SEAsion ERAAZ A AoMPRESION (dltoucian) t 1a x 0.8 wet Avow. viebla_conbusion Seenes f ap ei we —_ eS Se = este t Chun? 360N}un?) prEN 1993-1-3 : 2006(E) 5.53.2 Plane elements with edge stiffeners (1) The following procedure is applicable to an edge stiffener if the requirements in 5.2 are met and the angle between the stiffener and the plane element is between 45° and 135° b/ts 90 Gag b/t< 60 a) single edge fold b) 150 SD vo @) The cross-section of an edge stiffener should be taken ooabising the effective portions of the stiffener, element ¢ or elements ¢ and d as shown in figure 5, ‘pls the ajocent fitive portion ofthe plane element & QQ) (2) The procedure, which is illustrated in figure 5,8} shouldbe caried out in steps a fllows: + Step 1: Obtain an initial effective ch for the stiffener using effective widths determined by assuming thatthe stiffer Bives fll restraint and that Gamga = fo! io, Se (4) 10 (5) Step 2: Use the intial effective exo8s-ection of the stiffener to determine the reduction factor for distortonal. buckli ‘buckling of a stiffener), allowing for the effects of the continuous spring ©, (yand (8); = Step3: Optionally iterate oretine the value ofthe reduction factor for bucking of the stiffener, see (@)and (10) (4) Initial values of the effectiyd 5.5.2 by assuming that the plané 4 and ba shown in figure 5-#should be determined from clause is doubly supported, see table 4-1 wu EN A443-1-5 Treaktte pea eee LYmy, pee bane B SS ba=05 be ba 05 by 2) | 30: be=pb NCD) MS) t | 1 | yok 2 | i ae FY ba = Fb baa be : | ): * poy wo: : “ - 1 | ba ae r ' [L__ba=o.d bom 1 | v=o, 0 Oyo [a | sys j LBitking factor 781 | 7817 62994 978y" [73.5 | 3980-w | | 1 eS : ¢ 1 Table 42 Outstdey gamiprcesion éfaments ibution (compression positive) an Effective” width Bog ' Ber Ayko: wo: | der=p be=pe/(I-W) ber=p be=pe/(I-y) | ; | T>y>0 01 O>y>-1 =I ' 0.578 [y+ 0,34) 1.70 L7-sytiniy Be | | | Co eee ee ee ehPrEN 1993-1-5 : 2006 (E} 4.4 Plate elements without longitudinal stiffeners (1) __ The effective? areas of flat compression elements should be obtained using Table ie) internal elements and Table 4.2 for outstand elements. The effective? area of the compression zone of plete} with the gross cross-sectional area A. should be obtained from: OrnNE Ace PAs os .t) where p is the reduction factor for plate buckling. tf ( Oy (2) The reduction factor p may be taken as follows: . o vo ~ internal compression elements: 2) p=10 for X, $0,673 7 pate 8055B4V) 19 sor Ty 50,673 «where 6 +g)20~ (42) x re ~ _outstand compression elements: mw p=10 » $0,748 ee > 0,748 (43) is the stress ratio determined in accordance with 4.4(3) and 4.4(4) is the appropriate width to be taken sete gi be for webs; b for internal flange elements. ex b-3t for flanges of RHS; © for outstand flanges; \ @y h for equal-leg angles; ~ h for unequal-leg ISS kis the buckling factor cor fing to the stress ratio y and boundary conditions. For long plates ky is given in Table 4.1 or Tak Appropriate; S> initions, see Table 5.2 of EN 1993-1-1) t isthe thickness; Gis the elastic critical feeding stress see equation (A.1) in Annex A.1(2) and Table 4.1 and Table 42; wel : Js 235 () e= ~N £,[N/mm?]— )) G) For ts of I-sections and box girders the stess ratio used in Table 4.1 and Table 42 should bé based on the properties of the pross cross-sectional area. due allowance beine mace fc chear Ine cy.© F0.8143 20673 —> f : _ See 23 ~ 0-058 2.05 -0-058C544) 6 gag (42) 0. 81432 Ap= 284 AnH be =bee Hoe = Abb mma abla ti) © cedoule Ah uigidizadoy, cdleads al, Cabs (view de La rp) _ - (6) Initial values ofthe effective widths cas and der shown in figure 5.9 should be o a) fora single edge fold stiffener: cua™ p Boe with p obtained from 5.5.2, except using a value of the buckling factor k, svebiaea ios prEN 1993-1-3 : 2006(E) tained as follows: ( (Gy9 = if Bel By $ 035: ~) fos 05 7 (6.138) if OBS < by/Be 0,6: i =05 +083 Mee (or 068) (0 (5.136) dpe, 4054 20.35 — Key 2 OH qe oa oo 5130) ty 040542055 —7 Ko + 0.54083 \ lay ) 062 (a2) — fo = 0-488 Me 20.838 70048 —> 7: SEE 048 p.ga5e (4 Pe 2B4Yoee Pe ce 4 (ws) Cay: 0-42 5605 = 13-88 mm. © teusion cubica deb vigidttadon = bout siftagen ae 1388 bee Boyt} time 9 1B rea 16.6 xg 6 Leer Bee ee egg oat Te moses ‘ ous heb x0-8 4316" } B-8H0-8 ae -3, W Ho.24 mia! (ea dub wd hz: (oes Hae = 24.38 mu—_ ————— —— ‘pYEN AAAS -A-B 220065 5.5.3-4 FEN 1993-4-3 : 2006 (E) (G) In the case of the edge stiffeners of lipped C-sections and lipped Z-sections, Cg should be determined with © the unit loads w applied as shown in figure 5.8(¢). This results in the following expression for the spring stiffness Ki forte flange |: 1 _ (yey paqiuar 4 416) *) bf hy + BF +050, b; hy ke + * 1 : SS b is the distance from the web-to-flange junction to the gravity f« jive area of the edge stiffener (including effective part b. of the flange) of flange 1)’ 5.8(@); b isthe distance from the web-to-flange junction to the gravi the effective area of the edge stiffener (including effective part ofthe flange ) of flange 2,\_) ) fe isthe web depth; ke= 0 if flange 2 isin tension (eg. for beam in bending about is; k,=4et2 if fange 2 also in compression (eg. fora beam in aia compression); es er heel for asymmetric section in compression. SS Acm and Am is the effective area of the edge stiffener (including effective part d2 of the flange, see figure 5.8(b)) of flange 1 and flange 2 respectively.) . ky 2 2190002. 3 a —3— +0153 82 Gano.at) [aise iso b BYU. 52) 40.5 (3-452) 100 -- (510b) VEN A9Ad-A-3: 20065 5.53.2. " () Theclasticerfcal buckling stess\e,, formers Pieber Would boobed fom: 2VKER (lynsiduc oes de waa bowen sé Sob eh Glance”) 619) where: RLY K isthe spring tities pe unit ength, see 5.53.12), 1, is the effective etond imoment of area of the stiffener, tzken as that of its effective area 4, about the 8 ofits effective cross-section, see figure 5.9. (8) Alternatively, the el buckling stress. cy may be obtained from elastic fist order buckling analyses using numerical methods, See 5.5.1(8). Bas: : 2 Yo.163 xZ10 099 x YY, 24 BRS ue (515) 24.38 VEN A943 -A-B: 20065 BoA (D The reduction factor 4 for the distorional (feexural buckling of a stiffener) should be obtained from the relative slendemess 2g from: x ta=h0 if As $065 > (S.12a) %gl47-07344 if on --(5.12b) s if Za = (6.120) @) (RES en (5.124)4.38 AUQ - 0.22340. 854 20.844 psedar\aee “288 6438 > hed § (ue pa gman ts al ual AQ © de \utlh, — Louttrsion Cuoues > Karly: 235% 0.844> 494-51 faut we eee peed AW 0-844 = 0-814 x) 0.944 = O45 ealculo de ber (4.2) P= G28 n 0055 (34). 9.4yy —p bens MEE th a. ee Owe dalosle cut Labbio— 732-0188 Dora = 0838x0044 20-192 P= Se = 0-48 (4) (ota) Cf 2 0-48215 = MTZ mH + Aeariu cthcn dal geben + + sit * eS Mee _ stax =. | awe ee} ot ey pene SBM 7z As lewd B= 2542 tos aad vijaiesaio, Llodo0 x0.8% __ raat am" ‘*"G(Ga-08)_ ~icifibo HARP $0: 2 Yols x2lobo0 x5 54-2 = B5E7565 ant on 25% acto de veduecus. obs< Ad2\) 22%., = 84 0-862 (52) 0-684 Wau. Eshenov AL wgdrender; £-0-840.862 = . seccidn ebicor dul ale wot Cobia ut) Yea > Re4 Xp> aan (: 22 005s) = onlyog_> Do = be deesoi 2200 US ae 2 22 20-698sua \ a Rawnborin. & uomtwrtion curtvade db dott ee pohahato mee Yarn Alo une, te ta Baur ot Wa wabediao Lo - i eet ad te de Mabey cade. oe Wu. DECU' = Zio Nawi* sem ste 3.2 D208 h Ta =2o8kbt G2 —2poH04.23 2. 2 Ty = 712 20) Swat Tardy =0 Noradidy Bs zd ie Bb Xylene) = 2-52; 80 O-Baua EuRoedp\eo> 25 3EF Xf CORTROORA)E-1@A2 | 60 0-6 84 we eset Ags2. =89.34 = Be (aisivvin) fae oe Jaa = {isa 2fte32 214@ = Ry Aisin Yo = 12-1824 18-424} 31-02 = wishin , Dan PE He os 267-6 = RS (Aistwin) ~ BE Soest Aastsasfotr((eot20s aon oea(mges ait z Flararel 3 '5 103 103-583 Ly (oa) Awsiouak Hs rn PrEN 1993-1-3 : 2006(E) 62.2 Flexural buckling (1) ‘The design buckling resistance N,xy for flexural buckligg should be obtained from EN 1993-1-1 using the appropriate buckling curve from table 6.3 seer |type of cross-section, axis of buckling and yield strength used, see (3). / (2) The buckling curve for a cross-section not i table 6.3 may be obtained by analogy. (3) The bucking resistance of a closed built should be determined using either: ~ buckling curve b in association with tHe basic yield strength fy of the flat sheet material out of which the , member is made by cold forming; - buckling curve ¢ in association ce yield strength jf. of the member after cold forming, determined as specified in 3.2.3, pr Ay SOQ > — 6.23 Torsional buckling and forsidnal-flexural buckling (1) For members with point-s ric, open cross-sections (e.g Z-purlin with equal flanges), account should be ‘taken of the possibility that tt ‘of the member to torsional buckling might be less than its resistance to flexural buckling. ) Q) For members with ei open cross-sections, see figure 6.12, account should be taken of the possibility that the res ¥3 Of the member to torsional-flexural buckling might be less than its resistance to flexural buckling. ‘7 ) For members ,With fion-symmetric open cross-sections, account should be taken of the possibility that the st 3 fo either torsional or torsional-flexural buckling might be less than its resistance to ) The design EN 1998.155,63. ig resistance Nae for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling should be obtained from ing the relevant buckling curve for buckling about the 2-z axis obtained from table 6.3.PrEN 1993-1-3 : 2005 (E) Table 63: Appropriate buckling curve for various types of cross-section ‘Type of cross-section Bucklisig( ‘Kling SST Ai b if fe is used Any o R) or other crose-eection "? The average yield strength J, should not be used unless Aue = AyPrEN 1993-1-3 : 2006(E) Figure 6.12: Cross-sections suscepti remit buckling () The elastic critical force Nq.r for torsional buckling of simpl¥sypported beam should be determined from: El, } . : == (6.338) iy) Hie tye Ez, (6336) G isthe shear modulus, 4, is the radius of gyration of {Gresé-section about the y -y axis; i, is the radius of gyration of t -section about the 2 - 2 axis; Jy is the buckling length off fester fort Yor% are the shear cent nates with respect to the centroid of the gross cross-section. buckling; (6) For doubly symmetric ergss> (€B. Yo=zo=0), the elastic critical force Nery for torsional-flexural buckling should be determi . Nase= Net +634) provided Nar Ne _ is the elastic critical forg ia buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional properties. | (2) The imperfection factor & Gerona to the appropriate buckling curve should be obtained from | Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 —~ LO Table -t:imnperfection factors for buckling curves ‘Buckling curve, @ 2 e © a Ing ti 3 0,13 0,21 0,34 0,49 76. @) Values of the + from Figure 6.4. iy | 1 @ For rena or for NE <0,04 the buckling effects may be ignored and only cross iene Ne idn)factor 7 for the appropriate non-dimensional slendemess 7. may be obtainedyeaa ® Reduction factor 7. 00 o2zf 04 om os 10 12 14 3a Ste 20 22 24 26 28 30 | } Figure 6.4; ack A, Nore = Ferm BL. ya Men.» , Pedloson este | neal Book Ne 2 Harr (tome gy Hesibeeblassen) « re2o (EN A4ag-A-3: 2006} 6-2-5) Hoot 416204 <2; Novae = Se ae bez 4) — odsaas 25100 15 “Bary A256 250651 [avanas-r-3-..(638)] El wen de bode tr Noes T1443 N. h: |Z ser ee oalnor (conrad o6tt)>68 Bla 43, Didvadiag cove) | | | Non-dimensional ifadcnee i \ | Curves A 0.465 x|03-5032235 _ igezi ua = —KSa999 = “65 Neo = we? NOE 18621 eyziN (4 ) % O414Vo.Ri- abe iM “AES “Co: 48)weed 10 | Re 2 = \Pe 200 ¥ Fox| BmeE MEL AEE wed GueiteAsG2 KE A2t-®) (B74) WAS by| Suet) “tare” beNas5a0 235420) a kare gobyftalsis (pa-3) _2e40e TK Es Looe pf * Pusfyber-t bet =F conf yb [49g 3 Cea)fpave thos? Se =0.085 (348). 1 ait) = Ante 4 (1-020)fa) T_ANESTABILIDAD POR vistorsidiy, GAS pas “EN 19004-92008 ©) \gitena REAL SiS TSMA, EQuivALENTE 1 - ee EeMPRESION y — ©) Calculation of for C and Z sectibi Figure 5.6; Determination of spring stiffnessphe] A, EB 4A love rr) STAT pga awAy PTS 4 [Ez SenZb] t: be a [ap Ay 6B [§ ah st) pall] tudo 4. ee. 4 — 2K (™ Ane ; haha tree nT ie a mys Sep 2 Yoqut tla Pagn o (ym Generak on about pre dl heo.tn loge 2 dea Later Sumer A $5 € 7 ae x i bt Reg, Pare! Npwd 794 2 aH Te _ te GuSeco BEZA2 f-FLEMons_ (veo BS1Aa9 49: 206) 552) = hav Unbio anbaiovts Val aur a uwveniin tu hada thot EW 4945-A-5 (5) B4eRe eae y os hat tg, (exten G3xloo)s8-6844 (\bexlo)s# Gt jnoxso} 152 7S)40.2 bis th a (GB 4 32)s0-684 eloboDTKi00 BHHIB)O’ = bane | i 0.684, word orbo-A BEYS 48.13 A ger ike 1-6-2404 pee edb stst ¥ Parent ‘eal Hoy del Otte Pe ae orb. a. Cy Delp = s-BT04 =486 far = Aq Gebel x04 Yea = 24-Ib= byte 6 FoAG1 124 we R2A 2. Bubassy l(t btaAe2n HA Ip as)ox 8 ast C BES 444 pq aes ~ Ped + y: “2 ee. 04; Ke} 81-2404) )sareloMiares ie + Ie (3 be = page 9px 2tect G04) * 784|av68 HE awe dege 2 5243x0408 248-65 er = Adchibe Deypx Ol dera2h2 = dey xO Ze GE-5T42422 6-4 % Ao —Z $ [Be & _ oe.5i (Hoang Zt [pals aes 35-43 aang ae)oe Wee TROWEbAneS be LA Seven BGA Dae 4 BAe APL Hd 6B Geb xB 08H UPL O.LHIET?ADTOR ED B®) + $14.12 0684s 4.0474 48 168452 4B Ib oD Bo5245 i. 408 at + $ WH A086 (AIT STO BAD SHH e Bebrest = 24 0445 wm Waa = eR Ue wt 54h wo?—— 6. — es - YEN 1999-1-3 : 2008 (E) 6.24 Lateraboriohitickng of members subject to bending (1) The design isiance moment of a member that is susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling should be determined ac int EN 1985: A-L, section 63.2.2 using the lateral buckling curve a or b. Q) This ms 'be used for the sections that have a significant angle between the principal axes of the effective cross-section, compared to those ofthe gross cross-section, EN 1993-11: 2005 (E) 6322 Lateral torsional buckling curves General case | (1) _ Unless otherwise specified, see 6.3.2.3, for bending members of constant cries 6: the Yalue of | %27for the appropriate non-dimensional stenderness ‘i,1, should be determined fm a 1 TER Mar = butar sto -& Mer ! ®,, fo; : 5 --o2)+%2| (alg, wats Muse sein) | 17 isi Tmperfection factor ye j we Oy nsf e GY . ! My isteelasio sta moter fortron bucking oR, AISI STADDARD 23.1.241 | @) Ma is based-on gross cross sectional properties and takes i acon ating ction, thé real «= Moment distribition and the lateral restraints, | | NOTE The imperfection factor x corresponding the Sypdpliate buckling curve may be obtained « from the National Annex. The recommended valueS as P-ar&-given in Table 6.3. ! l Table 6.3: Recommended values for imps n factors for lateral torsional \ | buckling cur . Buckling curve 7a 6 [|< a | | Im ion factor (ofe1 | Fo.34 0.49" | 0.76 nA ' -- = " PialoosoasTa.2 @4215 300 book bed za34a os Ne Ee asTia tie ae donne aw Y 454 44235 b 7 2). ty = \/_194236 93g 20.511 $034 (0328-0.2)1032g"| - 0.536 tn VFS 2 emt esac 4 : = 04Sy Ye Cas Vossen ke pass 19424285. 4024428 NnEN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E) Table 6. 5] 1 (2) For taking into account tHe mome utipn between the fateral restraints of members the] reduction factoP-yermay be modified as follows: Kanab SFP Qt igs GAS PRE (6.58) NOTE The values f may be-défined’in the National Annex. The following minimum values are | creo mac ee butf 1,0 ; sagaa; A. “PBS Fema? 0839) Kee Gao 42 A-0.5(\-0.49)t-2.0(0.528 -0.8) 0.48 0.454 Keywoa = Sager det MH 20.469 445942235 2A043. 463 Numa, pF 02H | (3) The second moment of area may be calculated alterativel)-by interpolation of gross cross-section and_ «effective cross-section using the expression [EN 1993-1-3: 2006 (E) Ie = 4, ~HU,-1ea) oe TA) where Jy is second mene tte pes Gy is maximum compressive bending’stress.in the serviceability limit state, based on the gross cross- section (positive in formula); Hola isthe second moment of azed\of the effective cross-section with allowance for local buckling calculated for a maximum seat 2 Gp» in which the maximum stress is the largest absolute value of stresses within #le-caloulation length considered.pen ses3 208 += (6.8) 6.1.5 Shear force fy isthe shear strength considering | buckling to Table 6.1; ‘thy is the web height between the midlinesof the Mi , see figure 5.3(c); ¢ isthe slope ofthe web relative to entange ee 65. Teo 2A (tended) Table: ering strength fi, Relative web slendemess | Web withdur ining ae pert ‘Web with stiffening at the support " Jew $083 (io 0,58 fe 083< Aw <1,40 alte 0,48/,,/2, je 21,40 lL 067f 4/2, 0,48 f,,/4, T Stiffening at the apo Ajeet, ‘arranged to prevent distortion of the web and designed to resist the support reaction. (2) The relative web slenderness 2» should be obtained from the following: + for webs without longitudinal iffeners: & [he a = 03465 | 2° 6109) FVE C909 + for webs with longitudinal-stiffeners, see Figure 6.5° 46.106) Kor we J, isthe second moment of area of the individual longing ena as define in $.53.43(7), about the axis a—a as indicated in figure 6.5; QT 44 is the total developed slant height of the web, as indicated in in figure 6. 5; Sp isthe slant height of the largest plane element in the veiw 6.5; = is the slant height of the web, as shown in fh tren ‘the midpoints of the comers, these Points are the median points ofthe comers, see figure/S(@), 7 >So FiscoGS? Loncitudinally stiffened webOO & TO rEN 1993-1-3 : 2005 (E) 6.1.8 Combined tension aiid bending (1) Cross-sections subject/to,coimbiried axial tension Neg and bending moments Myr and M,c4 should ® satisfy the criterion: ~~) Nw , Miwa ¢) Mase. Mra Mg Macrae = (6.23) /, ted Magis) 2 Fina or TF = 12 Fava be ® auadoa Screws loatied in tension? 7 Yoo = Ants (etoMutud atic) > hy =, 4 Pull-through fesistance: Cio Maaes Auk rewisulube veebhiae. + for static loads: Fora = det fl ro ~ for screw’ subject to Wine: fonds ard conibitation of Wind Idalls aid Static Loads Fa ="0,5 cyt fl hn utresistance: If fgp <1 Kore? /= 045 dteghonw! Wa (6 is the thread pitch) lig (1: 0.65 d tagdasuy! Tha i—~ ‘Tension resistance: Tension resistance Figd @bedaermined by testing +”. ye Pasa Conditions: ” Fins 2 EF pre Range of validity: > Generally: e 3d BS 30mm ¥ % x ¥ cpr | x : x . x x s x : x x x a fa x ; x x x ce | x : x or | > x x of | x s - x VL) x x x oy An —~ (xy . OF ~ ° - x ) oF e x * x oF | $ - [x x arf % oF o d of s 7 x SF Ta A OF | o - of | s x ‘am ase oft wid contig ay beeen cen etn clas Cl A= Alumisimiespeciveofsutae fis ( (7/¢) + = Type of mute ot recommended fom the eonoion L)) strpont B= Uncosad tel shot C= Hotdip zine cued (2275) or aun = Hotdip zine eed eet shet + B= Alri cote (A185) sel she 8 Refeeto rivet only 1b Refersto sore and sony © Tustin water, of material resistant o aging, tween “ sheeting ard tener S= Saif S 4 Stinks ste! EN 10088 X= Type ofmtral recommended Fo Risk of dscoration ied conon oxiy 1 _Always chuck wishes supple:PrEN 1993-1-3 : 2005 (E) ‘Table B.2: Atmospheric-corrosivity categories according. 0 EN ISO 129442 and examples of typical iC )) environments \ Corro- [Corro- [Examples of typical environments in a temperate climate (informabye) sivity | sivity i mer = category |ievel | Exterior or aS) ct ‘Very low |= ‘Heated buildings with éléan/ atmospheres, . & offices, shops, schools and hotels. a Low [Atmospheres with low level of| Unheated buildings (wheje) condensation pollution. Mostly rural areas may occur, e. g. depots, spoft halls. C3 Medium [Urban and industrial atmospheres, | Production rons yi lok humidity and moderate sulphur dioxide pollution. | some air pol 8). food-processing | plants, laundiies, breweries and dairies. a High Sen pe jimming pools, coastal C51 [Very industrial areas with high humidity high (in-| and aggressive atmosphere. dustrial) CM fery | Coastal and offshore areas with high high | salinity (marine) Building or atéas with almost permanent condensation and with high pollution, ‘Building or areas with almost permanent cerensation and with high pollution. Any distribution of forces, where the internal forces (bolt forces) are in equilibrium with the external forces in such a way that nowhere is the internal load-carrying resistance (the design resistance of the bolts) exceeded, gives a lower bound to the design resistance of the connection, This principle is only valid if sufficient deformatio: connections this capacity can be assured by designi controlling item of the strength of the connection: * In shear and bearin; mn capacity is available, In bolted ing the bolts such that they are not the : let bearing be decisive, because the deformation capacity in bearing of the plate is much bigger than the deformation capacity in shear of the bolt. + In tension: let yielding of the plates in bending be decisive rather than rupture of the bolt.