John Paul College College of Criminology

Chapter I

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Violence is the intentional use of physical force or power,

vulnerable or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a

gaggle or community, that either ends up in or incorporates a high

chance of leading to injury, death, psychological hurt, and deprivation.

Violence is much more than it means to initiate the harm or

exert cynicism to someone, whether verbally, physically, emotionally,

sexually, psychologically, spiritually, culturally, and financially or neglect.

Violence has been expressly known as a big public ill-health. Violence

comes in several forms, and to only outline it as being a physical factor

is presenting or forming a haul in our society nowadays (Prasanna,

2020)

Family violence (also called domestic violence) is the use of

violence, threats, force or intimidation to control or manipulate a family

member, partner or former partner. In such a relationship, there is an

imbalance of power where abusive behavior or violence is used to

control others.

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Not all family violence is caused by men, but research shows

that men are most often the perpetrators of violence in domestic

relationships, and women and children are often the victims. One in

three women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence

perpetrated by a man they know.

Abuse is physical, sexual, emotional, economic or

psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person.

This includes any behaviors that frighten, intimidate, terrorize,

manipulate, hurt, humiliate, blame, injure, or wound someone. Domestic

abuse can happen to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation,

religion, or gender. It can occur within a range of relationships including

couples who are married, living together or dating. Domestic violence

affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels.

Victims of domestic abuse may also include a child or other relative, or

any other household member.

Domestic abuse is typically manifested as a pattern of abusive

behavior toward an intimate partner in a dating or family relationship,

where the abuser exerts power and control over the victim. It can be

mental, physical, economic or sexual in nature. Incidents are rarely

isolated, and usually escalate in frequency and severity. Domestic

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abuse may culminate in serious physical injury or death (UNMISS,

2011).

Family or domestic violence should never be tolerated. It's not

your fault, and there are no excuses for enduring family violence from

your partner or ex-partner. The violence, as well as how it impacts you

and your child, is the fault of your partner or ex-partner. If you are

experiencing domestic violence or are concerned about your family or

your child's safety, you could seek first a support from a trusted family

member or friend. You may also be referred to a family violence

specialist. Family violence specialist services can include everything

from crisis housing to assistance with safety plans and protection

orders, as well as family violence counseling and survivor support

groups. Family violence can make it difficult for you to handle day-to-day

family life, bond with your child, and provide your child with the tools

they need to succeed.

The researchers, while searching and studying have discovered

that violence doesn't just end with physical abuse but also on emotional

and mental, most especially violence have experienced by a lot of

women and children. If you or someone you know is experiencing

domestic violence, seek help immediately. Don't be afraid to leave the

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abusive situation, your safety and the safety of any children in your care

is of utmost importance.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the following theories:

1. Attachment Theory

Attachment theory is a useful lens through which to understand

perpetrator behavior. It explains how early childhood experiences have

led to a particular way of experiencing close relationships. It also helps

therapists to see how, depending on the attachment status of the client,

interventions will need to be developed to address their specific needs

and that cookie cutter approaches will not advance the profession. The

attachment findings make it clear that domestic violence is not just a

result of social conditioning; if anything, it is at least the interaction

between psychological conditioning and the social context. Therefore,

while social changes are necessary, violence will never stop as long as

the psychological and biological factors are minimized or altogether

ignored.

2. Exchange Theory

As with the general exchange theory, the key assumption of an

exchange theory of family violence is that human interaction is guided

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by the pursuit of rewards and the avoidance of punishment and costs.

Simply stated, individuals will use force and violence in their

relationships with intimates and family members if they believe that the

rewards of force and violence outweigh the costs of such behavior. A

second assumption is that a person who supplies reward services to

another obliges the other to fulfill a reciprocal obligation; and thus, the

second individual must furnish benefits to the first (Blau 1964). Blau

(1964) explains that if reciprocal exchange occurs, the interaction

continues. However, if reciprocity is not received, the interaction will be

broken off. Of course, family relations, including partner relations,

parent–child relations, and sibling relations, are more complex and have

a unique social structure compared with the exchanges that typically

exist outside of the family.

3. Identity Theory

Identity theory provides an important avenue for theoretical

development in domestic violence research because all behavior,

including aggression, is rooted in issues of self and identity. To

understand aggression, we need to understand the meanings

individuals attribute to themselves in a situation, that is, their self-

definitions or identities. In all interactions, the goal of individuals is to

confirm their identities. When their identities are not confirmed, persons

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may control others in the situation to make them respond differently in

order to confirm their identities. If control does not work, aggression may

be used as a last resort to obtain control and, in turn, confirmation of

identity. Thus, identity theory can help explain domestic violence by

showing how a lack of identity confirmation at the individual level is tied

to the control process and aggression at the interactive level.

4. Social Learning Theory

Social learning theory is one of the most popular explanatory

perspectives in the marital violence literature. Often conceptualized as

the ‘‘cycle of violence’’ or ‘‘intergenerational transmission theory’’ when

applied to the family, the theory states that people model behavior that

they have been exposed to as children. Violence is learned through role

models provided by the family (parents, siblings, relatives, and

boyfriends/girlfriends), either directly or indirectly (i.e., witnessing

violence), is reinforced in childhood, and continues in adulthood as a

coping response to stress or as a method of conflict resolution. During

childhood and adolescence, observations of how parents and significant

others behave in intimate relationships provide an initial learning of

behavioral alternatives which are ‘‘appropriate’’ for these relationships.

Children infer rules or principles through repeated exposure to a

particular style of parenting. If the family of origin handled stresses and

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frustrations with anger and aggression, the child who has grown up in

such an environment is at greater risk for exhibiting those same

behaviors, witnessed or experienced, as an adult. Gelles (1972) states

that ‘‘not only does the family expose individuals to violence and

techniques of violence, the family teaches approval for the use of

violence.’’ Children learn that violence is acceptable within the home

and is an effective method for solving problems or changing the

behavior of others.

5. Victim-Blaming Theory

Victim-blaming theory describes the practice of holding victims partly

responsible for their misfortune. It represents the faulting of individuals

who have endured the suffering of crimes, hardships, or other

misfortunes with either part or whole responsibility for the event. Often,

victim-blaming theories rely on the premise that individuals should

recognize the dangers that exist in society and therefore should take the

necessary precautions to maintain a certain level of safety. Those who

do not take such precautions are perceived as blameworthy for their

demise even if they have not acted carelessly. These perceptions in

effect shift the culpability away from the perpetrator of the crime onto the

victim. When discussing issues of family violence, violence against

women, or sexual assault, one often hears victim-blaming statements

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such as, ‘‘Why didn’t she leave?’’ or ‘‘She was asking for it.’’ Within the

context of family violence, victim blaming often includes condemnation

of the victim for staying in an abusive relationship.

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Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to find out the following questions:

1. What are the causes of domestic violence of selected barangays in

Roxas,Oriental Mindoro in terms of;

2.1. Family;

2.2. Gender and inequality; and

2.3. Personal and community influences

2. What is the extent of domestic violence of selected barangays in

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of;

1.1 Emotional abuse;

1.2 Physical abuse;

1.3 Mental abuse; and

1.4 Sexual abuse

3. What is the implication of the findings of the study?

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Conceptual Framework

Based on the foregoing theories, the conceptual framework is

hereby presented.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Causes of domestic violence Extent of domestic violence

of selected barangays in of selected barangays in
Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in
terms of; terms of;

 family;  emotional abuse;

 gender and inequality;  physical abuse;
 personal and  mental abuse; and
community influences  sexual abuse

IMPLICATIONS

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The research aims to determine the causes and extent of domestic

violence of selected barangays in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro. The
independent variables of the study is pertaining to the Causes of
Domestic Violence of selected barangays in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

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terms of family, gender and inequality, personal and community

influences while the dependent variables Extent of domestic violence of
selected barangays in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of emotional
abuse, physical abuse, mental abuse and sexual abuse. The one
headed arrow implied that there is a relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.

Significance of the Study

This study would be beneficial to the following:

Youth. This study give teenagers and other people both the obligation

and the opportunity to look outside which can help them develop this

behavior.

Getting everyone interested in volunteer work is one approach to

present them with new possibilities that will have a good influence

because community has its effect in every person especially in the

youths and community also has a part in some cases of family violence.

Parents.This study will also inform future adults to be aware of the

causes on why and how violence starts. This can be a guide to avoid

further complications in the future.

Women. This study would be helpful especially to the women, for them

to prepare themselves on the possible dangers that they might face.

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This will help them think of the causes of violence and to provide

solutions for this and avoid incidence such as domestic violence

Future Researchers. This study will be beneficial to future researchers

with similar study. They can make this study as their literature review.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is about “ Causes and Extent of Family Violence in

Selected Barangays in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro” and affectivity to

our study. The respondents of the study will be the selected ten (10)

officers of each barangay who had encountered cases of domestic or

family violence in their area. The study will be conducted on this school

year 2022-2023. The researchers will proceed by using surveys and

questionnaire.

Definition of Terms

To ensure better understanding of this study, the following key

terms are under defined:

Violence - behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage,

or kill someone or something. The unlawful exercise of physical force or

intimidation by the exhibition of such force.

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Family - a group of one or more parents and their children living

together as a unit; all the descendants of a common ancestor.

Exposed - not sheltered or protected.

Abused - treated with cruelty or violence, especially regularly or

repeatedly "abused children"; used in a wrong or inappropriate way.

Trauma - a deeply distressing or disturbing experience.

Confidence - a feeling of self-assurance arising from one's

appreciation of one's own abilities or qualities.

Family Violence - considered to be any form of abuse, mistreatment or

neglect that a child or adult experiences from a family member.

Emotional abuse- it includes non physical behaviors that are meant to

control, isolate, or frighten you. This may present in romantic

relationships as threaths, insults, constant monitoring, excessive

jealousy, manipulation, humiliation, intimidation, dismissiveness among

others.

Physical abuse- it is an abuse in any intentional act causing injury,

trauma, bodily harm or other physical suffering to another person by way

of bodily contact.

Mental abuse- it is the use of threats, verbal insults, and other more

subtle tactics to control a person’s way of thinking.

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CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related literature

A. Foreign Literature

Base from Ellsberg et al. (2018) domestic violence in fact is not

only a substantial health problem by virtue of its direct effects, such as

injury and mortality, but also it might contribute to the overall burden of

disease as a risk fator for several mental health problems.

According to Dulmus and Wodarski (2019), intimate partner

violence has been defined as violence between two individuals who are

romantically involved with one another.

United Nations General Assembly (2019) defines violence

against women as “any act based violence that results in, or is likely to

result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering women

including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of

liberty, wether occurring in private life”. All of these forms of violence

are associated with power inequalities: between women and as well as

with growing economic inequalities both within and between countries.

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B. Local Literature

Rodriguez (2018) said that family violence may include different

behaviours such physical abuse, psychological abuse, criminal

harassment/ stalking; verbal and emotional abuse; sexual violence and

abuse; financial abuse and spirituall abuse.

According to Eduardo F. (2018) violence has many serious effect

on families. Some people are hurt or even die from physical injuries,

while others suffer from depression. Violence can cause people to feel

suicidal, or to have problems with alcohol and other drugs. It can affect

someone’s eating and sleeping and your general health.

Stephene P(2019) stated that children exposed to violence and

other adversities are substantially more likely to smoke, misuse alcohol,

and drugs, and engage in high risk sexual behavior. They also have

higher rates of anxiety, depression, other mental health problems and

suicides.

Related Studies

A. Foreign Studies

According to Ely et al. (2018) research has demonstrated the

massive health and mental health burdens that result from exposure to

domisctic violence. The World Health Organization indicates that

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domestic violence places women at risk for the negative health

outcomes of physical injury, sexually transmitted diseases including HIV,

and unwanted pregnancies.

According to the study of Huecker M.R. (2019), the need for justified

female empowerment and this calls for multidisciplinary approach

develop public health measures, which would most effectively address

the problem of domestic violence.

According to study of Jordan, G. A. (2020) the causes of the

family violence include deeply held beliefs about masculinity.

Perpetrators tend to blame other people, alcohol or circumstances for

their violent outburst. Perpetrators often minimize, blame others, justify

or deny their use of violence or the impact of their violence.

A. Local studies

Rasmane O. (2021) revealed on her study that the economic

costs of domestic violence are higher during downturns and could make

recovery more challenging.

David S. (2021) found out in his study that violence against

women and girls has a multi- dimensional effect on the overall health of

an econpomy both in the short-term and long term. In short term,

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women from abusive homes are likely to work fewer hours and be less

productive when do they work.

According to Juan S. (2020) forms of violence can lead to

depression, post-traumatic stress and other anxiety disorders, sleep

difficulties, eating disorders, and suicide attempts. The 2020 analysis

found that women who have experienced intimate partner violence were

almost twice as likely to experience depression and problem drinking.

Health effects can also include headaches, pain syndromes (back pain,

abdominal pain, chronic pelvic pain) gastrointestinal disorders, limited

mobility and poor overall health.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter consist theoretical framework, conceptual framework,

research design, data gathering, data analysis and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The study used descriptive design, where researchers conduct in

depth interviews read documents and look for theme, in other words

how does individuals story illustrate the larger life influences that created

it.

Descriptive research design is a powerful tool used by scientists

and researchers to agther information about a particular group or

phenomenon. This type of research provides a detailed and accurate

picture of the characteristics and behaviors of a particular population or

subject.

Descriptive design is also the simplest research design. It allows

the researchers to study and describe the distribution of one or more

variables, without regard to any casual or other hypotheses.

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Respondents of the study

This descriptive study will be conducted in all barangay of Roxas,

Oriental Mindoro. It is also intended to describe the research title's

impacts and causes, as well as the events that frequently occur.

Data Gathering tools/ Research Instrumentation

Surveys and questionnaires are instruments used in this study for

collecting data. We include set of standardized questionnaires, that

explore a specific topic and collect in-formations about opinions,

attitudes and behavior

Data Gathering Procedure

We, the researchers used standardized data collection that can

be expressed in words in this study, and we combine both quantitative

and qualitative approaches in analyzing the data collected via

questionnaires. This is because some of the data collected may contain

personal assessments of the information, whereas some conclusions

may be reached after performing simple mathematical computations

such as mean, percentages, and tabulation.

We collected the means by survey questionnaires and the

problems with means of violation that was encountered by the

respondents. After the respondents have taken the tests, the paper was

checked, Tallied, interpreted and analyzed.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered through the research instrument were tallied and

tabulated through the use of statistical tools such as frequency and

mean. These are interpreted by the researcher.

The formula for the getting the mean is as follows;

X=€fd

Where:

X= is the given mean

f= is the number of occurrences

€fd= is the total sum of product

€N= is the total number of occurrences.

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CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyze and interprets the data gathered by the

researcher.

To determine the degree of the Causes of Domestic Violence of

selected barangays in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of family, gender

and inequality, personal and community influences and Extent of

domestic violence of selected barangays in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of emotional abuse, physical abuse, mental abuse and sexual

abuse., following measures were used:

Assigned Points Numerical Ranges Interpretations

4 3.51-4.00 High

3 2.51-3.50 Moderate

2 1.51-2.50 Low

1 1.00-1.50 Very low

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Table 1.1. Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Family

Item Mean Rank Description

1. Poor family function 2.5 1 Low

2. A history of exposure to child

1.3 3.5 Very low
maltreatment

3. Witnessing family violence 1.3 3.5 Very low

4. Male controlling behaviors towards

1.5 2 Low
their partners/family members

5. Absence of family member good 1.2 5 Very low

relationship

Overall mean 1.56 Low

It can be gleaned from table 1.1 that in terms of family, Poor

family function got the highest mean of 2.5 described as low. Meanwhile

the item that stated the Absence of family member good got the lowest

mean of 1.2 and also described as very low.

The Overall weighted Mean computed was 1.56 and described as

Low. This result implied that the degree of cause of domestic violence in

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Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Family is low. It further implied that

family issues have less involvement in domestic violence.

Table 1.2. Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Gender and Inequality

Item Mean Rank Description

1. Harmful masculine behaviors, 1.7 3 Very low

including having multiple

partners or attitudes that

condone violence

2. Low level of women’s access 1.5 4 Very low

to paid employment

3. Community norms that 1.3 5 Very low

privilege or ascribe higher

status to men and lower status

to women

4. Lower levels of education 2 2 Low

5. Low level of gender equality 2.4 1 Low

Overall Weighted Mean 1.78 Low

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It can be gleaned from table 1.2 that in terms of Gender and

Inequality, Low level of gender equality got the highest mean of 2.4

described as low. Meanwhile the item that stated the Community norms

that privilege or ascribe higher status to men and lower status to women

got the lowest mean of 1.3 and also described as very low.

The Overall weighted Mean computed was 1.78 and described as

Low. This result implied that the degree of cause of domestic violence in

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Gender and Equality is very low. It

further implied that Gender and Equality issues is not a cause of

domestic violence.

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Table 1.3. Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Personal and Community Problems and Influences

Item Mean Rank Description

1. Economic problem 2.50 3 Low

2. Drug addiction 3.51 2 High

3. Alcohol
3.80 1 High
intoxication/drunkenness

4. Antisocial personality
2.30 4 Low
disorder

5. Marital discord and

2.21 5 Low
dissatisfaction

Overall Weighted Mean 2.82 Moderate

It can be gleaned from table 1.3 that in terms of Personal and

Community Problems and Influences, Alcohol intoxication/drunkenness

got the highest mean of 3.80 described as high. Meanwhile the item that

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stated the Marital discord and dissatisfaction got the lowest mean of

2.21 and described as low.

The Overall weighted Mean computed was 2.82 and described as

moderate. This result implied that the degree of cause of domestic

violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Personal and

Community Problems and Influences is moderate. It further implied that

Personal and Community Problems and Influences issues somehow a

cause of domestic violence.

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2.1 The Extent of Domestic Violence in the Municipality of Roxas,

Oriental Mindoro in terms of Physical

Punching, Throwing

Physical Pushing, Kicking, Pulling objects

Straggling Biting
Violence Slappng,Pushing of hair to a

or Scratching partner

Odiong 0 0 0 0 0

Libtong 1 0 0 0 0

San Aquilino 0 1 0 1 0

Tauga 0 0 0 0 0

San Isidro 0 0 0 0 0

San Mariano 1 0 0 1 0

Dangay 1 0 0 1 0

Paclasan 1 1 1 1 1

Bagumbayan 1 0 0 0 0

Victoria 0 0 0 0 0

Total 5 2 1 4 1

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It can be gleaned from table 2.1 that punching, kicking,slapping,

pushing or scratching got the highest domestic violence that were done

in 5 barangays which are the Paclasan, Dangay,San Mariano, libtong

and Bagumbayan. Meanwhile, there are two items that has ranked the

last and those are the biting and throwing objects to partner which only

have occur in one barangay, both in Paclasan.

The Overall total of barangay that experienced violenced that has

topped the rank punching, kickings, pushing or scratching is 5 out of 10.

This result that the extent of domestic violence in the municipality

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Physical is not many. It further

implied that physical violence or abuse have low occurrence in domestic

violence.

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2.2 The Extent of Domestic Violence in the Municipality of Roxas,

Oriental Mindoro in terms of Emotional Violence/ Abuse

Emotional Ignoring a Humiliating Ridiculing Threathening Destroying

Violence/ partner’s family or to leave or furniture or

Abuse feeling members insulting told to leave breaking

in public valued appliances

places beliefs,

religion

or raze

Odiong 0 0 0 0 0

Libtong 0 0 0 0 0

San 0 0 0 0 1
Aquilino

Tauga 0 0 0 0 0

San Isidro 0 0 0 0 0

San 0 0 0 0 0
Mariano

Dangay 0 0 0 0 0

Paclasan 1 1 1 1 1

Bagumbay 0 0 0 0 0
an

Victoria 0 0 0 0 0

Total 1 1 1 1 1

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It can be gleaned from table 2.2 that destroying furniture or

breaking appliances got the highest domestic violence that has done in

2 barangays which are the Paclasan and San Aquilino. Meanwhile, all

the remaining violence item has ranked the last which only have occur in

one barangay, and that is in Paclasan.

The Overall total of barangay that experienced violenced that has

topped the rank Destroying furniture or breaking appliances is 2 out of

10. This result that the extent of domestic violence in the municipality

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of emotional abusive is not many. It

further implied that emotional violence or abuse have very low

occurrence in domestic violence.

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Table 2.3. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality of

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Sexual Violence/Abuse

Forcing a
Subjecting family
Forcing family member
Sexually
Sexual a members to
assaulting Rape
Violence/Abuse partner to become a
a partner
to strip unwanted sex
touching worker or
prostitute
Odiong 0 0 0 0 0
Libtong 0 0 0 0 0
San Aquilino 0 0 0 0 0
Tauga 0 0 0 0 0
San Isidro 0 0 0 0 0
San Mariano 0 0 0 0 0
Dangay 0 0 0 0 0
Paclasan 1 1 1 1 1
Bagumbayan 0 0 0 0 0
Victoria 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1 1 1 1 1

It can be gleaned from table 2.3 that all extents indicated above has

all done in one barangay which is the barangay of Paclasan.

The Overall total of barangay that experienced sexual violence is

1 out of 10. This result that the extent of domestic violence in the

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municipality Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Sexual abusive is very

little. It further implied that Sexual violence or abuse have very low

occurrence in domestic violence.

CHAPTER V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendation

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This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and

recommendations of the study that are formulated by the researcher.

FINDINGS

1. Family as one of the causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro got an overall mean of 1.56 described as low.

2. Gender and Inequality as one of the causes of domestic violence in

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro got an overall mean of 1.78 described as low.

3. Personal and community problems and influences as one of the

causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro got an overall

mean of 2.82 described as moderate.

4. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality of Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro in terms of physical, the overall number of barangays that

experienced physical violence is 5 out of 10.

5. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality of Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro in terms of emotional abuse, the overall number of barangays

that h experienced emotional violence is 2 out of 10.

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6. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality of Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro in terms of sexual, the overall number of barangays that

experienced sexual violence is 1 out of 10.

CONCLUSIONS

Based from the findings of the studies, the following conclusions

were drawn by the researcher:

1. The degree of cause of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

in terms of Family is low and implied that family issues have less

involvement in domestic violence.

2. The degree of cause of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

in terms of Gender and Equality is very low and implied that Gender and

Equality issues is not a cause of domestic violence.

3. The degree of cause of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

in terms of Personal and Community Problems and Influences is

moderate and implied that Personal and Community Problems and

Influences issues somehow a cause of domestic violence.

4. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro in terms of Physical is not many and physical violence or

abuse have low occurrence in domestic violence.

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5. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro in terms of emotional abusive is not many and that emotional

violence or abuse have very low occurrence in domestic violence.

6. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro in terms of Sexual abusive is very little and that Sexual violence

or abuse have very low occurrence in domestic violence.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Since the Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Family was Low. The researcher still recommends that the

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barangays should do a family counselling to prevent or avoid any more

numbers of family violence happening in a household.

2. Since the Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Gender and Inequality was Low. The researcher still

recommends to practice equality in genders, even though the results

was low, the municipality of roxas still was experiencing gender

inequality which also leads on violence or abuse, so to be able to these

circumstances we do still have to practice starting ourselves equality

regarding what the gender is.

3. Since the Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Personal and community problems and influences was

Moderate. The researchers recommends parents and guardians to

council each of their children so that they can avoid doing violence when

they grow up, good character always comes and molds from inside of

the household.

4. Since the extent of domestic violence in the municipality of Roxas,

Oriental Mindoro in terms of physical was low. Researchers recommend

barangay and counsellor keep on patrolling every day and night to

prevent and to check if there are any physical violence going on around

the area.

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5. Since the extent of domestic violence in the municipality of Roxas,

Oriental Mindoro in terms of emotional violence or abuse was very low.

Researchers recommend every one to do a counselling to know and to

avoid whether they are being emotionally abused.

6. Even though the extent of domestic violence in the municipality of

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of sexual violence or abuse was very

low. The researcher still recommends that everyone especially the youth

be educated not to be sexually aggressive.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

UNFPA (2020). “What is Domestic Abuse?” United Nation; Syria,

retrieved from; What Is Domestic Abuse? | United Nations

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Johis, A. (Nov. 2021) “Gender-Based Violence” United Nation: Women

Organization, retrieved from; https://www.unwomen.org/rebuilding-for-

resilience/gender-based-violence

Stephen B., Sandy R., Nicole W. (Oct. 2019) “Changing Gender Norms;

Engaging with Men and Boys” Durham University: Research Report

for Government Equalities Office, Retrieved from;

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/Changing_Gender_

Norms-_Engaging_with_Men_and_Boys.pdf

Michelle B. (2009) “Fight Racism” United Nations High Commissioner

for Human Rights, Stand Up for Human Rights ,retrieve from;

https://www.standup4humanrights.org/en/fightracism

Rorie F.J. - Asia program and country coordinator - (2020) “Philippines;

Sweeping violence under the carpet, abuses including the sexual

exploitation of children, rising under lockdown.” 48 Gray’s Inn Road

London: Institute for war and peace reporting (IWPR), retrieved

from; https://iwpr.net/philippines-sweeping-violence-under-carpet

Unicef Parenting “Mental health and well-being, how to support your

children and yourself”, Retrieved from,

https://www.unicef.org/parenting/mental-health

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John Paul College College of Criminology

(name of mayor)
Roxas, Oriental Mindoro Mayor
Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Sir:

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Warmest Greetings!

The undersigned are currently working on their Thesis titled “THE CAUSES

AND EXTENT OF FAMILY VIOLENCE IN SELECTED BARANGAYS

AT ROXAS, ORIENTAL MINDORO”. The primary goal of this study is to

determine the causes and extent of violence in the selected barangay at

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro for the year 2022-2023.

In connection with this, I would like to request your permission to conduct the

aforementioned study to use available resources relevant to the present study.

Rest assured that all information will be kept with strict confidentiality.

Anticipating your kind and prompt approval of this humble request.

Respectfully yours,

Theodore Fetalcorin

Adrian Villanueva

Researchers

Noted: Approved by:

(name ng research teacher) (name ni Mayor)

Research Teacher Roxas, Oriental Mindoro Mayor

Questions

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Direction: Read the questions carefully and put check to the

number that suits to yourself. 1- very low, 2- low, 3- moderate and

4-high.

Table 1.1. Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Family

Item 1 2 3 4

1. Poor family function

2. A history of exposure to child

maltreatment

3. Witnessing family violence

4. Male controlling behaviors towards

their partners/family members

5. Absence of family member good

relationship

Overall mean

Table 1.2. Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Gender and Inequality

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Item 1 2 3 4

1. Harmful masculine behaviors,

including having multiple

partners or attitudes that

condone violence

2. Low level of women’s access

to paid employment

3. Community norms that

privilege or ascribe higher

status to men and lower status

to women

4. Lower levels of education

5. Low level of gender equality

Overall Weighted Mean

Table 1.3. Causes of domestic violence in Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in

terms of Personal and Community Problems and Influences

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Item 1 2 3 4

1. Economic problem

2. Drug addiction

3. Alcohol

intoxication/drunkenness

4. Antisocial personality

disorder

5. Marital discord and

dissatisfaction

Overall Weighted Mean

Direction: Check the column of the following physical violence you

have experience in your community.

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2.1 The Extent of Domestic Violence in the Municipality of Roxas,

Oriental Mindoro in terms of Physical

Punching, Throwing

Physical Pushing, Kicking, Pulling objects

Straggling Biting
Violence Slappng,Pushing of hair to a

or Scratching partner

Odiong

Libtong

San Aquilino

Tauga

San Isidro

San Mariano

Dangay

Paclasan

Bagumbayan

Victoria

Total

2.2 The Extent of Domestic Violence in the Municipality of Roxas,

Oriental Mindoro in terms of Emotional Violence/ Abuse

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Emotional Ignoring a Humiliating Ridiculing Threathening Destroying

Violence/ partner’s family or to leave or furniture or

Abuse feeling members insulting told to leave breaking

in public valued appliances

places beliefs,

religion

or raze

Odiong

Libtong

San
Aquilino

Tauga

San Isidro

San
Mariano

Dangay

Paclasan

Bagumbay
an

Victoria

Total

Table 2.3. The extent of domestic violence in the municipality of

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Sexual Violence/Abuse

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 John Paul College College of Criminology

Forcing a
Subjecting family
Forcing family member
Sexually
Sexual a members to
assaulting Rape
Violence/Abuse partner to become a
a partner
to strip unwanted sex
touching worker or
prostitute
Odiong
Libtong
San Aquilino
Tauga
San Isidro
San Mariano
Dangay
Paclasan
Bagumbayan
Victoria
Total

CURRICULUM VITAE

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John Paul College College of Criminology

THEODORE FETALCORIN

Libtong, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Name: Theodore Fetalcorin

Birthday: April 19, 2001

Birth Place: East Avenue Medical Center

Gender: Male

Age: 21

Height: 5’3

Religion: Church of Christ

Citizenship: Filipino

Status: Single

Father’s Name: N/A

Mother’s Name: Ruby S. Fetalcorin

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Libtong Elementary School

School Year: 2012-2013

Secondary

Junior High: Roxas Seventh Day Adventist Academy

School Year: 2016-2017

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Senior High: Roxas Seventh Day Adventist Academy

School Year: 2018-2019

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

John Paul College

MG Andaya Compound

Odiong, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

CURRICULUM VITAE

ADRIAN G. VILLANUEVA

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Odiong, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Adrian G. Villanueva

Birthday: November 9. 1998

Birth Place: Odiong Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Gender: Male

Age: 24

Height: 5’5

Religion: Four Square

Citizenship: Filipino

Status: Single

Father’s Name: Aldrin M. VIllanueva

Mother’s Name: Josephine F. Gonzales

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Lucio, Suarez, Sr. Memorial School

School Year: 2011-2012

Secondary

Junior High: John Paul College

School Year: 2015-2016

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John Paul College College of Criminology

Senior High: John Paul College

School Year: 2017-2018

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

John Paul College

MG Andaya Compound

Odiong, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

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John Paul College College of Criminology