QUESTION 5 LANGUAGE EDITING CHEAT SHEET Concord Error When the subject of a sentence and the verb of a sentence agree. Ifthe subject ofthe sentence is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject of a sentence Is plural, the verbs must be plural Ex, The pages (subject) is/ARE (verb) held together by a staple. Malapropism The humourous misuse of a word by Confusing it with a similar sounding word. Ex. He's a wolfin cheap clothing, He's 2 wolf in SHEEP clothing Ex. The doctor gave me a subscription for my allergies. ‘The doctor gave ine @ PRESCRIPTION for my allergies. Active & Passive Voice Rules to change from active to passive: I bake a cake + Identity the verb: bake + Change the verb into past tense: baked ‘Ask the question which refers to the Subject as the answer: Who baked a cake? Me, + Rewrite the into passive for A cake Is baked by me. ‘Apostrophe Reported - Speech Punctuation Functions comma + Uistpeuses Omission (Contraction) Identity ine tense that needs to change parenthesis) xtainio Where lelters are missing because of | — Idenily the placettime that needs to hyphen = Seino omiting, ‘change dash ~ Omi you're = you > are Identity the subject and add ‘said that ellipsis Sas period Exclams Possession John: “Im going to be back tomorow.” | exclamation mark ', Ack ‘a person owns an objectt belongs to question mark? Joins ideas them. John said that he was going to be back “Somfeoion i Usts 2: Jason's school bag the next day colon Quctes quotation marks Pe cession ampersand iomesion apostrophe Split Infi Tautology/Redundancy ‘TruneationiClipping ‘An adverb is placed between to’ and the verb makes a spit infinitive. Ex. We were told to carefully view each star Correction: We were told to view each star carefully. Blending Itreters to Joining the beginning of one ‘word and the end of another to make a new word with a new meaning, Breakiast + lunch = brunch ‘Smoke + fog ‘Motor + hotel Spoon + for ‘Spanish + English = Spanglish eybemetic + organism = cyborg Emoton + icon = emoticon Picture + element = pixel Picture + dictionary = Pictionary Ill of us cooperate together, tnen we ‘will suoceed. Both have similar meaning, Remove the redundancy: {tall of us cooperate, then we wil succeed. /Ifall of us work together, then we will succeed. Prefixes Changes the meaning of ne word Re- again = review De- reverse = destruction o- tagetner = construct Dis: separate/not = disinterest Pre. before = prehistoric ‘Mis. vrong = mistaken Im- novopposite of = impolite Non- not = nonsense Une nt = unkind I-against = antisocial Bi- two = bicycle Sub- under = subway Ant To shorten by cutting off a part of a word Expo ~ Exposition Flu influenza Varsity — University Uni — University Cell - Gell phone Tech — Technical Technology Burger — Hamburger ‘Ad ~ Advertisement Memo — Memorandum Suffixes Often changes the part of speech, ‘changes into past tense or past participle, changes word into plural form, changes degree of comparison, sed (verolin the past) = walked sing (verbidoing something) = walking «ly (edverbinow) = siowly fully (adverb) = beautitully -sion (noun/qualityiaction) = tension sment (noun) = government -er (adjective) = taller -al (adjactive) = poitical + (plural) = gisTypes of Sentences Exclamatory (!) got an A on my book report! Interrogative (?) Who are you? Imperative (1!) Please sit down. / Ineed you to sit down now! Declarative (.) want to be a good writer ‘Sentence Clause Structure Noun Clause Pepperoni is fine with me (Gubject/objecticomplement) Adjectival Clause Mikes car, which he bought 3 months ‘ago, is the shinlest car. (+v) Adverb Clause rilmake diner, when I've finished watching the movie, (time/place/manner) Phrases Noun Phrase A red box. Prepositional Phrase In the car. Adjective Phrase Quite big, Adverb Phrase Very slow. Verb Phrase Will 9°. Infinitive Phrase To cheer. Gerund Phrase Exercising regulary. Participle Phrase Surprised by the gi ‘my mother was speechiess. Absolute Phrase Her aims folde across her chest, ‘Sentence Clause Structure IndependentMain Clause | washed my dog yesterday, (makes sense) Dependent/Subordinate Clause | washed my dog yesterday because he smelt awful (bold doesn't make sense alone) Types of Verbs Fite Verbs Subject Verb Agreement just needs one verican Standby iset ma senance Tove poatoes She loves paraces Nom Teves paraces. Non-Finte Verbs ‘Tha recat love teantes) Moved one (pat pape) ‘loving pare (resent partcipes) Loningts 3 af (gerunds) Parts of Speech wore | goer Underline the FINITE VERB to identify | fap aim vero: soa wit cass, wou sng: | | = so the clause in a sentence. ‘see, must mihi may, have had. id. do, re ceemnes | oe ‘Aetion Vero an oe wal sek tle, deer men | fier measure obur enlere move Bust 92 son | rescue Connotation & Denotation UK vs. USA Spelling Predicates Denotation:iteral meaning otaword | Tyan Dum] usa] | The predicate is ine part ota sentence Connotation: associations made with 3 {ora clause) that tls us whet the ‘word, ether positive or negative : woe pew om subject does or is. To putt another way, the predicate Is everything thats not ine Poste | Neural | Negative mem | tow subject —|— lam fo ‘The man from the shop is a monster imeresied | questioning | nosy The man from the shop a monsier. dedicated | tenacous | stunbom | || omm | ovmee | somtey | sores pseu courageous | confident | conceited aie | omer | ue cower He stole my bike last week, unique | diferent | weve one - stated | _fappy [manic Italics Acronyms/Abbreviations Tenses ames: [AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency + doumals, newspapers and magazines: ‘syndiome. ast | Present | Future South atican Joumet of Science the BEE _ Black Economic Empowerment Sunday Times YOU ne Cau ASAP — As soon as possibile simple | icid | ido | ‘yi Raytboos: Hace The Faun cur | ing Weld Health Ogansation & wie gs Oowans 8 GIF — Graphics Interchange Format mews | xen | jem | oe + Artworks. The Aion 01mg | cing | doing ‘Abbreviation Rule: Ifthe abbreviation sen8 EMPHASIS: | don' lke your ‘ends with the last letter — no period, pertect | had | Ihave | 303 FOREIGN WORDS: 2/ oeie"3 bon voyage gone _|_done | done WORDS REFERRED TO: tere wore four Dr - Doctor a lanes and one tereore inthe lat sentence capt — Captain trad | tnave | it REPRODUCED SOUNDS: Cr Wientme | Rev.pFrencn for Responder si! | | eouimisas | bee" | been | fe We tk : vous pialt' meaning please respond doing | doing | Grr (NAMES OF VEHICLES: Titanic: Orient NY _ New York 9 UCT — University of Cape Town