(J 1o0f5 Khulna University of Engineering and technology Department of Architecture Batch 2 Year 1 Term Regular Examination, 2018, Course No: Arch 2161 Course Title : Construction Details Full Marks 210 Time 3 Hours N.B Answer any Three questions from ench section in separate srript Figure in the right margin indicate Full Marks. Section A 1 +a. State Three basic purposes of foundation b. In what condition Grillage Foundation is suitable? Briefly discuss Stee! 20 Grillage Foundation with necessary sketches. ©. In soft soil and under heavy loading condition, if you have to place walls or 10 columns close to the property line, what type af foundation will you choose? . Why? 2 a. Describe (with sketches) a type of shallow foundation system that would 25 support heavy structural load in soft clay or marshy site. b. Discuss Combined Footing. 0 3 a. Briefly discuss Friction Piles and Bearing Piles. Is b. Make a comparative discussion between Precast Concrete Piles and Cast- 20 in- Situ conerete Piles. 4 Write Short Notes on, (any three) 33 i, Damp ProofCourse qi. R.C.C Column Footing 4 iii. Timber Piles eniv. Inverted Arch Footing Scanned with CamScannerFoundation is Jowast park of the chruchow which. provides ov base. Characteristics ; * Below tha ground level * Such as conenet block, piles, Taft, grillog % Which transmits the dood on the sructuree induding the doad ood . Purpose of foundation: wGellemens Foundations provide he Structures stability from the ground. “To distribute the worght of the structure overco. Jonge a/@o—in order do avid overloading the undodyirg said eon causing unequal. selkierent) 3 basic purpose of oundation stated below: "Distributing Jood oven a big ama Scanned with CamScannersubject x Avoid over. Loading Y ‘prevent unequab seltlemants Proviching o develled surfice & taking | i Apat fom this, foundation aso undareg round. provides cettlement, consolidation ete. Baiefiy descuss Steel Grilloge Sourdatton— skolches A steels gnillage, Soundation consicts of Sled beams placed in single or dopble hers and enclosed. concrate:. pr ' Tha: 'grillage beams of each Her arte held in postion by 25 mm- duiamater.’ pipe sapareatores and 20. mm. 6pacere bans. The beame are spacad compachng of! appropriately to alow fa thers aod asin Scanned with CamScannerSubject ; 4 Seafesminninns : Date : Conese betwarn thom . ’ Ce] 6 Stel qrillage foundation beams. In any event, the distance behveen the beam? — flanges should not exeead , 1.540 2 dimes the of 30em .. A. minimum jcover of 100m is matrdavnad on He outside edges of the exkipal baams Wd above Flange of the top’ ‘hen +o pro tech the tlonge width, Worth: ac Maximum tha Upper beams from corrosion The corcnete,.eoyar undo Ha tower should not be less than Iem. Scanned with CamScannerDate LIC ] Subject :.. chad cordition Ginillage foundation ts sustabie? * In Had Consists Of one, two'orm more ctens of beams superimposed. pnt loxyere of corerete 4o disperse lood overe an extensive arao 's a qrillage Supdation. T+ is used ab dro base oF colums. | j AOvitecuieeanalies ac these Hens ana encased in concrete and are oF wiyht angles 4o each otha. “This typeot foundation "5 genarally used or hasvy steuctune columns | piers and gcaffalds. image Av vg te typically suitable Pon structow SEs share. tra. soit has toith relatively dow toads ond | \ Taare! 1 32s ee 2 stability of og? deperdson site spect Tt 15 important to note tot oe Briloge Fo fats ara Corditiorn geod beaning ca pantty. 4 Be commonly used for'— i me ne Scanned with CamScannerDate:{__]L_Il Subject : — aaegannmnnnioneeennttt TTT ATT TT TN slight +e—mode bean - Uniform soil condition: They work, “chen the sor a. = hac unifoom bearing capacity Ahreavghout 4ths—Aoundahion ay ig —tmpactant te candies o- gos technizol snag Hoa DOTTS—shaaaishes . hy lunife nm cord —condeitians 2) Gf ow suitable f vir tor modercabt. load bearing siuctunt> ; structures wlth Tulaltively ow dosds sudias eval Strychunas de. for residential buildizgs .’smal) Comma' 3. Shallow Soundation Tagutromants + GE one shallow Younda tions that ore typically placed dineaty on dha ground orca shallow excavation. Thay ‘are rot sudtable ow dep excavations. Eyen. load dstribusion; GE ane efRelve ob distri busing dro stloeds evenly overo larger onaa ot sold. Tthey can help — mitigate differential setHemen+ by Spreading! the. load and ma duceng, the tusk of localind seillement, In oth of tha above condition OF ss ou'tobio. Scanned with CamScannerSubject :.. w dn soft Soil and unden heavy voading condstion 1 gow have +o place wots or colums close to the property iat, what type of — Soundation In ‘s0%t soth ‘conditons 9! whane naod to be closely placed do +h Property walls Jira, tha, most commonly used fourdation type is a pile: foundation, Pile Soundation:. Pile foundation are deep $ourdationn trad) teantee the dood of the structure to dacpen, morte competent * soit or! Teock lay er¢(i)tn He case of dlosely . placer walls man tho property wine, p. s@allow the Joad of the Shuscturce Jobe ramternad into deop hole tntothe ground @ minimizing the impo ch on tha_ adjacerd patgperty; @ reducer the rE of soil movemart on Sekklelement i) that Could at fect naghbowrirg Stwctunon ete. Scanned with CamScanner: poe (o Whar dao.ling with soft sold, Me bearing capacity of- te soil may be insutPicient to support the parght of tha Structwu. Piles ara long, slender ¢olums made e? concnele, steal om simkan thadang driven into the_ ground +o provide support TRa_ piles + distri bude tha dood of dhe Stuer FP A larger anol ecu Teduaing dhe’ prossuna_ on he Soft soik and preventing excessive. settlemant . Thera ow. afferent types of ‘pile’ fourdatiory edg, inciting driven piles and borad. piles. Driven piles ore hammanad on vibreated ' Into dhe. qround . while borod piles ara crated by excavating ho de ard then placing concrake ort eed stecl into it. he choice of ~~ pide founs type. depirds ont coil conditions, the dood roqustramonts) and the comstruction_ PIOCLM - Scanned with CamScannerthat would Suppord hoa vy Stuctural load in sftclag ore marshy site 7 In so¥+ clay on manshy site Where ‘ ' 1 the Soil has poor beacing capacity , deep Burdobions such a6 piles on piers typically used to Support heavy Structural loads. However . if for some raason deap Youndation ane not feasible om cost—effectve, Mora ora & few. types of shallow foundations hos ean be concidoned. These foundetions— (D One. type, of. Shallow foundation thot can be .used,in. Such Conditions ig o Taft op mak Foundation. this type oF Paindation consists of a thick, reinfmneed dortnate slab ul extends over. the entire buildeng Footprint, Tha weight of the structuna % evenly distrib vtely vere the Son. Scanned with CamScannerDate aren of the lob, tharaby reduatng the besrung pressure on the soft soil. (iD Another option ig tha use of pile foundation, combined with oO pile cap: Piles canbe driven desp into tha ground oer thoy Teach more competent G0id layer Ore O- fam stratum. A reinforced concres Ala Cap vig than =e constructed. oa fop of “ha ‘piles. toheth. ack api oe Foundation Yon the shoudlund The esd from the isinuchine is i i Both raft “andi pile Soundations with a pik cap are ‘effective in naducering tho [bearing pre sour ar ott Chewy te mannhy sites , Scanned with CamScannerSARANGI scans (WD) Combined footing Combined footing : Also krown as ao strip Footing om combined ctrip Footing is ow type oo Foundotion Commonly used in conshweshion +o guppowt multiple —a Columns of closely spaced SHAQ NAAT ANANAAESAEAN columg. It is designed 40 |e" dig-tribute tre load Pom the columns ‘over_o. angen. onan of Sold, Ynoreby reducing tha pressure exerted i4,on +the Sort. ESS SAW, @® Setradions A combined Footing is typically used when the columns ara close enough to each othe that individual footings would overdap 07 mage, A single combined footing ig Congtructed dp Support “misttiple column’. @ The design of a! combirad footing involves considening properties of the soid, # and the dasired tha toads ‘From’ tha! colume jhe Scanned with CamScannerSubject :, AMIENS Date : ll J allowable heaning prossura. “Tha demansiong and shape of tha Footing one dalepminad based on thes & Yoctons fo ensure dhat the Soundation. can sotely bransere tha doods to te soil without erceSive Sedttiemant or Faclune. @ ena are several types of combined footings including rectanqulon, hase and sheep footings, ha cholea of the Looting ye dur dopends on. Yoetons such as the column Boil conditions andk siructunok wapemend arrangemant, @ dn Some gered: a Combinad Pooling moi include» pedestal or a prea) ection bonseth ads Column to provide additonal suppord: ond provent diPterendiol setHamant | Reintorce.ment, such as steel bans, may 2tso be used in, the footing to enhanee its stramgth ond stabi Liay. Scanned with CamScannerZ ) Subject :. es Date E-Ten] HERRERA HENAN Overall , combirad footirgs one an et fectve Solution, whan daaling. coith Closely Foundation Gpacod or qrouped columg an it provider o& Stable and. :e¢ononu'cal ophon for Gara leading. column [oode to tha underlying sort, Bearing piles x Fricton Piles and Friction piles, and beaning piles ane ‘ 4wo! types of daap Youndaten sysiems in construction Jo toan're the load o% % structure fo dacam, mone competent jlayens of Soil or rock, While both types of dctfer inthe pittor piles . gertve the some purpose, ated waxy they tanker tne dood Friction (Piles, Also Known as cohesion piles prima na maly ory the ¥nichonal rwsistanae behweenthe pile curt faca and tho surrounding. soid to tranPer the load. “hese piles ana typically Jorg. and ANAT AN NARI Scanned with CamScannerDate : Subject:.... HAAN Slendan’ with a relatively small © deamaberc. Thay ou used in sttuatons Share tre undo», S have sufieant ‘strength to mesist by He shuchure . Whan Friction Sot layers tre loads imposed installed, tha pile 's driven or dulled whe piles ane the ground until’ i+ reaches a doy or of soit oy rock = with adequate strength. The Fpictionas We ord the pesistance © alorg’ tha surface, oF the ei “oid ore rode surrounding: Sh chalps. to sranier, Ane lead 2. Bean ing piles + Bearing piles) ate drilled into tho. aera und thay reach & hard layer, Suahas SHOP clay, Inat can suppimt the bad of the rock ort Structure. “the pile tranfens the load pelmanily- Jhrough tha end beaning capacity of the Undorely ing layer. “The Joad is shen ransmitied foom the pila Cap 40 the pile ond eventually Yo He booming layer . Scanned with CamScannersoo Seeemoenenonamanannnnaninnnennennenensnenenannenensen I+s6 important to note that the Selocton of ¥.p orm bp dapends on the site conditions, soil properties and Stuctmal Teguuttemants ‘ ‘ Precast Concnote oe eer g i | j y | y g y j | | Gnsteuction procon : | Casting hese piles ane @ “These piles are manufoctiral construcied on site offsite ina controlled environmend| directly intha ground. The: eencrote is cast nip molds) |The ‘procen mvVolver | ] j | and allowed to-curs before: «| dyging a | borighole ore j | barry, trorspo nied, to the constuctin €xCAvation., rein for cerg iL | side. Thay are, ¢ thon drivenee or] coith steel naintoncamand- | Stalled into Ha qroud using | cages, ard pouring canencis | Speunl equipment. in the excavated pole. | Be Z TTime 0% consheuetion / @ Gt increased tha spaolo? |@, is morte (0 + NNN | construction. This means this,|. companad to | pre. caat teemiqur is lun He co nsumptive . Scanned with CamScannersth Precast ok Subject. I's Casting : ; 3B. Caskna: Canrot b * Fleman’, ane casted in ® Elemants Cannot be casted in a@dyonea advace + Weatharr cond ion cashing work. oq * Waather condition has no ef feat on the carte works Main te nance; @ Maintenance 's easy, @ Manntenance_ 1s dftedy Cast | ‘ ® Mainteriance “Cost ts Cost oof ot is highor err apa te Companad 4p cast'in situ -- vs pmarconk faquiremant of Werk © @) # Monk‘ werdkor7s ona @ “and Ma chinarey : Re Geeta & less | woreker aie gai does Tot negutme such reoguired_ machinery Yor «Requires cranes ‘ ani and | haa vq ) ma chivareey ore hand ting Scanned with CamScanneroe g | sabjee Preeast Cactin Site wife inaclomen mmremmmamins | in [vse won @ Strang th @ on site onang th test On sie strength test iS naqutred ts not mwoquired Elenunts are not to j | | j | | | | ; j @® Teehnicat j j | Ele is have tobe, be dasiqnad for, such j | designed for handling, loader of strom i Strom ond loadr r Short notes’ -» (i) Panip' prod ¥ counse AD ROC. Glumn Footing j lun) Timber Piles | 4 Tented Arch Footirey, z Z | DPCs¥ Dee ts a Jlayere of cbaterc pros? mater ot g j : / thot Is ‘installed | in tha wails, Floors and otere ] areas Of a busldong +o pagent the. of moisture and dampron. t+ Is mada of madenials |ike bitumen, pla ste | vulnana ble Penetration typically Scanned with CamScanner* Date : SHAHHHHOHOHOHKHKAAHHNNHHNT steal ord spectalized waten proofing mambraner. @ Timber Piles; » timber piles ans long aylirdrical columns Mada! oe Gad tok 12 aad ed at Sounded elements | to Suppont Structsrias. {Thay one driven. into the Ground using pile’ drivers ent'l thar ruach a stable toed beaming stratum. 4%. Timber piles ana commonly wed in omar whore other types, of Yourdation tray not Pe Cuifeble or cost effective . B RoC lume’ Fooling, 'Reinfowead column footing Y ratens” to Ine foundation steuatwe frat Supports columns .in, A buslding , * Ths Footing, duces the daph of foundadon costing less, (+ may be einculare , rectangular, Sauara in plan, 2 HY is Temnaed | both ways by seal ribbad bang Placed a+ ght anglar. Scanned with CamScannerpests Date :| ) : ANAT @ Trvenied rch footings 16 a type of structure used for old multistoniel buildings and romaly dona those dary s 2 Ona problem ts to strengthen tha. end piers With buthusses . * In case of Soft soil ths redwes tre dopth oe Sounda tion o + Used ohare tha beontng capacity of sail slow, Scanned with CamScanner