plot shows that the voltage source is,
 2!
VS = VA cos( t + 45°)
1.5

Therefore the phase angle for voltage source is,

! v = 45°

And the triangle relationship diagram shows that the phase angle difference between
voltage and current is,

! z = 30°

Therefore the phase angle for current is,

! v "! i = ! z
! i = ! v "! z
" i = 30° ! 45°
" i = !15°
6.67
" = cos !1 (0.8) = 36.87°

Find the reactive power of the load:

22.5 kVAR

36.87°
30 kW
Figure S6.67a: Power relationship for 0.8 lag
QL
= tan (36.87 ) ! QL = 22.5 kVAR
30k

After adding a capacitor:

 14.53 kVAR

25.84°
30 kW

Figure S6.67b: Power relationship for 0.9 lag.

" cor = cos !1 (0.9 ) = 25.84°

Qcor = 30k tan (25.84°) = 14.53kVAR

Qcapacitor = Qcor ! QL
= 14.53 ! 22.5 k = !7.97 kVAR

2
Vrms 480 2
XC = " =" = 28.91!
QC " 7.97
k

# = 2" ! 60 = 377
1 1
C= = = 91.75µF
"X C 377 ! 28.91

6.68
# = 2" ! 60 = 377
" = cos !1 (0.5) = 60°

200 VA
173.2 kVAR

60.0°
100 kW
Figure S6.68a: Power relationship for 0.5 lagging.

The impedence of the 100 µF capacitor is

1
XC = = 26.5!
377 "100 µF
 QC =
(1k )2
= 37.7kVAR
26.5
The new reactive power is

173.2 – 37.7 = 135.5 kVAR

135.5 kVAR

100 kW
Figure S6.68b: Power relationship
The corrected power factor is
PF = cos(tan !1 (135.5 100 ))= 0.594

6.69
a)
PF = 1 ! Q = 0 ! P = V I ! I = P
rms Vrms
8 "1000
I= = 47.14!0°A
240!0°
2

b)
" = cos !1 (0.4) = 66.42°

20 kVA

66.42°
8 kW
Figure S6.69: Power relationship
P 8k
| S |= = = 20 kVA
cos! 0.4
 S = Vrms I rms ! I rms = S V
rms

20!66.42°kVA
I rms = = 117.9!66.42°A
240!0°
2

I = 2(I rms ) = 166.7!66.42°A

6.70 After zeroing the sources, the Thévenin impedance is:

1 1 1
Z = R+ = R+ = R+ = R +8+
j4th.
1 1 1 j0.05 ! j0.1 + 0.1 0.1 ! j0.05
+ +
! j20 j10 10

Because the current through resistor R is zero (the load terminal is open circuit), the
voltage across the load is equal to the voltage across the inductor and the 10Ω resistor.
Using a simple voltage dividing, we obtain the Thévenin voltage:

1
1 1
+
r 10 j10 5 + j5
Vth = 5!0° # = 5!0° # = 2.236!116.57°
1 5 " j15 .
" j20 +
1 1
+
10 j10

The Thévenin equivalent circuit is shown in Figure S6.70.

Figure S6.70: Circuit for Solution 6.70.

The maximum power delivered attains when

 *
Z L = Z th = R + 8 ! j4 ,
So
V2 5 500

Pmax = m
= < 0.01 " R + 8 > " R > 54.5! .
8Rth 8# (R + 8) 8

6.71
(a) The power factor is 15 / (110 × 0.7) = 0.2.
(b) As the power factor is equal to cos φ where φ is the leading angle of the voltage U
against the current I as shown in Figure 6.71. To correct the power factor to 1
means to make the current I have the same phase as the voltage U.
Ic
I’ U
_
I

Figure S6.71: Power factor correction.

A capacitor can be connected in parallel with the lamp to enable this.

Using the vector graph in Figure 6.71, the current through the capacitor,
Ic = I sin φ = U w C
Thus,
C = I sin φ / (U w)
= I √(1-cos2 φ ) /(U w)
= 0.7 ×√(1-0.22 ) /(110 × 2 π × 60)
= 16.5 µ F

Section 6.7
6.72 The sinusoidal current is , the frequency is:

The sinusoidal current is expressed in the cosine function, therefore the phase angle for
the PSpice Sinusoidal Current Source is:

The PSpice schematic is shown in Figure S6.72a:

 Figure S6.72a: PSpice schematic for Problem
6.72

Figure S6.72b: Sinusoidal voltage across the

resistor.

Figure S6.72b shows the peak voltage is 200V. Therefore, the rms of the voltage is:

=141.4 V

6.73 The sinusoidal current source is , the frequency is:

The phase angle for the sinusoidal current source in PSpice is:

Then, the PSpice schematic is shown in Figure S6.73a:

Figure S6.73a: PSpice Schematic Solution for Problem

6.73.

The current across the resistor and capacitor are shown in Figure S6.73b and S6.73c.
 Figure S6.73b: Current across the resistor.

Figure S6.73c: Current across the resistor

6.74 The sinusoidal voltage source, . The frequency is:

The phase angle for the voltage source, .

 Figure S6.74a: PSpice schematic for Problem
6.69.

The voltage V1 and V2 plots are shown in Figure S6.74b and S6.74c respectively.

Figure S6.74b: Voltage V1

plot.

Figure S6.74c: Voltage V2

plot.
6.75 The sinusoidal current source, , the frequency is:

Use the equation:

We know . Therefore, the Inductance for the inductor is:

Then, the PSpice Schematic Solution is shown in Figure S6.75a:

Figure S6.75a: PSpice schematic for Problem

6.70.

In order to study the Norton Equivalent Current, let the resistance of RL be a very low
value, i.e. . The current plot is shown in Figure S6.75b,

Figure S6.75b: Current plot for Norton Equivalent

Current.