Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Double, Multiple and Sub - Multiple ANgles

    Uploaded by

    DAKSH GREAD DPSN-STD
    9 views31 pages

    Original Title

    Double , Multiple and Sub - Multiple ANgles

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    9 views31 pages

    Double, Multiple and Sub - Multiple ANgles

    Uploaded by

    DAKSH GREAD DPSN-STD

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 31
    G40 CHAPTERS: AnaiticTigonomety Re i PLLC KCL Le cy PREPARING FOR THIS SECTION Before getting started, review the following: + Distance Formula (Section 2.1, p.151) + Finding Exact Values Given the Value of a + Values of the Trigonometrie Funetions (Section 73, ‘Tkigonomettic Function and the Quadrant ofthe pp. 528-535; Section 74, pp. 40-548) Angle (Section 74, pp. 547-548) \ en wrt e ire You Prepared” problems on page 6, OBJECTIVES 1 Use Sum and Difference Formulas to Find Exact Values (p.641) 2 Use Sum and Difference Formulas to Establish Identities (p.642) 3 Use Sum and Difference Formulas Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions (p.646) 4 Solve Trigonometric Equations Linear in Sine and Cosine (p.647) In this section, we continue our derivation of trigonometric identities by obtaining formulas that involve the sum or difference of two angles, such as cos(a + B),cos(a — B), or sin(a + B). These formulas are referred to as the sum and difference formulas. We begin with the formulas for cos(a +B) and cos(a ~ 8) THEOREM ——Sumand Difference Formulas for the Co: cos(a + B) = cos a cos f — sin asin B ® cos(a — f) = cos a cos f + sin asin @ J O in Words <.. Proof We will prove formula (2) fist. Although this formula is true forall numbers a eee and B, we shall assume in our proof that 0 << a < 2n. We begin with the unit © [Mineotthecumofewomaee | etcle and place the angles a and in standard position, as shown in Figure 26(a). The © equals the cosine of the first point P; lies on the terminal side of B, so its coordinates are (cos , sin B); and © ange times the cosine of the the point P; lies on the terminal side of a, so its coordinates are (eos a, sin a) © second ange minus she sine of © thefrstangle tires thesneot | Figure 26 the second s (e084 sina} P= eas ~ 6), sina) 4}, = cos sing) f () Now place the angle # ~ B in standard position, as shown in Figure 26(b). The point A has coordinates (1,0), and the point P is on the terminal side of the angle a ~ B, soiits coordinates are (cos(a ~ 8), sin(a ~ 8). Looking at triangle OP;P in Figure 26(a) and triangle OAP, in Figure 26(b),, wwe see that these triangles are congruent. (Do you see why? We have SAS: two sides SECTION SS. Sum nd Difference Formulas 641 and the included angle, a ~ 8, are equal.) As a result, the unknown side of cach triangle must be equal; that is, (A, Ps) = d(P3, Pa) ‘Using the distance formula, we find that [eos(a — B) — 1 = [sinfa— B) — OF = \/(cos a — cos 8)? + (sina — sin Am) ee [cos(a — 8) - 1]? + sin*(a — ) = (cosa — cos B)? + (sina — sin B)? Sousrevoch oven cos'(a~ f) ~2cos(a— ) +1> 2-2 -2 sin(a — B) = cos? a ~ 2.cos acos B + cos*B Maltipy out the squared terms 4 sintar— 2sin asin B + sin? p cos(a — B) = 2 2c0sacos B — 2simasinB —Apoly a Fytragorsan Mere ny (Somes) cos(a — B) = -2cos acos B ~ 2sinasin B Subtract 2 from each side cos(a — B) = cos a cos 8 + sina sin B Divide esch side by ~2, ‘This is formula (2), . ‘The proof of formula (1) follows from formula (2) and the Even-Odd Identities. We use the fact that a +B = a@ — (~B).Then asa — (—B)] 108 @ cos(—B) + sin asin(—B) ve Forme 8 (2) cosa +B = cos a cos B — sina sin B Ever-Oda Identities 1 Use Sum and Difference Formulas to Find Exact Values ‘One use of formulas (1) and (2) is to obtain the exact value of the cosine of an angle that can be expressed as the stum or difference of angles whose sine and cosine are known exactly. EXAMPLE 1 Using the Sum Formula to Find an Exact Value Find the exact value of cos 75°, Solution Since 75° = 45° + 30°, use formula (1) to obtain ‘cos 75° = cos(45° + 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° ~ sin 45° sin 30° EXAMPLE 2 J Using the Difference Formula to Find an Exact Value Solution Find the exact value of cos 7 cos Use Formula 2) 22 22 = 2M, MEL Lvas va) o———-Now Work rrostem 13 642 CHAPTERS Analytic Tigonometty Seeing the Concept 5 Graph = c05{E— 2) and Y= sin fon the same screen, Does this clemonstrate the result 3a)? How would you demonstrate the result 3b)? 2 Use Sum and Difference Formulas to Establish Identities J Another use of formulas (1) and (2) is to establish other identities. Two important identities we conjectured earlier in Section 7.2 are given next, wo(E 0) oan oo s(t) =aso oo Proof To prove formula (3a), use the formula for cos(a — 8) with a = $ and lg) cos Z cos @ + sin sin 8 2 2 O-cos 8 + L+sin = sino To prove formula (3b), make use of the identity (3a) just established. sa($=0) -Tspst We use Pythagorcan Identities to obtain sina and cos B. Since sin« = 0 and 0 (do you know why?), we find sin(a + B) = sina cos B + cos asin B AVE +3 10 J 4 May 5 1 2 om———Now Work rrosiem 75 EXAMPLE 10 Solution Writing a Trigonometric Expression as an Algebraic Expression Write sin(sin“ w + cos v) as an algebraic expression containing u and v (that is, without any trigonometric functions). Give the restrictions on u and ». WS 1,and for cos Then v.we have -1 = 0 = 1.Now Tet = sin! w and 8 = cos sash -1susl copy 05650 -1sv=1 Sincee-2 sas sia we know that cos a = 0. As a result, cosa = Vi sink = Vi- Similarly, since 0 = 6 = 7, we know that sin 8 = 0. Then sing = V1 cos B = Vi-¥ la Asaresult, sin(sin"! w + cos"! ») = sin(ar + B) = sina cos B + cos asin B ut Vi-eVi- 2 Now Work Prowiem 85 SECTIONSS Sumand Difference formu: 647 4 Solve Trigonometric Equations Linear in Sine and Cosine Sometimes it is necessary to square both sides of an equation to obtain expressions that allow the use of identities. Remember, squaring both sides of an equation may introduce extraneous solutions. As a result, apparent solutions must be checked. EXAMPLE 11 Solution A Solution B Solving a Trigonometric Equation Linear in Sine and Cosine Solve the equation: sin@ + cos = 1, 0< 0 < 2m Attempts to use available identities do not lead to equations that are easy to solve, (Bry it yourself) Given the form of this equation, we decide to square each side, sin + cos@ = 1 (sin 9 + cos)? = 1 Square each ove sin’ @ + 2sin # cos 6 + cos? = 1 Komove parenshonen 2sinOcosd = 0 siiu + costo sin 8 cos@ = 0 Setting each factor equal to zero, we obtain sind =0 or cos#=0 ‘The apparent solutions ate @=0, a= Because we squared both sides of the original equation, we must check these apparent solutions to see if any are extraneous. A solution Not solution A solution 1+ 05-1 Nora soiution = riers ~ xan = 2 cnn Testa et Start with the equation sin@ + cos0 = 1 and divide each side by V2. (The reason for this choice will become apparent shortly.) Then, v2 ‘The left side now resembles the formula for the sine of the sum of two angles, one of which is 6. The other angle is unknown (call it ¢.) Then sin(@ + ) = sin 6 cos & + cos 0 sin. = 8) where 648 CHAPTERS Analytic Tigonometry Figure 29 ‘The angle @ is therefore . As a result, equation (8) becomes y 5 at a sa(o +2) -%2 In the interval [0,27), there are two angles whose sine is X*: 4 and =, See Figure 29. As a result, 7 ow ot tat 4° 404 0=0 of o-5 rresiton eis {o$} J This second method of solution can be used to solve any linear equation in the variables sin 0 and cos 0 EXAMPLE 12) Solving a Trigonometric Equation Linear in sin @ and cos 0 Solve: asin@ + bcos = ¢ o where a, b, and are constants and either a 4 O or b # 0. Solution Divide each side of equation (9) by \/a + B®. Then cos 0 = (10) There isa unique angle 4, 0 = ¢ < 2a, for which cos Sand sing ay Ve Vere Figure 30 Figure 30 shows the situation for a > 0 and b > 0, Equation (10) may be written as sin 8 cos b + cos 8 sind or, equivalently, a2 where ¢ satisfies It|el > ae +B, has no solution. It lel = Va? +B then the solutions of equation (12) are then sin(0 + $) > Lorsin(0 + 4) < —1, and equation (12) Ver Because the angle ¢ is determined by equations (11), these give the solutions to ‘equation (9), pa) om——-Now Work rrosiem 93 SECTIONSS Sum nd Difference formu: 649 SUMMARY — Sumand Difference Formulas cos(a + f) = cos acos f - sin asin 6 sin(a + B) = sinacos + cos asin 6 tana + tan B a leaner 8.5 Assess Your Understanding cos(a — B) = cos acos + sinasin f sin(a — B) = sin acos B ~ cosa sin B tana ~ tang tan(a — 8) = Ty tan atan f “Are You Prepared?’ Answers are given at the end ofthese exercises Ifyou get a wrong answer, read the pages listed in red 1 The distance d fom the point (2, —3) to the point (5, 1) is ris) 2s = and iin quant hen cose (pp.547-548) Concepts and Vocabulary 5. cos(a + f) =casacosB___sinasin 6. sina - 8 17. True or False sin(ac+ 8, True or False tan 75° = (an 30° + tan 45° cov ersin 8 sin a cos 8 inatsinB+2sinasin 3. (9) sin G-cos 5 = (pp. 529-535), (an sind (pp. 529-535) ~ 4 cae, A ttsing = 4.2 <0-< 2, tensor (op 547-588) 9: tocar Fale co =8) = 10. True or False If f(x) = sinx and g(x) = 008 x. then ale +B) = g(a)e(s) ~ f(@)F(8) Skill Building In Problems 11-22, find the exact value ofeach expression. sn 2 1” 1 sin = Bsn N15. cos Zt 17. ans" wens Nv. sin Zt In Problems 23-32, find the exact value of each expression, 23, sin 20° cos 10° + cos 20° sin 10° \ 25. cos 70° cos 20° — sin 70° sin 20° tan20° + tan 25° mae ‘tan 20° tan 25° att ta Te \ 29, sin eon TS ~ 00s 3 sin 3S = St, St 3. 008 5 cos 5 4 sin sin m= — tte(-f)— mea(-2) 24, sin 20° cos 80° — cos 20° sin 80" 26, cos 40° coe 10° + sin 40° sin 10° tan 40" ~ tan 10° * Ty tan 40° tan 1 In Problems 33-38, find the exact value of each of the following under the given conditions: (b) cos(a + B) = 23 Fe cong (a) sin(a + 6) : \ wine doeue 4m Bana =F. F 0. 100. Show that co en w(t) OL Show that sin{sin“ v + cos" v) = 1 102, Show that cos(sin“ v + cos v) inx 107. Geometry: Angle between Two Lines Let I; and I; denote is given by ‘wo nonvertical intersecting lines and let # denote the acute Tet A) = fla) sin(x +) ~ sine angle between Ly and L, (see the figure). Show that 7h apo = = conn Sih cosh tO mam, Ah where m and m, are the slopes of L, and L,, respectively. 6 104, Callas Show thatthe difference quotient for f(x)= cos.x [Hint: Use the fasts that tan, = m and tan & = ms] isgiven by Fe + h) = f(x) _ cos(x tA) — cos x rr i — ne tinh 0 coe = -sin cos HE 105, One, Two, Three (@) Show thatan(tan"*1 4 tan™!2 + tans) = 0 {(b) Conclude from part (a) that tan 4 tan®2 = tan! 3 = Source: College Mathematics Journal, Vol.37,No.3, May 2006 18. Ifa + 6 + y= 180° and 106. Electric Power In an alternating current (ac) circuit, the instantaneous power pat time fis given by cotd = cota + cot + eoty, 0 POE) = Vuln 608 6 sin*(ot) — Vuln sin # sin( ot) cos{et) show that ‘Show that this is equivalent to sin’ @ = sin(er— 8) sin( — 6) sin(y ~ @) Pt) = Vil sin(ot) sin(at ~ 4) 108. tana = x + Land tan 6 = x— 1, show that Source: HyperPhystes hosted by Georgia State Univesity 2eot(a ~ B) = 9? Explaining Concepts: Discussion and Writing 110, Discuss the following desivation ano waz z ovr at 1 T=tand ~ Stang 8" tan z ‘Can you justify each step? 652 CHAPTERS. AnaiticTigonomety ALL, Explain why formula (7) cannot be used to show that wn -1) <0 Establish this identity by using formulas (3a) and (3b). ‘Are You Prepared?’ Answers 4s 2-2 am wi ER Ml eae Umea eae THEOREM OBJECTIVES 1 Use Double-angle Formulas to Find Exact Values (9.652) 2 Use Double-angle Formulas to Establish Identities (p.653) 3 Use Half-angle Formulas to Find Exact Values (p.656) In this section we derive formulas for sin(20), cos(28).sin( $8), and cos) in terms of sin @ and cos 0. They are derived using the sum formulas. In the sum formulas for sin(a + 8) and cos(a + ),leta = 8 = 6. Then sin(a + B) = sina cos B + cos asin B sin(@ + 0) = sin @ cos @ + cos @sin @ sin(20) = 2 sin cos 0 and cos(a + B) = cos acos f — sina sin 6 cos(9 + @) = cos@ cos 6 ~ sin @ sin # 0s(20) = cos? @ — sin? @ An application of the Pythagorean Identity sin’ @ + cos*# = 1 results in two other ways to express cos(28) c0s(20) = cos’ @ = sin®@ = (1 ~ sin’@) ~ sin’@ = 1 - 2sin®o and c0s(20) = cos @ — sin? 9 = cos? @ ~ (1 — cos) = 2eos*o We have established the following Double-angle Formulas: Double-angle Formulas sin(28) ao 05(28) = cos?@ ~ sin?@ @ cos(26) = 1 — 2sin?@ ® 08(28) = 2cos*@ — 1 @ Use Double-angle Formulas to Find Exact Values EXAMPLE 1 Finding Exact Values Using the Doubl. 2 angle Formulas Itsin@ = <0 < 77 find the exact value of: (6) cos(20) (a) sin(29} Figure31 3) Solution SECTIONS6 Dovble-angle and Halt-angleFormulas 653 (@) Because sin(28) = 2sin 6 cos @ and we already know that sin @ = 2, we only ® need to find cos 0. Since sin 0 = F< 0, we choose the + sign in using formula (10b) oo 3M cos 30" £05 15° = cos = - Vin f2+v3_V2+V3 2 SECTIONS6 Dovble-angle and Haltangle Formulas 657. (b) Use the fact that sin(—15°) = —sin 15° and then apply formula (10a). [T= cos 30" It is interesting to compare the answer found in Example 6(a) with the answer to Example 2 of Section 8,5. There we calculated Based on this and the result of Example 6(a), we conclude that Lia hl V24 V3 F(V6+ V2) na PEO are equal. (Since each expression is positive, you can verify this equality by squaring each expression.) Two very different looking, yet correct, answers can be obtained, depending on the approach taken to solve a problem. wm—-Now Work Prosiem 19 EXAMPLE 7 Solution Finding Exact Values Using Half-angle Formulas ttcosa = Py << 2nd te eat vat of (@) sin () cos $ (© tan$ Hit oberve that if @ << 2E then F< $< 2%, ae a sea, te in quadrant IL (2) Because © lies in quadrant I, sin > 0, so use the + sign in formula (10a) to get 2 (t) Because isn quadrant 1, cot < 0,0 we the signin formula (108) tweet 658 CHAPTERS Analytic Trigonometry (©) Because $ lies in quadrant II, tan < 0, so use the ~ sign in formula (10c) to get tan = a 2Vv5 2s cos = V5 a vs Now Work rrowsems 7(<) Ano (A) There is formula for tan $ that does not contain + and ~ signs,making it more useful than formula 10(c). To derive it, use the formulas La cosa = 2sin?S Femuia (oy os = 2sin?S Forvula sina=a[2(2)] = 2a eae cavosnstns Then sina «2 2sinZcos= cos sin$eosS cos $ Since it also can be shown that Lecosa sina Sina 1= cosa we have the following two Half-angle Formulas: Half-angle Formulas for’ tens L-cosa sina ay sina 1+ cosa With this formula, the solution to Example 7(c) can be obtained as follows: 0s a 3 meas Bi sina = —\/1— costa 16 8 ‘Then, by equation (11), SECTIONS6 Dovble-angle and Halt-angle Formulas 659) 8.6 Assess Your Understanding Concepts and Vocabulary Deane T= tne 5. True or False sin(20) has two equivalent forms 2sin@ cos and sin'a ~ cose 6, True or False tan(20) + tan(20) = tan(49) 4, True or False \an(20) Skill Building In Problems 7-18, use the information given about the angle 8,0 = @ < 2x, to find the exact value of 8 ¢ (a) sin(20) (6) c0s(26) (sng (4) cos 3 . 7 4 se Na sino = 5 $ oca0 14. escd= V3, cos <0 15. cote = -2, seco <0 16. seo# =2, ce <0 17. tand = =3, sind <0 1B, cote =3, cose <0 Jn Problems 19-28, use the Half angle Formulas to find the exact vale ofeach expression. \v ans means new nwt . . 1S exe 23 cos 165 24, sin 195 25, 001% 16. oc m7 sa(-Z) 28, coo(—27) {In Problems 29-40, use the figures to evaluate each function given that f(x) = sin x, g(s) = coe and h(x) = tan a (29. (28) 32. f| (3) 38. (20) s4.i($) 35. 6(20) 36. (2a) w.4(8) 8. «($) 9. 1($) 8. 20) \ ar sowtitsnto = Lea) + eat 42 Show hat sn) = (cs0(4sino = sn) 48, Develop a formula for cos(36) ata thirddegree polynomial 44, Develop formula for cos) a8 fourth-degree polynomial in the variable cos inthe variable cos 8 45. Find an expression for sin(S#) as a ftth-degree polynomial 46. Find an expression for cos(8) as a filth-degree polynomial in the variable sin 0, in the variable cos 8, 660 CHAPTERS AnsicTrigonomety In Problems 47-8, establish each identity. by aint cot = tan _ cote =1 47. cost @ — sin 6 = cos(29) 48, OEE con(28) a 1 seco 50, coi(28) = Heot# ~ tan) Si. sect) = SEO sec 0c 58, c0s*(2u) — sin?(2u) = e0s(4u) 84, (4 sin w cos u)(1—2sin? uw) = sin(4u) teri epcote <2 202 56, sin'9@coe 6 = 2[1 ~ cos(40)] set = cot» 60, tan = esew 1 sin’ @ + cos 6 sin(30) 1 F020) = a core aT e080 4 sind cos0 ~ sind _ 3 seed nd _ Sos0 = Od 9 yc2y) \ 6s. tan(30) = 66, tan 8 + tan(@ + 120°) + tan(@ + 240°) ‘tan(3@) 67. In [sin o| 2 68, In kos = $¢In|t + cos(2e)| ~ 2) In Problems 69-78, solve cach equation on the interval 0 = 6 < 2a \ 69, c0s(20) + 6 sinto = 4 70, c0s(26) = 2 2sin*o TA, c0s(20) = cos 0 72, sin(28) = cos @ 78, sin(20) + sin(40) = 0 74, cos(20) + cos(40) = 0 15. 3 ~ sin 0 = cos(2#) 76, cos(2H) + Scand +3=0 71. tan(20) + 2sin0 = 0 78. tan(29) + 2cos9 = 0 Mixed Practice In Problems 79-90, find the exact value of each expression rm. sin(2a2) so safaair] a coz) ss cafzcor(-2)] $4 aa(2e02) ss so(2<0r*4) sr an(ertf) se cor(Eart2) a. see(2en 3) OL. f(x) = sin(2x) - sinx 92, f(x) = cos(2x) + cos x 93, f(x) = cos(2x) + sin? x Applications and Extensions 94, Constructing a Rain Gutter A rain gutter is to be constructed of aluminum sheets 12 inches wide, After marking off a length of 4 inches from each edge this length is bent up at an angle 0. See the illustration, The area A of the opening as a pan ‘in snl function of is given by ttn { A(O) = 16 sin (cos +1) 0 <0 < 90" SG) In calculus, you will be asked to find the angle 0 that ‘maximizes A by solving the equation c0s(20) + c0s0 = 0, 0 <0 < 90" Solve this equation for 8 (©) What is the maximum area A of the opening? 4 (©) Graph A = A(@),0° = 4 = 90°, and find the angle 6 ‘that maximizes the area A. Also find the maximum area, ‘Compare the results to the answer found earlier. 98. Laser Projection In a laser projection system, the optical fr scanning angle 0 it related (o the throw distance D from the scanner to the screen and the projected image width W by the equation Bev oat {(@) Show that the projected image width is given by 4 W=2Duny (b) Find the optical angle ifthe throw distance is 1S feet and the projected image width is 6 feet Source: Pangolin Laser Systems, Ine 96, Product of Inertia The product of inertia for an area about inclined axes is given by the formula Taw ‘Show that this is equivalent to sin 0 cos 0 ~ I, sin 6080 + Ly(cos"@ — sin*8) sin(28) + I, c0s(28) Source: Adapted from Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 10th ed, Prentice Hall © 2004 97, Projectile Motion An object is propelled upward at an angle 6,45" <9 < 90, to the horizontal with an initial velocity of ty feet per second {rom the base of a plane that makes an angle of 45° wit the horizontal, See the illustration, If air resistance is ignored, the distance R that it travels up the inclined plane is given by the function iV RO) FE 08 (sin 0 ~ cos 0) (@) Show that V2 RO) [sin(2#) — cos(29) - 1) 3 (b) In caleulus, you will be asked to find the angle @ that ‘maximizes R by solving the equation sin(20) + cos(20) = 0 Solve this equation for 8 661 SECTION 86 Dovble-angle and Halt angle Formulas (©) What is the maximum distance R if v second? 4 (@) Graph R = R(8), 45° = # = 90°, and find the angle @ that maximizes the distance R. Also find the maximum distance, Use tp = 32 feet per second. Compare the sesults with the answers found earlier. 32 feet per 98. Sawtooth Curve An oscilloscope often displays a sawtooth ‘curve. This curve can be approximated by sinusoidal curves of varying periods and amplitudes. first approximation to the sawtooth curve is given by Show that y 99, Area of an Isosceles Triangle Show that the azea A of an isosceles triangle whose equal sides are of length s and @ is the angle between them is La A= fe sino [lint: See the illustration. The height h bisects the angle 8 and is the perpendicular bisector ofthe bate Geometry A rectangle isinseribed in a semicncle of radius L See the illustration, (a) Express the area A of the rectangle as a function of the angle 6 shown in the illustration (b) Show that A(a) = sin(29) (©) Find the angle # that resus in the largest area A. (4) Find the dimensions of this largest rectangle. AOL. Ifx = 2 tan , express sin(29) asa function of x 2, If = 2tan 0, express cos(20) as a function of» 103. Find the value of the number C: 5 sin? x + C= dL cos(22) Faint + © =~ eox(2x) 2 104, Find the value ofthe mumber C: 4 cost x + C = 1 cox Feostx = € = Leos(2x) 662 CHAPTERS. AnslticTigonomety « 2 110, Show that 4.108. = on, show thatsina = 72 . 8 196, Ifz = tan, show that cos @ = == a a / 2 +e and we itt ind sin © and os 1 = cos(2x) 16 16 107. Graph f(x) = sin’x =" for 0S x= 2" LLL Show that by sing transformations sin’ + sin'( + 120*) + sin + 2402) = 108, Repeat Problem 107 for g(x) = cos? x o @ 109, Use the fact that U2. Titan 9 = atan, express tan $in terms ofa dve+ v3) to tind sin Zand cos 5 Explaining Concepts: Discussion and Writing 13, Go to the library and research Chebyshev polynomials. Write a report on your findings. 8.7 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas OBJECTIVES 1 Express Products as Sums (p.662) 2 Express Sums as Products (p.663) 1 Express Products as Sums ‘Sum and difference formulas can be used to derive formulas for writing the products of sines andlor cosines as sums or differences, These identities are usually called the Produet-to-Sum Formulas. THEOREM —_Product-to-Sum Formulas 1 cos(a — 8) — cos(a + B)) a sin a sin B = cos a cos B = 5[cos(a — B) + cosa + B)) @ sin a'cos B = 5[sin(a + B) + sin(a ~ B)] ® J ‘These formulas do not have to be memorized, Instead, you should remember how they are derived, Then, when you want to use them, either look them up or derive them, as needed. To derive formulas (1) and (2), write down the sum and difference formulas for the cosine: cos(a — 8) = cosacos 6 + sin asin B @ cos(w + B) = cos acos 8 ~ sinasin B © ‘Subtract equation (5) from equation (4) to get cos(a 8) ~ cos(a + B) = 2sinasin B from which sin asin B = [costa - B) - costa + 8) SECTION 87 Productto-Sum and Sumto-ProductFormulas 663 Now add equations (4) and (5) to get cos(a — B) + cos(a + B) = 2eos acos B from which, cos a cos i = F[eos(a — f) + cos(a + 8) To derive Product-to-Sum Formula (3), use the sum and difference formulas for sine in a similar way. (You are asked to do this in Problem 53.) EXAMPLE 1 Solution THEOREM Expressing Products as Sums Express cach of the following products as a sum containing only sines or only (2) sin(60) sin(40) (0) c0s(36) cos 6 (© sin(30) c0s(50) (a) Use formula (1) to get sin(6#) sin) ~ $[c0s(60 ~ 40) — cos(60 + 40)] ~ Newton ~ ett (&) Use formula (2) to get c0s(30) cos 6 = 2{cos(30 — 0) + cos(30 + 0) cos(2A) + cos(48) (©) Use formula (3) to get 1 sin(30) cos(59) = =[sin(3@ + 5a) + sin(30 — 50)] 2 Zisin(80) + sin(—20)] = Z[sin(84) — sin(20)] a) r= -Now Work rrosiem 7 Express Sums as Products The Sum-to-Product Formulas are given next Sum-to- Product Formulas sina + sin = 2sin o sina ~ sing = 2sin > o cosa + cos = 2c0s2 +8 cog S$ —8 6 cos a — cos B = ~2sin o J ‘We will derive formula (6) and leave the derivations of formulas (7) through (9) as exercises (see Problems 54 through 56). 664 CHAPTERS Analytic Trigonometry Proof ate 2 “in she Gt) emt) i in 28 + sin 2B 2 amy sina + sinB EXAMPLE 2 Expressing Sums (or Differences) as a Product Express cach sum or difference as a product of sines and/or cosines. (a) sin(S9) ~ sin(30) (b) c0s(30) + cos(29) Solution (a) Use formula (7) to get sin(S0) — sin(30) = 2 sin 22%? cos 50 + 38 z z = 2sin 0 cos(4) (b) cos(3) + c0s(20) = 2.cos 32+ cos 3? 5 28 Formula (8) Boost cos cos $ ——Now Work rrowiem 17 8.7 Assess Your Understanding Skill Building In Problems 1-6, find she exact value of each expression. A. sin 195° + cos 75° 2, 08 285" cos 195° 3, sin 285° sin 75° 4, sin 75° + sin 15° 5, cos 255° ~ cos 195° 6, sin255° — sin 15° In Problems 7-16, express each product as a sum containing only sines or only cosines. 17. sin(4#) sin(20) 8. cos(49) cos( 2) 9. sin(40) cox(2) 10. sin(39) sin(S8) AL cos(38) cos(58) (40) sin(20) ) e085 ) c0s(28) (50) (30) cos 308 6... 3 2. sin(40) cos(60) . sin @sin(28) . cos( 30) cos(46) 5. sin 2 cos sin 5-008 12, sin( 4) c08(60) 13, sin 6 sin(20) 14, c0s(30) cos(40) 18, sin cos $ 16. sin} cos In Problems 17-24, express each sum or difference as a product of sines andfor cosines. \ i sigae) ~ sina 18, sin(40) + sin) 19, cos(20) + os(4) 20, cos(50) ~ cos30) 38 2 8 4. sin 21, sin + sin(30) 22. cos + cos(3#) In Problems 25-42, establish each identity. sin + sin(30) Taingaay “8” 2 £080 ~ cos(38) £088 ~ c0s(38) el sant 9, can 28 Saqs0) — ang") ® nos sna)" sin(4@) + sin(20) cox ~ cox(50) noe MSO) £08 6 + cos(30) 20) cor 2. tan(30) an(20) BL sin [sin 6 + sin(30)] = cos 8[e0s 0 — cos(39)] 82, sin [sin(30) + sin(S0)] = cos o[eos(30) ~ cos(S0)] Sill) + 0080) — ag sin( 4) ~ sin) ; 33. Tos (40) + cos(aoy ~ (68) Foal dy = coaftay 7 ~OH6®) sin( 40) + sin(0) __ tan(60 cos(4d) ~ cos( 80 so , ) a6 » san(2 tan(60) a0) — ain(@0) con(a0) + cos( 80) tana) sine + sin B ina = in B sing sin | at 8 cosa = 60s 8 z AL. 1 + cox(20) + c08(40) + e08(60) = 4 e0$ 0 c08(20) cos(30) In Problems 43-46, solve each equation on the interval 0 43, sin(20) + sin(40) = 0 48. cos(49) ~ cos(60) Applications and Extensions 0 < 2m, 665 SECTION 87 Proguctto-Sum and Sumto-Product Formulas coset cosh at B a8 8 cosas cosp > sin — sin 6 ote © cosa cos OO 42, 1 — c0s(20) + cos(40) — c0s(60) = 4 sin 0 cos(20) sin(30) 44, cos(26) + cox( 40) 46, sin(40) ~ sin(60) = 0 47, Touch-Tone Phones On a Touch-Tone phone, each button, produces a unique sound, The sound produced isthe sum of two tones, given by y= sin@rlt) and y = sin(@2mhr) where and h are the low and high frequencies (cycles per second) shown on the illustration, For example, i you touch 7, the low frequency is ! = 852 cycles per second and the high frequency is h = 1209 eycles per second. The sound emitted by touching 7 is y = sin2r(852)r) + sin[2n(1209)¢] Touch-Tone phone oye oat yc + 1209 war celesisec | cyseseee 1336 ‘ycessee (a) Write this sound as a product of sines andlor cosines, (b) Determine the maximum value ofy (©) Graph the sound emitted by touching 7 . Touch-Tone Phones {(@) Write the sound emitted by touching the # key as a product of ines andior cosines. (b) Determine the maximum value of y % (©) Graph the sound emitted by touching the # Key. 49. Moment of Inertia The moment of inertia of an object is ‘4 measure of how easy it is to rotate the object about some fixed point, In engineering mechanics, itis sometimes necessary 10 compute moments of inertia with respect to 4 set of rotated axes, These moments are given by the equations 1, = [cos + 1, sin! — 2, sin 0 e089 1, = Iysin? 0+ 1, cos 0 + 2, sin 008 0 ‘Use Product-to-Sum Formulas to show that Leh bat notte c05(28) = Ly sin(26) and let ly le Ty A = costa) + 1 sin26) Source: Adapted from Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics ‘Statics, 10th ed, Prentice Hill © 2004, 50, Projectile Motion The range R of a projectile propelled ‘downward from the top of an inclined plane at an angle # to the inclined plane is given by 2uf sin @ cos(6 ~ 4) RO) ate ‘where vps the initial velocity of the projectile, isthe angle the plane makes with respect to the horizontal, and g is acceleration due to gravity (@) Show that for fixed vy and 4 the maximum range down the noise i 09 bY Raa = gy (b) Determine the maximum range if the projectile has an initial velocity of $0 metersisecond, the angle ofthe plane is @ = 35°,and g = 9.8 metersisecond. SL Ifa + ~ y =», show that sin(2a) + sin(26) + sin(2y) = 4sin asin 6 sin y 52, at B > y =m, showthat tana + tang + tany = tana tan B tan y 43. Derive formala (3) 54, Derive formula (7) 55. Derive formula (8) 36, Derive formula (9), 666 CHAPTERS Analytic Tigonometry CHAPTER REVIEW Things to Know Definitions of the six inverse trigonometric functions inv*x means x=siny where -leas1, -ZeysZ (p.60s) means x= cosy where -LSx51, 05yse — (p.608) means x=tany where -o

    You might also like