Introduction to General Organic and

Biochemistry 11th Edition

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Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4 Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT

5.5 Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT

 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.6 Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

5.7 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures:

 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.8 (a) Yes, there can be a hydrogen bond between water and methanol, because the hydrogen
atom in both molecules is bonded to an electronegative oxygen atom. Water can act as
hydrogen bond acceptor with methanol as the hydrogen bond donor (1) and methanol
can serve as the hydrogen bond acceptor with water as the hydrogen bond donor (2).

(b) No, C-H bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds.

5.9 Heat of vaporization of water = 540. cal/g

5.10 The heat required to heat 1.0 g iron to melting = 2.3 x 102 cal .

5.11 According to the phase diagram of water (Figure 5.20), the vapor will undergo reverse
sublimation and form solid ice.

5.12 Unit conversion:

5.13 Kinetic molecular theory explains that as the volume of a gas decreases, the concentration
of gas molecules per unit of volume increases and the number of gas molecules colliding
with the walls of the container increases. Because gas pressure results from the collisions of
gas molecules with the walls of the container, as volume decreases, pressure increases.

5.14 The pressure in a fixed container increases as temperature increases because as temperature
increases, the molecules move proportionally faster. As molecular speed increases, the
number of collisions with the vessel wall increase per unit time.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.15 Using the ideal gas law equation, the volume of a gas can be decreased by (1) increasing
the pressure on the gas, (2) lowering the temperature (cooling) of the gas, and (3)
decreasing the number of moles of the gas.

5.16 (a), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), (k), and (l): True
(b) False: increasing the pressure of a gas at constant temperature decreases the
volume (Boyle’s Law).
(c) False: Boyle’s Law explains the relationship between pressure and volume at
constant temperature, P1V1 = P2V2.
(h) False: Gay-Lussac's Law explains the relationship between pressure and
temperature at constant volume, .

(j) All of the gas laws use temperature in absolute units (Kelvin), not oC, therefore, for the
volume to double, the temperature (in Kelvin) would have to double.

5.18 Boyle’s Law:

5.20 Gay-Lussac’s Law: The tire is at constant volume.

5.22 Charles’s Law:

 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.24 Gay-Lussac’s Law:

5.26 Gay-Lussac’s Law:

5.28 Complete this table: Use the equation.

V1 T1 P1 V2 T2 P2
546 L 43oC 6.5 atm 2.0 x 103 L 65oC 1.9 atm
43 mL -56oC 865 torr 48 mL 43oC 1.5 atm
4.2 L 234 K 0.87 atm 3.2 L 29oC 1.5 atm
1.3 L 25oC 740 mm Hg 1.2 L 0oC 1.0 atm

5.30 Charles’s Law: atmospheric pressure acting on balloon is constant

5.32

5.34
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.36 (a), (c), (f), and (h): True

(b) False: one mole of an ideal gas at STP has a volume of 22.4 L.
(d) False: Avogadro’s number is 6.02 x 1023 units per mole.
(e) False: Avogadro’s number is valid for any substance, any state of matter, under
any conditions.
(g) False: ideal gas law calculations MUST always use Kevin for units, not Celsius.
(i) False: one mole of an ideal gas at STP has a volume of 22.4 L, independent of
molecular weight.

5.38 Using the PV=nRT ideal gas law equation:

5.40 Using the PV=nRT ideal gas law equation:

5.42 Using the PV = nRT equation:

5.44 1 gulp of air = 2 L at STP

 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.46 Using the PV=nRT Gas Law equation, the following equation is derived:

5.48 Molecules in the gas phase are in constant, random motion. Over time, the gas molecules
mix thoroughly with air and, and in so doing, travel to the stratosphere.

5.50 Ideal gas law:

5.52 The densities would be the same. The density of a substance does not depend on its
quantity.

5.54

5.56 (a) PT = PN2 + PO2 + PAr

(b) The total pressure exerted by the components is the sum of their partial pressures: 759
mm Hg (approximately 1 atm). The difference is due to rounding errors in the
calculation.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.58 The total pressure should be the sum of its partial pressures.

Difference of 5 mm Hg, therefore, there must be another gas present.

5.60 Both Dalton’s atomic theory and kinetic molecular theory describe gases and other matter
as composed of either indivisible particles called atoms or of collections of atoms called
molecules. Kinetic molecular theory focuses on the physical behavior of gases where
Dalton’s atomic theory is concerned with the composition of matter.

5.62 Intramolecular covalent bonds are stronger than intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Covalent
bonds involve the sharing of electrons, where as hydrogen bonds involve weaker
electrostatic interactions.

5.64 Yes, the water OH can hydrogen bond (the hydrogen bond donor) with the oxygen lone
pair on the S=O (the hydrogen bond acceptor).

5.66 Ethanol is a polar molecule and engages in intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Carbon
dioxide is a nonpolar molecule and has only weak intermolecular London dispersion forces.
The stronger hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces require more energy and higher
temperatures to break before boiling.

5.68 Hexane has a higher boiling point. It is a larger molecule than butane, thus hexane has
larger London dispersion forces to overcome before boiling.

5.70 Ethyl chloride’s boiling point is higher (12oC) than 0oC of STP, therefore, it is a liquid at
STP.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.72 (a) Glucose is a molecular crystalline solid.

(b) Silver is a metallic crystalline solid.
(c) Silicon carbide is a crystalline network covalent solid.
(d) All pure water is a molecular solid below 0oC.
(e) Potassium iodide is a crystalline ionic solid.
(f) Elemental sulfur is a molecular solid.

5.74

5.76

5.78 CH4 has a much higher vapor pressure than water at room temperature because the boiling
point of CH4 (-161 oC) has already been exceeded (vapor pressure equal atmospheric
pressure). At room temperature, water has not reached its boiling point (100oC) thus its
vapor pressure is well below atmospheric pressure.

5.80 Energy required to heat 1 mol of ice (0oC to a liquid at 23oC) = heat + heat of fusion

5.82 (a) The energy released when 100. g of steam at 100.oC is condensed to 37oC:

(b) The energy released when 100. g of liquid water at 100.oC is cooled to 37oC:

(6.3 kcal)

(c) Steam releases its heat of vaporization when condensed from gas to liquid. The heat of
vaporization of liquid water (540 cal/g) is much greater than the heat capacity of water
(1 cal/g . oC). The heat released by 100 grams of steam cooling from 100oC to 37oC
greatly exceeds the heat released by 100 grams of water cooling from 100oC to 37oC.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.84 The dry ice sublimes, forming a gas. The Ideal Gas Law equation becomes:

5.86 A phase diagram of water shows that heating ice from -10oC to 20oC while reducing the
pressure from 1 atm to 0.1 atm results in sublimation.

5.88 Carbon monoxide is bound to hemoglobin and does not allow it to carry oxygen. Oxygen
under pressure in a hyperbaric chamber dissolves in the plasma and is carried to the tissues
without the aid of hemoglobin.

5.90 Frostbite occurs when tissue freezes. The frozen water in the cells expands and ruptures
the cells causing damage, sometimes irreversible.

5.92 Supercritical carbon dioxide has the density of a liquid but maintains its gas like property
of being able to flow with little viscosity or surface tension.

5.94 (a) Gas pressure results from the force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the
container walls that hold the gas.
(b) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules.

5.96 Gay-Lussac’s Law predicts that the pressure inside the can will more than double.
Assuming that 400 oC was measured to three significant figures 400. oC,

5.98 The barometric pressure drops when the air becomes less dense.

5.100 As the intermolecular forces increase between molecules or atoms, so do their melting
points. Melting points: Xe < CO2 < HCl < H2O < LiCl < CaO
London dispersion forces, the weakest of the intermolecular forces, hold xenon and
carbon dioxide together. Carbon dioxide is larger than xenon, therefore, the London
dispersion forces are greater. Dipole-dipole attractive forces hold HCl together, which is
weaker than the hydrogen bonding attractions between H2O molecules. Both LiCl and
CaO are held together by the strongest of intermolecular forces, ion-ion interactions. The
ion-ion attractive forces increase in strength as the charges on the ions increase.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.102 The following conversion must be calculated first:

5.104 Gases are transparent because of the large amount of empty space between gas
molecules. Visible light passes through a gas sample without much interaction with the
gas molecules.

5.106 Pentane has the lower boiling point, therefore it would be predicted to have the higher
vapor pressure at 20oC.

5.108 Water has hydrogen bonding that holds it in the liquid state, giving it a higher boiling
point than hydrogen sulfide, which does not engage in hydrogen bonding.

5.110
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.112 First, balance the equation to:

Next, determine the number of moles of each reactant at the reaction conditions using the
unit conversions and ideal gas law equation:

Now determine limiting reagent:

The limiting reagent is H2O gas, therefore, 2.9 g of oxygen gas is produced under these
conditions.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.114 (a)

(b) Unit conversions and determining moles of CO2 produced precede the solution for
volume of carbon dioxide produced under the reaction conditions.

(c) Dalton's law of partial pressures: PT = PCO2 + PH2O

If the water is removed, the pressure resulting from the water vapor is gone.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.116 heat required by heating the solid from –10.oC to -0oC:

heat required by melting (phase change) at 0oC involves the heat of fusion:

heat required by heating the liquid from 0oC to 100.oC:

heat required by boiling (phase change) at 100.oC involves the heat of vaporization:

heat required by heating the gas from 100.oC to 115oC:

add up the heat required by each step: 2.56 x 103 cal of heat required total
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.118 (a)

(b)
moles of CO2 produced:

mass of CO2 produced (in kg):

(c)

(d) The Lewis structure of isooctane:

(e) Linear hydrocarbons have higher boiling points than branched hydrocarbons of the
same molecular formula because the London Dispersion intermolecular attractive
forces are greater in the molecule with the larger surface area (linear shape, octane)
than in a smaller surface area (globular-shaped molecule, isooctane).

(f) Isooctane is expected to have the higher vapor pressure because it has the lower
boiling point.
 Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

5.120 (a) Using the PV=nRT Ideal Gas Law equation, the following equation is derived:

(b) The hydrocarbon that has a molecular mass of 42.0 g/mol has C3H6 as a molecular
formula. The two structures that have this molecular formal are propene and
cyclopropane.
(c) Lewis structures, bond angles and geometries as predicted by VSEPR theory:

(d) Both molecules have only nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds. Molecules with only
nonpolar bonds can only be nonpolar; therefore, cyclopropane and propene are
nonpolar.
(e) The only intermolecular forces present in nonpolar molecules are London dispersion
forces; therefore, the only intermolecular force experienced by propene and
cyclopropane is weak London dispersion forces.