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 One - One & Many - One Functions

One-One Functions: Different elements of Domain set has a different image.

One-One functions are also called injective functions.

Many-One Functions: Different elements of Domain set has same image.

Which of these functions are One-One?

1 a 1 a

2 b 2 b

3 c 3

1 a 1 a

2 b 2 b
c 3 c
 How to detect One-One Functions
Method - 1 CBSE
Style
If f(x1) = f(x2) implies x1=x2 then f(x) is one one
otherwise many one.
 How to detect One-One Functions
Method - 2 Graphical Style
If a horizontal line can cut the graph of f(x) only once then f(x)
is one-one, otherwise many-one
 How to detect One-One Functions
Method - 3 IIT-ian Style
Monotonic Functions are always one-one.
Onto & Into Functions

Onto Functions: Range is same as Co-Domain. Also, known as surjective functions.

Into Functions: Range is not the same as Co-Domain.

Which of these functions are Onto?

1 a 1 a

2 b 2 b

3 c 3

1 a 1 a

2 b 2 b
c 3 c
How to detect Onto Functions
IIT-ian Style
Bijective Functions

● Functions which are one-one and onto are called bijective functions.

● Bijective functions are invertible.

If f: R → R and f(x) = x2 , then the function is :

A. One-one and onto B. Many-one and onto

C. One-one and into D. Many-one and into

If f: R → [0, ∞) and f(x) = x2 , then the function is :

A. One-one and onto B. Many-one and onto

C. One-one and into D. Many-one and into

If f: [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) and f(x) = x2 , then the function is :

A. One-one and onto B. Many-one and onto

C. One-one and into D. Many-one and into

If then f is

A. one-one-and onto B. one-one but not onto

C. onto but not one-one D. neither one-one nor onto

The function defined as

A. neither Injective nor not surjective B. surjective but not injective

C. injective but not surjective D. none of these

Let function f : R → R be defined by f(x) = 2x + sin x for x 𝝐 R, then f is

A. one-to-one-and onto B. one-to-one-but not onto

C. onto but not one-to-one D. neither one-to-one nor onto

If f(x) = , is one-one function, then

A. 2≤a≤8 B. 1 ≤ a ≤ 2

C. 0≤a≤1 D. none of these

A function f: R → R, where R is the set of real numbers, is
defined by

Find the interval of values of ⍺ for which f is onto.

 Number of Functions

Let X = {x1, x2, x3,......xn } (i.e. n elements) and Y = {y1, y2, y3…….yr }
(i.e. r elements). Let a function be defined from X to Y. Then

1. Total number of functions = rn

Example:

1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
5
 Number of Functions

Let X = {x1, x2, x3,......xn} (i.e. n elements) and Y = {y1, y2, y3…….yr}
(i.e. r elements). Let a function be defined from X to Y. Then

2. Total number of constant functions = r

Example:

1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
5
 Number of Functions

Let X = {x1, x2, x3,......xn} (i.e. n elements) and Y = {y1, y2, y3…….yr}
(i.e. r elements). Let a function be defined from X to Y. Then

3. The total number of one-one functions =

Example: Example: Example:

1 a 1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b 2 b
3 c 3 c 3 c
4 d 4 d 4 d
e 5
 Number of Functions

Let X = {x1, x2, x3,......xn} (i.e. n elements) and Y = {y1, y2, y3…….yr}
(i.e. r elements). Let a function be defined from X to Y. Then

4. The total number of many-one functions =

Example: Example: Example:

1 a 1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b 2 b
3 c 3 c 3 c
4 d 4 d 4 d
e 5
 Number of Functions

Let X = {x1, x2, x3,......xn} (i.e. n elements) and Y = {y1, y2, y3…….yr}
(i.e. r elements). Let a function be defined from X to Y. Then

6. The total number of onto functions =

Example: Example: Example:

1 a 1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b 2 b
3 c 3 c 3 c
4 d 4 d 4 d
e 5
 Number of Functions

Let X = {x1, x2, x3,......xn} (i.e. n elements) and Y = {y1, y2, y3…….yr}
(i.e. r elements). Let a function be defined from X to Y. Then

5. The total number of into functions =

Example: Example: Example:

1 a 1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b 2 b
3 c 3 c 3 c
4 d 4 d 4 d
e 5
 Number of Functions

Let X = {x1, x2, x3,......xn} (i.e. n elements) and Y = {y1, y2, y3…….yr}
(i.e. r elements). Let a function be defined from X to Y. Then

6. The total number of Bijective functions =

Example: Example: Example:

1 a 1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b 2 b
3 c 3 c 3 c
4 d 4 d 4 d
e 5
The number of bijective function from a set A to itself when
A contains 106 elements is:

A. 106
B. (106)2
C. (106)!
D. 2106
The number of surjections from A = {1, 2,.....,n}, n ≥ 2 onto B = {a, b} is:

A. nP2
B. 2n - 2
C. 2n - 1
D. None of these
Given a function f : A → B; where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {6, 7, 8}
Find number of onto functions

A. 243
B. 93
C. 150
D. None of these
The number of functions f from {1, 2,.... 20} onto {1, 2,......,20} such
that f(k) is a multiple of 3 whenever k is a multiple of 4 is

A. 14!.6!
B. 59. 15!
C. 65.14!
D. 15!.6!
The number of bijective functions f : A➡A, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} such
that f(1) ≠ 3, f(2) ≠ 1, f(3) ≠ 4, f(4) ≠ 2 is

A. 11
B. 23
C. 12
D. 9
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Inverse Function : Definition

a x

b y

c z

d w

A B
Inverse Function : Definition
 Method to find Inverse Function

For the function y=f(x)

Write x in The new

terms of y. Interchange expression in x is
x=g(y) x and y the inverse
function
 Find Inverse Function

Eg: f(x) = 2x + 1

-1 -1

0 1

1 3

2 5

A B
If is given by then f -1(x) equals

A. B.

C. D.
If the function is defined by

A. B.

C. D. Not defined
 Properties of Inverse Functions

1. Only bijective functions are invertible.

2. The inverse of bijection is unique.
3. The inverse of bijection is also bijection.
 Properties of Inverse Functions

4. The graphs of f & f -1 are the mirror images of each other in line y = x.
 Properties of Inverse Functions

5. If the graphs of f and f–1 intersect, then they will intersect on line y = x.
Properties of Inverse Functions

Generally, fog(x) and gof(x) are not equal

but if they are equal then

f and g are inverse of each at least one of f and g is

other an identity function.
 Properties of Inverse Functions

7. If f(x) and g(x) are inverse function of each other then f’(g(x)) = 1/g’( x )
Suppose f(x) = (x +1)2 for x > -1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the
reflection of the graph of f(x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x)
equals

A. B.

C. D.
EQUAL / IDENTICAL
FUNCTIONS
 Equal / Identical Functions

Two functions are equal if

1. They have same domain
2. Every input has same output for both functions
i.e. Both functions have same graph.
Which of the following pair of functions are identical?

A.

B.

C.

D.
EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS
Even/Odd Functions : Definition

1. Even Function: f(-x) = f(x)

Eg: x2, cos x, |x|

2. Odd Function: f(-x) = - f(x)

Eg: x, x3, x|x|, sin x , tan x
The function , is

A. Neither an even nor an odd function B. an even function

C. an odd function D. a periodic function

Let be given by f(x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3

A. f(x) is an odd function B. f(x) is an one-one function

C. f(x) is neither even nor odd D. f(x) is an even function

[JEE Adv.2014]
Properties of Even-Odd Functions

1. Graph of even function is symmetric about y-axis

2. Graph of odd function is symmetric about origin.
 Properties of Even-Odd Functions

2. f(x) = 0 is the only function which is both even & odd.

 Properties of Even-Odd Functions

3. All odd functions pass through origin, i.e., f(0) = 0

 Properties of Even-Odd Functions

4. (f(x) + f (-x)) is always even and (f(x) - f (-x)) is always odd.

 Properties of Even-Odd Functions

5.
 Properties of Even-Odd Functions

6. fog or gof

Even Odd

One of f or g is Both f & g are

Both f, g are even
even odd
 Properties of Even-Odd Functions

7. Derivative of odd function is even and derivative of even function is odd.

 Properties of Even-Odd Functions

8. Integral of odd function is even

Integral of even function may or may not be odd as value at x=0 may not be zero.
Let f(x) =

If f(x) is an even function on R and the definition of f(x) in (0, ∞) is

A. B.

C. D. None of these
DPP
The function f: [0, 3] → [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1 is

A. one-one-and onto B. onto but not one-one

C. one-one but not onto D. neither one-one nor onto

A={1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {6, 7, 8}
The number of mapping of g(x) : B ➡ A such that g(i) ≤ g(j) whenever
i < j is

A. 60
B. 140
C. 10
D. 35
If where; [.] is G.I.F and x ≠ n𝜋 (n 𝝐 integer) Then f(x) is:

A. odd function B. even function

C. neither odd nor even D. data insufficient

f(x) = , x ≠ 0 and n = N and f(x) is a/an

A. Even function B. odd function

C. One-one function D. Invertible function

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