Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 6th Edition Alexander Solutions Manual 1

Solution 7.
1
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 6th Edition Alexander
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56

 R  7 k
8
(a) =RC = 1/200
For the resistor, V=iR= 56e200t  8Re 200t x10 3
1 1
C   0.7143  F
200R 200X7X103
(b)  =1/200= 5 ms
(c) If value of the voltage at = 0 is 56 .
1
x56  56e200t   e200t  2
2
 1
200t  ln2 
 t  ln2  3.466 ms
200
o o
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.2
τ = R th C
where R th is the Thevenin equivalent at the capacitor terminals.
R th = 120 || 80 + 12 = 60 Ω
τ = 60x0.05 = 3 s.
Solution 7.3
R = 6k +40kx(25k+35k)/(40k+25k+35k) = 6k+2400k/100 = 30 kΩ.

τ = RC = 30kx50x10–12 = 1.5 µs.
Solution 7.4
For t<0, v(0-)=40 V.
For t >0. we have a source-free RC circuit.

τ = RC = 2x103 x10x10 −6 = 0.02
v(t) = v(0)e−t /τ = 40e−50t V
Solution 7.5
Using Fig. 7.85, design a problem to help other students to better understand source-free
RC circuits.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
For the circuit shown in Fig. 7.85, find i(t), t>0.
2Ω t=0
+ 5Ω
24 V 4 Ω
_ 4Ω
1/3 F
Figure 7.85 For Prob. 7.5.
Solution
Let v be the voltage across the capacitor. For t <0,

4
v(0 − ) = (24) = 16 V
2+4
For t >0, we have a source-free RC circuit as shown below.
5Ω
4Ω
Solution 7.6
+
v 1/3 F
–
1
τ = RC = (4 + 5) = 3s
3
v(t) = v(0)e−t /τ = 16e
−t / 3
V
dv 1 1
i(t) = −C = − (− )16e−t / 3 = 1.778e−t / 3 A
dt 3 3
Solution 7.6
The switch in Fig. 7.85 has been closed for a long time, and it opens at t = 0. Find v(t) for
t ≥ 0.
60 V v(t)
Figure 7.85
For Prob. 7.6.
Solution
v(0) = [2x60/(10+2)] = 10 V and τ = RC = 2,000x40x10–6 = 0.08.

Note, 1/0.08 = 12.5/s
This then leads to v(t) = [10e–12.5t] V for all 0 ≤ t.
Solution 7.7
Assuming that the switch in Fig. 7.87 has been in position A for a long time and is moved
to position B at t=0. Then at t = 1second, the switch moves from B to C. Find v C (t) for t
≥ 0.
10 kΩ
A
B C
+
15 V − 2 mF
500 Ω 1 kΩ
Figure 7.87
For Prob. 7.7
Solution
Step 1. Determine the initial voltage on the capacitor. Clearly it charges to 15 volts when
the switch is at position A because the circuit has reached steady state.
This then leaves us with two simple circuits, the first a 500 Ω resistor in series with a
2 mF capacitor and an initial charge on the capacitor of 15 volts. The second circuit
which exists from t = 1 sec to infinity. The initial condition for the second circuit will be
v C (1) from the first circuit. The time constant for the first circuit is (500)(0.002) = 1 sec
and the time constant for the second circuit is (1,000)(0.002) = 2 sec. v C (∞) = 0 for both
circuits.
Step 2.
v C (t) = [15e-t]u(t) volts for 0 < t < 1 sec and = 15e–1e–2(t–1) at t = 1 sec, and
= [5.518e–2(t–1)]u(t–1) volts for 1 sec < t < ∞.
[15e–t] volts for 0 < t < 1 sec, [5.518e–2(t–1)] volts for 1 sec < t < ∞.
Solution 7.8
1
(a)   RC 
4
dv
-i  C
dt
- 0.2e-4t  C(10)(-4)e -4t  C  5 mF

1
R  50 
4C
1
(b) 
  RC   0.25 s
4
1 1
0
(c) w C (0)  CV 2  (5 10 -3 )(100)  250 mJ

2 2
1 1 1
(d) w   CV 2  CV 2 1 e -2t 0 


R 0 0
2 2 2
0.5  1  e -8t 0 
 1
e -8t 0

2
or e 2
8t 0
1
t 0  ln (2)  86.6 ms
8
Solution 7.9
The switch in Fig. 7.89 opens at t=0. Find v o for t > 0.
2 kΩ t=0
+ 15 V vo 4 kΩ 3 mF
_
–
Figure 7.89
For Prob. 7.9.
Solution
For t < 0, the switch is closed so that

v o (0) = [4/(2+4)]15 = 10 V.
For t >0, we have a source-free RC circuit where τ = 4,000x0.003 = 12 s.
Thus,
v o (t) = [10e–t/12] V for all t ≥ 0.
Solution 7.10
3
For t<0, v(0 − ) = (36V) = 9 V
3+9
For t>0, we have a source-free RC circuit
τ = RC = 3x103 x20x10 −6 = 0.06s
v o (t) = 9e–16.667t V
Let the time be t o .

3 = 9e–16.667to or e16.667to = 9/3 = 3
t o = ln(3)/16.667 = 65.92 ms.
Solution 7.11
For t<0, we have the circuit shown below.

4Ω 4H
4Ω
24 V + 8Ω
_
4H
io
4Ω
6A 4Ω 8Ω
4||4= 4x4/8=2
i o (0–) = [2/(2+8)]6 = 1.2 A
For t >0, we have a source-free RL circuit.

L 4
τ= = = 1/ 3 thus,
R 4+8
i o (t) = 1.2e–3t A.
Solution 7.12
Using Fig. 7.92, design a problem to help other students better understand source-free RL
circuits.
Problem
The switch in the circuit in Fig. 7.90 has been closed for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
is opened. Calculate i(t) for t > 0.
Figure 7.90
Solution
When t < 0, the switch is closed and the inductor acts like a short circuit to dc. The 4 Ω
resistor is short-circuited so that the resulting circuit is as shown in Fig. (a).
3Ω
+ i(0-)
12 V 4Ω 2H
−
(a) (b)
Solution 7.13
12 = 4 A
i(0 ) =
−
Since the current through an inductor cannot change abruptly,

i(0) = i(0 − ) = i(0 + ) = 4 A
When t > 0, the voltage source is cut off and we have the RL circuit in Fig. (b).
L 2
τ = = = 0.5
R 4
Hence,
i(t) = i(0) e -t τ = 4 e -2t A
Solution 7.13
1
(a) τ = = 1ms
3
10 = 1 ms.
v(t) = i(t)R = 80e–1000t V = R5e–1000tx10–3 or R = 80,000/5 = 16 kΩ.
But τ = L/R = 1/103 or L = 16x103/103 = 16 H.
(b) The energy dissipated in the resistor is
0.0005 0.0005
0.4
w= ∫ ∫
0.0005
pdt = 0.4e −2000t dt = − e−2000t
0 0
2000 0
= 200(1–e–1)x10–6 = 126.42 µJ.
(a) 16 kΩ, 16 H, 1 ms (b) 126.42 µJ

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.14
60 x40
RTh = (40 + 20)//(10 + 30) = = 24kΩ
100
−3
5x10
τ = L/R = = 0.2083 µ s
3
24x10
Solution 7.15
L
(a) R Th = 2 +10 // 40 = 10Ω, τ= = 5 /10 = 0.5s
R Th
L
(b) R = 40 //160 + 48 = 40Ω, τ= = (20x10 −3 ) / 80 = 0.25 ms
Th
RTh
(a) 10 Ω, 500 ms (b) 40 Ω, 250 µs
Solution 7.16
L eq
τ=
R eq
R 1R 3 R 2 (R 1 +R 3 ) +R 1 R 3
(a) L eq = L and R eq = R 2 + =
R1 R1 + R 3
+ R3
L(R +R )
τ=
1 3
R 2 (R 1 + R 3 ) + R 1 R 3
LL R R R (R +R ) +R R
(b) where L = 1 2 and R =R + 1 2
= 3 1 2 1 2
eq
L1 + L 2 eq 3
R 1 + R2 R1 + R2
L L (R + R )
τ= 1 2 1 2
(L 1 + L 2 )(R 3 (R 1 + R 2 ) + R 1 R 2 )
Solution 7.17
Consider the circuit of Fig. 7.97. Find v 0 (t) if i(0) = 15 A and v(t) = 0.
2H
Figure 7.97
For Prob. 7.17.
Solution
i(t) = i(0)e–t/τ where τ = L/R eq = 2/4 = (½) s. Additionally v o (t) = 3i(t) + 2di(t)/dt.
Thus, i(t) = [15e ]u(t) A and v o (t) = [45e–2t]u(t) – [(2)(2)15e–2t]u(t)
–2t
= [–15e–2t] V for all t ≥ 0.
Solution 7.18
If v(t) = 0 , the circuit can be redrawn as shown below.
+
0.4 H
Req vo(t)
i(t) −
6 L 2 5 1
R eq = 2 || 3 = , τ= = × =
5
R 5 6 3
i(t) = i(0) e -t τ = 5e -3t
di -2
v (t) = -L = (-3)5e -3t = 6 e -3t V
o
dt 5
Solution 7.19
In the circuit of Fig. 7.99, find i(t) for t > 0 if i(0) = 5 A.
Figure 7.99
For Prob. 7.19.
Solution
i i1 i2
 +
10  i1 i/2 i2 40 
To find R th we replace the inductor by a 1-V voltage source as shown above.
10i 1  1 40i 2  0
But i  i2  i 2 and i  i1
i.e. i1  2i 2  i
1
10i  1 20i  0  i 

30
1
R th   30 
i
L R th
 
Solution 7.19
6   0.2 s
In the circuit
30 Fig. 7.99, find i(t) for t > 0 if i(0) = 5 A.
of
i(t)  5e–5tu(t) A.
Solution 7.20
L 1
(a)     R  50L

R 50
di
v  L
dt
90e -50t
 L(30)(-50)e -50t  L  60 mH

R  50L  3 Ω
L 1
(b)    20 ms
R 50
1 1
(c) w L i 2 (0)  (0.06)(30) 2  27 J
2 2
The value of the energy remaining at 10 ms is given by:
w 10 = 0.03(30e–0.5)2 = 0.03(18.196)2 = 9.933 J.
So, the fraction of the energy dissipated in the first 10 ms is given by:
(27–9.933)/27 = 0.6321 or 63.21%.
Solution 7.21
In the circuit in Fig. 7.101, find the value of R for which the steady-state energy stored in the
inductor will be 2 J.
Figure 7.101
For Prob. 7.21.
Solution
The circuit can be replaced by its Thevenin equivalent shown below.
Rth
Vth + 2H
−
80
Vth = (60) = 40 V
80 + 40
80
R th = 40 || 80 + R = +R
3
Vth 40
I = i(0) = i(∞) = =
R th 80 3 + R
w = (1/2)LI2 = 0.5(2)[40/(R+80/3)]2 = 2 or 40/(R+80/3) = 1.4142, thus,

R+80/3 = 40/1.4142 or R = 28.285–26.667 = 1.618 Ω.
Solution 7.23
Since the 2  resistor, 1/3 H inductor, and the (3+1)  resistor are in parallel, they
always have the same voltage.
10 10
-i    7.5   i(0)  -7.5
2 3 1
The Thevenin resistance R th at the inductor’s terminals is
4 L 13 1
R th  2 || (3  1)  ,    
3
R th 43 4
i(t)  i(0) e -t   -7.5e -4t , t  0
di
v L  vo  L  -7.5(-4)(1/3)e -4t
dt
-4t
v o  10e V , t  0
1
-4t
v x  v L  2.5 e V, t  0
31
Solution 7.24
(a) v(t) = - 5 u(t)
(b) i(t) = -10 [ u(t) − u(t − 3)] + 10[ u(t − 3) − u(t − 5)]
= - 10u(t) + 20u(t − 3) − 10u(t − 5)
(c) x(t) = (t − 1) [ u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] + [ u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]
+ (4 − t) [ u(t − 3) − u(t − 4)]

= (t − 1) u(t −1) − (t − 2) u(t − 2) − (t − 3) u(t − 3) + (t − 4) u(t − 4)
= r(t − 1) − r(t − 2) − r(t − 3) + r(t − 4)
(d) y(t) = 2 u(-t) − 5 [ u(t) − u(t − 1)]

= 2u(-t) − 5 u(t) + 5u(t − 1)
Solution 7.25
Design a problem to help other students to better understand singularity functions.
Problem
Sketch each of the following waveforms.

(a) i(t) = [u(t–2)+u(t+2)] A
(b) v(t) = [r(t) – r(t–3) + 4u(t–5) – 8u(t–8)] V
Solution
The waveforms are sketched below.
(a) i(t) (A)
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t
(b)
v(t) (V)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t
–1
Solution 7.26
(a) v (t) = u(t + 1) − u(t) + [ u(t − 1) − u(t)]

1
v1 (t) = u(t + 1) − 2 u(t) + u(t − 1)
(b) v 2 (t) = (4 − t) [ u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)]
v 2 (t) = -(t − 4) u(t − 2) + (t − 4) u(t − 4)

v 2 (t) = 2u(t − 2) − r(t − 2) + r(t − 4)
(c) v (t) = 2 [ u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)] + 4 [ u(t − 4) − u(t − 6)]

3
v 3 (t) = 2u(t − 2) + 2u(t − 4) − 4u(t − 6)
(d) v (t) = -t [ u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] = -t u(t − 1) + t u(t − 2)

4
v 4 (t) = (-t + 1− 1) u(t − 1) + (t − 2 + 2) u(t − 2)

v 4 (t) = - r(t − 1) − u(t − 1) + r(t − 2) + 2u(t − 2)
Solution 7.27
v(t)= [5u(t+1)+10u(t)–25u(t–1)+15u(t-2)] V
Solution 7.28
Sketch the waveform represented by
i(t) = [r(t+1) – r(t) – 2u(t+1) +u(t–2) + r(t–3) – r(t–4)] A.
Solution
i(t) is sketched below.
i(t)
–1 0 1 2 3 4
t
–2
Solution 7.29
x(t)
(a)
3.679
0 1 t
(b) y(t)
27.18
0 t
(c) z(t) = cos 4tδ (t −1) = cos 4δ (t −1) = −0.6536δ (t −1) , which is sketched below. z(t)
1
0 t
–0.653δ(t–1)
Solution 7.30
∞
(a) 2 δ(t − 1) dt = 4t 2 t =1 = 4
∫−∞ 4t
∞
(b) 2 cos(2πt) δ(t − 0.5) dt = 4t 2 cos(2πt) t=0.5 = cos π = - 1
∫-∞ 4t
Solution 7.31
∫ [e δ(t − 2)] dt = e -4t

∞
-4t 2 2
(a) t= 2
= e -16 = 112 × 10 -9
-∞
∫ [ 5δ(t) + e δ(t) + cos 2πt δ(t)] dt = ( 5 + e -t + cos(2πt))

∞
= 5 + 1+ 1 = 7
-t
(b) t=0
-∞
Solution 7.32
t t t
= t −1
(a)
∫ u(λ )dλ = ∫ 1dλ = λ
1 1 1
4 1 4 2
t
(b) r(t −1)dt = 0dt + (t −1)dt = − t 4 = 4.5
∫ ∫ ∫ 2 1
0 0 1
5
2 2
(c )
∫ (t − 6) δ (t − 2)dt = (t − 6) t =2 = 16
1
Solution 7.33
The voltage across a 10-mH inductor is 45δ (t – 2) mV. Find the inductor current,
assuming that the inductor is initially uncharged.
Solution
1 t
i(t) = ∫ v(τ ) dτ + i(0)
L 0
10 -3 t
i(t) = ∫ 45δ (τ − 2) dτ + 0 = 4.5u(t–2) A.

10×10 -3 0
It should be noted that the integration of the impulse function, δ(t–t 0 ), produces the unit
step, u(t–t 0 ). Whatever the multiplier (f(t)) of the impulse function at t = t 0 ends up
multiplying the unit step by the same amount (f(t 0 )) in this case f(2) = 4.5.
i(t) = 4.5u(t–2) A.
Solution 7.34
d
[u(t − 1) u(t + 1)] = δ (t − 1)u(t + 1) +
(a) dt
u(t − 1)δ (t + 1) = δ (t − 1)1 + 0δ (t + 1) = δ (t − 1)
d
[r(t − 6) u(t − 2)] = u(t − 6)u(t − 2) +
(b) dt
r(t − 6)δ (t − 2) = u(t − 6)1 + 0δ (t − 2) = u(t − 6)
d
[sin 4t u(t − 3)] = 4cos 4t u(t − 3) + sin 4tδ (t − 3)
dt
(c) = 4cos 4t u(t − 3) + sin 4x3δ (t − 3)
= 4cos 4t u(t − 3) − 0.5366δ (t − 3)
Solution 7.35
(a)
(b) v = Ae−2t , v(0) = A = −1
v(t) = –e–2tu(t) V
i = Ae3t / 2 , i(0) = A = 2
i(t) = 2e–1.5tu(t) A
Solution 7.36
(a) v(t) = A + Be-t , t > 0
A = 1, v(0) = 0 = 1+ B or B = -1
v(t) = 1 − e -t V, t > 0
(b) v(t) = A + Be t 2 , t > 0
A = -3 , v(0) = -6 = -3 + B or B = -3
v(t) = - 3 ( 1 + e t 2 ) V, t > 0
Solution 7.37
Let v = v h + v p , v p =10.
1 t / 4

0
vh  4 v  
 v h  Ae
h

v  10  Ae 0.25t
v(0)  2  10  A 
 A  8
v  10  8e 0.25t
(a)   4s
(b) v()  10 V

(c ) v 10 8e 
0.25 t
u(t ) V
Solution 7.38
Let i = i p +i h

i h  3i h  0 
 ih  Ae 3t u(t)
 2
Let i  ku(t), i  0, 3ku(t)  2u(t) 
 k
p p
3
2
i  u(t)
p
3
2
i  ( Ae 3t  )u(t)
3
If i(0) =0, then A + 2/3 = 0, i.e. A=-2/3. Thus,
2
i (1  e 3t )u(t )
3
Solution 7.39
(a) Before t = 0,
1
v(t) = (20) = 4 V
4 +1
After t = 0,
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
τ = RC = (4)(2) = v(0) = 4 , v(∞) = 20
8,
v(t) = 20 + (4 − 20) e -t 8
v(t) = 20 −16 e -t 8 V
(b) Before t = 0, v = v1 + v 2 , where v1 is due to the 12-V source and v 2 is due to the
2-A source.
v1 = 12 V
To get v 2 , transform the current source as shown in Fig. (a).
v 2 = -8 V
Thus,
v = 12 − 8 = 4 V
After t = 0, the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
2F 4Ω 2F
+ 12 V +
8V
− −
3Ω 3Ω
(a) (b)
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
Solution 7.40
v(∞) = 12 , v(0) = 4 , τ = RC = (2)(3) = 6
v(t) = 12 + (4 − 12) e -t 6
v(t) = 12 − 8 e -t 6 V
Solution 7.41
(a) Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
After t = 0, v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
v(∞) = 4 , v(0) = 12 , τ = RC = (2)(3) = 6
v(t) = 4 + (12 − 4) e -t 6
v(t) = 4 + 8e -t 6 V
(b) Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
After t = 0, v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
After transforming the current source, the circuit is shown below.
t=0
2Ω
4Ω
12 V +
5F
−
v(0) = 12 , v(∞) = 12 , τ = RC = (2)(5) = 10

v = 12 V
Solution 7.41
Using Fig. 7.108, design a problem to help other students to better understand the step response
of an RC circuit.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
For the circuit in Fig. 7.108, find v(t) for t > 0.
Figure 7.108
Solution
30
v(0) = 0 , v(∞) = (12) = 10
36
(6)(30)
R eq C = (6 || 30)(1) = =5
36
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
v(t) = 10 + (0 − 10) e -t 5
v(t) = 10 (1 − e -0.2t ) u(t)V
Solution 7.42
(a) If the switch in Fig. 7.109 has been open for a long time and is closed at t = 0, find v o (t).
(b) Suppose that the switch has been closed for a long time and is opened at t = 0. Find v o (t).
30 V
Figure 7.109
For Prob. 7.42.
Solution
(a) v o (t) = v o (∞) + [ vo (0) − v o (∞)] e

-t τ
v o (0) = 0 , vo (∞) = (30) = 20V

4+2
4
τ = R eq C eq , R eq = 2 || 4 =
3
4
τ= (3) = 4
3
vo (t) = 20 − 20 e -t 4
v o (t) = 20(1–e–0.25t)u(t) V.
(b) For this case, v o (∞) = 0 so that
v o (t) = v o (0) e-t τ
Solution 7.43
4
v (0) = (30) = 20 τ = RC = (4)(3) = 12
,
4+2
o
v o = [20{1–u(t)} + (20e–t/12)u(t)] V.
Solution 7.43
Before t = 0, the circuit has reached steady state so that the capacitor acts like an open
circuit. The circuit is equivalent to that shown in Fig. (a) after transforming the voltage
source.
0.5i vo
i
2A 40  0.5i 80 
(a)
v v
0.5i  2  i
o o
,
40 80
1 vo vo 320
Hence,  2   v o 
  64
2 80 40 5
v
i  0.8 A
o
80
After t = 0, the circuit is as shown in Fig. (b).
0.5i vC
i
3 mF 0.5i 80 
(b)
v C (t)  v C (0) e -t  ,   R th C
To find R th , we replace the capacitor with a 1-V voltage source as shown in Fig. (c).
0.5i vC
1V +
0.5i 80 

(c)
v 1 0.5
i
C
 , i o  0.5i 
80
80 80
1 80
R th    160  ,   R th C  480
io 0.5
v C (0)  64 V
-t 480
v C (t)  64 e
dv 1
0.5i  -i  -C C
 -3  
-t 480
C
dt  
64 e
 480 
i(t)  800 e -t 480 u(t ) mA
Solution 7.44
The switch in Fig. 7.111 has been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves to
position b. Calculate i(t) for all t > 0.
30 V 60V
Figure 7.111
For Prob. 7.44.
Solution
Let v(t) be the voltage across the capacitor and R eq = 6 || 3 = 2 Ω and τ = RC = 4 ,

therefore, v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
Using voltage division,

3 3
v(0) = (30) = 10 V v(∞) = (60) = 20 V
, 3+ 6
3+6
Thus,
v(t) = 20 + (10 − 20) e -t 4 = 20 −10 e -t 4
= (2)(−10) (−1/ 4 ) e -t 4 = (5e–0.25t)u(t) A.

dv
i(t) = C
dt
Solution 7.45
To find R Th , consider the circuit shown below.
20 kΩ 10 kΩ
40 kΩ R Th
20x40 70
RTh = 10 + 20 // 40 = 10 + = kΩ
60 3
70
τ=R C = x103 x3x10 −6 = 0.07
3
Th
To find vo(∞), consider the circuit below.
20 kΩ 10 kΩ
+
30V +
_ 40 kΩ vo
v o (∞) = [40/(40+20)]30 = 20 V
v o (t) = v o (∞) + [v o (0)– v o (∞)]e–t/0.07 = [20 –15e–14.286t]u(t) V.
Solution 7.46
τ = RTh C = (2 + 6)x0.25 = 2s, v(0) = 0, v(∞) = 6i s = 6x5 = 30
v(t ) = v(∞) + [v(0) − v(∞)]e − t / τ = 30(1 − e− t / 2 ) u(t ) V
Solution 7.47
Determine v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. 7.114 if v(0) = 0.
12 
8  +
24[u(t)–u(t–1)] V
2[u(t–1)] A

+ v(t) 
50 mF
Figure 7.114
For Prob. 7.47.
Solution
For t < 0, u(t)  0 , u(t  1)  0 , v(0)  0
For 0 < t < 1, τ = (8+12)0.05 = 1 s.

v(0)  0 , v(∞) = 24 V.
v(t)  v()   v(0)  v() e -t 
v(t)  24 1 e -t 
For t > 1, v(1) = 24(1–e–1) = 15.171 V.

At t = ∞ the voltage source is now a short circuit and the capacitor is an open circuit thus,
v(∞) = –(2)(8) = –16 V.
Now v(t) = –16 + [15.171–(–16)]e–(t–1) = –16 + 31.17 e–(t–1)
Thus,
 24 1  e-t  V , 0  t 1
v(t)    [16  31.17 e

-(t -1)
]V,
Solution 7.48
1 t
Solution 7.49
For t < 0, u(-t)  1,
For t > 0, u(-t)  0 , v()  0
R th  20  10  30 ,   R th C  (30)(0.1)  3
v(t)  v()   v(0)  v() e -t 
v(t)  10 e -t 3 V
dv  -1
i(t)  C  (0.1)  10 e -t 3
dt  3 
-1
i(t)  e -t 3 A
3
Solution 7.50
For 0 < t < 1, v(0)  0 , v()  (2)(4)  8
R eq  4  6  10 ,   R eq C  (10)(0.5)  5
v(t)  v()   v(0)  v() e -t 
v(t)  8  1 e -t 5  V
For t > 1, v(1)  8  1 e -0.2   1.45, v()  0
v(t)  v()   v(1)  v() e -(t1) 

v(t)  1.45e -(t1) 5 V
Thus,
 
 8 1  e -t 5 V, 0t1
v(t)   t1
-(t1) 5
 1.45e V,
Solution 7.51
For the capacitor voltage,

v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e-t τ
v(0) = 0
For t > 0, we transform the current source to a voltage source as shown in Fig. (a).
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
+
30 V +
v 2 kΩ
−
−
(a)
2
v(∞) = (30) = 15 V
2 + 1+ 1
R th = (1+ 1) || 2 = 1 kΩ
1 1
τ = R th C = 10 ×3
×10 =-3
4 4
v(t) = 15 ( 1− e -4t ) , t > 0
We now obtain i x from v(t). Consider Fig. (b).
iT 1 kΩ v
ix
30 mA 1 kΩ 1/4 mF 2 kΩ
(b)
i x = 30 mA − i T
v dv
R3
But
Solution 7.52
iT = +C
dt
i (t) = 7.5 ( 1− e -4t ) mA +

1
×10 -3 (-15)(-4)e -4t A
T
4
i T (t) = 7.5 ( 1 + e -4t ) mA
Thus,
i x (t) = 30 − 7.5 − 7.5 e -4t mA
i x (t) = 7.5 ( 3 − e ) mA, t>0
-4t
Solution 7.53
Consider the circuit below.
R t=0
+
VS + i L v


After the switch is closed, applying KVL gives

di
VS  Ri  L
dt
di  V 
or L  -R  i  S 
dt  R 
di -R
i  VS  dt
R L
Integrating both sides,

 VS  i(t ) - R
t
ln i
   
 R  I0 L
 iV R  -t
ln  S
 
 I0  VS R  
i VS R
or  e-t 
I0  VS R
V  V 
Solution 7.54
i(t)    I   e -t 
S S
R  0
R 
which is the same as Eq. (7.60).
Solution 7.52
Using Fig. 7.118, design a problem to help other students to better understand the step
response of an RL circuit.
Problem
For the circuit in Fig. 7.118, find i(t) for t > 0.
Figure 7.118
Solution
20
= 2 A, i(∞) = 2 A
i(0) =
10
i(t) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e-t τ
i(t) = 2 A
Solution 7.53
25
(a) Before t = 0, i= = 5A
3+ 2
After t = 0, i(t) = i(0)e-t τ
L 4
τ= = = 2, i(0) = 5
R 2
i(t) = 5e-t 2 u(t )A
(b) Before t = 0, the inductor acts as a short circuit so that the 2 Ω and 4 Ω
resistors are short-circuited.
i(t) = 6 A
After t = 0, we have an RL circuit.
L 3
i(t) = i(0)e-t τ , τ= =
R 2
i(t) = 6e -2t 3
u(t )A
Solution 7.54
(a) Before t = 0, i is obtained by current division or

4
i(t)  (2)  1 A
44
After t = 0,
i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e-t 

L
 , Req  4  (4 ||12)  7 
R eq
3.5 1
 
7 2
(4 || 12) 3 6
i(0)  1 , i()  (2)  (2) 
4  (4 ||12) 43 7
6  6 
i(t) 
  1  e -2t
7  7 
i(t) 
1
 6  e -2t  A
7
10
(b) Before t = 0, i(t)  2A
23
After t = 0, Req  3  (6 || 2)  4.5
L 2 4
   
R eq 4.5 9
i(0)  2
To find i() , consider the circuit below, at t = when the inductor becomes a short
circuit,
v
Solution 7.55
i
+ 24 V + 2H
10 V
 
2 6 3 
10  v 24  v v v
   v  9 i()   3 A and

2 6 3 3
i(t)  3  (2  3) e -9t 4
i(t)  3  e -9t 4 A
Solution 7.56
For t < 0, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a).

io 0.5 H 0.5 H
3  i 8 
+
io + +

4io  v 2 
+ v 2 +
24 V 20 V

  
(a) (b)
3i o  24  4i o  0 
 i o  24
v
v(t)  4i o  96 V i  48 A
2
For t > 0, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e-t 
i(0)  48 , i()  0
L 0.5 1
R th  2  ,   
R th 2 4
i(t)  (48) e -4t
v(t)  2i(t)  96 e -4t u(t )V
Solution 7.57
L
R eq  6  20 || 5  10 ,   0.05
R
i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e-t 
i(0) is found by applying nodal analysis to the following circuit.
5 
vx i 6 
+ 20 V
+ 
2A 12  20  0.5 H v

20 v x  v x  v x  v x
2     v x  12

5 12 20 6
v
i(0)  2A
x
6
Since 20 || 5  4 ,
4
i()  (4)  1.6
46
i(t)  1.6  (2 1.6)e -t 0.05  1.6  0.4e-20t

1
di
 (0.4) (-20) e -20t
v(t)  L
2
dt
v(t)  - 4e -20t V
Solution 7.57
At t = 0 − , the circuit has reached steady state so that the inductors act like short circuits.
6Ω i
i1 i2
30 V + 5Ω 20 Ω
−
30 30 20
i= = = 3, i = 0.6
i = (3) = 2.4 ,
6 + (5 || 20) 10 1
25 2
i 1 (0) = 2.4 A , i 2 (0) = 0.6 A
For t > 0, the switch is closed so that the energies in L1 and L 2 flow through the closed switch
and become dissipated in the 5 Ω and 20 Ω resistors.
1
L1 2.5 1
i 1 (t) = i 1 (0) e -t τ1
, τ = =
R1 =
5 2
i1 (t) = 2.4e–2tu(t) A
L2 4 1
-t τ 2
i 2 (t) = i 2 (0)e , τ2 = = =
R2 20 5
i 2 (t) = 600e–5tu(t) mA
Solution 7.58
For t < 0, v o (t) = 0

For t > 0,
20
i(0) = 10 , i(∞) = =5
1+ 3
L 14 1
R th = 1+ 3 = 4 Ω , τ= = =
R th 4 16
i(t) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e-t τ
i(t) = 5 ( 1+ e -16t ) A
di
( 1+ e ) 1-16t -16t
v o (t) = 3i + L = 15 + (-16)(5)e
dt
-16t
4
v o (t) = 15 − 5 e V
Solution 7.59
Determine the step response v o (t) to i s = 6u(t) A in the circuit of Fig. 7.124.
40 Ω +
vo(t)
−
15 H
is 20 Ω
Figure 7.124
For Prob. 7.59.
Solution
Let i(t) be the current through the inductor.

For t < 0, i s = 0 A and i(0) = 0 A.
For t > 0, R eq = 20+40 = 60 Ω and τ = (L/R eq ) = 15/60 = 0.25 s.
At t = ∞, the inductor becomes a short and the current through the 40 Ω can be found by
using current division, i(∞) = 6x20/(20+40) = 2 A.
Thus, i(t) = [2–2e–4t] A and v o (t) = Ldi/dt = 15[(–4)(–2e–4t)] or

v o (t) = 120e–4tu(t) V.
Solution 7.60
Let I be the inductor current.

For t < 0, u(t)  0 
 i(0)  0
L 8
For t > 0, R eq  5 || 20  4  ,    2
R eq 4
i()  4
i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e-t 
i(t)  4  1  e-t 2 
di  -1
v(t)  L  (8)(-4)  e -t 2
dt 2
v(t)  16 e -0.5t V
Solution 7.61
The current source is transformed as shown below.
4 
20u(-t) + 40u(t) +
0.5 H

L 12 1
   , i(0)  5 , i()  10
R 4 8
i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e -t 
i(t)  (10 – 5e–8t)u(t) A
di 1
v(t)  L   (-5)(-8) e -8t
dt  2 
v(t)  20e–8tu(t) V
Solution 7.62
L 2
   1
R eq 3 || 6
For 0 < t < 1, u(t  1)  0 so that

1
i(0)  0 , i() 
1 6
i(t)   1  e 
-t
For t > 1, i(1) 

1
 1  e   0.1054
-1
6
1 1 1
i()   
3 6 2
i(t)  0.5  (0.1054  0.5)e-(t-1)
i(t)  0.5  0.3946e-(t-1)
Thus,
 1
 1  e -t  A 0t1
i(t)   6
t1
 0.5  0.3946e -(t-1) A
Solution 7.63
10
For t < 0, u(-t)  1, i(0)  2
5
For t > 0, u(-t)  0 , i()  0

L 0.5 1
R th  5 || 20  4  ,   
R th 4 8
i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e -t 
i(t)  2e–8tu(t) A
di 1
v(t)  L   (-8)(2) e-8t
dt  2 
v(t)  –8e–8tu(t) V
2e–8tu(t) A, –8e–8tu(t) V
Solution 7.64
Determine the value of i L (t) and the total energy dissipated by the circuit from
t = 0 sec to t = ∞ sec. The value of i in (t) is equal to [6 – 6u(t)] A.
20 Ω
10 Ω iin(t)
10 H
iL(t)
Figure 7.129
For Prob. 7.64.
Solution
For t < 0, the value of i in = 6 A. The value of i L can be found by using current division,
i L(0) = –6x10/(20+10) = –2 A.
For 0 < t i in = 0 A and i L(∞) = –(0)(1/3) = 0 A and τ = L/R = 10/30 = 1/3. Thus,
i L(t) = i(∞) + [i(0) – i(∞)]e–t/τ
= –2e–3t A.
To find the total energy that will be dissapaited in the circuit from t = 0 to ∞ we only
need to recognize that the inductor is the only divice supplying power to the circuit after t
= 0. Thus, the total energy dissapatied by the circuit is equal to the energy stored in the
inductor at t = 0.
w = (1/2)Li L (0)2 = 0.5x10x(–2)2 = 20 J.
Solution 7.65
Since v s  10  u(t)  u(t  1) , this is the same as saying that a 10 V source is turned on at
t = 0 and a -10 V source is turned on later at t = 1. This is shown in the figure below.
vs
10
-10
10
For 0 < t < 1, i(0)  0 , i()  2
5
L 2 1
R th  5 || 20  4 ,   
R th 4 2
i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e-t 
i(t)  2  1  e -2t  A
i(1)  2  1 e -2   1.729
For t > 1, i()  0 since v s  0
i(t)  i(1)e -(t 1) 

i(t)  1.729e-2(t 1) A
Thus,
 2  1  e -2t  A 0t1
i(t)  
 1.729e -2(t1) A t1

Solution 7.66
Using Fig. 7.131, design a problem to help other students to better understand first-order
op amp circuits.
Problem
For the op-amp circuit of Fig. 7.131, find v o . Assume that v s changes abruptly from 0 to
1 V at t=0. Find v o .
50 kΩ
0.5 µF
20 kΩ
–
+
+ +
vs vo
_
Figure 7.131 For Prob. 7.66.
Solution
For t<0-, v s =0 so that v o (0)=0

:Let v be the capacitor voltage
For t>0, v s =1. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that we have
an inverting amplifier
v o (∞) = –(50k/20k)(1V) = –2.5 V
τ = RC = 50x103x0.5x10–6 = 25 ms
v o (t) = v o (∞) + (v o (0) – v o (∞))e–t/0.025 = 2.5(e–40t – 1) V.

Solution 7.67
If v(0) = 10 V, find v o (t) for t > 0 in the op amp circuit in Fig. 7.132.
Let R = 100 kΩ and C = 20 µF.
R
− vo
+
+
R R
R v
C
−
Figure 7.132
For Prob. 7.67.
Solution
In this circuit, the resistor between the capacitor and the positive input terminal of the op
amp can be neglected since the current through it has to be equal to zero. This then
results in the circuit shown below. Clearly this is a voltage follower circuit with v o = v.
R −
vo
v1 + vo
+
R vo C
At node 1, [(v 1 –0)/R] + [(v 1 –v o )/R] + [(v 1 –v o )/R] = 0 or (3/R)v 1 = (2/R)v o or v 1 =

(2/3)v o .
Solution 7.68
At the noninverting terminal,

dv v −v
C o + o 1 =0
dt R
2 1
− v = v
= v − v1 = v o
dv o
− RC 3
o
3
o
o
dt
dv o vo
=− or -t 3RC
v o (t) = VT e
dt 3RC
V T = v o (0) = 10 V and τ = 3RC = 3x105x2x10–5 = 6 s.

Thus,
v o (t) = 10e–t/6u(t) A.
Solution 7.68
This is a very interesting problem which has both an ideal solution as well as a realistic
solution. Let us look at the ideal solution first. Just before the switch closes, the value of
the voltage across the capacitor is zero which means that the voltage at both terminals
input of the op amp are each zero. As soon as the switch closes, the output tries to go to a
voltage such that both inputs to the op amp go to 4 volts. The ideal op amp puts out
whatever current is necessary to reach this condition. An infinite (impulse) current is
necessary if the voltage across the capacitor is to go to 8 volts in zero time (8 volts across
the capacitor will result in 4 volts appearing at the negative terminal of the op amp). So
v o will be equal to 8 volts for all t > 0.
What happens in a real circuit? Essentially, the output of the amplifier portion of the op
amp goes to whatever its maximum value can be. Then this maximum voltage appears
across the output resistance of the op amp and the capacitor that is in series with it. This
results in an exponential rise in the capacitor voltage to the steady-state value of 8 volts.
vC(t) = V op amp max (1 – e-t/(RoutC)) volts, for all values of vC less than 8 V,
= 8 V when t is large enough so that the 8 V is reached.
Solution 7.69
Let v x be the capacitor voltage.
For t < 0, v x (0) = 0
For t > 0, the 20 kΩ and 100 kΩ resistors are in series and together, they are in parallel
with the capacitor since no current enters the op amp terminals. As t → ∞ , the capacitor
acts like an open circuit so that
−4
v (∞) = (20 + 100) = −48
o
10
3 -3
R th = 20 + 100 = 120 kΩ , τ = R th C = (120 ×10 )(25 ×10 ) = 3000
v o (t) = v o (∞) + [ v o (0) − v o (∞)] e - t τ
( )
v o (t) = −48 1 − e -t 3000 V = 48(e–t/3000–1)u(t)V
Solution 7.70
Let v = capacitor voltage.

For t < 0, the switch is open and v(0)  0 .
For t > 0, the switch is closed and the circuit becomes as shown below.
1
+
 vo
2
v
+ 
vS +
 C
R
v1  v 2  v s (1)
0 v s dv
C (2)
R dt
where v  v s  v o  v o  v s  v
 (3)
From (1),
dv vs
 0
dt RC
v
-1 -tv
v dt  v(0) 
s
s
RC RC
Since v is constant,
RC  (20 10 3 )(5 10 -6 )  0.1
- 20 t
v  mV  -200 t mV
0.1
Solution 7.71
From (3),
v o  v s  v  20  200 t
v o  20(1  10t ) mV
Solution 7.71
For the op amp circuit in Fig. 7.136, suppose v s = 10u(t) V. Find v(t) for t > 0.
100 kΩ
100 kΩ
20 kΩ
−
+ +
+
vs − 20 kΩ 100 µF v(t)
Figure 7.136
For Prob. 7.71.
Solution
We recognize that the op amp operates as an inverting op amp whose output is equal to –
v s = –10u(t) V. Since the output of the op amp acts like an ideal voltage source, we can
determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit, as seen by the capacitor, with
V Thev = V oc = –10u(t)[20k/(20k+20k)] = –5u(t) V and R eq = 20kx20k/(20k+20k) = 10
kΩ. Next we get τ = R eq C = 104x10–4 = 1 s.
Additionally since the input voltage is equal to zero until t = 0, the value of v(0) = 0.
Finally v(∞) = –5 V which leads to,
v(t) = [–5 + 5e–t]u(t) V.
Solution 7.72
The op amp acts as an emitter follower so that the Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown
below.
+ − io
v
+ R
3u(t)
−
Hence,
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
v(0) = -2 V , v(∞) = 3 V , τ = RC = (10 ×10 3 )(10 ×10 -6 ) = 0.1
v(t) = 3 + (-2 - 3) e -10t = 3 − 5e -10t
dv
io = C = (10 ×10 -6 )(-5)(-10) e -10t
dt
-10t
i o = 0.5e mA, t > 0
Solution 7.73
For the op amp circuit of Fig. 7.138, let R 1 = 10 k, Rf = 30 k, C = 20 F, and
v(0) = 1 V. Find v o .
Figure 7.138
For Prob. 7.73.
Solution
Consider the circuit below.
Rf
R1 C
v1 v2 v3

+ 
v + +
+
v1
 vo

At node 2,
v1 v 2 dv
C (1)
R1 dt
At node 3, dv
v 3 v o
Solution 7.74
C 
(2)
dt Rf
But v 3  0 and v  v 2  v 3  v 2 . Hence, (1) becomes
v1 v dv
C
R1 dt
dv
v1  v  R 1 C
dt
dv v v1
or   R 1 C
dt R 1C
which is similar to Eq. (7.42). Hence,

 vT t0
v(t)     v
 v e t0
-t 
 v
1 T 1
where v T  v(0)  1 and v1  4
  R1 C  (10 10 3 )(20 10 -6 )  0.2

 1 t0
v(t)   -5t
 4  3e t0
From (2),
dv
vo  R f C  (3010 3 )(2010 -6 )(15e -5t )
dt
vo  -9e -5t , t  0 or v o = (–9e–5t)u(t) V.
Solution 7.74
Let v = capacitor voltage. For t < 0, v(0) = 0
10 kΩ
2 µF
is
50 kΩ −
+ +
is
vo
−
For t > 0, i s = 10 µA .
Since the current through the feedback resistor is i s , then

v o = –i s x104 volts = –10–5x104 = –100 mV.
It is interesting to look at the capacitor voltage.
dv v
is = C +
dt R
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
It is evident that
τ = RC = (2 ×10 −6 )(50 ×10 3 ) = 0.1
At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i s passes through R. Hence,
v(∞) = i s R = (10 ×10 −6 )(50 ×10 3 ) = 0.5 V
Then the voltage across the capacitor is,
v(t) = 500(1–e–10t) mV.
Solution 7.75
In the circuit of Fig. 7.140, find v o and i o , given that v s = 10[1 – e–t]u(t) V.
10 Ω io
+ vo
−
vs +
−
100 kΩ
10 µF 100 kΩ
Figure 7.140
For Prob. 7.75.
Solution
Let v a = voltage at the noninverting terminal and let v b = voltage at the inverting
terminal.
Since v s = 0 for all t < 0, all the initial voltages are equal to 0.
For t > 0, v a = v b = v s = 10[1 – e–t].
At v b , 10–5(dv b /dt) + [(v b –0)/105] + [(v b –v o )/105] + 0 = 0. Since dv s /dt = 10e–t we then
get v o = 10e–t + 2v s = 10e–t + 20 – 20e–t = [20 – 10e–t]u(t) V.
Now, i o = [(v o –v s )/105] = {[20 – 10e–t] – [10–10e–t]}/105 = 100 µA.
Solution 7.76
The schematic is shown below. For the pulse, we use IPWL and enter the corresponding
values as attributes as shown. By selecting Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step =
25 ms and Final Step = 2 s since the width of the input pulse is 1 s. After saving and
simulating the circuit, we select Trace/Add and display –V(C1:2). The plot of V(t) is
shown below.
Solution 7.77
The schematic is shown below. We click Marker and insert Mark Voltage Differential at
the terminals of the capacitor to display V after simulation. The plot of V is shown
below. Note from the plot that V(0) = 12 V and V(∞) = -24 V which are correct.
Solution 7.78
(a) When the switch is in position (a), the schematic is shown below. We insert
IPROBE to display i. After simulation, we obtain,
i(0) = 7.714 A
from the display of IPROBE.
(b) When the switch is in position (b), the schematic is as shown below. For inductor
I1, we let IC = 7.714. By clicking Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step = 25 ms
and Final Step = 2 s. After Simulation, we click Trace/Add in the probe menu and
display I(L1) as shown below. Note that i(∞) = 12A, which is correct.
In the circuit in Fig. 7.143, determine i o .
10 Ω
io
10 Ω
2[1–u(t)] A
10 H
+
35u(t) V −
Figure 7.143
For Prob. 7.79.
Solution
For all t < 0, the voltage source is equal to zero (a short) and i o = 2x10/(10+10) = 1 A.
For all 0 < t, the voltage source is equal to 35 V and the current source is equal to zero
(an open circuit). At t = ∞, i o (∞) = 35/20 = 1.75 A. Additionally, R eq = 20 Ω and
τ = L/R eq = 10/20 = 0.5 sec.
Finally,
i o (t) = 1.75 + [1–1.75]e–2t = [1.75 – 0.75e–2t]u(t) A.
In the circuit of Fig. 7.144, find the value of i o for all values of 0 < t.
10 Ω
io
10 Ω 5Ω
10 Ω
1A
+
25[1–u(t)] V − 50 mF
Figure 7.144
For Prob. 7.80.
Solution
For all values of t < 0, the current source is equal to 1 A and the voltage source is equal to
25 V. In addition the capacitor is equal to an open circuit. Thus, if we let v o be the
voltage at the top node and taking the bottom node as reference we get,
–1 + [(v o –25)/10] + [(v o –0)/10] = 0 and v o = 35/2 = 17.5 V and v C (0) = 17.5 V. Note,
we can neglect the resistor in series with the current source.
For all values of 0 < t, the current source is still equal to 1 A but the voltage source is
now equal to zero (a short). We can now use the following equations to find i o .
At t = ∞, the capacitor is an open circuit and the value of v C (∞) = 5 V, R eq =

[10x10/(10+10)] + 5 = 10 Ω, and τ = 10x0.05 = 0.5 sec.
v C = [5 + 12.5e–2t]u(t) V and –1 + [(v o –0)/10] + [(v o –0)/10] + [(v o –v C )/5] = 0 or

(0.1+0.1+0.2)v o = 1 + 0.2v C = 1 + 1 + 2.5e–2t = 2 + 2.5e–2t or v o = 5 + 6.25e–2t. Thus,
i o = v o /10 = [500+625e–2t]u(t) mA.
The schematic is shown below. We use VPWL for the pulse and specify the attributes as
shown. In the Analysis/Setup/Transient menu, we select Print Step = 25 ms and final
Step = 3 S. By inserting a current marker at one terminal of LI, we automatically obtain
the plot of i after simulation as shown below.
 3 10 -3
  RC 
 R   100 10 -6  30 
C
v()  120, v(0)  0,   RC  34x10 6 x15x10 6  510s
v(t)  v()  [v(0)  v()]e t /  

 85.6  120(1  e t / 510 )
Solving for t gives

t  510 ln 3.488  637.16s
speed = 4000m/637.16s = 6.278m/s
A capacitor with a value of 10 mF has a leakage resistance of 2 MΩ. How long does it
take the voltage across the capacitor to decay to 40% of the initial voltage to which the
capacitor is charged? Assume that the capacitor is charged and then set aside by itself.
Solution
The voltage across a charged capacitor is equal to v C (t) = v C (0)e–t/τ where τ = R leak C =
(2x106)(0.01) = 2x104. Thus,
0.4v C (0) = v C (0)e–t/20,000 or –t/20,000 = ln(0.4) = –0.91629 or t = 18.326 ks or

t = 5.091 hours.
(a) The light is on from 75 volts until 30 volts. During that time we essentially have
a 120-ohm resistor in parallel with a 6-µF capacitor.
v(0) = 75, v(∞) = 0, τ = 120x6x10-6 = 0.72 ms

v(t 1 ) = 75 e t1 /   30 which leads to t 1 = –0.72ln(0.4) ms = 659.7 µs of lamp on time.
(b)   RC  (4 106 )(6 10-6 )  24 s
Since v(t)  v()   v(0)  v() e

-t 
v(t 1 )  v()   v(0)  v() e -t1 


(1)
(2)
)  v()   v(0)  v() e -t 2
v(t 2 

Dividing (1) by (2),

v(t1 )  v()
 e (t 2  t1 ) 
v(t 2 )  v()
 v(t )  v() 
t 0  t 2  t1
  ln  1 
 v(t 2 )  v() 
 75  120 
t 0  24ln    24ln (2)  16.636 s
 30  120 
v(t)  v()   v(0)  v() e -t 
v()  12 , v(0)  0
v(t)  12  1 e-t  
v(t 0 )  8  12  1 e -t 0 

8 1
 1 e -t 0 
  e -t 0  

12 3
t 0   ln (3)
For R  100 k ,
  RC  (100 103 )(2 10-6 )  0.2 s
t 0  0.2 ln (3)  0.2197 s
For R  1 M ,
  RC  (1106 )(2 10-6 )  2 s
t 0  2 ln (3)  2.197 s
Thus,
0.2197 s  t 0  2.197 s
Let i be the inductor current.
120
For t < 0, i(0 − ) = = 1.2 A
100
For t > 0, we have an RL circuit

L 50
τ = = 100 + 400 = 0.1, i(∞) = 0
R
i(t) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e -t τ

i(t) = 1.2 e -10t
At t = 100 ms = 0.1 s,
i(0.1) = 1.2 e -1 = 441mA
which is the same as the current through the resistor.
(a) τ = RC = (300 ×10 3 )(200 ×10 -12 ) = 60 µs
As a differentiator,
T > 10 τ = 600 µs = 0.6 ms
i.e. Tmin = 0.6 ms
(b) τ = RC = 60 µs
As an integrator,
T < 0.1τ = 6 µs
i.e. Tmax = 6 µs
Since τ < 0.1T = 1 µs
L
< 1 µs
R
L < R ×10 -6 = (200 ×10 3 )(1×10 -6 )
L < 200 mH
We determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the capacitor C s .
R
v  s
, R  R || R
R
th
s
 R p vi th s p
Rth
Vth + Cs

The Thevenin equivalent is an RC circuit. Since

1 1 Rs

 
v  v 
th
10 i
10 Rs  Rp
1 6 2
R s  R p   M
9 9 3
Also,
  R th C s  15 s
6 (2 3)
where R th  R p || R s   0.6 M
62 3
 15 10 -6
C s    25 pF
R th 10 6
0.6
12
i o (0)   240 mA , i()  0
50
i(t)  i()   i(0)  i() e -t 

i(t)  240 e -t 
L 2
 
R R
 -t 0 
 
i(t 0 ) 10 240 e

e t0  24 
 t 0   ln (24)
t0 5 2
 
ln (24) ln (24)  1.573 
R
2
R   1.271 
1.573
 10
0  t  tR
dv  4 10 -9  2 10 -3
iC
dt - 10
 tR  t  tD
 5 10 -6
 20 A 0  t  2 ms
i(t)   2 ms  t  2 ms  5 s
- 8 mA
which is sketched below.

i(t)
20 A
5 s
t
2 ms
-8 mA
(not to scale)

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 6th Edition Alexander Solutions Manual 1

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Solution 7.

For the resistor, V=iR= 56e200t  8Re 200t x10 3

R = 6k +40kx(25k+35k)/(40k+25k+35k) = 6k+2400k/100 = 30 kΩ.

For t<0, v(0-)=40 V.

For t >0. we have a source-free RC circuit.

For the circuit shown in Fig. 7.85, find i(t), t>0.

Figure 7.85 For Prob. 7.5.

Let v be the voltage across the capacitor. For t <0,

v(0) = [2x60/(10+2)] = 10 V and τ = RC = 2,000x40x10–6 = 0.08.

= [5.518e–2(t–1)]u(t–1) volts for 1 sec < t < ∞.

(c) w C (0)  CV 2  (5 10 -3 )(100)  250 mJ

(d) w   CV 2  CV 2 1 e -2t 0 

The switch in Fig. 7.89 opens at t=0. Find v o for t > 0.

For t < 0, the switch is closed so that

Let the time be t o .

t o = ln(3)/16.667 = 65.92 ms.

For t<0, we have the circuit shown below.

For t >0, we have a source-free RL circuit.

Since the current through an inductor cannot change abruptly,

i(t) = i(0) e -t τ = 4 e -2t A

v(t) = i(t)R = 80e–1000t V = R5e–1000tx10–3 or R = 80,000/5 = 16 kΩ.

But τ = L/R = 1/103 or L = 16x103/103 = 16 H.

(b) The energy dissipated in the resistor is

= 200(1–e–1)x10–6 = 126.42 µJ.

(a) 16 kΩ, 16 H, 1 ms (b) 126.42 µJ

(a) 10 Ω, 500 ms (b) 40 Ω, 250 µs

= [–15e–2t] V for all t ≥ 0.

If v(t) = 0 , the circuit can be redrawn as shown below.

i(t) = i(0) e -t τ = 5e -3t

In the circuit of Fig. 7.99, find i(t) for t > 0 if i(0) = 5 A.

To find R th we replace the inductor by a 1-V voltage source as shown above.

w 10 = 0.03(30e–0.5)2 = 0.03(18.196)2 = 9.933 J.

The circuit can be replaced by its Thevenin equivalent shown below.

w = (1/2)LI2 = 0.5(2)[40/(R+80/3)]2 = 2 or 40/(R+80/3) = 1.4142, thus,

i(t)  i(0) e -t   -7.5e -4t , t  0

(a) v(t) = - 5 u(t)

= - 10u(t) + 20u(t − 3) − 10u(t − 5)

(c) x(t) = (t − 1) [ u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] + [ u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]

+ (4 − t) [ u(t − 3) − u(t − 4)]

(d) y(t) = 2 u(-t) − 5 [ u(t) − u(t − 1)]

Design a problem to help other students to better understand singularity functions.

Sketch each of the following waveforms.

(a) v (t) = u(t + 1) − u(t) + [ u(t − 1) − u(t)]

(b) v 2 (t) = (4 − t) [ u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)]

v 2 (t) = -(t − 4) u(t − 2) + (t − 4) u(t − 4)

(c) v (t) = 2 [ u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)] + 4 [ u(t − 4) − u(t − 6)]

v 3 (t) = 2u(t − 2) + 2u(t − 4) − 4u(t − 6)

(d) v (t) = -t [ u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] = -t u(t − 1) + t u(t − 2)

v 4 (t) = (-t + 1− 1) u(t − 1) + (t − 2 + 2) u(t − 2)

Sketch the waveform represented by

i(t) = [r(t+1) – r(t) – 2u(t+1) +u(t–2) + r(t–3) – r(t–4)] A.

i(t) is sketched below.

∫ [e δ(t − 2)] dt = e -4t

∫ [ 5δ(t) + e δ(t) + cos 2πt δ(t)] dt = ( 5 + e -t + cos(2πt))

i(t) = ∫ 45δ (τ − 2) dτ + 0 = 4.5u(t–2) A.

(a) v(t) = A + Be-t , t > 0

(b) v(t) = A + Be t 2 , t > 0

If i(0) =0, then A + 2/3 = 0, i.e. A=-2/3. Thus,

To get v 2 , transform the current source as shown in Fig. (a).

v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ

After t = 0, v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ

v(∞) = 4 , v(0) = 12 , τ = RC = (2)(3) = 6

After t = 0, v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ

After transforming the current source, the circuit is shown below.