Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.8 (a) Yes, there can be a hydrogen bond between water and methanol, because the hydrogen
atom in both molecules is bonded to an electronegative oxygen atom. Water can act as
hydrogen bond acceptor with methanol as the hydrogen bond donor (1) and methanol
can serve as the hydrogen bond acceptor with water as the hydrogen bond donor (2).
5.10 The heat required to heat 1.0 g iron to melting = 2.3 x 102 cal .
5.11 According to the phase diagram of water (Figure 5.20), the vapor will undergo reverse
sublimation and form solid ice.
5.13 Kinetic molecular theory explains that as the volume of a gas decreases, the concentration
of gas molecules per unit of volume increases and the number of gas molecules colliding
with the walls of the container increases. Because gas pressure results from the collisions of
gas molecules with the walls of the container, as volume decreases, pressure increases.
5.14 The pressure in a fixed container increases as temperature increases because as temperature
increases, the molecules move proportionally faster. As molecular speed increases, the
number of collisions with the vessel wall increase per unit time.
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.15 Using the ideal gas law equation, the volume of a gas can be decreased by (1) increasing
the pressure on the gas, (2) lowering the temperature (cooling) of the gas, and (3)
decreasing the number of moles of the gas.
5.16 (a), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), (k), and (l): True
(b) False: increasing the pressure of a gas at constant temperature decreases the
volume (Boyle’s Law).
(c) False: Boyle’s Law explains the relationship between pressure and volume at
constant temperature, P1V1 = P2V2.
(h) False: Gay-Lussac's Law explains the relationship between pressure and
temperature at constant volume, .
(j) All of the gas laws use temperature in absolute units (Kelvin), not oC, therefore, for the
volume to double, the temperature (in Kelvin) would have to double.
V1 T1 P1 V2 T2 P2
546 L 43oC 6.5 atm 2.0 x 103 L 65oC 1.9 atm
43 mL -56oC 865 torr 48 mL 43oC 1.5 atm
4.2 L 234 K 0.87 atm 3.2 L 29oC 1.5 atm
1.3 L 25oC 740 mm Hg 1.2 L 0oC 1.0 atm
5.32
5.34
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.46 Using the PV=nRT Gas Law equation, the following equation is derived:
5.48 Molecules in the gas phase are in constant, random motion. Over time, the gas molecules
mix thoroughly with air and, and in so doing, travel to the stratosphere.
5.52 The densities would be the same. The density of a substance does not depend on its
quantity.
5.54
(b) The total pressure exerted by the components is the sum of their partial pressures: 759
mm Hg (approximately 1 atm). The difference is due to rounding errors in the
calculation.
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.58 The total pressure should be the sum of its partial pressures.
5.60 Both Dalton’s atomic theory and kinetic molecular theory describe gases and other matter
as composed of either indivisible particles called atoms or of collections of atoms called
molecules. Kinetic molecular theory focuses on the physical behavior of gases where
Dalton’s atomic theory is concerned with the composition of matter.
5.62 Intramolecular covalent bonds are stronger than intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Covalent
bonds involve the sharing of electrons, where as hydrogen bonds involve weaker
electrostatic interactions.
5.64 Yes, the water OH can hydrogen bond (the hydrogen bond donor) with the oxygen lone
pair on the S=O (the hydrogen bond acceptor).
5.66 Ethanol is a polar molecule and engages in intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Carbon
dioxide is a nonpolar molecule and has only weak intermolecular London dispersion forces.
The stronger hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces require more energy and higher
temperatures to break before boiling.
5.68 Hexane has a higher boiling point. It is a larger molecule than butane, thus hexane has
larger London dispersion forces to overcome before boiling.
5.70 Ethyl chloride’s boiling point is higher (12oC) than 0oC of STP, therefore, it is a liquid at
STP.
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.74
5.76
5.78 CH4 has a much higher vapor pressure than water at room temperature because the boiling
point of CH4 (-161 oC) has already been exceeded (vapor pressure equal atmospheric
pressure). At room temperature, water has not reached its boiling point (100oC) thus its
vapor pressure is well below atmospheric pressure.
5.80 Energy required to heat 1 mol of ice (0oC to a liquid at 23oC) = heat + heat of fusion
5.82 (a) The energy released when 100. g of steam at 100.oC is condensed to 37oC:
(b) The energy released when 100. g of liquid water at 100.oC is cooled to 37oC:
(6.3 kcal)
(c) Steam releases its heat of vaporization when condensed from gas to liquid. The heat of
vaporization of liquid water (540 cal/g) is much greater than the heat capacity of water
(1 cal/g . oC). The heat released by 100 grams of steam cooling from 100oC to 37oC
greatly exceeds the heat released by 100 grams of water cooling from 100oC to 37oC.
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.84 The dry ice sublimes, forming a gas. The Ideal Gas Law equation becomes:
5.86 A phase diagram of water shows that heating ice from -10oC to 20oC while reducing the
pressure from 1 atm to 0.1 atm results in sublimation.
5.88 Carbon monoxide is bound to hemoglobin and does not allow it to carry oxygen. Oxygen
under pressure in a hyperbaric chamber dissolves in the plasma and is carried to the tissues
without the aid of hemoglobin.
5.90 Frostbite occurs when tissue freezes. The frozen water in the cells expands and ruptures
the cells causing damage, sometimes irreversible.
5.92 Supercritical carbon dioxide has the density of a liquid but maintains its gas like property
of being able to flow with little viscosity or surface tension.
5.94 (a) Gas pressure results from the force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the
container walls that hold the gas.
(b) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules.
5.96 Gay-Lussac’s Law predicts that the pressure inside the can will more than double.
Assuming that 400 oC was measured to three significant figures 400. oC,
5.98 The barometric pressure drops when the air becomes less dense.
5.100 As the intermolecular forces increase between molecules or atoms, so do their melting
points. Melting points: Xe < CO2 < HCl < H2O < LiCl < CaO
London dispersion forces, the weakest of the intermolecular forces, hold xenon and
carbon dioxide together. Carbon dioxide is larger than xenon, therefore, the London
dispersion forces are greater. Dipole-dipole attractive forces hold HCl together, which is
weaker than the hydrogen bonding attractions between H2O molecules. Both LiCl and
CaO are held together by the strongest of intermolecular forces, ion-ion interactions. The
ion-ion attractive forces increase in strength as the charges on the ions increase.
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.104 Gases are transparent because of the large amount of empty space between gas
molecules. Visible light passes through a gas sample without much interaction with the
gas molecules.
5.106 Pentane has the lower boiling point, therefore it would be predicted to have the higher
vapor pressure at 20oC.
5.108 Water has hydrogen bonding that holds it in the liquid state, giving it a higher boiling
point than hydrogen sulfide, which does not engage in hydrogen bonding.
5.110
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
The limiting reagent is H2O gas, therefore, 2.9 g of oxygen gas is produced under these
conditions.
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.114 (a)
(b) Unit conversions and determining moles of CO2 produced precede the solution for
volume of carbon dioxide produced under the reaction conditions.
heat required by melting (phase change) at 0oC involves the heat of fusion:
heat required by boiling (phase change) at 100.oC involves the heat of vaporization:
add up the heat required by each step: 2.56 x 103 cal of heat required total
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
5.118 (a)
(b)
moles of CO2 produced:
(c)
(e) Linear hydrocarbons have higher boiling points than branched hydrocarbons of the
same molecular formula because the London Dispersion intermolecular attractive
forces are greater in the molecule with the larger surface area (linear shape, octane)
than in a smaller surface area (globular-shaped molecule, isooctane).
(f) Isooctane is expected to have the higher vapor pressure because it has the lower
boiling point.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
— Vaan sinäpä et nukkunut, pyssynlaukaukset sinut herättivät.
— Tiedätkös sinä, pikku veijari, että minä voin viedä sinut joko
Corteen tai Bastiaan. Panen sinut vankeuteen, raudat jaloissa
olkivuoteelle makaamaan, ja mestautan sinut, jos et sano missä
Gianetto
Sanpiero piileksii.
— Hui-hai!
— Jokohan?
— Saat nähdä… Vaan kuuleppa… ole nyt siivo poika, niin minä
annan sinulle jotain.
Poikanen huokasi.
— No, tahdotkos tämän kellon, pikku serkku?
Ajutantille taas tuli aika hätä, kun näki Mateon lähestyvän näin
verkkaisin askelin, pyssy tanassa ja sormi liipasimella.
— Päivää, veli.
— Kavaltajan asunto!
— Pois minusta!
— Serkkuni, ajutantti.
Falcone tempasi kellon ja lennätti sen sellaisella voimalla vasten
kiveä, että se pirstausi tuhanneksi muruksi.
— Lue rukouksesi.
— Isä, osaan minä vielä Ave Marian ja sen, jonka täti minulle
opetti.
— Oletko lopettanut?
— Oikeutta.
Etuvarustuksen valloitus.
Niin pian kuin käsky marssia eteenpäin oli annettu, katsoi kapteeni
minuun niin tutkivasti, että minun täytyi pyyhkäistä pari kertaa nuoria
viiksiäni näyttääkseni niin huolettomalta kuin mahdollista. Muuten ei
minua pelottanutkaan, ja ainoa huoleni oli se, että muut ehkä luulivat
minun pelkäävän. Nuo vaarattomat kuulat vaikuttivat nekin siihen,
että pysyin sankarillisen kylmäverisenä. Itserakkauteni taas toisti,
että todellakin olin vaarassa, koskapa kuitenkin olin patteritulen alla.
Tunsin itseni vallan iloiseksi hyvinvoinnistani ja mietiskelin, kuinka
hauskaa on kertoa Cheverinon varustuksen valloituksesta rouva B:n
salongissa Provencen-kadun varrella.
— Kas sepä oli suora tapa tervehtiä ihmisiä, sanoin niin iloisesti
kuin voin. Oloihin nähden pidettiin tätä huonoa sukkeluutta vallan
mainiona.
Loin katseeni ylöspäin enkä ikinä unohda silloista näkyä. Enin osa
savua oli kohonnut ilmaan ja riippui kuin telttakatos noin
kahdenkymmenen jalan korkealla varustuksen yllä. Sinertävän
usvan läpi näkyivät puoleksi hajonneen rintasuojuksensa takana
venäläiset krenatöörit, jotka seisoivat pyssyt koholla ja
liikkumattomina kuin patsaat. Olen vieläkin näkevinäni jokaisen
sotamiehen, vasen silmä meihin luotuna ja oikea kohotetun pyssyn
peitossa. Eräässä ampumareiässä muutamia askeleita meistä seisoi
mies tulisoihtu kädessä kanuunansa vieressä.
Arpapeli.