63+Logarithimic Functions 575 Extensions 51, Explore and aiscuss the graphs of F(x) = (b}" 52, Prove the conjecture made in the previous and G(x) = (£)*. Then make a conjecture about. exercise. the relationship between the graphs of the functions B* and ()* for any real number b > 0 53. Explore and discuss the graphs of f(x) = 4*, 54, Prove the conjecture made in the previous (0) = 872, and Wx) = (7) 4%. Then makea exercise. conjecture about the relationship between the draphs ofthe functions 8¥ and (i) B¥ for any real number nand real umber 6> 0. 6.3 Logarithmic Functions Learning Objectives Intthis section, you will: > Convert from lagarithmic to exponential form. Convert from exponential to logarithmic form, Evaluate logarithms. Use common logarithms. > > > > Use natural logarithms, Figure 1 Devastation of March 11, 2011 earthquake in Honshu, japan. (credit: Daniel Pierce) In 2010, a major earthquake struck Halt, destroying or damaging over 285,000 homes*. One year later, another, stronger earthquake devastated Honshu, Japan, destroying or damaging over 332,000 bulldings," like those shown in ‘iguse 1. Even though both caused substantial damage, the earthquake in 2011 was 100 imes stronger than the earthquake in Haiti. How do we know? The magnitudes of earthquakes are measured on a scale known as the Richter ‘Scale, The Haitian earthquake registered a 7.0 an the Richter Scalet whereas the Japanese earthquake registered a 9.0:! The Richter Scale is @ base-ten logarithmic scale, In other words, an earthquake of magnitude Bis not twice as great as an earthquake of magnitude 4, Itis 10% = 104 = 10,000 times as great! In this lesson, we will investigate the nature of ‘the Ricnter Scale and the base-ten function upon which it depends. Converting from Logarithmic to Exponential Form In order to analyze the magnitude of earthquakes or compare the magnitudes af two different earthquakes, we need to bee able to convert between logarithmic and exponential form. For example, suppose the amount of energy released Ta erinquakesuags gov/earnquanes/eqihenens/2010/s701 Oxo wsurmary, Acessed 3/4/2073, ep feartnquake.uss-govlerenquakes/eqinthenens/2011/scO00txgp/¥summary. Access 3/4/2013. ep earthquake oss govfearehquakes/eqinthenens/201us2010yn6]. cessed 3/4/2013. he fearthquake.usgs govlearenquakes/eqinthenews/201/ascoooTxgpludetals, Accessed 3/4/2013from one earthquake were S00 times greater than the amount of energy released from another, We want to caleulate the difference in magnitude. The equation that represents this prablem is 10* = 500, where x represents the difference in magnitudes on the Richter Scale. How would we solve for x? We have not yet learned a method for solving exponential equations. None of the algebraic tools discussed so far is sufficient to solve 10° = $00, We know that 10 = 100 and 10° = 1000, soit clear that x must be some value between Zand 3, since y = 10° is increasing, We can examine a graph, as in Figure 2, to better estimate the solution, y 1 1000: os 115 2 25 3° Figure 2 Estimating from a graph, however, is imprecise. To find an algebraic solution, we must introduce a new function. Observe that the graph in Eigure 2 passes the horizontal ine test, The exponential function y = B¥ is one-to-one, so its inverse, x = BY is also a function. As is the case with all inverse functions, we simply interchange x and y and solve for y tp find the inverse function, To represent y as a function of x, we use a logarithmic function of the form y = logy (x). The base 6 logarithm of a number's the exponent by which we must raise b to get that number. We read a logarithmic expression as, "The logarithm with base b of x is equal toy," or, simplified, “log base bof xi y We can also say, “braised to the power of yis x,” because logs are exponents. For example, the base 2 logarithm of 32 Is, because Sis the exponent we must apply to 2 to get 32. Since 2° = 32, we can write log, 32 = 5. We read this as “log base 2 of 22185." \We can express the relationship between logarithmic form and its corresponding exponential form as follows: logs (x) = y @ BY = x,b> 0,81 Note that the base bis always positive, A Think loa) = Yay Because logarithm is a function, it is most correctly written as logy (x), using parentheses to denote function evaluation, just as we would with (x). However, when the input i a single variable or number, itis common to see the parentheses ‘dropped and the expression written without parentheses, as log, x. Note that many calculators require parentheses around the x: We can illustrate the notation of logarithms as follows: > loga(¢) =a means 6° = ¢ Nae Notice that, comparing the logarithm function and the exponential function, the Input and the output are switched. This ‘Access for fre63+Logarithmic Functions 577 means y = logs (x) and y = B* are inverse functions. Definition ofthe Logarithmic Function Alogarithm base bof a postive number x satisfies the following definition. Forx>0,6> 0,641, logy (x) is equivalent to BY = x where, + we read logy (2) 2s, “the logarithm with base b of x" or the “log base b of x." + the logarithm y's the exponent to which 6 must be raised to get x. {Aiso, since the logarithmic and exponential functions switch the x and y values, the domain and range of the ‘exponential function are interchanged for the legarithmic function. Therefore, + the domain ofthe logarithm function with base b is (0, ) + the range of the logarithm function with base b is (-, 2) [5] q&a canwe take the logarithm of a negative number? No, Because the base of an exponential function is always positive, no power ofthat base can ever be negative. We can never ke the logarithm of a negative number. Also, we cannot take the logarithm of zero, Calculators may output a log of a negative number when in complex mode, bur the log of a negative umber is not areal number. &” Howto an Given an equation in logarithmic form log, (x) > convert it to exponential frm. 1. Bxamine the equation 2. Rewrite logs(x) = 988 Converting from Logarithmic Form to Exponential Form Write the following logarithmic equations in exponential form, © wee (vVe)=+ © bo © solution first, identifythe values of.» andx. Then, write the equation inthe form 5? = x © ‘op, (ve) Here, logs (x) and identify, y,andx. z and x = YE Therefore, the equation loge (V8) = 4 is equivalent 62 = vB @® bogs 0) Here, Therefore, the equation logs (9 is equivalent to = 9. >] TRYIT #1 Write the following logarithmic equations in exponential form, © 040 (1,000,000) = 6 ® logs (25) =2Converting from Exponential to Logarithmic Form To conver from exponents te logarithms, we follow the same steps In reverse, We Ident the base , exponent x, and ‘output y. Then we write x = logy (y) Converting from Exponential Form to Logarithmic Form Write the following exponential equations in logarithmic form, a a8 b. St=25 2 © 10% = Wr © Solution First, identify he values of b, y, andx. Then, write the equation in the form x = logy (9) a 2B Here, b = 2, x= 3, and y = 8. Therefore, the equation 2° = 8 is equivalent to logy (8) = 3. b. =25 Here, 2, and y = 25. Therefore, the equation 5? = 25 is equivalent to logs(25) = 2. od < o T5000 Here, b= 10, x ==4, andy = zoho. Therefore, the equation 10°! is equivalent to logjo(qzigy) = 4 TRYIT #2. Write the following expanertial equations in logarithmic form. @ © F=25 Or Evaluating Logarithms Knowing the squares, cubes, and roots of numbers allows us to evaluate many logarithms mentally For example, consider log, 8. We ask, “To what exponent must 2 be raised in order to get 82" Because we already know 25 = §, it follows that log, 8 Now consider solving log, 49 and log;27 mentally. + We ask, “To what exponent must 7 be raised in order to get 492° We know 72 + We ask, "To what exponent must 3 be raised in order to get 272” We know 3? 19, Therefore, log, 49 11. Therefore, logs 27 = Even some seemingly more complicated logarithms can be evaluated without a calculator. For example, lets evaluate log § mentaly + We ask, "To what exponent must 2 be raised in order to get £?" We know 2? = 4 and 3? = 9, so (2)? = therefore, og (4) =2. 2 HowTo Given a logarithm of the form y = log, (x), evaluate it mentally. 41. Rewrite the argument x as a power of: bY = 2, Use previous knowledge of powers of b identity y by asking, “To what exponent should b be raised in order to getSolving Logarithms Mentally logy (64) without using a calculator. Solution rite the logarithm in exponential form: 4” = 64. Next, we ask, “To what exponent must 4 be raised in order #264 log(64) = 3 #3 Solve y= logs.y (11) w out using a calculator. Evaluating the Logarithm of a Reciprocal Evaluate y = logs (25) without using a calculator © Solution Fist we rewrite the logarithm in exponential form: 3” = ah. Next we ask, "To what exponent must’ be aise inorder toge $7" We know 3 We use this information to write 27, but what must we do to get the reciprocal, 3? Recall from working with exponents that * 4 ‘Torefore, logs ( DD] raver #4 evaluate =togs (4) without using acaculatr Using Common Logarithms Sometimes we may see alogarithm written without a base. In this case, we assume that the base is 10. In other words, the expression log (x) means logyo (2). We call a base-10 logarithm a common logarithm. Common logarithms are sed to measure the Richter Scale mentioned at the beginning of the section, Scales for measuring the brightness of stars and the pH of acids and bases also use common logarithms. Definition of the Common Logarithm ‘A.common logarithm is a logarithm with base 10. We write logyo (x) simply as log (x). The common logarithm of a positive number x satisfies the following definition, Forx > 0, log (x) is equivalent to 10” = x We read log(x) as, “the logarithm with base 10 of x” or “log base 10 of x he logarithm y isthe exponent ro which 10 must be raised to get x& HowTo Given a common logarithm of the form y = log (x), evaluate it mentally. 1, Rewrite the argument x as a power of 10 10” = x 2, Use previous knowledge of powers of 10 to identity y by asking, “To what exponent must 10 be raised in order to getx? Finding the Value of a Common Logarithm Mentally Evaluate y = log(1000) without using a calculator. Solution First we rewrite the logarithm in exponential form: 10” = 1000. Next, we ask, "To what exponent must 10 be raised in order to get 10002" We know 10° = 1000 ‘Therefore, log (1000) D] tevir #5 evaluate y 1,000,000). wow & Given a common logarithm with the form y log (x), evaluate it using a calculator. 41, Press [LOG], 2, Enter the value given for x, followed by [)]. 3. Press [ENTER] Finding the Value of a Common Logarithm Using a Calculator Evaluate y = log (321) 0 four decimal places using a calculator. © Solution + Press [LOG]. + Enter 321, followed by [)]. + Press [ENTER]. Rounding te four decimal places, log (321) = 2.5065. © Analysis Note that 102 = 100 and that 10° = 1000, since 21 s between 100 and 1000, we know that log (321) must be between 10g (100) and tog (1000). Tis gives us the following 100 < 321 < 1000 2 < 25065 < 3 >| TRYIT #6 faluate y = log (123) to four decimal places using a calculator.Rewriting and Solving a Real-World Exponential Model ‘The amount of energy released from one earthquake was 00 times greater than the amount of energy released from another. The equation 10* = 500 represents this situation, where x isthe difference in magnitudes on the Richter Scale To the nearest thousandth, what was the difference in magnitudes? © Solution We begin by rewriting the exponential equation in logarithmic form. 1 = 500 Jog (500) =x Use the definition of the common log Next we evaluate the logarithm using a calculator: + Press [LOG]. + Emer 500, followed by [) J. + Press [ENTER] + To the nearest thousandth, log (500) = 2.699, ‘The difference in magnitudes was about 2.699. Di] revit #7 Theamount of energy release from one earthquake was 8,50 ies greater than the mnount of energy released from another The equation 10" = 850 represents this tution where vs the aiference in magnitudes onthe Richer Scale. To the nearest th inmagnitudes? wasandth, what was the difference Using Natural Logarithms ‘Tne most frequently used base for logarithms ise. Base e logarithms are importantin calculus and some scenic applications they are called natural logarithms, The base « logarithm, log, (x), hast own notation ING) Most values of n(x) can be found only using a calculator. The rajor exception is that, because the logarithm of 1s always inary base, In = O For other natural logarithms, we cn use the In Key that can be found on mast scent Calculators. We can als ind the natura logarithm of ay power of using the inverse property af logarithms Definition of the Natural Logarithm ‘Annatural logarithm is a logarithm with base e. We write log, (x) simply as In(x). The natural logarithm of a positive number x satisfies the following definition, Forx > 0, y= In(x) is equivalent to e? We read In (x) as, “the logarithm with base e of x" or “the natural logarithm of x." he logarithm y isthe exponent to which e must be raised to get x. Since the functions y = e* and y = In(x) are inverse functions, In(e*) = x forall x and ¢ = x for x > 0. g HOWTO Given a natural logarithm with the form y = In(x), evaluate it using a calculator. 1, Press [LN] 2. Enter the value given for x, followed by [)]. 3. Press [ENTER],Evaluating a Natural Logarithm Using a Calculator Evaluate y = In (500) to four decimal places using a calculator. © Solution + Press [LN]. + Enter 500, followed by [)] + Press [ENTER] Rounding to four decimal places, In(500) = 6.2146 500) | TRvIT #8 Fvluate in [>] eosa Access this online resource for adaltonal Instruction and practice wit logarithms. Introduction to Logarthms (hip //opensta.oraVintologarthms a 6.3 SECTION EXERCISES Verbal 4. What isa bose Blogarithm? 2, How isthelogartnmic 8, How can the ogarthmic Discus the meaning by funtion 2) = logy equation logy = ybe interpreting each partofthe related the exponential solved for susing the fequvalentequatons 8” =x funcion gx) = BF? Whatis properties of exponents? dnd ings = for the rest of composing b> 0.641. these two functions? 4. Discuss the meaning ofthe §. Discuss the meaning of the ‘common logarithm. Whatis natural logarithm, What is its relationship to a Itsrelationship toa logarithm with base 8, and logarithm with base b, and how does the notation how does the notation ‘iffer? differ? Algebraic Fr the following exercises, rewrite each equation n exponential form, 6. log(g) =m 7, lopa(®) . 3. logis) =x 9. log, (64) = y 10. og, (x) -u 11, logis (@ 12, log, (137) = x 13, logys (142) =a 14, Logie) 15. In(wFor the foliowing exercises, rewrite each equation in logarithmic form. 16 4 Wak 21. nf = 103 25. of For the following exercises, salve for x by converting the logarithmic equation to exponential form, 6 27, fon200) 28. logs(x) =2 2, 30, fong(s) 3. logos) = 3 32, logis) =2 33. logs) 34, log) 35. Intx) For the following exercises, use the definition of commen and natural lagarithims to simplify. 36. 1og(100%) 37, 10!%s02) 38, 2log(.0001) 39, ln(105) 40, In(e5) an, €9000125) 4 4 Numeric For the following exercises, evaluate the base b logarithmic expression without using a calculator. 42, oes (4) 8, logsv 44 Dogs (4) +4 45. slogs(4) For the following exerci 46. 10g(10, 000) 47, log(0.001) 48. log(l) +7 s evaluate the common logarithmic expression without using a calculator. 49, 2log(100"9) For the following exercises, evaluate the natural logarithmic expression without using a caleulator, 50. Ine?) 51, Init) 52, Inger®285)— 2 53, 25inee)Technology For the following exercises evaluate each expression using a calculator. Round tothe nearest thousandth 54, log(0.04) 55, In(15) 56. In(4) 57. oxy. 58, Inv) Extensions 58, Is¥=Dinthedomainof 60, 1s f(x) =Ointherange of 61. Is there anumber x such thefunction f(x) = log(s)? ——thefunction f(x) = log(x)? that nx = 27 1fs0, whats If so, what is the value of If so, for what value of x? ‘that number? Verify the the function when x = 0? Very the resue result Verity the resut 62, Is te following true 6. Is the following true OEE avertytne (el 2S result the result. Real-World Applications 64, The exposureindex EI for 65, Refer tothe previous The intensity levels Fof two acameraisa ‘measurement of the amount of light that hits the image receptor. Itis determined by the equation sre, (4) hr {Sis the *tstop" setting on the camera, and tis the ‘exposure time in seconds, Suppose the Fstop setting Js 8 and the desired ‘exposure time is 2 seconds. What will the resuking ‘exposure index be? exercise. Suppose the light meter on a camera Indicates an EF of -2, and the desired exposure time Is 16 seconds. What should the Fstop setting be? 6,4 Graphs of Logarithmic Functions Learning Objectives Inthis section, you will: cna ese on tonegao ante Compue oyrrs log = 4 Bf where ari ineragntuce ven by the Richter Scale. In m0 tote mane nora varchar regenera Steer destiny crema rt magnitude of 9.0! How tary rer srr Sameera ao crete? Ramee meorcueteramber > Identify he domain of a logarithmic function. > Graph logarithmic functions. {5 Rep fearthquakeus95 govfearthquakes|worldistericalpop Accessed 3/4/2014In Graphs of Exponential Functions, we saw haw creating a graphical representation of an exponential model gives us another layer of insight for predicting future events. How do logarithmic graphs give us insight into situations? Secause every logarithmic function isthe faverse function of an exponential function, we can think of every output on a logarithmic graph as the input for the corresponding inverse exponential equation. In other words, logarithms give the cause for an effect. To illustrate, suppose we invest $2500 in an account that offers an annual interest rate of 5%, compounded continuously, We already know thatthe balance in our account far any year! can be found with the equation A= 250040051 But what f we wanted to know the year for any balance? We would need to create a corresponding new function by interchanging the input and the output; thus we would need to create a logarithmic model for this situation. By graphing the model, we can see the output (year) for any input (account balance). For instance, what if we wanted to know how many years it would take for our intial investment to double? Fioure 1 shows this point onthe logarithmic graph. Logarithmic Model Showing Years asa Function ofthe Balance in the Account \ ‘The balance reaches $5,000 near year 14 © St “L900 1,500 "2,000", “F000” &500" 50005500” 600 Figure In tis section we wil discuss the values for which a logarithmic function is defined, and then turn our attention to graphing the family of logarithmic functions. Finding the Domain of a Logarithmic Function «the domain (the set of input values) for which te logarithmic function Before working with graphs, we will take a look is defined, b> 0,b# L.where Recta the exponen incon died y= ory ral mbes x ands + te dorlnot ye (-=, ©) + Therange of yis (0,2) In the last section we learned that the logarithmic function y = logs (x) isthe inverse of the exponential function y= 6° So, as inverse functions: + Tecamsinaty —Ings is merange et =H: (0.8) rs (— °) Transornatons ofthe pte inion y— log) Beavis thee othe fuente parent cons wean app the four peso astrmatone~e sete compression and eecons—Io Chega fncon thot es of shape In cia isanstl uncon we aw at eran rastrmatons cn change henge of) = Snir ‘poingtorstoatns othe pret fncton y= logy ©) en hang te done When asthe aan logarithmic function, therefore, itis important to remember that the domain consists only of positive real numbers. That is, the argument of the logarithmic function must be greater than zero, + The range of y = logy (x) is the domain ofFor example, consider (x) = log, (2x — 3). Ths function is defined for any values of x such that the argument, in this case 2x — 3, s greater than zero, To find the domain, we set up an inequality and solve for x 2x-3>0 Show the argument greater than zero, 2x>3 Add 3. xoLs Divide by 2. Intra nottn,the domain offs) = log (2x~ 316 (15.2) & HowTo Given a logarithmic function, identify the domain. 41. Setup an inequality showing the argument greater than zero, 2, Solve for x 3, Write the domain in interval notation, Identifying the Domain of a Logarithmic Shift What isthe domain of f(x) = loga(x +3)? © Solution ‘The logarithmic function is defined only when the input is postive, so this function is defined when x +3 > 0. Sowing this inequality, x43>0 The input must be positive. x3 Subtract 3, The domain of 9) = logis (2,2) >] TRYIT #1 Whatis che domain of f(x) = logs(x~ 2) +17 Identifying the Domain of a Logarithmic Shift and Reflection what isthe domain of f(x) = log(S ~ 2x)? © Solution ‘The logarithmic function is defined only when the input is postive, so this function is defined when S- 2x > 0. Solving this inequality, 5=2x>0 The input must be postive Ade>—5— Subiraats x<§ —Divideby ~2 and switch the inequaiy. The domain of f(x) = log(5 ~ 2x) is (=, 3) D] teri 22 whatistne domain of f(s) = logis —5)-+27 Graphing Logarithmic Functions Now that we have a feel forthe set of values for which a logarithmic function is defined, we move an to graphing logarithmic functions. The family of logarithmic functions includes the parent function y = logy (x) along with all tstransformations: shifts, stretches, compressions, and reflections. We begin with the parent function y = logy (x). Because every logarithmic function of this form Is the Inverse of an ‘exponential function with the form y = B*, their graphs willbe reflections of each other across the line y= x. To ilustrate this, we can observe the relationship between the input and output values of y = 2* and its equivalent x= logp(y) in Table 1. x o123 wey 1248 log. (9) o 123 Table Using the inputs and outputs from Table 1, we can build another table to observe the relationship between points on the ‘graphs of the inverse functions f(x) = 2* and g(x) = logp(x). See Table OD 0.2) 2H 6.8) (nd fo G-) a9 @p 4 6» Table2 1960) = logs) Figure 2. Notice that the graphs of f (x) = 2* and g (x) = log; (x) are reflections about the line » ‘Observe the following from the graph: + f()=2" nasa yeep (0.1) and (6) = ogy 6) haan neg a0) + The domain of (6) =2*, (2,2) is these asthe range of 9) = og) + Therange of f(x) = 2%, (0, , isthe same asthe domain of s(x) = log, (x) ‘Characteristics ofthe Graph of the Parent Function, f(x) = logs (x) For any real number x and constant b > 0, 6 # 1, we can see the following characteristics in the graph of J(3) = logy ()© versace + domain: (0, ) + range: (-»,2) + xntercept: (1,0) and key point (6, 1) + increasing if > 1 + decreasing O alongside the shift left, g(x) = logy (x + ¢), and the shift right, AG)shite Shit right (4) = logs(e + ¢) = toga — 6) y y x x=0) x=0 1) = foot) 700) = tous (8) /h@X) = loge ~ €) “The asymptote changes tox = ~c. ‘The asymptote changes to x = ‘The domain changes to (—c, ) ‘The domain changes to (c, *) ‘The range remains (=, 9) ‘The range remains (~=, = Figure 6 Horizontal Shifts of the Parent Function f(x) = log, (x) For any constant c, the function f(x) = logy (x +6) + shifts the parent function y = logy (x) left cunitsife > 0. + shifts the parent function y = logy (x) right units if ¢ < 0. + has the vertical asymptote + has domain + nasrange (=. 2) > Howto. an Given a logarithmic function withthe form f(s) = logy (s-+©), graph the translation, 41. Identify the horizontal shit: a. Ife> 0, shiftthe graph of f(x) = logy (x) let cunts, b. Ife <0, shiftthe graph of f(x) = logy (x) right units. 2, Draw the vertical asymptote x = ~c 3, Identify three key points from the parent function. Find new coordinates forthe shifted functions by subtracting ‘from the x coordinate. 4, Label the three points. 5. TheDomanis (ca) the rangeis(~m,) andthe vera asmptiele xGraphing a Horizontal Shift of the Parent Function y= logu(x) ‘Sketch the horizontal sift (x) = logs(x ~ 2) alongside its parent function. Include the key points and asymptotes on the graph, State the domain, range, and asymptote. © Solution Since the function is fx log3(x — 2), we notice x + (-2) = 2-2. Thuse s0.¢ <0. This means we wil shift the function f(x) ogy (2) right 2 units, The vertical asymptote is x = —(-2) or x Consider the three key points from the parent function, 1) .(Q,0),and G1) ‘The new coordinates are found by adding ? to the x coordinates. Label the points (2,1) (3.0), and (5,1) te damain is (2) therangels(-o,), andthe verte nym Figure? TRYIT #4 Sketch a graph of f(x) = logy(x +4) alongside its parent function, Include the key points and asymptates on the graph. State the domain, range, and asymptate. Graphing a Vertical Shift of y = logs(x) When a constant d is added to the parent function f(x) = logy (x), the results a vertical shife d units in the direction of the sign on d. To visualize vertical shifts, we can observe the general graph ofthe parent function f(x) = logs (x) alongside the shift up, g(x) = logy (x) + d and the shift down, h(x) = logs (x) ~d. See Fioure 8shift up shift down 902) = loge) + 4 AG) = togyta) — GOH) = toga (x) + a 1) loge") 7) = tog) @'4 0) Ce) Tox) = tog (x) — a The asymptote remains x ~ 0. ‘The asymptote remains x = 0. “The domain remains to (0, ).. 8 «sth parentaneon y= oy) down duis d-< 0 «asthe veal snmp = 0 + hasdoman (0.8) + asrange (-=.2) > Howto Given a logarithmic function with the form f(x) = log, (x) + d, graph the translation. 41, Identify the vertical shit: If d > 0, shift the graph of (x) = logy (x) up d units. + Id <0, shift the graph of f(x) = log, (x) down d units. 2. Draw the vertical asymptote x = 0. 3, Identify three key points from the parent function. Find new coordinates forthe shifted functions by adding d to the y coordinate.4 Label tre pots 5. The domains (0) the rangels (2,0) andthe vertea anmptote i= = 0 Graphing a Vertical Shift of the Parent Function y=logs(x) ‘Sketch a graph of (x) = 1ogs(x) ~ 2 alongside its parent function. Include the key points and asymptote on the graph. ‘State the domain, range, and asymptote. © Solution Since the function is f(x) 1og3(x) — 2, we will notice d =-2. Thus d < 0. This means we will shife the function f(x log (x) down 2 unit. The vertical asymptote x Consider the three key points from the parent function, ($.—1) (1,0), and G3, 1) ‘The new coordinates are found by subtracting 2 from the y coordinates Label he points (4,8) (0.2). 398 @.=D. The domainis (0, therangeis(—#, andthe vera! aymptoes 3.1) ix) Figures ‘The domain is «) ,the range is (=, ©), and the vertical asymptote is TRYIT #8 Sketch a graph of f(x) = logo (x) + 2 alongside its parent function. Include the key points and asymptote on the graph, State the domain, range, and asymptote, Graphing Stretches and Compressions of y= logy(x) When the parent function f(x) = logy (x) is multiplied by a constant a > 0, the result isa vertical stretch or compression ‘of the original graph, To visualize stretches and compressions, we set a > 1 and observe the general graph of the parentfunction f(x) = logy (x) alongside the vertical stretch, g(x) = alogy (x) and the vertical compression, h(x) See Figure 10, Vertical Stretch 902) ~ alogs(x), a> Vertical Compression nex) = Flogg(a), a> 2 (X) = aloge ( 69) = loa 60) 10) = toa, (0) ne) = Hom) GH ‘The asymptote remains x = 0. ‘The asymptote remains x = 0. ‘The sintercept remains (1,0) ‘The x-intercept remains (1,0) ‘The domain remains (0, ) +The domain remains (0, *) ‘The range remains (—, *) sThe range remains (—», =) Figure 10, Vertical Stretches and Compressions of the Parent Function y = log, (x) For any constant a > 1, the function f(x) = alogy (x) + stretches the parent function + compresses the parent function + has the vertical asymptote x = 0. + has the «intercept (1,0) + has domain (2) + nasrange (==) > Howto an logy (x) vertically by a factor of aif a > 1 logy (x) vertically by a factor of aif 0, graph the translation. 1. Identify the vertical stretch or compressions: + lal > 1, the graph of f(x) = logy (x) i stretched by a factor of a units, If lal <1, the graph of f(x) logy, (x) Is compressed by a factor of a unitsDraw he veal asymptote = 2. enti the ey pats om he parent uncon. they coordinate by Label thee ois 5. tedasini (0,2), ene range ( Graphing a Stretch or Compression of the Parent Function y= 1oge(x) ‘Sketch 2 graph of f(x) = 2logy(x) alongside its parent function, Include the key points and asymptote on the graph. State the domain, range, and asymptote, ind new coordinates forthe shifted functions by multiplying 2,0 ) and the vertical asymptote is x Solution Since the function is f(x) logy (x), we will notice a = 2 ‘This means we will stretch the function f(x ogy (x) by a factor of 2 ‘The vertical asymptote is x Consider the three key points from the parent function, 4.1) ,0), and 4,1) ‘The new coordinates are found by mukiplying the y coordinates by 2. Label he points (4,2) (1.0) and 4.2 ‘re domains (0, =) terangeis (-0, «andthe vera asmpotels x 0 Se au y Figure 14 The domanis (0) he ange i (—,#) andthe vert asmptotei TRYIT #6. Sketch agraph of f(x) = asymptote on the graph. State the domain, ra Combining a Shift and a stretch ‘Sketch a graph of f(x) = Slog(x + 2). State the domain, range, and asymptote, logs(x) alongside its parent function. Inchide the key points and and asymptot© Slutn Rerpember whathappens nse parentheses happens fess we mote he graph kt uns then stretch he Rincon erly bya fcr ofS, in ase 12-re vera saps wl be shfedto w= 2 The ere wl be (=) The oan i be (-2, =) To pos wl lg the shape ofthe graph 1,0) and (3) We shee x= Bas the mcordinat of one pinto graph because when x= 8,42 y 0, the base of the common logarithm, loa tx +2) y= log +2) tT 23 y= loa) Thedomainis(-2.8),tnerange' 10,2) ,andthe vert asymptote i= DD] erie 47 stetcha graph ofthe function (x)= Sog(x ~ ) + 1. State the domain, range, and asymptote. Graphing Reflections of f(x) = logy(x) When the parent function f(2) = los (x) s multiplied by ~1, the resus a reflection about the a-axis, When the inputs multiplied by ~1, the resuitisa reflection about the y-axis To visualize reflections, we restric > 1, and observe the general graph ofthe parent function f(x) = log, (x) alongside the reflection about the x-axis g(x) = —logy x) and the reflection about the yaxis, h(x) = logy (=)Reflection about the x-axis tx) = —logi(a), 6 > 1 Reflection about the y-axis nx) = logy(—x), b> 1 168) = tog 08) 90) ~ —Hogs ) +The reflected function is decreasing as x moves ‘rom zero to infinity. ‘The asymptote remains x = 0 +The xinteroept remains (1, 0) ‘The key point changes to (b+, 1) ‘The domain remains (0, ), ‘The range remains (—, “The reflected function is decreasing as x moves from negative infinity to zero. ‘The asymptote remains x = 0. “The x:intercept changes to (—1, 0) “The key point changes to (—b, 1) “The domain changes to (—», 0) “The range remains (—, ») Figure 13, Reflections of the Parent Function y = log, (x) The function f(x) = ~logy (x) + reflec the parenfuncion y=ogs(e abeuthexaxs + tas domain, (0) ange, ( function The function f(x) = logs (—x) + teers he paenuncton y= oy) abou he + tas domain (0,0) ee HowTo o Given a logarithmic function with the parent function f(x) «2, 2), and vertical asymptote, x = 0, which are unchanged from the parent 1.2), andverta anmptote, x=, whch are unchanged rm he parent incon log, (2). graph a translation.0 1, Draw the vertical asymptote, x 2,Plotthe xintercept, (1,0) 3. Reflect the graph ofthe parent function ‘{(x) = logy (2) about the xax's. 4, Draw a smooth curve through the points, 5. State the domain, (0), the range, (-»,), and the vertical asymptote x = 0, Table3 Se) 1, Draw the vertical asymptote, x 2 Plot the xintercept, (1,0) 3. Reflect the graph of the parent function (0) = logy (2) about the y-axis 4, Draw a smooth curve through the points, 5. State the domain, (-», 0) the range, (~», =) and the vertical asymptote x = 0. Graphing a Reflection of a Logarithmic Function sketch a graph of f(x) State the domain, range, and asymptote Solution 1og(—) alongside kss parent function, Include the key points and asymptote on the graph. Before graphing f(x) = log(—), identity the behavior and key points for the graph + since, 10 is greater than ane, we know that the parent function is increasing Since the input value is mulkiplied by -1, f isareflecion of the parent graph about the yaxis. Thus, f(¥) log(—») will be decreasing as x moves from negative infinity to zero, and the right tal ofthe graph will approach the vertical asymptote x = 0. + The xinterceptis (-1, 0) + We draw and label the asymptote, plot and label the points, and draw a smooth curve through the points. 11) = too») (10,1) y= log 0) (20,1) Figure 14 ‘he domanis (-=,0).therangeis 12.) and evel asptte tex = 0 >] TRYIT #8 Graph f(x) Jog(—»). State the domain, range, and asymptote.HowTo = Given a logarithmic equation, use a graphing calculator to approximate solutions. 41. Press [Y=]. Enter the given logarithm equation or equations as ¥3= and, needed, Yo= 2, Press [GRAPH] to observe the graphs of the curves and use [WINDOW] to find an appropriate view of the ‘graphs, including their point(s) of intersection. 3, To find the value of x, we compute the point of intersection, Press [2ND] then [CALC], Select “intersect” and press [ENTER] three times. The point of Intersection gives the value of x, forthe point(s) of intersection, Approximating the Solution of a Logarithmic Equation Solve 4ln(x) +1 = -2In (x~ 1) graphically. Round to the nearest thousandth, Solution Press [Y=] and enter 4In(x) + 1 nextto ¥y=, Then enter ~2in (x ~ 1) next to Yar. For a window, use the values Oto S for ‘xand ~10 to 10 for y, Press [GRAPH]. The graphs should intersect somewhere a little to right of x For a better approximation, press [2ND] then [CALC]. Select [S: intersect] and press [ENTER] three times. The coordinate ofthe point of intersection is displayed as 1.3385297. (Your answer may be different f you use a different window or use a different value for Guess?) So, tothe nearest thousandth, x = 1.339, [] tit #9 Soke Stoe(e¥2)= = log (x) graphically, Round to the nearest thousandth, Summarizing Translations of the Logarithmic Function Now that we have worked with each type of translation for the logarithmic function, we can summarize each in Table 4 to arrive atthe general equation for translating exponential functions. Se Cre eee Serra shite y slog, bo) + Horizontally ¢ units tothe left + Vertically d units up Stretch and Compress Stretchif Jal > 1 Compression ifal < 1 alogy (2) Reflect about the x-axis y ogy (2) Reflect about the y-axis y= logy (-) General equation forall translations alogy(x +e) +d TablesTranslations of Logarithmic Functions All translations of the parent logarithmic function, y = logy (x). have the form L(x) = alogy (x40) +d ‘where the parent function, logy (x), > 11s + shifted vertically up d units + shifted horizontally tothe left e units. + stretched vertically by a factor of ll if fa > 0. + compressed vertically by a factor of lal if0 < [al < 1 + reflected about the x-axis when a < 0, For f(x) = log (x), the graph of the parent function is reflected about the yas Finding the Vertical Asymptote of a Logarithm Graph What isthe vertical asymptote of f(x) = ~2log3(x +4) +57 © Solution ‘The vertical asymptote is atx © Analysis ‘The coefficient, the base, and the upward translation do not affect the asymptote. The shift af the curve 4 units to the left shifts the vertical asymptote to x = ~4, [2] trv #10 Whatis the vertical asymptote of f(x) Finding the Equation from a Graph Find a possible equation for the common logarithmic function graphed in Figure 15, ts Figure 15, © Solution This graph has a vertical asymptote at x = ~2 and has been vertically reflected. We do not know yet the vertical shift or the vertical stretch, We know so far thatthe equation will have form: Lo alog(x +2) +k64+Graphsof Logarithmic Functions 601 appears the graph passes through the points (-1, 1) and (2,1) Substituting (-1, 1), walog(-1 +2) + Substitute (-1, 1) ~alog(l) + & Asithmetic, k log(1) =0. Next, substituting in (2,1), 1s -alog2+2)+1 Plugin @,-1. =2 = -alog(4) Arithmetic. a Solve for a 2 oF This gives us the equation f(x) = plaplog(x+2) +1 © Analysis: \We can verify this answer by comparing the function values in Table 5 with the points on the graph in Fioure 15. x ° 1 2 3 fe 4 0 ~0.s84s6 13219 x 4 5 6 7 8 fx) ~15850 1.8074 22.1699. -2.3219, Tables >] TRYIT #11 Givethe equation of the natural logarithm graphed in Figure 16. Figure 16 TB] Qea —isitpossile to tll the domain and range and describe the end behavior of a function just by looking atthe graph? Yes, f we know the functions a genera logarithm function, For example, look at the graph in Figure 16 The graph approaches = ~3 or thereabouts] more and more dose, sox =~ is or every cos fo, the vertical asymptote approaches trom the gt so the domain is allplntsto the ight{x | x>—3). The range, as with all general logarithmic functions, i all real numbers. And we can see the end behavior because the graph goes down as it goes left and up as it goes right. The end behavior is that asx + =3", f(x) + -@ and asx + ©, f(x) + & [>] meosa ‘Access these online resources for additional instruction and prac with g pphing logarithms. (Graph an Exponential Function and Logarithmic Function (http: /openstax.ora/l/qraphexplog) ‘Match Graphs with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (http://anenstax.orail/matchexplog) Find the Domain of Logarithmic Functions (http://openstax.ora/l/domainlo © | 6.4 SECTION EXERCISES Verbal 4. Theinverse of every 2. What type(s) of 3. What type(s) of logarithmic function fs an translation(s),ifany, affect translation(s),ifany affect ‘exponential function and the range of a logarithmic ‘the domain ofa logarithmic vice-versa. What does thls function? function? tellus about the relationship between the coordinates of the points on the graphs of ‘each? 4. Consider the general 5. Does the graph of a general logarithmic function logarithmic function have a F(3) = log, (8).Why can’tx horizontal asymptote? be2ero? Explain. Algebraic For the following exercises, state the domain and range ofthe function, 6 f(x) = logs (x +4) 7 ho in(4-x) 8. (x) = logs 2x +9) -2 98. Ge In@x +17) - 40, (~) = log, (12-39) -3 For the foliowing exercises, state the domain and the vertical asymptote ofthe function. 11. (2) = logy(x - 5) 12. (2) =InG- x) 13. f(2) = logGx +1) 14. Fo) log(-x) +2, 15, g(x) =—InGx+9)-7 For the following exercises, state the domain, vertical asymptote, and end behavior ofthe function. 16. f)=In@-0) 17. fix) =10g(x- 3) 18. W(x) = ~logGx—4) 43 19. aw) (2x +6) 20. f(x) = logs (15 ~5x) +664+Graphsof Logarithmic Functions 608, For the following exercises, state the domain, range, and x- and y-intercepts, ifthey exist. If they do not exist, write DNE. BAL W(x) =logy(x- D412. f(x) =log(Sx 4143 2B. g(x) =In(ex)-2 2A, f(x) = log (x+2)—5 2.x) =3n(a)-9 Graphical For the following exercises, match each function in Figure 17 with the letter corresponding to its graph, y Figure 17, 27. f(x) = In) 30, j(x) =logas (0) For the following exercises, match each function In Figure 18 with the letter corresponding to its graph. Figure 18