Bank Job Recruitment Test Preparatory Program

Sub: English

Lecture: 09

Contents
Tense, Sequence of Tense

Before/after, Already/yet, Since/for

Special Cases of tense, Some/Any

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 Tense
Simple present tense:
To express a habitual action
• Rafsan always makes mistakes in mathematics.
• Farhan frequently runs faster than his friends.
• Educated people go for a walk every day.
To express general truths
• The sun sets in the west.
• Fortune favors the brave.
• Honey is sweet.
• Man is mortal.
In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and express what is actually taking place in the present.
• Here comes the train!
• There Rana goes!
• Here I come!
To introduce qoutations
• He said, “Man is mortal”
We admitted, “A thing of beauty is joy forever”.

In vivid narrative as substitute for the simple past tense

• King Solomon immediately runs to her queen.
• Rustom hurries to capital.
To indicate a future event that is part of a plan or arrangement.
• We go to Dhaka next week.
• Hasan leaves for New York by the next plane.
• When does the university reopen?

For some types of verb simple present tense is used instead of continuous tense.
• I see a bird.
• She loves her mother.
• We feel well today.
I am going to Dhaka tomorrow.
I will go to Dhaka tomorrow.

I will go to Dhaka.
I am going to Dhaka.
I go to Dhaka.

Present Continuous tense:

For an action happening now:
• It is raining.
• He is running.
For an action happening about this time but not necessarily at the moment of speaking:
• I am reading a play by Shaw.
• He is teaching French and learning Spanish.

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 For a definite arrangement in the near future:
• I am meeting Peter tonight/tomorrow.
• He is taking me to the theater.
A point in time to indicate an action which begins before this point and probably continue after it:
• At six I am bathing the baby.
Verbs normally not used in continuous forms:
Verbs of Perception: (see=sense, hear=sense, smell=sense, feel=sense, taste=sense, think, notice,
observe=notice/watch)
Verbs Expressing Feeling and Emotions: (admire= respect/ look at, adore, appreciate= increase in value,
care for=like/ look after, desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, like=enjoy, loathe, love=enjoy, mind=care/ look
after/ concern, respect, value, want, wish)
Verbs of Mental Ability: (agree, appreciate=understand/ to increase in value, assume, believe, expect=
think, sure/certain, forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall, recognize, recollect, remember, supposed,
think=have an opinion, trust= believe/ have confidence in, understand)
Verbs of possession: (belong, owe, own, possess)
Others: (appear= seem, concern, consist, contain, hold= contain, keep= continue, matter, seem, signify,
sound= seem/appear)

Eye= See/ Watch/Notice

Tongue= Taste/ Test
Ear= Hear/ Listen
Nose= Smell
Skin= Feel
(Feel, Look, Smell, Taste, See, Hear) used in continuous forms:
FEEL:-
Followed by an adjective indicating subject’s emotions or physical or mental condition-
• I’m feeling better.
• I am feeling cold/ I feel cold.
In order to learn something by touching-
• The doctor is feeling her pulse.
Try to find something by touching-
• He is feeling for the key in the dark.
SEE:-
When meet by appointment-
• I am seeing my manager tomorrow.
When means visit (usually a tourist)-
• I am seeing the town/ the sights.
See about= make arrangement/ enquiries-
• We are seeing about a work permit for you.
See to= arrange/ put right/ deal with-
• The plumber is seeing to the leak in our tank.
See off= say goodbye to a departing traveler-
• We are leaving tomorrow. Bill is seeing us off at the airport.
LOOK:-

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 No continuous:- (Look on=consider, Look down on= despise, look up to= respect)
Continuous:- Look at/for/in/into/out, Look on=watch
• He is looking for his glasses.
• I’m looking out for a better job.
• I look on (consider) you.
• I am looking (watch) on the TV.
SMELL:-
Continuous:-Smell= sniff at
• Why are you smelling the milk?

TASTE:-
Continuous:-Taste= Test the flavor
• She was tasting the pudding.

HEAR:-
Listen formally to complaints/ evidence-
• The court is hearing evidence this afternoon.

Present perfect tense:

The following adverb, adverb phrases and phrases can be used with the present perfect tense: just,
often, never, ever, so far, till now, yet, already, since, today, this week, this month.
• He has already gone there.
• I haven’t taken my dinner yet.

To indicate completed activities in the immediate past

• They have just given the exam.
• We have already taken the tea.
To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite.
• Have they gone to America?
• I had never seen him to be polite.
• We have been to Japan.
To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment
• He has been ill since last week.
• We have lived here for ten weeks.
• We haven’t seen the Padma for several months.
• I (go) to Dhaka.
a) Have gone b) went
Present perfect continuous tense:
For an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing;
• He has been playing for five hours.
• They have been building the Padma Bridge for several months.
For an action already finished. In such cases the continuity of the activity is emphasized as an
explanation of something.
• Why are you tired? – I have been playing cricket.
• Why are your clothes dirty?- I have been watering the garden.

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Past indicator: ago, last night, last month, yesterday, in 2015 (most of the cases: past simple tense)
To indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past
time.
• Our ship sailed yesterday.
• He received my letter a month ago.
• They left university last year.
Sometimes without an adverb of time- In such cases, the may be either implied or indicated by the
context.
• He learnt English in England.
• I didn’t write the proposal.
• He defeated me by 20 runs.
For past habits
• They studied many hours every day.
• They always carried their books.
When one past action follows another, we can join them by “When”-
• When he called her, she gave a smile. (Two actions happening immediately one after another)
• When he opened the window, the bird flew out. (Two actions happening immediately one
after another)
To emphasize the first action completed before the second, we use past perfect after “When”-
• When he had called her, she gave a smile. (There is a break between two actions.)
• When he had opened the window, the bird flew out. (There is a break between two actions.)
Past Continuous tense:
To denote an action going on at some time in the past. The time of the action may or may not be
indicated.
• We were listening to BBC news all evening.
• The train was getting slower.
• The light went out while he was making a plan.
• When we tried to study, he was playing in the field.
For persistent habits in the past- used with always, continually etc.
• They were always working.
• We were continually disturbing the boys.
Past perfect tense:
An action completed before a certain moment in the past.
• I had seen him last five years before.
If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action happened earlier than
the other. In such cases, the simple past is used in one clause and the past perfect in the other.
• When he had called her, she gave a smile.
• When he had opened the window, the bird flew out.
Past perfect continuous tense:
For an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time
• At that time my father had been dating with my mom for two months.
• When Nishat came to the school, Mr. Kabir had already been taking classes for six years.
Simple future tense:
For an action that has still to take place.

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 • I shall see a doctor tomorrow.
• They will come to us in the next month.
Note: Simple future tense normally expresses pure or colorless future. When the future is colored with
intention, the going to+ infinitive structure is preferred.
He is going to have dinner tonight with his friends.
They are going to build a new hotel beside the sea beach.
Future continuous tense:
An action is going on at some time in future;
• I shall be delivering the lecture then.
• They will be coming by that time.
• When I reach office, my subordinates will be working.
For future events that are planned;
• They will be waiting here till he comes.
• We will be meeting him next week.
Future perfect tense:
To indicate the completion of an action by a certain future time
• I shall have prepared my business plan before the boss orders.
• Before the detective comes here, the thieves will have left the place.
• In 2025, I shall have become a doctor.
Future perfect continuous tense:
To indicate an action represented as being in progress over a period of time that will end in the future.
• By next January, we will have been working here for ten years at a stretch.
• When he graduates, he will have been studying at Oxford University for 15 years.
Please note: You should never use two future clauses together in a complex sentence. One clause has to
be in present tense.
• I will go if he will comes.
• I will do his duty when he will goes.
Interesting use of Present Perfect/ Past Indefinite
• Have you taken tea this morning? (Can’t say if morning is gone)
• Did you take tea this morning? (Can’t say if it is still morning)

• I have seen wolves in that forest. (It is still possible to see them)
• I saw wolves in that forest. (It is not possible to see them, maybe they have been killed)

• Humayun Ahmed has written many books. (He is still alive and can write more)
• Humayun Ahmed wrote many books. (He is dead)

• Has the postman come yet? (Imagine the postman usually comes between 9.00 to 10.00 am;
we will say)
• Did the postman come? (When it is after 10.00 am)
I watched Gopal when my father came.
I was watching Gopal when my father came.
I had watched Gopal when my father came.
I was watching Gopal when my father was reading newspaper.
Exceptions:-
Recently used with simple past means a short time ago-

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 • He left recently.
To express habitual action, present perfect can be used-
• They have always answered my letters.

Gone to/been to
1. Mr. Sadman has gone to Dhaka. (=he is still there)
2. Mr. Sadman has been to Dhaka ( = he is no more there)
BEFORE/AFTER
Subject1 + Past Perfect +----- before ---Subject2+Simple Past Tense

Subject1+Simple Past-----------after ----subject2 + Past Perfect

I had gone home last month before my father returned to Bangladesh
My father returned to Bangladesh after I had gone home last month
We had waited for two hours when they reached the station.
He thanked me because I had helped him.
ALREADY/YET
‘Already’ is used in affirmative sentences whereas ‘yet’ is used in negative sentences.
Already + Subject+ have+ Verb3+ Extension
Subject + Have/Has+ Already +Verb3 +Extension
Subject +Have/Has +Verb+ Extension + already
Subject + Have/Has +Not +Verb3 + Extension +Yet
Subject +Have/Has+ Yet+ Verb in infinitive form+ Extension
Already I have done the work.
I have already done the work.
I have done the work already.
I have not done the work yet. = I have yet to do the work.
I have yet to do the work.

I will be waiting there ___from____ 5pm.

SINCE/FOR
Since is used to denote Point of Time such as- last year, Monday, January, 2010 etc.
whereas for is used to denote Duration of Time such as- 20 years, fifty hours, 20 minutes etc.
1. He had been working here for/since five hours.
2. They have been waiting here for/since Monday.
3. We have not eaten since/for the last year.
4. They have been preparing the assignment for/since a few days.

FROM/SINCE
It has been raining since morning.
We will sell tickets tomorrow from morning.
Since and from both denote Point of Time but,
1. “Since” is usually used in perfect tense whereas “from” is used in other tenses
2. “Since” is used to denote “Past” or “bygone” point of time whereas “from” can be used for
any point of time.
• We have lived in this house since we got married. (not from)
• I have been here since 8 o'clock this morning so I'm going home now. (not from)

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 • I will be here from 8 o'clock tomorrow. (not since)
• The shop is open from 9 a.m on Saturdays. (not since)
• From the 1920s until his death, Picasso lived in France. (not since)
TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT
Present Continuous tense Present simple tense
For a routine or situation that we see as temporary for a short For a routine or situation that we see as
period of time. permanent.
Example: Example:
1. At this moment they are living in a small flat. 1. They live in a very big flat.

ALWAYS
Present continuous tense Simple present tense
Always= very often, too often Always = every time
Example: Example:
1. Sohel is always making bad results in 1. He always makes bad results in the final exam.
the exam. 2. They always make silly mistakes.
2. They are always making silly mistakes

Sequence Of Tense
Sequence of tense means maintaining proper order of tense while writing a complex tense.
Tense of Principal Clause Tense of Subordinate Clause
Present Any Tense
Past Past Tense
Future Present Tense
Exceptions:
If subordinate clause shows “universal truth”, it will always be in present indefinite tense
• He knew that the earth orbits around the sun.
If “than” is used to show comparison, both clauses can be of any tense.
• He liked you more than anyone likes you
• He likes you more than anyone liked you
Clause inside of inverted comma (“ ”) can be of any tense
• He said, “I will go to Dhaka tomorrow”

Class Practice 01:

1. The earth (move/moves/moved) round the sun.
2. My friends (see/have seen/saw) the prime minister yesterday
3. I (sent/have sent/shall send) him only a letter up to now.
4. I shall telephone you when he (comes/will come/came) back.
5. It started to rain while we (are playing/were playing/had played) tennis. ()
6. Can I have some milk before I (go/am going/shall go) to bed.
7. He (falls/fell/has fallen) asleep while he was driving.
8. I am sure I (saw/have seen/had seen) him at the party last night.
9. He (have/has/ is having) a mill in this town.
10. He (worked/is working/has been working) here for the last five years.
11. He thanked me for what I (have done/had done/have been doing)
12. I (hear/am hearing/have been hearing) a strange noise.
13. I (know/have known/am knowing) him for a long time.

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 14. We (study/am studying/have been studying) for English for five years.
15. Don’t disturb me. I (do/did/am doing) my homework.
16. Adib (wants/wanting/is wanting) to be a doctor.
17. I (am/shall be/have been) forty next birthday.
18. If you (start/started/will start) at once, you will arrive by six o’clock.
19. He (has gone/had gone/went) out five minutes ago.
20. When he lived in Dhaka, he (goes/went/was going) to the cinema once a week.
21. The baby (cries/has been crying) all morning.
22. She (hasn’t been seen/didn’t see/am not seeing) this week.

Class Practice 02:

1. This paper (is appearing/appearing/appears) twice weekly.
2. By this time next year Adnan (takes/will take/will have taken) his University degree.
3. She (is playing/has played/has been playing) in the concert tomorrow evening.
4. The Headmaster (wants/is wanting/was wanting) to speak to you.
5. I (bought/have bought/had bought) a new bicycle last week.
6. Here are your shoes; I (just clean/just cleaned/have just cleaned) them.
7. It (rained/is raining/has been raining) since early morning.
8. I (did/have done/had done) a lot of work today.
9. I (smell/am smelling/have been smelling) something burning.
10. Men (never managed/have never managed/will have never managed) to abolish wars up to
now, but maybe they will find a way in the future.
11. The train (left/has left/had left) before we reached the station.
12. I meant to repair the radio, but (am not having/haven’t had/did not have) time to do it
today.
13. We can’t have a fire here until we (sweep/shall sweep/shall be sweeping) the chimney.
14. When I get home, my dog (sits/will be sitting/has been sitting) at the door waiting for me.
15. The town (is changing/changed/has changed) its appearance completely since 2000.
16. When I pay him tomorrow, he (has received/has been receiving/will have received)
everything I owe him.
17. Do you think you (have seen/had seen/were seeing) me somewhere before?
18. When we went to the cinema, the film (already started/had already started/would already start).
19. She jumped off the bus while it (moved/had moved/was moving).
20. We (finished/have finished/had finished) our breakfast half an hour ago.
21. I (didn’t see/haven’t seen/hadn’t seen) him since we met a year ago.
22. I know all about the film because I (saw/ have seen/had seen) it twice.

Class Practice 03: Make necessary Correction.

1. He went to school before we had told him anything.

2. he hadn’t believed that we came. Before we had reached the destination,
3. We hadn’t solved it after we had discussed the matter with them.
4. the rich had sneered at them After the poor went there,.

Class Practice 04:

1. Already/yet he has called the doctor.

2. He has already/yet called the doctor.
3. He has called the doctor already/yet.
4. He has not called the doctor yet/already.

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 5. He has already/yet to call the doctor.

Class Practice 05:

5. He had been working here for/since five hours.
6. They have been waiting here for/since Monday.
7. We have not eaten since/for the last year.
8. They have been preparing the assignment for/since a few days.

Class Practice 06: Make necessary correction

1. When he was driving the car, his wife was singing a song.
2. He was collecting the materials when his friend was playing football.
3. While we went there, they were leaving the place.
4. They were coming while we made a big plan.

Class Practice 08:

1. The test is going well. We –––– any problems.
A. didn't have B. haven't had C. might have D. couldn't have

2. He –––– dress formally to work but he always ––––.

A. has not to, has B. does not have to, does C. has got to, would not D. does not require
to, would

3. It has been over three centuries –––– Shahjahan –––– the Taj Mahal.
A. ago, build B. when, has built C. since, built D. years, dreamt

4. I found it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I –––– my ticket.

A. had lost B. will lose C. have been lost D. have lost
5. By this time next month, the government –––– resigned.
A. would have B. will have C. will D. have

6. These grapes –––– sour.

A. tasting B. are tasting C. tastes D. taste

7. When Musa finally arrived at the concert, he suddenly realized that he ––– his ticket at home.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left

8. I prefer –––– what I like even though it –––– not having much money.
A. to doing, mean B. doing, means C. to do, may D. doing, mean

9. He bought a new car because his old one –––– down.

A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was broken

10. When we arrived at the shop, we noticed that someone––– into the place.
A. had broken B. broke C. had been breaking D. would break

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