TERM PAPER

CE200: Details of
Construction
CAST IN SITU PILE
Section:A/A2
Group:4
Spring’2020

Submitted to:
Mr. S M Shazeebur Rahman
Lecturer,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology

Mr. Subashish Kundu Sunny

Lecturer,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the report entitled “CAST IN SITU PILE” submitted to the Ahsanullah
University Of Science & Technology done by the members of this groupcollectively. We also state that
the materials embodied in this report have not been submitted anywhere before date for any purpose.

Name ID Number Signature

Mostahid Habib 19.01.03.047

Pritom Roy 19.01.03.049

Md Towsif Hassan 19.01.03.050

Ayon Biswas 19.01.03.051

Fahima Akter Priya 19.01.03.052

Islam Md. Sharif 19.01.03.053

MD. Nahid Hasan 18.02.03.070

This report titled “CAST IN SITU PILE” has been accepted as satisfactory in partialfulfillment of
the requirement for the course of DOC (CE200) on March 22, 2021.

Name of Teacher Designation Signature

Mr. S M Shazeebur Lecturer

Rahman

Mr. Subashish Kundu Lecturer

Sunny

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This term paper and the work behind it would not have been possible without the
exceptional support of our supervisors Mr.S M Shazeebur Rahman, Department of
Civil Engineering, AUST and Mr. Subashish Kundu Sunny, Lecturer, Department.
of Civil Engineering, AUST. Their enthusiasm, knowledge and exacting attention to
detail have been an inspiration and kept our work on track from the beginning. We
offer our sincere appreciation for the learning opportunities provided by them.

Our completion of this paper could not have been accomplished without the
enormous support of all the team mates. This report is a result of the effort of many
people. For that, wse are thankful to a number of people for their kind advices,
suggestions and directions.

Although this report has been prepared with utmost care and deep routed interest,
even then we accept respondent and imperfections.

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 ABSTRACT

The abstract shall include a summary of the research – Cast In Situ Pile in the
following manner :-

 Introduction of Cast In Situ Pile

 Objectives of Cast In Situ Pile
 Construction of Cast In Situ Pile
 Advantages of Cast In Situ Pile
 Disadvantages of Cast In Situ Pile
 Applications of Cast in Situ Pile
 Figures & images of Cast In Situ Pile
 Conclusion of Cast In Situ Pile

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic name Page

No.
DECLARATION 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

ABSTRACT 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS 5-7

LIST OF FIGURES & IMAGES 8

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 10-17

1.1 Foundation 10

1.2 Classification Of Foundation 9

1.3 Shallow Foundation 9

1.4 Deep Foundation 10

1.5 Pile Foundation 11

1.5.1 Functions of Pile Foundation 12

1.5.2 Installation of Pile foundations 12

1.5.3 Classification of Pile Foundation 13-14

1.5.3.1 Concrete Pile 14-15

1.5.3.1.1` Cast In Situ Pile 16-17

CHAPTER 2 : SITE EXPLORATION 18

2.1 Purposes of Site Exploration 18-19

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 2.2 Methods of site exploration 19

2.2.1 Test Pit 19

2.2.2 Boring 20

2.2.2.1 Auger Boring 20-21

2.2.2.2 Wash Boring 22

2.2.2.3 Percussion Boring 23

2.2.2.4 Rotary Boring 24

2.3 Sampling 25-26

CHAPTER 3 : CONSTRUCTION OF CAST IN SITU PILE 27-37

3.1 Wash Boring 27

3.1.1 Three Legged Pipe Derrick Placing 28

3.1.2 Centering And Placing Of Auger 28

3.1.3 Temporary Casing / Drive Pipe Inserting 28

3.1.4 Water Supply By Hose Pipe 29

3.1.5 Using Bentonite 30

3.1.6 Functions & Uses Of Bentonite Slurry 31

3.2 Construction of Reinforcement Casing 31

Consisting Of Stirrups & Main Rod
3.2.1 Bending of stirrups 31

3.2.2 Reinforcement cutting 32

3.2.3 Making spiral rod for reinforcement 32

3.2.4 Placing the rod horizontally 33

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 3.2.5 Placing circular CC block peripherally to 33
maintain clear cover
3.2.6 Placing the reinforcement in the hole 34

3.3 Welding 34

3.4 Casting Concrete using Tremie pipe 35

3.5 Vibrating 36

3.6 Curing 37

3.7 Removing the impure concrete from the top 36

3.8 Pile cap construction 37-38

CHAPTER 4 : ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN SITU PILE 39

CHAPTER 5 : DISADVANTAGES OF CAST IN SITU PILE 40

CHAPTER 6 : APPLICATIONS OF CAST IN SITU PILE 41

CHAPTER 7 : LIMITATIONS OF CAST IN SITU PILE 42

CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION 43

REFERENCE 44-45

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Figure Name Page No

Fig 1 Classification of foundation 9
Fig 2 Shallow Foundation 11
Fig 3 Deep foundation 11
Fig 4 Types of Pile foundation 14
Fig 5 Cast In Situ 16
Fig 6 Types of cast in situ pile 18
Fig 7 Site Exploration 19
Fig 8 Test Pit 22
Fig 9 Wash Boring 24
Fig 10 Rotary Boring 26
Fig 11 Auger 21
Fig 12 Making spiral rod 32
Fig 13 Applicability of Driven cast in situ pile 41

LIST OF IMAGES
Image No Image Name Page No
Image 1 Pile foundation 11
Image 2 Pile Foundation 13
Image 3 Concrete piles 14
Image 4 Concrete piles 15
Image 5 Cast In Situ Pile 17
Image 6 Auger Boring 22
Image 7 Percussion Boring 25
Image 8 Sampling 27
Image 9 Derrick Placing 28
Image 10 Temporary Casing insertion 29
Image 11 Provision for hose pipe 30
Image 12 Using Bentonite 31

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Image 13 Bending of stirrups 32
Image 14 Cutting 33
Image 15 Placing reinforcements 34
Image 16 Placing cc blocks 34
Image 17 Placing reinforcement in hole 35
Image 18 Welding 35
Image 19 Casting concrete using Tremie pipe 36
Image 20 Removing cap 37
Image 21 Pile cap construction 38
Image 22 Cast In Situ Pile 43

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 CHAPTER - 1 : INTRODUCTION

(1.1) Foundation :

Foundation is one of the essential parts of the structure. It is defined as a part of the structure that
transfers the load from the structure constructed on it as well as its weight over a large area of soil
in such a way that the amount does not exceed the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil and the
settlement of the whole structure remains within a tolerable limit.
Foundation is the part of a structure on which the building stands. The solid ground on which it
rests is known as foundation bed. In fact, foundation is the lowest part of a structure that provides
a base for the super-structure proper.

(1.2) Classification Of Foundation :

In general, all foundations are divided into two categories - shallow and deep foundations which
can be classified as shown in the following chart :-

Fig 1 : Classification of Foundation

[https://civiltoday.com/]

(1.3) Shallow Foundation

Foundation which is placed near the surface of the earth or transfers the loads at shallow depth is called
the shallow foundation. The depth of shallow foundation is generally about 3 meters or the depth of
foundation is less than the footing with. A shallow foundation is cheaper. Shallow foundations are easier
to construct. Shallow foundations transfer loads mostly by end bearing. Construction materials are
available, less labor is needed, construction procedure is simple at an affordable cost, etc. Possibility of
a settlement, usually applicable for lightweight structure, weak against lateral loads, etc. Isolated
foundation, strip foundation, mat foundation, combined foundation, etc.

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 Fig 2: Shallow Foundation
[https://mocivilengineering.com/pile-cap/]

(1.4) Deep Foundation :

Among the two types of foundation, a deep foundation is a type of foundationdistinguished from
shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground.
Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base
bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths of 3 meter below
finished ground level. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the load to a deeper, more
competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.

Fig 3: Deep Foundation

[https://mocivilengineering.com/pile-cap/]

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(1.5) Pile Foundation :

Pile foundation is the most common form of deep foundation. These are relatively long, slender
members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock
strata having a high bearing capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition
considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of shallow
foundations.
As pile foundations carry a lot of load, they must be designed very carefully. A good engineer will study
the soil the piles are placed in to ensure that the soil is not overloaded beyond its bearing capacity. Every
pile has a zone of influence on the soil around it. Care must be taken to space the piles far enough apart
so that loads are distributed evenly over the entire bulb of soil that carries them, and not concentrated
into a few areas.

Following are the situations when using a pile foundation system can be:

 When the groundwater table is high.

 Heavy and non-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
 Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
 When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
 When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river bed or seashore,
etc.
 When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near the structure.
 When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil condition.
 When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by pumping or by any other
measure due to heavy inflow of seepage.

Image 1: Pile Foundation

Ref [https://civilrack.com/foundation/pile-foundation-types/]

The Advantages of Using Pile Foundation:

 They can be precast to specifications.
 They can be pre-made into any length, shape, and size and used on-site thus reducing the
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 completion time.
 A screw pile foundation bearing capacity increase when it drove into the granular soil because
the adjacent mass of soil is compact around the pile.
 The piles give a clean and neat presentation thus requiring minimum supervision and less storage
space.
 The piles use in places that do not allow drilling of holes because of borrowing and finding
pressurized underground water tables.
 They are a great choice when working over water as is the case with piles in jetties and wharf
structures.

The Disadvantages of Using Pile Foundation:

 Let me know when you will live the link, So will plan to get it share in all our social media
accounts as well.
 Adequate reinforcement of the precast concrete piles is necessary as this helps to make them
bear stresses of being transport.
 Adequate pre-planning is essential for the proper handling of the pile when drive into the ground.
 The process of driving piles requires heavy equipment.
 It is hard to determine the require length of the pile in advance; therefore, the process will
involve the addition of more lengths or cutting off of the excess, and this increases the project
cost.
 The piles are not suitable for soils with poor drainage. It the driving is on arrange and phase
properly, the heaving of the soil or an already drive pile popping up when the new one is push
in may occur.
 Driving the piles generates vibrations that can affect the integrity of the foundations of
neighboring structures.

(1.5.1) Functions of Pile Foundation :

There are many functions provided by the pile foundation that result in its tremendous applications in
construction. The main functions of the pile foundation in the construction are enlisted below:

1. The principal function of the pile foundation is to transmit the loads coming over it safely to the
ground. The transmission is performed whether it is vertical or horizontal or inclined loads.

2. The pile foundation can be constructed in cohesion less soil by undergoing techniques of
displacement and vibration methods.

3. Pile foundation helps in reducing the settlement.

4. The pile foundation helps to increase the factor of safety of heavy load structures or buildings.

5. The pile foundation guarantees the vertical structures above with safety, security and reliability.

6. The pile and pile cap arrangement in pile foundation help the load distribution to be performed in a
uniform manner
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(1.5.2) Installation of Pile Foundations :-

Piles are first cast at ground level and then hammered or driven into the ground using a pile driver. A
pile driver is a machine that holds the pile vertical and hammers it into the ground. Blows are repeated
by lifting a heavy weight and dropping it on top of the pile. Piles should be hammered into the ground
until the refusal point is reached, which is the point where a pile cannot be driven into the soil any
farther. The method of installing a pile is a major consideration in the structural integrity of pile
foundations. The driven-pile method is an ideal option because it least disturbs the supporting soil
around the pile and results in the highest bearing capacity for each pile. Since every pile has a zone of
influence on the soil around it, piles must be spaced far enough apart from each other so that the loads
are distributed evenly.
Ref:[https://www.schoolofpe.com/blog/2017/06/basic-principles-and-classifications-of-
pilefoundations.html]

Image 2– Pile Foundation Fig 4– Types Of Pile Foundation

[https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering] & [http://grimtech.com]

(1.5.3) Classification of Pile Foundation :-

a) Function Wise:
 Bearing pile
 Friction pile
 Shore/Sheet pile
 Anchor pile
 Batter pile
 Fender pile
 Compaction pile
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b) Material wise:
 Timber pile
 Sheet pile
 Concrete pile
 Composite pile

(1.5.3.1) Concrete Pile :

Concrete piles are common structural foundation elements used to support offshore structures such as
bridges, oil-rigs, and floating airports. The use of offshore structures is still a fairly new technique and
there is still much research to be done in this field. The loading of an offshore structure consists of two
components: vertical structural loads and lateral wave loads. The interaction of these two loading
components has a significant impact on how the pile reacts and the way the stresses are distributed
through the pile. In addition, the pile will react differently when subjected to a small structural load than
to a large structural load.

Image 3-Concrete piles

[https://www.constrofacilitator.com/]]

There are three types of Concrete Pile. They are:

 Pre-cast Pile (Driven Pile)
 Cast-in situ Pile (Bored Piles)
 Pre stressed Concrete Pile

Some advantages of concrete pile are discussed below:

 It is not responsive to GWT, so it is durable.
 It can be given any shape or length that is required.
 In comparison to timber pile, its bearing capacity is high. So, total number of pile required is
less.
 It is non-corrosive unlike steel pile.
 The construction materials for concrete (cement, sand, aggregate etc.) are available almost
everywhere.

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Disadvantages of Concrete Pile Some disadvantages of concrete pile are discussed
below:
 It is costly than timber piles.
 Expensive reinforcement is required to bear the handling stresses.
 Elaborate technical supervision and heavy driving machine is require

Image 4.1: Concrete Pile

https://civilrack.com/foundation/pile- Image 4.2: Concrete Pile
foundation-types/ Location: Meteorological Office
,Gazipur

Image 4.3: Concrete Pile

Ref [https://www.infobloom.com/what-is-a-concrete-pile.htm]

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 (1.5.3.1.1) Cast In Situ Pile:

Cast-in-situ piles are concrete piles which are constructed by drilling holes in the ground to the
required depth and then filling the hole with concrete. Reinforcements are also used in the concrete
as per the requirements. These piles are of small diameter compared to drilled piers. They are
installed by pre excavation, thus eliminating vibration due to driving and handling the stresses.
Cast-in-situ piles is also known as bored piles that is constructed by digging a hole in the ground
by suitable means such as percussive or rotary method with the use of temporary or permanent
casing or drilling mud. After that, the construction is finalized by filling the hole with reinforced
concrete.

Fig 5 : Cast in Situ Pile

Ref:[http://www.abuildersengineer
.com]

Image 5 - Cast-in-situ
Ref [https://www.dewaal.eu/en/services/pile-types/cast-in-
situ-driven-piles/]

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Basically cast-in-situ refers to a construction material, a beam or a pile, that is to be assembled or
cast on site.

Cast = made/ fabricated, In-situ = at site/on the spot.

Therefore, cast-in-situ means made at the spot where it is needed.

Fig 6.1 – Types of Cast In Situ Pile

[www.researchgate.net]
Cast in situ pilings are casted in the construction site. That is reinforcement is placed inside the
borehole before the concrete casting. If the bearing capacityof the soil is weak, then cast in situ
piles are very much preferable.

Fig 6.2 : Cast In Situ Pile

Ref [https://www.dewaal.eu/en/services/pile-types/cast-in-situ-driven-piles/]

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 CHAPTER - 2 : SITE EXPLORATION

(2) Site Exploration

As self-weight and all other type of load that comes to a structure is finally transferred to the soil beneath
it, the designer should have adequate information regarding the type and nature of soil available at
different depths at the site for designing safe, sound and economical foundation for a structure. The aim
is to get as much information about the physical properties and characteristics of the underlying material
at site as well as details of other geological features of the area. All these attempts and activities are
termed, in a broader sense, as “Site Exploration”.
More specifically, purposes of site exploration are :-
 Determination of safe bearing capacity of soil.

 Selection of a safe and economical foundation type.

 Determination of depth of foundation.
 Prediction of the settlement of foundation.

 Locating ground water level.

 Forecasting the difficulties which are likely to be encountered due to nature of subsoil during
construction.

Fig 7 : Site Exploration

Ref[https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/site-investigation-soil-
exploration/312/]
(2.1) Purposes of Site Exploration
(i) To fix the value of the safe bearing capacity of soil.
(ii) To select an economical yet safe type of foundation.
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(iii) To fix the depth up to which the foundation must be taken inside the ground.
(iv) To predict the likely settlement of the selected foundation and to make allowance, for the same in
the design.
(v) To know the underground water level and if needed, to decide upon the method to be adopted to
solve the ground water problem.
(vi) To forecast the difficulties which are likely to be encountered due to nature of the sub-soil
during construction and to take advance actions in this regard.

(2.2) Methods of site exploration

 Test Pit

 Boring
 Auger boring
 Shell and auger boring
 Wash boring
 Percussion boring
 Rotary boring Probing

 Subsurface sounding

 Geophysical method

(2.2.1) Test Pit:

 The holes which are large enough to permit the entry of persons for inspection are called “Test
pits”.
 Pits are square in plane and are dug by hand or by excavating equipment.
 In cohesion less soils the sides of the test pit are sharply sloped.
 In cohesive soils, at depth below 3m, bracing is required to keep the sides of the pit vertical.
 Comparatively expensive thus used for structure having shallow foundations (up to 3 meters)

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 Fig 8 : Test Pit
Ref [https://geolab-ikram.com/soil-investigation/trial-pit/]

(2.2.2) BORING
Boring involves the drilling of holes into the ground for many different purposes. In the construction
industry, boring is a technique used to explore the underground surface and to determine if it is capable
of holding up a building. Boring is also the first activity that is conducted on site to establish a building's
foundation. The act of boring occurs when a person pierces something with “a turning or twisting
movement of a tool” to make a hole. In the context of the construction industry, boring involves the
drilling of holes into the ground for various purposes, such as determining whether or not the ground at
a project site is safe to build on. Boring is typically the first task to be completed on a project site
because the foundation must be established before any significant work can take place.
There are several techniques that are used during boring. This article will explore 4 of the most common
and effective boring methods.

(2.2.2.1) AUGER BORING

This method is fast and economical, using simple, light, flexible and inexpensive instruments for large
to small holes. It is very suitable for soft to stiff cohesive soils and also can be used to determine ground
water table. Soil removed by this is disturbed but it is better than wash boring, percussion or rotary
drilling. This method of boring is not suitable for very hard or cemented soils, very soft soils, as then
the flow into the hole can occur. This method is also not suitable for fully saturated cohesion less soil.
Mechanically operated augers are used for greater depths and they can also be used in gravelly soils.
There are two types of Augers: i) Hand operated augers ii) Power driven augers

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 Image 6.1– Auger Boring Image 6.2: Auger Boring

[https://www.alibaba.com/product- Location: Meteorological Office ,Gazipur

detail/China-manufacturer-horizontal-auger-
boring-OEM_60617516928.html]

Advantages of Auger Boring:

Auger boring is one of the oldest forms of trenchless technology. It continues to be relevant today
because it’s cost-effective over distances of 183 m compared to other large-diameter installation
methods. It also continues to be used because the work can be done on grade for sewer work.
“Auger boring machines can install casing ranging from 10.2 cm to 182.9 cm in diameter, and up to
182.9 m in length,” explained Gasmovic. “That kind of size versatility means auger boring can be used
to install everything from a small sewer or waterline placed inside a steel casing all the way up to a
culvert under a railroad track or highway.”

Image 6.3 : Auger Boring

Location: Meteorological Office, Gazipur

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Gasmovic also noted that auger boring is one of the few trenchless methods in which contractors can
precisely control the grade of the product being installed. “Many communities have gravity sewer
systems, and the grade of lines becomes incredibly important when making repairs or expanding a
system,” he explained. “Auger boring machines give contractors a high level of grade control. Also,
there is the option of using a steering system like the On-Target Steering (OTS) System or Steerable
Rock System (SRS). Using one of those two systems — the OTS for dirt, sand and clay, or the SRS for
solid rock or hard cobble — crews can track the grade of the casing being installed, as well as steer it
from left to right.”
Also, since auger boring is typically performed from an entry pit dug at a specified depth, as well as an
exit pit at a similar depth, setback distance is minimal.

(2.2.2.2) Wash Boring

Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils. Boulders and rock
cannot be penetrated by this method. The method consists of first driving a casing through which a
hollow drilled rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted. Water is forced under
pressure through the drill rod which is alternatively raised and dropped, and also rotated. The resulting
chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrates the soil. The cuttings are forced up to the
ground surface in the form of soil water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the
casing. The change in soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and color of wash
water. The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct
geotechnical properties of soil. In this method, water is forced under pressure through an inner tube
which may be rotated or moved up and down inside a casing pipe. The lower end of the tube, fixed with
sharp edge or a tool, cuts the soil which will be floated up through the casing pipe around the tube. The
slurry flowing out gives an indication of the soil type. In this method heavier particles of different soil
layers remain under suspension in the casing pipe and get mixed up, and hence this method is not
suitable for obtaining samples for classification. Whenever a change in strata is indicated by the slurry
flowing out, washing should be stopped and a tube sampler should be attached to the end of the drill
rod or the inner tube. Samples of the soil should be obtained by driving the sampler into the soil by
hammering or jacking. Jacking or pulley method should be u& when undisturbed samples are required.
Initially fish-tail bit or pistol bits are used for drilling bore hole up to weathered material. These bits
should be replaced by tungsten carbide or diamond bits. Double tubecore barrels are recommended for
drilling in weathered rock stratum, with seaming shells and core catcher as required.

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 [Ref: https://edtech.engineering.utoronto.ca/files/wash-borin]

Advantages of Wash Boring:

 Low equipment cost
 Adaptable to any terrain
 Can drive sampler at bottom of hole

Disadvantages of Wash Boring:

• Depth of drilling limited by weight of drilling rods (generally <50ft)
• Slow drilling through hard clays and gravel
• Labor intensive
• Difficult to get location of GWT
• Can not push samplers
• Set up time is several hours

(2.2.2.3) Percussion Boring

In case of hard soils or soft rock, auger boring or wash boring cannot be employed. For such strata,
percussion drilling is usually adopted. Here advancement of hole is done by alternatively lifting and
dropping a heavy drilling bit which is attached to the lower end of the drilling bit which is attached to
the cable. Addition of sand increases the cutting action of the drilling bit in clays. Whereas, when coarse

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cohesion less soil is encountered, clay might have to be added to increase the carrying capacity of slurry.
After the carrying capacity of the soil is reached, churn bit is removed and the slurry is removed using
bailers and sand pumps. Change in soil character is identified by the composition of the outgoing slurry.
The stroke of bit varies according to the ground condition. Generally, it is 45-100cm in depth with rate
of 35-60 drops/min. It is not economical for hole of diameter less than 10cm. It can be used in most of
the soils and rocks and can drill any material.

Image 7: Percussion Boring

Ref[https://www.massengzarigs.com/percussion-drilling]

(2.2.2.4) Rotary Boring

Rotary boring or rotary drilling is a very fast method of advancing hole in both rocks and
soils. A drill bit, fixed to the lower end of the drill rods, is rotated by a suitable chuck,
and is always kept in firm contact with the bottom of the hole. A drilling mud, usually a
water solution of bentonite, with or without other admixtures, is continuously forced
down to the hollow drill rods. The mud returning upwards brings the cuttings to the
surface. The method is also known as mud rotary drilling and the hole usually requires
no casing. Rotary core barrels, provided with commercial diamond-studded bits or a steel
bit with shots, are also used for rotary drilling and simultaneously obtaining the rock
cores or samples. The method is them also known as core boring or core drilling. Water
is circulated down drill rods during boring.

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 Fig 10: Rotary Boring
Ref[http://www.researchgate.net/Rotary-Boring]

(2.3) Sampling:
1. Disturbed sampling

2. Undisturbed sampling
Samples which can be taken out from trial pits or boreholes are mainly of two type:

1.Disturbed sample: Disturbed sample is a sample in which soil structure is significantly or

completely disturbed and the moisture content may also differ from in-situ value. The particle size
distribution of in-situ soil is preserved. These samples are required for identification and classification
tests.

2.Undisturbed sample: Undisturbed sample is a sample which retains as closely as practicable, the
true in-situ structure and moisture content of soil. These samples are required for shear strength,
permeability and consolidation tests.

Sampling from Trial Pits:

Block samples are obtained from trial pits. Block samples are hand cut samples and are obtained from
clay soil. A block sample is carefully trimmed and a wooden box is kept around the protruding
sample. The sample is then cut at the bottom with Knife and turned upside down with the wooden
box. The sample is then covered with lid and is sealed with wax or grease.

Sampling in Boreholes:
Undisturbed samples are obtained from bore holes by using thin wall samplers. The two types of thin
walled samplers in use are:
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(a) Open drive samplers
(b) Piston samplers

(a) Open drive sampler:

An open drive sampler consists of thin walled tube with a hard cutting edge and connected to a sampler
head. The sampler head consists of a ball valve and ports which permits the easy escape of water or air
from the sample tube. These samples are pushed or driven into the soil up to the required depth and then
sheared off by giving twist to the drill rod. The sampler along with the sample inside is removed from
the hole and the tube is taken out of the sampler head. The two ends of the tube is then sealed with
grease or molten wax.

(b) Piston sampler:

Piston samplers are used to get good quality undisturbed samples from soft clays, silts and silty sands
with some cohesion. It consists of thin walled tube fitted with a piston that closes the end of sampling
tube until the apparatus is lowered to the bottom of the borehole. The piston prevents the soft soil from
squeezing rapidly into the tube and thus eliminating the distortion of the sample. During lowering of
sampler in the hole, the piston is kept closer to the lower end of the sampler. After reaching the desired
depth, the piston rod is clamped and the sampler tube is advanced down into the soil. The sampler is
then withdrawn from the hole, with piston rod in clamped position. During withdraw! Of the sampler,
the piston prevents water pressure from acting of the top of the sample and thereby increasing the
chances of recovery.

Image 8 : Sampling
Ref [www.globaltesting.com.au]

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 CHAPTER 3 : CONSTRUCTION OF CAST IN SITU PILE

(3.1) Step 01: Wash Boring

A boring system by which material loosened by a bit is borne to the surfacein the annular space
between the bit and casing by water forced down throughthe pipe bearing the bit.

(3.1.1) (i) Three legged pipe derrick placing :

First, on the ground a three legged pipe derrick is place which holds.

Image 9.1: Derrick Placing

Location: Rajshahi

Image 9.2 - Derrick Placing

[ https://www.amppartners.org/ ]

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(3.1.2) (ii) Centering and Placing of Auger:
Auger cast piles are a type of drilled foundation in which the pile is drilled to the final depth in one
continuous process using a continuous flight auger. Afterplacing the pipe derrick a circular shape
(with conical sharp peak) auger is placed with the pipe derrick to loose the soil.

Fig 11 - Auger
[ https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ ]

(3.1.3) (iii) Temporary casing/Drive pipe inserting:

After digging for some depth a hollow steel pipe is inserted into the hole for a certain depth so that
soil pressure coming from the lateral side of the hole cannot collapse soil into the hole

Image 10: Temporary Casing insertion

[ https://www.alamy.com/ ]
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(3.1.4) (iv) Water (bentonite) supply by hose pipe:
A pipe is usually lowered into the casing pipe to supply water (bentonite slurry) into the hole to loose
the material of the bottom of the hole. This pipe is namedwash jet pipe or wash pipe or hose pipe.
The upper end of the pipe is connectedto a water (bentonite slurry) supply source which supplies
water (bentonite slurry).

Image 11.1 : Provision for hose pipe

(CE 200 Details of construction) Image 11.2: Provision for hose pipe
Location :Rajshahi

Image 11.3:Provision for hose pipe

Image 11.4:Provision for hose pipe
Ref [https://civildigital.com/bentonite-application-
bentonite-slurry-civil-engineering/] Location :Rajshahi

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(3.1.5) (v) Using Bentonite:
The recognition of bentonite as a vital construction element is still in its latent stage, since a hefty
percentage of foundations and other civil engineering activities are still carried out without using
bentonite and are incurring much higher expenditure through use of cast iron of steel liners. The
awareness regarding the use of bentonite in the civil engineering industry has yet to go along way.

Bentonite finds its use construction mostly in a fluidic (commonly called as bentonite slurry) form
because of its rheological characteristics (i.e. their behavior as bentonite slurries when mixed with
water).

Image 12 : Using Bentonite

[https://www.constructioncivil.com/bentonite-test-for-piling-test-procedure/]

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(3.1.6) Functions & Uses Of Bentonite Slurry :

 Support the excavation by exerting hydrostatic pressure on its walls i.e. toprevent the
collapse or retain an area.

 Remain in the excavation, and not flow to any great extent into the soilthereby acting as
a sealant.

 Suspend detritus and prevent sludgy layers building up at the base of theexcavation.

 Staying Insular and non-reactive by clean displacement by concrete, with no significant

interference with the bond between reinforcement and set concrete.

 Cleaning to remove suspended detritus, by passing through screens andhydro cyclones,

in preparation for re-use.

(3.2) Step 02: Construction of reinforcement casing consisting of stirrups and

main rod

(3.2.1) (i) Bending of stirrups

Image 13: stirrups

[ https://www.liberecc.com/ ]

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(3.2.2) (ii) Reinforcement cutting

Image 14: cutting

[ https://www.dreamstime.com/ ]

(3.2.3) (iii) Making spiral rod for reinforcement

Fig 12 : Making spiral rod

[ https://ascelibrary.org/ ]

33 | P a g e
(3.2.4) (iv) Placing the rod horizontally

Image 15 : Placing reinforcement

[ https://www.quantity-takeoff.com/ ]

(3.2.5) (v) Placing circular CC block peripherally to maintain clear cover

Image 16 :placing cc blocks

[ https://theconstructor.org/ ]

34 | P a g e
(3.2.6) (vi) Placing the reinforcement in the hole

Location :Rajshahi

Image 17: placing reinforcement in hole

[ https://www.alamy.com/ ]

(3.3) Step 03: Welding

When another casing is required to insert then its bottom end is welded withthe top end of the
inserted casing.

Image 18 : Welding
[https://www.alamy.com/ ]

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(3.4) Step 04: Casting Concrete using Tremie pipe

A pipe is then inserted up to the bottom of the hole, then concrete is being cast through the large
funnel shape cup. Prevent interruption of concreting from the start of the process till the end of the
work. Concreting begins by lowering tremie pipes in to the borehole.

Image 19: Casting concrete using Tremie pipe

[http://gameiphone3gs.blogspot.com/]

We need to clean borehole bottom adequately before concrete pouring. Then connect a hopper to the
top of tremie pipe. After that, close the joint between hopper and tremie pipe with a steel plug before
concrete first charge. Then, fill the hopper with concrete to its full capacity. Once filled, remove the
steel plug to allow the concrete to flow down, and replace the bentonite slurry present in the pipe. the
bottom end of the tremie pipe embedded, at least 2m, within the laid concrete. To replace bentonite
from bottom upwards and avoid mixing concrete with water or bentonite. The tremie pipe remains
hollow after the first charge and each subsequent charge gets deposited within the already laid concrete.
extend pile Concreting at least 60cm to 90cm above the cutoff level to ensure good concrete for proper
embedment into pile cap. If the cutoff level is at ground level, then permit spill over of concrete till
good concrete is visible.

(3.5) Step 05: Vibrating

The tremie pipe is at a time being up and down, shaken and vibrated to ensure the proper
Compaction.

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(3.6) Step 06: Curing

Pile concrete is usually encased in a casing. Moreover, even if there is no casing and concrete is
poured down the borehole, the green concrete does not lose moisture because it is deep underground
and surrounded by cool soil / wetsoil. Since the added water to the dry concrete mix is sufficient for
the reactionof hydration of cement plus workability of concrete, there is no furtherrequirement of
water for curing. In case of concrete exposed to atmosphere, additional water is required to be
continuously submerge the concrete surface for 21 days, or the specified curing period.

(3.7) Step 07: Removing the impure concrete from the top

After curing, the top part of each pile which is made of impure concrete is removed.

Image 20 : Removing Cap

[ https://structville.com/ ]

(3.8) Step 08: Pile cap construction

A pile cap is a mass concrete structure contains more piles embeds in it. A group of pill drives into
clay,soft, and loose soil to provide a strong ,stable andsuitable foundation.
37 | P a g e
The pile designs considering the punching shea around the heads of the piles and column base.it
also designs for bending moment due to the transmission of loads from columns to the individual
piles.

Image 21 : Pile cap construction

[ www.dreamstime.com ]

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 CHAPTER - 4 : ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN SITU PILE

 For water logged area, cast in situ piling with permanent casing is very effective.

 As soon as the piles are casted, no maintenance is required

 No serious attention is required for joints in cast in situ piles as compared with precast driven
piles
 In housing area, sound pollution may occur if the piles are entered by hammering. To get rid
of this issue, situ piling is suitable in suchareas.

 Damage due to driving and handling that is common in precast pilesis eliminated in this
case Pile of any size and length can be constructed at the site.

 They are suitable in soils of poor drainage qualities since cast in situpiles do not
significantly disturb the surrounding soil.
 Considerable amount of energy makes it possible to drive throughhard layers

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 CHAPTER – 5: DISADVANTAGES OF CAST IN SITU PILE

 In case of cast-in-situ piles it is very difficult to control mix as well quality of the
concrete.

 The concrete during pouring of cast in situ piles is usually done froma height thus
quality of work cannot be ensured.

 After the concrete is poured in cast in situ piles it requires sufficient time to lapse for
gaining the designed strength which requires time. Thus for speedy construction this
cast in situ pile is notrecommended.

 As the concrete quality is not uniform throughout the batch thereforeon-site slump and
strength test is usually done to ensure quality up to some extent.

 Installation of cast-in-situ piles requires careful supervision andquality control of all

the materials used in the construction.

 The method is quite cumbersome. It needs sufficient storage space for all the materials
used in the construction.

 Construction of piles in holes where there is heavy current of groundwater flow or

artesian pressure is very difficult.

 A strict quality control and a thorough supervision need to be done for installing the
Situ Piles. This is required to be done for all kinds of materials used for the
construction.

 Since sufficient storage space is required for all types of materials required for the
construction therefore, the method involved could bequite complicated.

 Intensive labor is required in this regard.

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 CHAPTER 6 - APPLICATIONS OF CAST IN SITU PILE

 Cast in situ pile foundation is used for high rise building because in that case there
will produce a high amount of load and the soil can’t bear these load.

 When high capacity pile is required, then cast in situ pile is an idealchoice.

 For foundations of new buildings – residential & commercial, cast insitu is preferable.

 It is used for the main infrastructure of the building.

 It is used in bridge abutments and piers.

 Cast in situ pile is also used where ground conditions are highly variable as they are
driven to a set or pre-determined resistance.

Fig 13 – Applicability of Driven cast in situ pile

[www.semanticscholar.org]

41 | P a g e
 CHAPTER – 7 : LIMITATIONS OF CAST IN SITU PILE

 As the concrete has to be dumped from great height, the quality ofwork is not
appreciably good.

 Transporting the reinforcement cage may bend at any point becauseof its long
length.

 When a piling is done, within 20 days there should not be doneanother piling
close to the previous piling. This may damage the pile.

 Pilin cannot be done under water. Because boring can be filled withwater and causes
harm in piling.

 In the practical construction work pile shoes are not used.

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 CHAPTER – 8 : CONCLUSION

Cast in situ pile is favorable than any other piling processes. Because there is no waste of time and
materials so it is economical and can be cast into exact length. It can bear heavier load and transfer
it to the ground soil. Moreover thetransportation cost is also minimum.

Image 22 – Cast In Situ Pile

[https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk]

It is not necessary to reinforce the pile in normal cases or in places where the pile is completely
submerged in the soil. But for more stability and durability of structure we use reinforcement.
Overall, cast in situ is preferable for bearing huge amount of load as it can be cast deep inside the
ground.

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REFERENCE

 https://www.slideshare.net/shahadat108/cast-in-situplace154
 https://theconstructor.org/

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338385180_An_Overvie
w_on_Bored_Cast_In-Situ_Concrete_Piling_Work_in_Practice
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/Bored-Cast-in-SituConcrete-Piles
 https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-
engineering/161-types-of-foundation
 https://www.slideshare.net/shahadat108/castinsituplace/
 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent/
 https://theconstructor.org/others/bentonite-usesconstruction/13332/

 https://www.quora.com/How-is-pile-foundation-curing-
done?top_ans=59505326
 https://www.cforcivil.com/pile-cap/
 https://www.thebalancesmb.com/bored-pile-advantages-also-referred-as-
drilled-shafts-844753
 https://www.piletech.co.uk/bored-pile-foundation/
https://civiltoday.com/
 https://mocivilengineering.com/pile-cap/
 https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering
 http://grimtech.com
 http://www.abuildersengineer.com
 www.researchgate.net
 https://www.amppartners.org/
 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/
 https://www.alamy.com/
 https://www.liberecc.com/
 https://www.dreamstime.com/
 https://ascelibrary.org/
 https://www.quantity-takeoff.com/
 https://www.alamy.com/

44 | P a g e
 http://gameiphone3gs.blogspot.com/
 https://structville.com/

 www.dreamstime.com
 www.semanticscholar.org
 https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk

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