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Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE

Wednesday 9 January 2019


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH0/1C  4SC0/1C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH0
Science (Double Award) 4SC0
Paper: 1C
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• your mind
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box
about an answer, put a line through the box
. If you change
and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 120.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P55714A0128*
P55714A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

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2
Answer ALL questions.
1 The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
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(a) Substances can be changed from one state to another.


The box lists some words relating to changes of state.

condensing      cooling      evaporation

heating      melting      sublimation

Complete the table by giving the correct word from the box for each change of state.
Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
(3)
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Change of state Name of change

from solid to liquid

from liquid to gas

from solid to gas

(b) The particles in a solid are closely packed, arranged in a regular pattern and
vibrate about a fixed position.
Describe the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas.
(3)

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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

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*P55714A0328* Turn over
2 Rock salt is a mixture of the soluble salt, sodium chloride, and some insoluble impurities.
The diagram shows the first three stages of a method used to obtain pure sodium chloride

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from rock salt.

X
Y

Z
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
rock salt crushed crushed rock salt
added to water

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(a) Name the pieces of apparatus labelled X, Y and Z
(3)

X ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) State why the mixture of rock salt and water is warmed and stirred in stage 2.
(2)

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(ii) What is water in stage 2?


(1)

A a residue
B a solute
C a solution
D a solvent

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*P55714A0428*
(c) (i) Explain what happens to the impurities in stage 3.
(2)
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(ii) What is the liquid collected at the end of stage 3?


(1)
A a residue
B a solute
C a solution
D a solvent
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(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)


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*P55714A0628*
BLANK PAGE

6
3 Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a) The diagram shows a column used in the industrial process to separate crude oil.
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refinery gases

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil
crude oil vapour
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bitumen

(i) Name the industrial process used to separate crude oil.


(1)

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(ii) State a use for kerosene and a use for bitumen.


(2)

kerosene ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bitumen ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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*P55714A0728* Turn over
(b) A molecule of the hydrocarbon eicosane has the formula C20H42
(i) Explain which homologous series eicosane belongs to.

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(2)

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(ii) Name a catalyst used in the industrial cracking of eicosane.


(1)

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(iii) In a possible reaction for the cracking of eicosane, the products are three
molecules of C4H8 and one molecule of another hydrocarbon.

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Complete the equation for this reaction.
(1)

C20H42 → 3C4H8 + ...............................................

(c) Hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated.


(i) Explain what is meant by the term hydrocarbon.
(2)

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(ii) State what is meant by a hydrocarbon being saturated.
(1)

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*P55714A0828*
(iii) Describe a chemical test used to distinguish between unsaturated and
saturated hydrocarbons.
(3)
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test . .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

results ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) The unsaturated hydrocarbon C4H8 has several isomers.


The displayed formula for one of these isomers is

H H H
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H
H C C C=C

H H H

(i) Name this isomer.


(1)

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(ii) Draw the displayed formula of another isomer of C4H8


(1)
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*P55714A0928* Turn over
4 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term covalent bonding.
(2)

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(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ethene, C2H4
Show only the outer electrons.
(2)

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(b) Substances A and B are covalently bonded and have simple molecular structures.
The table gives the boiling points for substances A and B.

Boiling point
Substance
in °C
A –42
B –0.5
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*P55714A01028*
(i) Explain why substances with simple molecular structures have low boiling points.
(2)
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(ii) Suggest why the boiling point of B is higher than the boiling point of A.
(1)

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(iii) Substance B has the empirical formula C2H5 and an Mr value of 58.
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Determine the molecular formula of substance B.


(2)

(c) Substance X is also covalently bonded, but its structure is different from that of A and B.
It has a boiling point of 2230 °C.
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Explain, in terms of its structure, why X has such a high boiling point.
(2)

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(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

11
*P55714A01128* Turn over
5 Hot, molten sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide gas.
(a) Describe what is seen when a sample of hot, molten sulfur is lowered into a

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gas jar containing oxygen.
(1)

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(b) Sulfur dioxide gas is formed during the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid
and sodium sulfite, Na2SO3
A salt and water are also formed.
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

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(c) This apparatus can be used to collect a pure, dry sample of sulfur dioxide gas.

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dilute hydrochloric acid

sodium sulfite
silica gel

heat

(i) Suggest the purpose of the silica gel.


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12
*P55714A01228*
(ii) Name the method used in the diagram to collect the sulfur dioxide gas.
(1)
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(iii) State the physical property of sulfur dioxide gas that allows it to be collected
in this way.
(1)

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(d) A sample of sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form an acidic solution.
(i) Identify the acid formed.
(1)

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(ii) A few drops of methyl orange indicator are added to this solution.
State the colour of the indicator in this solution.
(1)
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(iii) Give the formula of the ion responsible for this colour.
(1)

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(iv) An alkali is then added to neutralise the acid.


State the final colour of the indicator.
(1)

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(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)


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13
*P55714A01328* Turn over
6 A student investigates the rate of the reaction between magnesium ribbon and dilute
hydrochloric acid. The products are magnesium chloride and hydrogen.

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(a) The equation for the reaction is

Mg(. . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl(............. ) → MgCl2(............. ) + H2(............. )


Complete the equation by adding the state symbols.
(1)
(b) The student uses these pieces of apparatus in his experiment.

gas syringe

flask

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bung

This is his method.


• clean a strip of magnesium ribbon to remove the oxide layer
• pour 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid into the flask
• put the clean magnesium ribbon into the flask
• quickly put the bung into the flask to connect the gas syringe
• record the volume of gas in the syringe every minute for eight minutes

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14
*P55714A01428*
(i) Suggest why the student cleans the magnesium ribbon to remove the oxide layer.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why the student needs to put the bung into the flask quickly.
(1)

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(iii) Suggest when the student should start the stop watch.
(1)
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15
*P55714A01528* Turn over
(c) The graph shows the results of the student’s experiment.

90 –

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80 –

70 –

60 –

50 –
Volume of gas
in cm3
40 –

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30 –

20 –

10 –

0–

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 – 8
Time in minutes

(i) Use the graph to find the volume of gas in the syringe at one minute.
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Show on the graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)

volume = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(ii) Use the graph to find the time when the reaction stops.
(1)

time = .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . minutes

16
*P55714A01628*
(iii) Suggest two possible reasons why the reaction stops.
(2)
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1 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Explain when the rate of reaction is greatest.


(2)

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(d) Explain how increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid affects the rate
of the reaction with magnesium.

Refer to the particle collision theory in your answer.


(4)

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(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

17
*P55714A01728* Turn over
7 In the Periodic Table, the vertical columns of elements are called groups.
(a) The table gives some information about the first four elements in Group 0.

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Relative atomic Boiling point
Element
mass (Ar) in °C
helium 4 –269
neon 20 –246
argon 40 –186
krypton 84 –153

(i) State the relationship between the relative atomic mass and the boiling point
of these elements.
(1)

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(ii) State why the elements in Group 0 are unreactive.


(1)

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(b) The elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table are called halogens.
State why the halogens have similar chemical properties.
Refer to electronic configurations in your answer.
(1)

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18
*P55714A01828*
(c) The order of reactivity of the halogens can be shown by using displacement reactions.
(i) When chlorine is added to sodium bromide solution, chlorine displaces bromine.
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Write a chemical equation for this reaction.


(1)

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(ii) State the colour of the solution formed in this reaction.


(1)

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(iii) Explain whether or not a reaction takes place when bromine water is added to
sodium chloride solution.
(2)

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(iv) The displacement reaction between potassium iodide and chlorine can be
represented by the ionic equation

2I– + Cl2 → I2 + 2Cl–

Explain why this is described as a redox reaction.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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19
*P55714A01928* Turn over
(d) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride gas.
(i) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


(1)
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(ii) Some methylbenzene is poured into beaker A.


Some water is poured into beaker B.
Hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in each liquid.
A separate piece of dry blue litmus paper is dipped into each solution.

A B

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hydrogen chloride hydrogen chloride
dissolved in methylbenzene dissolved in water

Explain what happens to


• the piece of litmus paper dipped into beaker A
• the piece of litmus paper dipped into beaker B.
(4)

beaker A ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA


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beaker B ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

20
*P55714A02028*
8 The table shows information about the effect of adding sodium hydroxide solution
to solutions containing zinc ions, calcium ions or aluminium ions.
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Effect of adding a few drops of Effect of adding excess


Ion in solution
sodium hydroxide solution sodium hydroxide solution
zinc, Zn2+ white precipitate forms white precipitate disappears

calcium, Ca2+ white precipitate forms white precipitate remains


aluminium, Al3+ white precipitate forms white precipitate disappears

(a) A student is provided with a sample of a white solid.


(i) The student dissolves some of the white solid in water and then adds a few
drops of sodium hydroxide solution. A white precipitate forms.
She concludes that the sample contains calcium ions.
Explain whether the student’s conclusion is valid.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give a different test to show that the white solid contains calcium ions.
(2)

test ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

result . . .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
*P55714A02128* Turn over
(b) A hydrated salt has the formula AB2.xH2O
A is a positive ion and B is a negative ion.

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When the hydrated salt is heated, this reaction occurs.

AB2.xH2O → AB2 + xH2O


A scientist heats a sample of the hydrated salt until all the water has been lost.
She records the mass of the salt before and after heating.
The table shows her results.

Mass of hydrated salt Mass of salt after heating

6.1 g 5.2 g

(i) Describe how the scientist could make sure that all the water has been lost.

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(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Use the scientist’s results to find the value of x in AB2.xH2O


[Mr of AB2 = 208 Mr of H2O = 18]
(4)

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x = ................................

22
*P55714A02228*
(c) Describe how the scientist could use a solution of the salt to find out if the
negative ions are chloride ions.
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) The test shows that the negative ions are chloride ions.
(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of metal A using the formula and Mr value
of the anhydrous salt, AB2
(1)
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relative atomic mass of A = .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


(ii) Identify metal A.
(1)

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(Total for Question 8 = 15 marks)


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23
*P55714A02328* Turn over
9 Some metals can be obtained by heating their oxides with carbon.
(a) The diagram shows a blast furnace used to produce iron from iron ore.

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waste gases

raw materials

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hot air

molten iron

(i) Give the name of an iron ore.


(1)

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(ii) Explain the role of the hot air in the furnace.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Iron(III) oxide can be reduced by carbon.
Balance the equation for this reaction.
(1)

............................ Fe2O3 + . ........................... C → ............................ Fe + ............................ CO2

24
*P55714A02428*
(iv) Limestone is one of the raw materials added to the blast furnace.
Explain how limestone removes the impurity, silica (SiO2), from the furnace.
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You may use equations to help your answer.


(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) State why aluminium cannot be produced by heating its oxide with carbon.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Describe how aluminium is extracted from purified aluminium oxide.


(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(Total for Question 9 = 12 marks)

25
*P55714A02528* Turn over
10 A student does a titration to find the concentration of a solution of aqueous ammonia.
He uses this method.

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• use a pipette to add 25.0 cm3 samples of the solution into a conical flask
• add a few drops of indicator
• add sulfuric acid from a burette until the indicator changes colour permanently
• repeat the titration three more times
(a) (i) State what the student should do while adding the acid, to make sure that the
indicator changes colour permanently.
(1)

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The table shows the student’s titration results.

Volume of acid added


23.40 23.15 22.95 23.10

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in cm3
Concordant results

Concordant results are volumes within 0.20 cm3 of each other.


(ii) Place ticks (ü) in the table to show which results are concordant.
(1)
(iii) Use the concordant results to calculate the average (mean) volume of acid added.
(2)

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average volume ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

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*P55714A02628*
(b) The table shows the titration results of another student.
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Volume of aqueous ammonia used in cm3 25.0

Concentration of sulfuric acid in mol/dm3 0.0800

Average volume of sulfuric acid added from burette in cm3 22.70

The equation for the reaction is

H2SO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4)2SO4

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 in 22.70 cm3 of the sulfuric acid.
(2)
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amount of H2SO4 = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol


(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NH3 in the aqueous ammonia.
(1)

amount of NH3 = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol


(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the aqueous ammonia.
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(2)

concentration of aqueous ammonia = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3

27
*P55714A02728* Turn over
(c) Describe how you could use the method of crystallisation to obtain a pure, dry sample
of ammonium sulfate from a dilute solution of ammonium sulfate.
(4)

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TOTAL FOR PAPER = 120 MARKS

28
*P55714A02828*
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3
*P58561A0328*
BLANK PAGE
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(c) The formula of potassium permanganate is KMnO4
How many different elements are there in potassium permanganate?
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(1)
A 3
B 4
C 6
D 7

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)


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5
*P58561A0528* Turn over
2 The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table, with elements represented by the
letters L, M, Q, R and T.

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The letters in the diagram represent elements but are not their chemical symbols.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
T
L

M Q R

(a) Give the letter from the diagram that represents a noble gas.
(1)

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(b) Elements L and M are in the same group.

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State why they have similar chemical reactions.
(1)

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(c) An atom of element Q has 31 protons.


Use this information to explain how you can determine the number of protons in
an atom of element R.
(2)

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(Total for Question 2 = 4 marks)

6
*P58561A0628*
3 A student does these two tests on a solution made from a white solid.
● flame test
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● add acidified silver nitrate solution


The table shows his results.

Test Result

flame test red flame

add acidified silver nitrate solution cream precipitate

(a) Give the formula of the ion that produces the red flame.
(1)

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(b) Name the cream precipitate.


(1)
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(c) Identify the white solid.


(1)

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(d) The student uses a clean metal wire in the flame test.
(i) State why the wire should be clean when used in the flame test.
(1)

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(ii) The table lists properties of some metals.


Add ticks () to the table to show the two properties needed in a metal wire
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used in a flame test.


(2)

Property
good conductor of electricity
high density
high melting point
unreactive

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

7
*P58561A0728* Turn over
4 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the colours in four different inks, A, B, C and D.

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chromatography
paper

baseline
drawn in ink

water
A B C D

(a) Explain two mistakes the student made when setting up his experiment.
(4)

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8
*P58561A0828*
(b) Another student does the experiment but does not make any mistakes.
The diagram shows her results.
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baseline

A B C D

(i) State how many colours ink D contains.


(1)
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(ii) State which of the inks tested could be mixed together to make ink D.
(1)

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(iii) Explain which of the inks tested is insoluble in water.


(2)

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(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)


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9
*P58561A0928* Turn over
5 In 1937 an airship full of hydrogen gas flew from Germany to America.
(a) Which property of hydrogen makes it a suitable gas to use in an airship?

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(1)
A colourless
B insoluble in water
C low density
D no smell

(b) Explain why helium is now used in airships instead of hydrogen.


(2)

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(c) Hydrogen is used to manufacture ammonia, NH3


Hydrogen is reacted with nitrogen using an iron catalyst.
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

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(ii) State why a catalyst is used in this reaction.


(1)

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(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks)

10
*P58561A01028*
6 The reactions of metals with water and with dilute sulfuric acid can be used to determine
the order of reactivity of the metals.
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The table shows the reactions of four metals, W, X, Y and Z, with water and with
dilute sulfuric acid.

Reaction with
Metal Reaction with water
dilute sulfuric acid
W no reaction no reaction
X very slow reaction reacts quickly
Y no reaction reacts slowly
Z reacts quickly reacts violently

(a) What is the order of reactivity of these metals?


(1)
most reactive least reactive
A W X Y Z
B Z X Y W
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C W Y X Z
D Z Y X W

(b) (i) State which metal, W, X, Y or Z, could be copper.


(1)

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(ii) State which metal, W, X, Y or Z, could be magnesium.


(1)

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(c) A displacement reaction can also be used to decide the order of reactivity of two metals.
State two observations made when an excess of magnesium powder is added to
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an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate.


(2)

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2............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks)

11
*P58561A01128* Turn over
8 Ethene (C2H4) can be converted into chloroethene (C2H3Cl) in a two-stage process.
(a) The first stage is to convert ethene into 1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2
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Ethene is reacted with hydrogen chloride and oxygen.


Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . C2H4 + ........................ HCl + ........................ O2 → ........................ C2H4Cl2 + .................... . . . . H2O

(b) In the second stage, 1,2-dichloroethane is converted into chloroethene.

C2H4Cl2  →  C2H3Cl  +  HCl

This is a thermal decomposition reaction.


State what is meant by the term thermal decomposition.
(1)

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(c) The diagram shows the displayed formula of chloroethene.

H Cl
C C
H H

(i) State why chloroethene is described as an unsaturated compound.


(1)

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(ii) Describe a test to show that chloroethene is unsaturated.


(2)
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(d) Name the polymer formed from chloroethene.


(1)

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(Total for Question 8 = 6 marks)

13
*P58561A01328* Turn over
9 Halon 1301 is a compound used in some fire extinguishers.
Halon 1301 has the percentage composition by mass of

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C 8.05%    Br 53.69%    F 38.26%

(a) Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of this compound is CBrF3
(2)

(b) The diagram shows the displayed formula of a molecule of Halon 1301.

Br C F

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F

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show all the outer electrons in this molecule.
(2)

(c) The boiling point of Halon 1301 is −58 °C.


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(2)

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(Total for Question 9 = 6 marks)

14
*P58561A01428*
10 (a) There are three isomers with the molecular formula C5H12
One of these isomers is pentane.
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The displayed formula for pentane is

H H H H H

H C C C C C H

H H H H H

(i) State what is meant by the term isomers.


(2)

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(ii) Draw the displayed formula for another isomer of C5H12


(2)

(b) Pentane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.


(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
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(2)

C5H12 + Br2 → . . . . . . ........................................................ + ..............................................................

(ii) Give the name of this type of reaction.


(1)

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(Total for Question 10 = 7 marks)

15
*P58561A01528* Turn over
(iii) Explain the change in appearance of the limewater.
(3)
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(Total for Question 11 = 9 marks)


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17
*P58561A01728* Turn over
(b) Show that the heat energy change, Q, is about 2400 J.
[mass of 1.00 cm3 of solution = 1.00 g]
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[for the solution, c = 4.18 J/g/ °C ]


(3)

Q = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
(c) Use your answer to part (b) to calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, in kilojoules per mole of
ammonium nitrate.
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[Mr of ammonium nitrate = 80.0]


Include a sign in your answer.
(4)
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∆H = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 12 = 9 marks)

19
*P58561A01928* Turn over
(a) (i) Plot the student’s results on the grid.
(1)
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(ii) Draw a curve of best fit.


(1)

100

80

60
Volume of
hydrogen
in cm3
40
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20

0
0 20 40 60 80

Time in s

(b) (i) The student repeats the experiment using


● 0.043 g of magnesium ribbon
● 50 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
Draw, on the grid in part (a), the curve you would expect in this experiment.
Label this curve Y.
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(2)
(ii) The student repeats the experiment again, using
● 0.086 g of magnesium ribbon
● 50 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
● a slightly higher temperature than the first experiment
Draw, on the grid in part (a), the curve you would expect in this experiment.
Label this curve Z.
(2)

21
*P58561A02128* Turn over
(c) The expected volume of gas produced in the first experiment is 86 cm3.
Suggest why the volume collected is less than the expected volume.

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(1)

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(d) The student uses a graduated beaker to measure the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid.
Explain why it is not necessary to use a measuring cylinder in this experiment.
(2)

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(e) The ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Use the information in this equation, and the particle collision theory, to explain
why the rate of reaction decreases during each of the experiments.
(3)

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(Total for Question 13 = 12 marks)

22
*P58561A02228*
14 A salt can be made by reacting an acid with an insoluble base.
A student has a sample of copper(II) oxide.
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The student uses this method.


Stage 1 pour 50 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid into a beaker
Stage 2 warm the acid using a Bunsen burner
Stage 3 add a small amount of copper(II) oxide to the warm acid and stir the mixture
Stage 4 add further amounts of copper(II) oxide until copper(II) oxide is in excess
Stage 5 filter the mixture
Stage 6 obtain crystals from the filtrate
(a) State why the acid is warmed in stage 2.
(1)

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(b) State how the student would know that the copper(II) oxide is in excess in stage 4.
(1)

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(c) State why the mixture is filtered in stage 5.


(1)

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(d) State the colour of the filtrate obtained in stage 5.


(1)
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*P58561A02328* Turn over
(e) Describe how the student could obtain a pure, dry sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate
crystals from the filtrate in stage 6.
(5)

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24
*P58561A02428*
(f ) The overall equation for the formation of hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals from
copper(II) oxide is
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CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 4H2O(l) → CuSO4.5H2O(s)

(i) In an experiment, a student completely reacts 9.54 g copper(II) oxide.


Show that the maximum possible mass of CuSO4.5H2O crystals that can be
obtained is about 30 g.

[Mr of CuO = 79.5    Mr of CuSO4.5H2O = 249.5]


Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(3)
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mass = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
(ii) In this experiment, the actual yield of CuSO4.5H2O crystals is 23.92 g.
Calculate the percentage yield of CuSO4.5H2O
(2)
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percentage yield = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 14 = 14 marks)

25
*P58561A02528* Turn over
The table shows the student's results.
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mass of empty test tube in g 22.04


mass of test tube and (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.xH2O in g 34.09
mass of test tube and (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3 in g 28.69

(i) Calculate the mass of (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3 produced by heating.


(1)

mass of (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3 = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g


(ii) Calculate the mass of water produced.
(1)

mass of water = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g


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(iii) Calculate the value of x.


[Mr of (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3 = 532 and Mr of H2O = 18]
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
(4)
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value of x = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

27
*P58561A02728*
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*P58561A02828*
BLANK PAGE

28
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 16 May 2019


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH1/1CR 4SD0/1CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
Paper: 1CR
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P60252A0124*
P60252A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P60252A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about the three states of matter, solid, liquid and gas.
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(a) Solids, liquids and gases can be changed from one state to another.
The box gives the names of some changes of state.

condensing    evaporation    melting    sublimation

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.


Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(i) The change from solid to liquid is called ..............................................................................................


(1)
(ii) The change from liquid to gas is called ..............................................................................................
(1)
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(iii) The change from solid to gas is called ..............................................................................................


(1)
(b) Describe the arrangement and the movement of particles in a solid.
(3)

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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P60252A0324* Turn over
2 This question is about some elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(a) The table gives some statements about the reaction of potassium with water.

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Place ticks () in three boxes to show which three statements are correct.
(3)

Statement

potassium reacts more vigorously than sodium when added to water

potassium sinks to the bottom of the water

bubbles of oxygen gas are produced

a lilac flame is seen

potassium moves around

a solution of potassium oxide is formed

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(b) After the reaction of potassium with water is complete, a few drops of universal
indicator are added to the solution formed. The universal indicator turns purple.
(i) Suggest a value for the pH of the solution.
(1)

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(ii) Give the formula of the ion responsible for this pH value.
(1)

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(c) Sodium burns in oxygen to produce sodium oxide.


Complete the equation for this reaction.
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(1)

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Na + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... O2 → ................................ Na2O

(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

4
*P60252A0424*
3 A student uses paper chromatography to investigate the dyes in five different inks,
V, W, X, Y and Z.
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This is what she uses.


• a beaker
• a piece of chromatography paper with a pencil line drawn near the bottom of the paper
• a solvent
• inks V, W, X, Y and Z
(a) Describe how the student should set up and carry out her experiment.
You may draw a diagram to help with your answer.
(4)
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5
*P60252A0524* Turn over
(b) Explain why the line on the paper is drawn in pencil rather than in ink.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The chromatogram shows the results for inks V, W, X, Y and Z.

solvent front

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V W X Y Z start line

(i) Explain which ink contains a dye that is insoluble in the solvent.
(2)

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(ii) Explain which two inks contain the dye that is likely to be the most soluble in
the solvent.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P60252A0624*
(iii) Explain which two inks may contain only one dye.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) One dye in ink Y moves 4.3 cm when the solvent front moves 6.5 cm.
Calculate the Rf value for this dye.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
(3)
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Rf value = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 15 marks)


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7
*P60252A0724* Turn over
4 This question is about hydrocarbons.
(a) State the meaning of the term hydrocarbon.

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(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) One homologous series of hydrocarbons is the alkanes.


Pentane (C5H12) is an alkane.
(i) When pentane burns completely in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are produced.
Give a chemical equation for this combustion reaction.
(2)

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(ii) Incomplete combustion can occur when the oxygen supply is limited.
Give the names of two products of the incomplete combustion of pentane.
(2)

1 .. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) One of the products of incomplete combustion is a poisonous gas.


State why this gas is poisonous to humans.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P60252A0824*
(iv) C5H12 has three isomers.
The displayed formula for one of these isomers is
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H H H H H

H C C C C C H

H H H H H

Draw the displayed formulae of the other two isomers.


(2)
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(c) Another homologous series of hydrocarbons is the alkenes.


Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(i) Give the general formula for the alkenes.
(1)

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(ii) State the meaning of the term unsaturated.


(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Describe a test to show that a hydrocarbon is unsaturated.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 13 marks)

9
*P60252A0924* Turn over
5 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between
marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.

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cotton wool

dilute hydrochloric acid

marble chips

balance

(a) During the reaction, the reading on the balance decreases because mass is lost
from the flask.
(i) Explain how using the cotton wool increases the accuracy of this investigation.
(2)

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(ii) Why is mass lost from the flask?


(1)
A acid particles are moving
B gas is given off
C heat energy is produced
D marble chips are dissolving
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*P60252A01024*
(b) This is the equation for the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Complete the equation by adding the state symbols.
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(2)

CaCO3 (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl (. . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ) → CaCl2 (.................... ) + H2O (.................... ) + CO2 (........ . . . . . . . . . . . . )

(c) The student uses large marble chips in the investigation.


This is a graph of his results.

Mass loss
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Time

The student repeats the experiment using the same total mass of smaller marble chips.
On the graph, draw the curve that would be obtained.
[assume the marble chips are in excess]
(2)
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11
*P60252A01124* Turn over
(d) The rate of this reaction can be altered by increasing the temperature or by
increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.

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(i) Explain, using the particle collision theory, how increasing the concentration
of the hydrochloric acid would affect the rate of this reaction.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Explain, using the particle collision theory, how increasing the temperature

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would affect the rate of this reaction.

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(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)


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12
*P60252A01224*
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13
*P60252A01324*
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6 Poly(chloroethene) is a polymer.
It is made from its monomer, chloroethene.

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(a) Chloroethene has the percentage composition by mass

C = 38.4%    H = 4.8%    Cl = 56.8%


Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of chloroethene is C2H3Cl
(3)
C H Cl
38.4/12 = 3.2 4.8 /1= 4.8 56.8/35.5 = 1.6

mole ratio 3.2/1.6 = 2 4.8/1.6 = 3 1.6/1.6 = 1

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(b) The molecular formula of chloroethene is also C2H3Cl
Chloroethene can be prepared by a two‑stage process.
In stage 1, ethene reacts with chlorine in the presence of an iron(III) chloride
catalyst to form dichloroethane.
The reaction is exothermic.

C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2


(i) Give the formula of iron(III) chloride.
(1)

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(ii) State the purpose of using a catalyst.


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(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State the meaning of the term exothermic.


(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P60252A01424*
(iv) What type of reaction occurs in stage 1 between ethene and chlorine?
(1)
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A addition
B displacement
C neutralisation
D substitution

(v) In stage 2, dichloroethane decomposes into chloroethene and hydrogen chloride.


Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

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(c) (i) Draw the displayed formula of



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chloroethene
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• the repeat unit of poly(chloroethene)


(3)

chloroethene repeat unit of poly(chloroethene)

(ii) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram to represent a molecule of chloroethene.


Show only the outer electrons of each atom.
(2)
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(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

15
*P60252A01524* Turn over
7 A student makes some magnesium nitrate crystals from magnesium oxide and
dilute nitric acid.

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The equation for the reaction is
MgO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) Give the formula of each ion in magnesium nitrate.
(2)

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(ii) A student has a beaker containing dilute nitric acid.


Describe a method that she could use to prepare a pure, dry sample of
magnesium nitrate crystals from magnesium oxide.
(6)

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16
*P60252A01624*
(b) Magnesium nitrate crystals contain water of crystallisation with the formula
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O
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(i) Show by calculation that the relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O is 256.
(1)

(ii) Show that the maximum mass of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O that could be made from
0.050 mol of nitric acid is about 6 g.
(3)
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(iii) The actual mass of crystals that the student obtains is 4.8 g.
Calculate the percentage yield of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O in this experiment.
(2)
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percentage yield = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

17
*P60252A01724* Turn over
8 A student investigates the neutralisation reaction between sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
This is her method.

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• pour 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup
• record the temperature of the sodium hydroxide solution
• add 5 cm3 of dilute nitric acid to the cup
• stir the mixture and record the highest temperature reached
• add further 5 cm3 portions of dilute nitric acid, recording the highest
temperature reached each time, until a total of 40 cm3 of acid has been added

(a) (i) Give a word equation for this neutralisation reaction.


(1)

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(ii) Explain why a polystyrene cup is used rather than a beaker.


(2)

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(iii) Give a safety precaution that the student should take when using
sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)

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(b) The table shows the student’s results.

Total volume of acid in cm3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Temperature of
20.5 22.5 24.4 26.4 28.5 28.3 27.5 26.7 26.0
reaction mixture in oC

18
*P60252A01824*
(i) Plot the results on the grid.
Draw a straight line of best fit through the first five points and another
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straight line of best fit through the last four points.


Make sure that the two lines cross.
(3)

30

Temperature of
reaction mixture 25
in °C
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20
0 10 20 30 40
Total volume of acid in cm3

(ii) The point where the lines cross shows


• the volume of acid needed to exactly neutralise the alkali
• the maximum temperature reached
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Use your graph to determine these values.


(2)

volume of acid = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

maximum temperature = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(Total for Question 8 = 9 marks)

19
*P60252A01924* Turn over
9 (a) Diamond is a naturally‑occurring form of carbon.
It has a giant molecular structure.

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Explain, with reference to its structure and bonding, why diamond has a high melting point.
(3)

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(b) C60 fullerene is another form of carbon.

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The diagram shows a molecule of C60 fullerene.

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(i) Explain why C60 fullerene has a much lower melting point than diamond.
(2)

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(ii) C60 fullerene is used by doctors when injecting medicines into their patients.
C60 fullerene allows medicines, which might damage some parts of the body,
to reach the part of the body where they are needed.
Suggest why C60 fullerene is suitable for this purpose.
(1)

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20
*P60252A02024*
(c) Graphite is another naturally‑occurring form of carbon.
Graphite can be used in pencils because it is soft and can leave marks on paper.
Graphite can also be used as a conductor of electricity.
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Explain why graphite is soft and conducts electricity.


Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(5)

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(Total for Question 9 = 11 marks)


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21
*P60252A02124* Turn over
10 A student investigates the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate solution.
The equation for the reaction is

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Zn + CuSO4 → Cu + ZnSO4
This is his method.
• add exactly 25.0 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution to a polystyrene cup
• record the temperature of the solution
• add about 5 g of zinc powder (an excess) and stir the mixture
• record the highest temperature reached

(a) (i) Suggest why it is not important to add an exact mass of zinc powder.
(1)

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(ii) State the colour change of the solution.
(2)

from ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ to .......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The table shows the student’s results

volume of copper(II) sulfate solution in cm3 25.0

initial temperature of copper(II) sulfate solution in °C 19.0

final temperature of solution in °C 31.5

(i) Show that the heat energy change (Q) is about 1300 J.
[for the solution, c = 4.18 J/g/°C]

[mass of 1.00 cm3 of solution = 1.00 g]


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(3)

22
*P60252A02224*
(ii) The mass of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) used to make 25.0 cm3 of
solution is 2.00 g.
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Calculate the amount, in moles, of CuSO4 in 2.00 g.


[Mr of CuSO4 = 159.5]
(1)

amount of CuSO4 = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the value of the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kilojoules per mole, for the
reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate.
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Include a sign in your answer.


(3)

ΔH = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 10 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS


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23
*P60252A02324*
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*P60252A02424*
BLANK PAGE

24
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 9 January 2020


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH1/1C 4SD0/1C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
Paper: 1C
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P59923A0128*
P59923A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P59923A0228*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions.
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1 This question is about gases in the atmosphere.


(a) The box gives the names of some gases in the atmosphere.

argon    carbon dioxide    helium    nitrogen    oxygen

Choose gases from the box to answer these questions.


Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Identify a noble gas.
(1)

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(ii) Identify a gas that makes up about 78% of the atmosphere.


(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Identify a greenhouse gas.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Identify a gas produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.


(1)

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(b) Sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide gas.


(i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State an environmental problem caused when sulfur dioxide gas dissolves in
water in the atmosphere.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P59923A0328* Turn over
2 The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of an element.

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Z

(a) Complete the table by giving the missing information about this atom.
(5)

name of the part of this atom labelled Z

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number of protons in this atom

number of the group that contains this element

number of the period that contains this element

the charge on the ion formed from this atom

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4
*P59923A0428*
(b) This element has three isotopes.
The table shows the mass number and percentage abundance of each isotope in a
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sample of this element.

Mass number Percentage abundance (%)

24 79.2

25 10.0

26 10.8

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this element.


Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)
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relative atomic mass = ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)


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5
*P59923A0528* Turn over
3 The diagram shows two samples of iron, A and B.

iron iron

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zinc

A B

Sample B is coated with a thin layer of zinc.


(a) Name the process used to coat iron with zinc.
(1)

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(b) The two samples of iron are left outside for several weeks.
A brown solid containing hydrated iron(III) oxide forms on sample A.
(i) Give the common name for the brown solid.

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(1)
Rust
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(ii) Give the names of the two substances that react with the iron to form the brown solid.
(2)

1............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6
*P59923A0628*
(c) Iron can be formed by reacting aluminium powder with iron(III) oxide.
The diagram shows how this reaction can be demonstrated.
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magnesium fuse

mixture of aluminium powder


and iron(III) oxide powder

When the magnesium fuse is lit, a very exothermic reaction occurs.


(i) State the meaning of the term exothermic.
(1)

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(ii) The equation for the reaction between aluminium and iron(III) oxide is
2Al + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + Al2O3
Explain what this reaction shows about the relative reactivities of aluminium and iron.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................ ............................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................ ............................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why the reaction between aluminium and iron(III) oxide is a redox reaction.
(3)
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Al is oxidised because it gain oxygen.


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Iron (III) oxide is reduced because it lose oxygen.


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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

7
*P59923A0728* Turn over
4 This question is about ionic compounds.
(a) The table shows the formulae of some positive and negative ions, and the formulae

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of some compounds containing these ions.

+ +
Mg2 Al3 NH4+


S2 MgS Al2S3

NO3− Al(NO3)3 NH4NO3


CO32 MgCO3 (NH4)2CO3

(i) Complete the table by giving the three missing formulae.


(3)

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(ii) Give the name of the compound with the formula NH4NO3
(1)
ammonium nitrate
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Sodium oxide, Na2O, is an ionic compound.


The sodium and oxide ions are held together by ionic bonds.
(i) State the meaning of the term ionic bond.
(2)
Electrostatic force attraction between oppositely charged ( positive charged and negative charged)
ions.
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
*P59923A0828*
(ii) The diagram shows the arrangement of the electrons in a sodium atom and in
an oxygen atom.
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sodium atom oxygen atom

Draw diagrams in the boxes to show the arrangement of the electrons in the
ions of sodium oxide.
Include the charges on the ions.
(3)
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sodium ion oxide ion sodium ion

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)


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9
*P59923A0928* Turn over
5 The boxes show the displayed formulae of six organic compounds, P, Q, R, S, T and U.

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H H H H H H

H C H H C C H H C C C H

H H H H H H

P Q R

H H H H H

H C Br C C C C H
H H H C
H
H H

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S T U

(a) Use the letters P, Q, R, S, T and U to answer these questions.


Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Give the letter of the compound that is not a hydrocarbon.
(1)

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(ii) Give the letters of the two compounds that have the same empirical formula.
(1)

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(iii) Give the letter of the compound that is used to manufacture poly(propene).
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(1)

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10
*P59923A01028*
(b) Describe a test that can be used to distinguish between compounds Q and T.
(3)
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test ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... ..................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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result with compound Q .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................... ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

result with compound T .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Compounds P, Q and R are members of the same homologous series.


Give two characteristics of a homologous series.
(2)

1 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) This is the displayed formula of an alkene, V.

H H H H

C C C C H
H H H

(i) Give the name of alkene V.


(1)
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(ii) Draw the displayed formula of another alkene that is an isomer of alkene V.
(1)

11
*P59923A01128* Turn over
(e) An organic compound has the percentage composition by mass
C = 36.36%    H = 6.06%    F = 57.58%

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(i) Show that the empirical formula of the compound is CH2F
(2)

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(ii) The relative molecular mass (Mr) of the compound is 66.
Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
(2)

Mr/ Empirical mass =

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molecular formula = ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 14 marks)

12
*P59923A01228*
6 A student uses this method to investigate the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with zinc.
● pour some dilute hydrochloric acid into a glass beaker
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● record the initial temperature of the acid


● add a piece of zinc and stir the mixture
● record the temperature of the mixture after one minute
(a) Write a word equation for the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with zinc.
(1)

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(b) The diagram shows the thermometer readings for this reaction.

20 25
°C °C
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15 20
before adding zinc after adding zinc

Complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.1°C.


(3)

temperature in °C after adding zinc

temperature in °C before adding zinc


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temperature change in °C

13
*P59923A01328* Turn over
(c) Another student repeats the method using five different metals to compare their reactivity.
(i) This student uses a polystyrene cup instead of a glass beaker.

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Explain why a polystyrene cup is better than a glass beaker in this investigation.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Give three factors that the student should keep constant in this investigation.
(3)

1 .. ...........................
room .temperature
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .. ...........................
volume. . .of . . . . . . . HCl

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3 .. ...........................
concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .of
. . . . . . .acid
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mass of zinc

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*P59923A01428*
(d) The table shows some of the student’s results.
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Metal added Observation Temperature change in °C

copper no bubbling 0.0

iron slow bubbling between 1.4 and 5.1

magnesium rapid bubbling 8.7

tin very slow bubbling 1.4

zinc moderate bubbling 5.1


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(i) State why there is no temperature change for copper.


(1)

No reaction
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Copper is less reactive than hydrogen.


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(ii) Predict the temperature change for iron.


(1)

temperature change = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(iii) Deduce the order of reactivity of the five metals.


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(1)
Mg
most reactive    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................

       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................
Zn
Iron
       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................

       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................
Tin

least reactive Cu
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................

(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

15
*P59923A01528* Turn over
7 This question is about some of the halogens and their compounds.

(a) (i) Which element is a liquid at room temperature?

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(1)
A astatine
B bromine
C chlorine
D iodine

(ii) Which element has the palest colour?


(1)
A astatine
B bromine
C chlorine
D iodine

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(iii) Which element is the least reactive?
(1)
A astatine
B bromine
C chlorine
D iodine

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16
*P59923A01628*
(b) A teacher uses displacement reactions to demonstrate the reactivities of some halogens.
She adds solutions of chlorine, bromine and iodine separately to three different
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sodium halide solutions.


The table shows some of the teacher’s results.

sodium chloride sodium bromide sodium iodide

chlorine
not done solution turns orange
solution solution turns brown

bromine
solution stays orange not done solution turns brown
solution

iodine
not done/ solution stays brown not done
solution
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no change

A change in colour of the solution indicates that a reaction has occurred.


(i) Complete the table by predicting the missing results.
(2)
(ii) State why the teacher does not add bromine solution to sodium bromide solution.
(1)
Bromine would not react with sodium bromide solution.
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(iii) The word equation for the reaction of bromine with sodium iodide is
bromine + sodium iodide → iodine + sodium bromide
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Write a chemical equation for this reaction.


(1)
Br2 + 2NaI --> I2 +2 NaBr
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17
*P59923A01728* Turn over
(c) A technician sees an unlabelled bottle containing a liquid.
He knows that the liquid is a solution of one of these compounds.

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● copper(II) chloride
● copper(II) bromide
● iron(II) chloride
● iron(II) bromide
Describe chemical tests that the technician could use to identify the compound in
the solution.
(6)
Test for cation
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Add sodium hydroxide solution.


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If blue ppt forms , solution contains copper (II) ions.
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If green ppt forms, solution contains iron (II) ions.

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Test for anion
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Add nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution


If white
................................ . . . . . . . .ppt
. . . . . . . . . .forms,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .solution
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .contains chloride ions.
. . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .....................................

If cream ppt forms, solution contains bromide ions.


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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 13 marks)

18
*P59923A01828*
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19
*P59923A01928*
BLANK PAGE
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8 (a) Carbon dioxide changes directly from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid.
(i) Give the name of the change of state from solid to gas.

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(1)

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(ii) Describe the test for carbon dioxide gas.


(2)

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(b) Carbon dioxide is a simple molecular covalent substance.


Explain why carbon dioxide turns from a solid to a gas at a very low temperature.

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(2)

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20
*P59923A02028*
(c) Diamond and graphite are both giant covalent substances made up of carbon atoms.
● diamonds are used in cutting tools
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● graphite is used in pencils to make marks on paper


Explain, with reference to structure and bonding, why each substance is suitable
for its particular use.
(6)

Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atom in a giant tetrahedral structure.
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the covalent bonds are very strong.


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therefore , diamond is very hard and good for cutting tools.


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the structure is in layers.


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the forces between layers are weak. The layer can slide over each other. this make graphite soft and can be
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used in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


................................

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(Total for Question 8 = 11 marks)

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*P59923A02228*
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22
9 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the heat energy released when a liquid fuel
is burned.
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thermometer

copper can

water

spirit burner

liquid fuel

This is the student’s method.


● measure the mass of the spirit burner and fuel
● add 100 cm3 of water to the copper can
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● record the temperature of the water


● use the spirit burner to heat the water until the temperature rises by 30 °C
● immediately measure the new mass of the spirit burner and fuel
(a) Suggest why the student measures the mass of the spirit burner and fuel immediately
after heating the water.
(1)
to find mass of fuel used/ reacted.
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(b) When the fuel is burned, the student notices that a black solid forms on the bottom
of the copper can.
(i) Identify the black solid.
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(1)

carbon
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(ii) Explain why the black solid forms.


(2)
Incomplete combustion because oxygen supply is limited.
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*P59923A02328* Turn over
(c) (i) Show that the heat energy change, Q, to raise the temperature of 100 cm3 of
water by 30 °C is approximately 13 kJ.

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[mass of 1.0 cm3 of water = 1.0 g]
[c for water = 4.2 J/g/ °C]
(3)

(ii) The student burns 0.96 g of methanol, CH3OH

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Calculate the molar enthalpy change, ΔH , in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methanol.
Include a sign in your answer.
[Mr of methanol = 32]
(3)
n ( CH3OH) = 0.96/ 32 = mol

ΔH = ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol
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(d) The table shows data book values for the molar enthalpy change, ΔH, for the DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
combustion of some alcohols with different numbers of carbon atoms per
molecule.

Number of carbon atoms per molecule 1 2 3 4 5

Molar enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ/mol –730 –1370 –2020 –2680 –3320

24
*P59923A02428*
(i) Plot the data values from the table on the grid.
Draw a straight line of best fit.
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(2)
Number of carbon atoms
per molecule
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0

–500

–1000

–1500

–2000
ΔH in kJ/mol
–2500

–3000
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–3500

– 4000

– 4500

(ii) Deduce the value of ΔH for an alcohol with six carbon atoms per molecule.
Show on the graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)

ΔH = ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(iii) State the relationship between ΔH and the number of carbon atoms per molecule.
(1)
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the greater the number of carbon atom per molecules, the greater value of
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(Total for Question 9 = 15 marks)

25
*P59923A02528* Turn over
10 Nitric acid (HNO3) is used in the production of fertilisers.
Nitric acid is manufactured in three stages.

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Stage 1 ammonia reacts with oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst to
produce nitrogen monoxide gas, NO, and water.
Stage 2 nitrogen monoxide gas reacts with more oxygen to produce
nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2.
Stage 3 nitrogen dioxide gas reacts with water to produce nitric acid and more
nitrogen monoxide gas.
(a) (i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction in stage 1.
(1)

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . . . . NH3 + 5


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... O2  4 NO +
.............................. .............................. 6 H2O

(ii) Give the meaning of the symbol 


(1)

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(iii) State the purpose of the platinum catalyst.


(1)

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(b) Give a chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen monoxide and oxygen in stage 2.
(1)
2NO + O2 --> 2NO2
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26
*P59923A02628*
(c) (i) The equation for the reaction in stage 3 is

3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO


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Calculate the maximum mass, in tonnes, of nitric acid that could be produced
in this reaction from 11.5 tonnes of nitrogen dioxide.
[1 tonne = 1.0 × 106g]
(4)
Mr ( HNO3) = 1 + 14 + 48 = 63 , Mr( NO2) = 14 + 32 = 46

mole of NO2 = 11.5 x 10^6 / 46 = 0.25 x 10 ^6


mole

= 10500000 g
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mass of nitric acid = ......................................................


10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tonnes

(ii) Suggest what use can be made of the nitrogen monoxide gas formed in stage 3.
(1)
can be used in stage 2
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QUESTION 10 CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE

27
*P59923A02728* Turn over
(d) When copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid, copper(II) nitrate is produced.
The equation for the reaction is

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CuO + 2HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
0.200 mol of nitric acid reacts with excess copper(II) oxide.
A mass of 15.3 g of copper(II) nitrate is produced.
Calculate the percentage yield of copper(II) nitrate.
[Mr of copper(II) nitrate = 187.5]
(3)

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percentage yield = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 10 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS


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28
*P59923A02828*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 9 January 2020


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH1/1CR 4SD0/1CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
Paper: 1CR
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box
your mind about an answer, put a line through the box
. If you change
and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

P62060A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P62060A0136*
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P62060A0236*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
BLANK PAGE

3
*P62060A0336* Turn over
Answer ALL questions.
1 The diagram shows the particles in the atom of an element.

Key
particle Y
particle Z

(a) Particle Y is a proton.


What is particle Z?
(1)
A an electron
B a molecule
C a neutron
D a nucleus

(b) Which of these has the smallest mass?


(1)
A an electron
B a neutron
C a nucleus
D a proton

4
*P62060A0436*
(c) What is the mass number of this atom?
(1)
A 4
B 5
C 9
D 13

(d) What is the atomic number of this atom?


(1)
A 4
B 5
C 9
D 13

(e) (i) Identify the element that contains this atom.


(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State what is formed when this atom loses its outer shell electrons.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

5
*P62060A0536* Turn over
2 This question is about states of matter.
(a) The diagram shows how the particles of a substance are arranged in two different states.

solid liquid gas

(i) Complete the diagram to show how particles are arranged in the liquid state.
(1)
(ii) Identify the state of matter in which the particles have the most energy.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) are often used in chemistry.
The table shows some physical changes.
Complete the table by giving the state symbol before and after each change.
(3)

State symbol
Physical change before change after change

water evaporates

crystals of iodine sublime

ice melts

6
*P62060A0636*
(c) Explain why hot water evaporates more quickly than cold water.
(2)

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(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

7
*P62060A0736* Turn over
3 The Group 7 elements are called halogens.
Halogens form compounds called halides.
Three of the halogens are represented by the formulae X2 , Y2 and Z2
Solutions of these halogens are added separately to solutions of sodium halides,
NaX, NaY and NaZ.
The table shows whether or not a reaction occurs.

X2 Y2 Z2
NaX no yes yes
NaY no no yes
NaZ no no no

(a) Use the information in the table to deduce the order of reactivity of the halogens
X2 , Y2 and Z2
(1)

most reactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................

least reactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................

(b) An aqueous solution of halogen Y2 is orange.


This solution is decolourised when it reacts with an alkene.
Deduce the identity of halogen Y2
(1)

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8
*P62060A0836*
(c) (i) The table shows some physical properties of the halogens.
Complete the table by predicting a boiling point for chlorine, the state of fluorine
at room temperature and the colour of astatine.
(3)

State at
Halogen Boiling point in °C Colour
room temperature

fluorine −188 yellow

chlorine gas green

bromine 59 liquid red-brown

iodine sublimes solid grey

astatine 337 solid

(ii) Why do the halogens have similar chemical properties?


(1)
A they are non-metals
B they are molecules
C they have the same number of outer shell electrons
D they are in the same period of the Periodic Table

9
*P62060A0936* Turn over
(d) A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate the reaction between chlorine gas
and iron wool. The teacher does the reaction in a fume cupboard.

iron wool

unreacted chlorine

chlorine

heat

(i) Suggest why the teacher does the reaction in a fume cupboard.
(1)

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(ii) The product of the reaction between iron and chlorine is iron(III) chloride.
The ions in iron(III) chloride are Fe3+ and Cl−
Use this information to give the chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

10
*P62060A01036*
BLANK PAGE

11
*P62060A01136* Turn over
4 This question is about ammonium chloride.
(a) Give the formula of the ammonium ion.
(1)

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(b) Describe a test to show that ammonium chloride contains ammonium ions.
(3)

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(c) The equation shows the thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride.

NH4Cl(s) U NH3(g) + HCl(g)

State what the U symbol indicates about this reaction.


(1)

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12
*P62060A01236*
(d) The diagram shows the formation of ammonium chloride in a glass tube.

cotton wool soaked in cotton wool soaked in


concentrated hydrochloric acid ammonium chloride concentrated ammonia solution

(i) Explain how the mean speed of ammonia molecules compares with the
mean speed of hydrogen chloride molecules.
(2)

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(ii) Gas particles travel very quickly.


Give two reasons why it takes several minutes for the ammonium chloride to form.
(2)

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2 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

13
*P62060A01336* Turn over
5 A teacher uses the reaction between phosphorus and oxygen to calculate the percentage
of oxygen in air.
She uses this apparatus and excess phosphorus.

piece of phosphorus
on a wire

scale in
0.5 cm3 divisions
glass tube
full of air

water

The volume of gas in the tube decreases as the phosphorus reacts with oxygen.
The teacher measures the volume of gas in the tube at one-minute intervals.
The table shows the teacher’s results.

Volume of gas in tube


Time in minutes
in cm3
0 48.5
1 41.0
2 38.0
4 37.5
5 37.0
6 37.0
7 37.0

14
*P62060A01436*
(a) State how the results show that all the oxygen has reacted.
(1)

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(b) Give one change to this experiment that would make the results more accurate.
(1)

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(c) Use the results to calculate the percentage of oxygen in air.


Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

percentage = .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks)

15
*P62060A01536* Turn over
6 The reaction between magnesium and copper(II) sulfate solution is exothermic.
This apparatus is used to measure the temperature increase when excess magnesium
is added to 100 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution.

magnesium
powder thermometer

100 cm3
copper(II) sulfate
solution

(a) (i) State why a reaction occurs when magnesium is added to copper(II) sulfate solution.
(1)

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(ii) Complete the word equation for this reaction.


(1)

magnesium + copper(II) sulfate o .............................................................. + ............................................................. .

16
*P62060A01636*
(b) The temperature at the start of the reaction is 20.2 °C.
The maximum temperature recorded is 56.3 °C.
(i) Calculate the heat energy change, in joules, for the reaction.
[mass of 1.00 cm3 of solution = 1.00 g]
[c for the solution = 4.2 J/g/ °C]
(2)

heat energy change = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J


(ii) Explain why it is better to use a polystyrene cup rather than a glass beaker in
this experiment.
(2)

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17
*P62060A01736* Turn over
(c) The reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate solution is also exothermic.
(i) A mass of 0.500 g of zinc is reacted with an excess of copper(II) sulfate solution.
The heat energy change is 1.67 kJ.
Calculate the molar enthalpy change, ǻH, in kJ/mol.
Include a sign in your answer.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(3)

ǻH = ............................................................ . . kJ/mol
(ii) The ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate is

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) o Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Explain why this is a redox reaction.


(3)

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(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

18
*P62060A01836*
BLANK PAGE

19
*P62060A01936* Turn over
7 A student investigates the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid.
He uses this method.
Step 1 add 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a conical flask
Step 2 add a 5 cm3 portion of sodium hydroxide solution to the conical flask
Step 3 test the pH of the mixture using both universal indicator paper and a pH meter
The student repeats step 2 and step 3 until a total of 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
has been added.
(a) (i) State the piece of apparatus that should be used to measure 50 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the type of reaction that occurs between hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide.
(1)

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20
*P62060A02036*
(b) Graph 1 shows how the pH of the mixture changes as the sodium hydroxide solution
is added.
14

13

12

11

10

8
pH
7

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Volume of sodium hydroxide solution in cm3
Graph 1

(i) Determine the pH after 40 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution has been added.
(1)

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(ii) Suggest the colour of the universal indicator paper when these volumes of
sodium hydroxide solution have been added.
(2)

15 cm3 ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30 cm3 ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


(iii) Give the formula of the ion that causes sodium hydroxide to be alkaline.
(1)

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21
*P62060A02136* Turn over
(c) Another student investigates how the temperature changes when the sodium hydroxide
solution is added to the hydrochloric acid.
The hydrochloric acid and the sodium hydroxide solution are at the same temperature
at the start of the investigation.
The student records the temperature of the mixture after adding each 5 cm3 portion
of sodium hydroxide solution.
Graph 2 shows her results.

35

30
Temperature
in °C
25

20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Volume of sodium hydroxide solution in cm3

Graph 2

Explain the shape of graph 2.


(3)

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(Total for Question 7 = 9 marks)

22
*P62060A02236*
8 (a) The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom of calcium and in an
atom of chlorine.

Ca Cl

Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when calcium reacts with chlorine
to form the ionic compound calcium chloride, CaCl2
(3)

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23
*P62060A02336* Turn over
(b) Describe tests to show that an aqueous solution of calcium chloride contains
calcium ions and chloride ions.
(4)

calcium ions.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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chloride ions ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Solid calcium chloride does not conduct electricity. Aqueous solutions of calcium chloride
do conduct electricity.
A student uses this method to investigate how the conductivity of a solution changes when
calcium chloride is dissolved in pure water.
Step 1 add 100 cm3 of pure water to a beaker
Step 2 add one spatula of solid calcium chloride to the beaker
Step 3 stir the solution
Step 4 measure the conductivity of the solution
Step 5 repeat until nine spatulas of solid calcium chloride have been added
The table shows the student’s results.

Number of spatulas Conductivity of solution


of calcium chloride in arbitrary units
0 0
1 6
2 12
3 12
4 24
5 30
6 36
7 36
8 36
9 36

24
*P62060A02436*
(i) Plot the results on the grid and draw two straight lines of best fit.
Ignore the anomalous result.
(3)

40

30

Conductivity of
solution 20
in arbitrary units

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of spatulas of calcium chloride

(ii) State the trend shown on the graph for the first six spatulas of calcium chloride.
(1)

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(iii) Suggest an error the student could have made to cause the anomalous result.
(1)

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(d) Describe another way to make solid calcium chloride conduct electricity.
(2)

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(Total for Question 8 = 14 marks)

25
*P62060A02536* Turn over
9 This question is about alkenes and polymers.
(a) (i) Ethene (C2H4) can be represented by different types of formula.
Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(2)

Molecular formula C2H4

Empirical formula

General formula

(ii) Ethene is a member of the homologous series of alkenes.


All members of the same homologous series have the same general formula.
Give two other characteristics of a homologous series.
(2)

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2 . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Ethene is used to make poly(ethene).


(i) State the type of polymerisation used to form poly(ethene).
(1)

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(ii) Complete the equation for the polymerisation of ethene.


(2)

H H
n C C C C
H H

26
*P62060A02636*
(iii) Poly(ethene) is used to make plastic bags.
Corn starch from plants can also be used to make polymers for plastic bags.
The table gives some information about poly(ethene) and polymers made
from corn starch.

Poly(ethene) Polymers from corn starch


Cost per tonne £1500 £3700
Relative strength 100 50
Time to decompose estimated 450 years 3–6 months

Use the information in the table and your knowledge to discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of using poly(ethene) to make plastic bags.
(5)

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27
*P62060A02736* Turn over
(c) The diagram shows the repeat unit of another polymer.

H C H H

C C

H H

Draw the displayed formula of the monomer used to make this polymer.
(1)

(Total for Question 9 = 13 marks)

28
*P62060A02836*
10 This question is about carbon and its compounds.
(a) (i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the outer shell electrons in a molecule
of carbon dioxide, CO2
(2)

(ii) The atoms in carbon dioxide are held together by covalent bonds.
Describe the forces of attraction in a covalent bond.
(2)

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29
*P62060A02936* Turn over
(b) The diagram shows three different structures of carbon.

diamond graphite C60 fullerene

(i) Explain why graphite conducts electricity.


(2)

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30
*P62060A03036*
(ii) Explain why diamond has a much higher melting point than C60 fullerene.
Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(5)

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(Total for Question 10 = 11 marks)

31
*P62060A03136* Turn over
11 This question is about the reduction of metal oxides.
(a) Solid oxides of copper can be reduced by reacting them with methane gas.
Complete the equation for the reaction between copper(II) oxide and methane.
Include state symbols.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . ....... CuO(................ ) + ................ CH4(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) o ................ Cu(................ ) + ................ CO2(................ ) + ................ H2O(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

(b) A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate the reaction between a different oxide
of copper and methane.

excess methane
burning

methane gas

oxide of copper
heat in weighing boat

32
*P62060A03236*
(i) The teacher heats the oxide of copper until the reaction is complete.
The table shows the teacher’s results.

Mass in g
empty weighing boat 15.05
weighing boat + oxide of copper 18.63
weighing boat + copper 18.23

Use the teacher’s results to show that the empirical formula of this oxide of
copper is Cu2O
(4)

(ii) The teacher wears safety glasses and a lab coat during the demonstration.
Give one other safety precaution that she should take.
(1)

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33
*P62060A03336* Turn over
(c) Iron forms when iron(III) oxide is heated with carbon.
The equation for the reaction is

Fe2O3 + 3C o 2Fe + 3CO

(i) State how the equation shows that iron(III) oxide is reduced.
(1)

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(ii) State why carbon monoxide should not be released into the atmosphere.
(1)

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(iii) Calculate the maximum mass, in tonnes, of iron that can be produced when
30.0 tonnes of iron(III) oxide are reacted with an excess of carbon.
[1 tonne = 1.0 × 106 g]
(4)

mass = ............................................................. . tonnes

34
*P62060A03436*
(iv) A mixture of 25 000 mol of iron(III) oxide and 840 000 g of carbon is heated.
Use this equation to show that the iron(III) oxide is in excess.

Fe2O3 + 3C o 2Fe + 3CO


(2)

(Total for Question 11 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

35
*P62060A03536*
BLANK PAGE

36
*P62060A03636*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 14 May 2020


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH1/1C 4SD0/1C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
Paper: 1C
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P62045A0136*
P62045A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P62045A0236*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
BLANK PAGE

3
*P62045A0336* Turn over
Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about chemical elements.


Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.
(a) (i) Identify the element with atomic number 5
(1)

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(ii) Give the symbol of a metallic element in Period 3


(1)

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(iii) Identify the element whose atoms contain 14 protons.


(1)

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(iv) Identify the element whose atoms have the electronic configuration 2.5
(1)

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(v) Give the name of the compound formed between oxygen and the element
with atomic number 13
(1)

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4
*P62045A0436*
(b) The position of an element in the Periodic Table can be used to predict its properties.
(i) Which group contains elements that are all unreactive?
(1)
A Group 2
B Group 5
C Group 6
D Group 0

(ii) Which of these is the least reactive element in Group 1?


(1)
A caesium
B lithium
C potassium
D sodium

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

5
*P62045A0536* Turn over
2 (a) The boxes list changes that may happen in a laboratory and the names of some changes.
Draw one straight line from each change to its correct name.
(3)

Change Name of change

diffusion

dissolving
ice turns into water

evaporation

solid carbon dioxide turns


directly into a gas

freezing

a solute is stirred into a


solvent
melting

sublimation

6
*P62045A0636*
(b) A student has two solids, X and Y.
One of these solids is a pure substance and the other is a mixture.
Describe how the student could identify which solid is pure and which is a mixture
by measuring a physical property of each solid.
(3)

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(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

7
*P62045A0736* Turn over
3 This question is about metals.
(a) Metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their reactions with water
and their reactions with dilute hydrochloric acid.
The table shows how four metals, P, Q, R and S, react with water and with dilute
hydrochloric acid.

Reaction with Reaction with


Metal
water dilute hydrochloric acid

P no reaction hydrogen gas forms very slowly

Q no reaction no reaction

R hydrogen gas forms very quickly not done

S hydrogen gas forms quickly hydrogen gas forms very quickly

(i) Identify which of the metals P, Q, R or S could be gold.


(1)

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(ii) Suggest why the reaction between metal R and dilute hydrochloric acid was not done.
(1)

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(iii) Use the information in the table to place the metals in order of reactivity from
most reactive to least reactive.
(1)

most reactive

least reactive

8
*P62045A0836*
(b) Zinc is used to coat iron gates to prevent the iron from rusting.
(i) State the name of this method of preventing iron from rusting.
(1)

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(ii) State another method of preventing iron from rusting.


(1)

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(c) A mixture of zinc powder and copper(II) oxide is heated.


The chemical equation for the reaction that takes place is

Zn + CuO → ZnO + Cu

(i) State how the reaction shows that zinc is more reactive than copper.
(1)

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(ii) Explain which substance is the oxidising agent.


(2)

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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

9
*P62045A0936* Turn over
4 Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water, forming a strongly alkaline solution.
Ammonia dissolves in water, forming a slightly less alkaline solution.
(a) (i) Identify the ion that makes the sodium hydroxide solution alkaline.
(1)

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(ii) What is a possible pH of ammonia solution?


(1)
A 3
B 6
C 11
D 14

10
*P62045A01036*
(b) When ammonia solution reacts with sulfuric acid, a neutralisation reaction occurs
and ammonium sulfate forms.

(i) How does the sulfuric acid act in this reaction?


(1)
A as a neutron donor
B as a neutron acceptor
C as a proton donor
D as a proton acceptor

(ii) The diagram shows a beaker containing some ammonia solution and a few drops
of phenolphthalein indicator.

ammonia solution and


phenolphthalein indicator

Dilute sulfuric acid is added to the beaker until it is in excess.


What are the colours of the phenolphthalein indicator before and after adding
excess sulfuric acid?
(1)

Before After

A orange red

B yellow red

C pink colourless

D colourless pink

11
*P62045A01136* Turn over
(c) Ammonium sulfate is used by gardeners as a fertiliser because it contains nitrogen.
(i) Explain why the chemical formula of ammonium sulfate is (NH4)2SO4
Refer to the charges on the ions in your answer.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4


(1)

relative formula mass = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Calculate the mass, in grams, of nitrogen in 1.0 kg of ammonium sulfate.


(3)

mass = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

12
*P62045A01236*
BLANK PAGE

13
*P62045A01336* Turn over
5 (a) Chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in the Periodic Table.
Explain how the position of these elements in the Periodic Table depends on their
electronic configurations.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Chlorine reacts with methane to form CH3Cl and HCl


(i) State the condition necessary for this reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the equation for this reaction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The bonds in a molecule of CH3Cl are covalent.


Explain, in terms of electrostatic attractions, what is meant by a covalent bond.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P62045A01436*
(iv) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram for a molecule of CH3Cl
Show only the outer electrons of the atoms.
(2)

H C Cl

(v) CH3Cl has a simple molecular structure.


Explain why CH3Cl has a low boiling point.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15
*P62045A01536* Turn over
(c) Graphite is another substance that contains covalent bonds.
The diagram shows the structure of graphite.

Most covalent substances do not conduct electricity.


Explain why graphite is able to conduct electricity.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

16
*P62045A01636*
BLANK PAGE

17
*P62045A01736* Turn over
6 The table shows the molecular formulae of six organic compounds, A, B, C, D, E and F.

A B C D E F

C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H8 C4H10

(a) (i) Explain which homologous series compound B belongs to.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the letter of the compound that has the same empirical formula as its
molecular formula.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Compound F exists as two isomers.


Explain what is meant by the term isomers.
Include the structures of the two isomers of compound F in your answer.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P62045A01836*
(b) Describe how compound D can be obtained from crude oil using the industrial
process of fractional distillation.
(4)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Compound C can be used to make a polymer.


(i) State the type of polymer formed from compound C.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the polymer formed from compound C.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Draw the structure of this polymer.


Include the displayed formula of the repeat unit.
(2)

(Total for Question 6 = 14 marks)

19
*P62045A01936* Turn over
7 Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with a solution of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to form
a precipitate.
The equation for the reaction is

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)

(a) State the name of the precipitate that forms.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The reaction is often used to investigate rates of reaction.


The diagram shows the apparatus a student uses to investigate the effect of temperature
on the rate of the reaction.

eye

conical flask

sodium thiosulfate solution

paper with cross


drawn on it

This is the student’s method.


● pour 50 cm3 of cold sodium thiosulfate solution into a conical flask and heat it to 20 °C
● draw a cross (X) on a piece of paper and place it under the flask
● add 5 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask
● look at the cross from above and record the time taken until the cross cannot be seen

20
*P62045A02036*
The student repeats the experiment four times, using sodium thiosulfate solution
at a different temperature each time.
He keeps the volumes of sodium thiosulfate solution and hydrochloric acid constant
in each experiment.
Give two other factors that the student should keep constant.
(2)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The table shows the student’s results.

Temperature Time until cross


in °C cannot be seen in s

20 400

30 188

40 84

50 44

60 24

The highest temperature the student uses is 60 °C because he thinks the results
might not be as accurate at temperatures higher than 60 °C.
Suggest a reason why the results might not be as accurate at temperatures higher
than 60 °C.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
*P62045A02136* Turn over
(d) The student wants to compare the rates of the reaction at the different temperatures.
He uses this formula to obtain a value for each rate of reaction

1
rate =
time in s

The table shows the value of the rate of reaction at each temperature.

Temperature Time until cross Rate of reaction


in °C cannot be seen in s in s–1

20 400 0.0025

30 188 0.0053

40 84 0.012

50 44 0.023

60 24 0.042

Plot the values of temperature and rate of reaction on the grid.


Draw a curve of best fit through the points.
(2)

0.05

0.04

0.03
Rate of
reaction
in s–1
0.02

0.01

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature in °C

22
*P62045A02236*
(e) (i) Use the graph to determine a value for the rate of the reaction at 45 °C.
Show on the graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)

rate of reaction = ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s−1

(ii) Calculate the time that it would take for the cross not to be seen at 45 °C.
(2)

time = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s

(iii) Describe the relationship between rate of reaction and temperature shown by
the graph.
(1)

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(f ) Explain, in terms of particle collision theory, the effect that increasing the temperature
has on the rate of a reaction.
(3)

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(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

23
*P62045A02336* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

24
*P62045A02436*
8 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the heat energy change when a salt dissolves
in water to form a solution.

polystyrene cup

distilled water

This is the student’s method.


● add 50 cm3 of distilled water to a polystyrene cup
● record the initial temperature of the water
● add a known mass of solid anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to the polystyrene cup
and stir the solution with the thermometer until all the solid has dissolved
● record the maximum temperature of the copper(II) sulfate solution

(a) (i) Name the piece of apparatus the student should use to add the distilled water
to the polystyrene cup.
(1)

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(ii) The student stirs the solution to help the solid dissolve more quickly.
Suggest another reason why the student stirs the solution.
(1)

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(iii) State the colour of the copper(II) sulfate solution.


(1)

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25
*P62045A02536* Turn over
(b) The diagram shows the temperatures in one experiment.

°C 25 °C 30

20 25
initial temperature maximum temperature

Complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(3)

maximum temperature in °C

initial temperature in °C

increase in temperature in °C

(c) In a second experiment, when a student dissolves the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
in 50 cm3 of distilled water, the increase in temperature is 3.3 °C.
(i) Show that the heat energy change (Q) in this second experiment is approximately 700 J.
[for water, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]
[mass of 1.0 cm3 of water = 1.0 g]
(2)

26
*P62045A02636*
(ii) In this experiment the student uses 1.70 g of the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.
Calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol.
Include a sign in your answer.
[Mr of CuSO4 = 159.5]
(4)

ΔH = ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(d) Another student does a similar experiment but uses hydrated copper(II) sulfate
instead of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.
The table shows his results.

initial temperature in °C 23.8

final temperature in °C when all solid dissolves 22.7

Explain what the results show about the type of energy change that occurs when
hydrated copper(II) sulfate dissolves.
(2)

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(Total for Question 8 = 14 marks)

27
*P62045A02736* Turn over
9 Sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) is also known as baking soda.
Baking soda can be used to make cakes increase in size in an oven.
This is the equation for the reaction that takes place when baking soda is heated.

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(a) (i) What type of reaction is this?


(1)
A combustion
B decomposition
C oxidation
D reduction

(ii) Suggest why the reaction makes the cakes increase in size.
(1)

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28
*P62045A02836*
(b) A student uses this apparatus to investigate the reaction that takes place when
sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated.

sodium hydrogencarbonate
crucible

pipeclay
triangle

heat

This is the student’s method.


● weigh a crucible and record the mass
● add some sodium hydrogencarbonate to the crucible, reweigh it and record the mass
● heat the crucible and contents for five minutes, then allow to cool before weighing
and recording the mass
● heat the crucible and contents again for a further three minutes, then allow to cool
before weighing and recording the mass
(i) Give a reason why the crucible and contents are heated for a further three minutes.
(1)

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(ii) The student considered using a lid on the crucible in the experiment.
Suggest an advantage and a disadvantage of using a lid on the crucible.
(2)

advantage .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29
*P62045A02936* Turn over
(c) The table shows some of the student’s results.

mass of crucible and sodium hydrogencarbonate in g 29.75

mass of empty crucible in g 26.50

(i) Calculate the mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate that the student uses.
(1)

mass = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(ii) Using this equation, calculate the maximum mass of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
that could form in the student’s reaction.

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)

[Mr of NaHCO3 = 84 Mr of Na2CO3 = 106]


(3)

maximum mass = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

30
*P62045A03036*
(d) In a second experiment, the student uses a larger mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate.
She calculates that she should obtain 4.8 g of sodium carbonate.
She actually obtains 4.2 g of sodium carbonate.
(i) Calculate the percentage yield from the student’s experiment.
(2)

percentage yield = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(ii) Other than spillages, suggest a possible reason why the student’s actual yield
is less than expected.
(1)

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(Total for Question 9 = 12 marks)

31
*P62045A03136* Turn over
10 The table gives information about some lead compounds.

Compound Formula Appearance Solubility in water

lead(II) oxide PbO yellow solid insoluble

lead(IV) oxide PbO2 brown solid insoluble

red lead oxide Pb3O4 red solid insoluble

lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 white solid soluble

(a) When a sample of red lead oxide is heated, it changes into a yellow solid and a gas forms
that relights a glowing splint.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
(2)

red lead oxide → . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................... + ........................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A sample of one of the oxides of lead contains 86.6% lead and 13.4% oxygen by mass.
Show by calculation that the sample is lead(IV) oxide, PbO2
[Ar of Pb = 207 Ar of O = 16]
(3)

32
*P62045A03236*
(c) Red lead oxide reacts with warm dilute nitric acid.
(i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction.

Pb3O4(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 4HNO3(. . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ) → ........................ Pb(NO3)2(aq) + PbO2(s) + ................. . . . . . . . H2O(l)


(2)

(ii) A student is given a sample of solid red lead oxide and some dilute nitric acid.
Describe how the student could obtain a pure dry sample of lead(II) nitrate crystals.
(6)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS


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*P62045A03336*
BLANK PAGE

34
*P62045A03436*
BLANK PAGE

35
*P62045A03536*
BLANK PAGE

36
*P62045A03636*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 14 May 2020


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH1/1CR 4SD0/1CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
Paper: 1CR
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P62046A0128*
P62046A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [272]

*P62046A0228*
[261] [271]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.

1 (a) The box gives some methods used in the separation of mixtures.

chromatography      crystallisation      evaporation
filtration      fractional distillation      simple distillation

Use words from the box to answer these questions.


(i) Identify the method used to obtain pure water from sea water.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Identify the method used to separate the dyes in a food colouring.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Identify the method used to obtain ethanol from a mixture of ethanol
and water.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Complete the sentences by writing a suitable word in each blank space.
(3)

When salt is added to water and stirred until no more will ............................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
a saturated solution forms.

The salt is the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... .

The water is the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................... .

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P62046A0328* Turn over
2 The diagram shows the positions of some elements in the Periodic Table.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

H He

Na Cl

K Br

(a) Use symbols from this table to answer these questions.


Each symbol may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Give the symbol of a metal.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the symbol of a noble gas.


(1)

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(iii) Give the symbol of a liquid at room temperature.


(1)

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(iv) Give the symbols of the two elements in Period 3


(1)

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... and ......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Deduce the electronic configuration of Na


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

4
*P62046A0428*
3 This question is about alkenes and alkanes.
(a) Complete the table by giving the missing information about the alkene with the
molecular formula C3H6
(4)

Molecular formula C3H6


Name
Empirical formula
General formula

Displayed formula

(b) Alkenes are unsaturated compounds.


(i) State what is meant by the term unsaturated.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Describe a test to show that a compound is unsaturated.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5
*P62046A0528* Turn over
(c) When the alkane methane reacts with chlorine, the products are chloromethane (CH3Cl)
and hydrogen chloride gas.
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What is the name of this type of reaction?


(1)
A addition
B decomposition
C neutralisation
D substitution

(iii) State the condition needed for this reaction to occur.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P62046A0628*
(d) When ethane reacts with chlorine, one of the products of the reaction has the
formula C2H4Cl2
There are two isomers with this formula.
(i) State what is meant by the term isomers.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw the displayed formulae of the two isomers with the formula C2H4Cl2
(2)

isomer 1 isomer 2

(Total for Question 3 = 14 marks)

7
*P62046A0728* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

8
*P62046A0828*
4 A solution of hydrogen peroxide decomposes when a catalyst of manganese(IV) oxide
is added.
The products of the reaction are water and oxygen.
(a) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

............................... H2O2  →  ............................... H2O  +  ............................... O2

(b) Give a test for oxygen.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) State the reason for adding a catalyst.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) A student investigates how changing the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide
solution affects the rate of this reaction.
She uses this apparatus.

hydrogen peroxide
solution
0 20 40 60 80 100 cm3

oxygen

manganese(IV) oxide

9
*P62046A0928* Turn over
The student records the volume of oxygen that collects every 2 minutes for 16 minutes.
The table shows her results.

Time in minutes 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Volume of oxygen in cm3 0 22 38 50 55 69 76 80 80

(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid.


(1)
(ii) Draw a circle on the grid around the anomalous result.
(1)
(iii) Draw a curve of best fit through the points, ignoring the anomalous result.
(1)

100

80

60
Volume of
oxygen in cm3
40

20

0
0 4 8 12 16

Time in minutes

10
*P62046A01028*
(iv) Suggest a mistake that the student might have made to cause the
anomalous result.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(v) Determine the volume of oxygen collected during the first 3 minutes.
Show on your graph how you obtain your answer.
(2)

volume of oxygen = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(e) The student repeats the experiment using hydrogen peroxide solution of half the
concentration of the original solution.
She keeps the volume of the hydrogen peroxide solution and all other conditions
the same.
(i) Draw on the grid the curve you would expect the student to obtain.
(2)
(ii) Explain how using hydrogen peroxide solution of half the concentration
affects the rate of the reaction.
Refer to particle collision theory in your answer.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 14 marks)

11
*P62046A01128* Turn over
5 (a) The diagram shows the displayed formula of the organic compound methanol, CH3OH

H
H C O H
H

(i) Determine the number of atoms in one molecule of methanol.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State why methanol is not a hydrocarbon.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The atoms in methanol are held together by covalent bonds.


(i) State what is meant by the term covalent bond.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of methanol.


Show only the outer electrons of each atom.
(2)

12
*P62046A01228*
(c) Another organic compound has the percentage composition by mass

C = 38.7%     H = 9.7%     O = 51.6%

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.


(3)

empirical formula = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The relative molecular mass (Mr) of the compound is 62


Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
(2)

molecular formula = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

13
*P62046A01328* Turn over
6 This question is about elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table and their compounds.
(a) (i) Give the name of this group of elements.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the colour of chlorine gas.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Give a test for chlorine gas.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Give a test to show that a solution contains iodide ions.


(3)

test....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

result. ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P62046A01428*
(c) A student compares the reactivity of the elements bromine, chlorine and iodine.
He mixes these pairs of solutions and observes the reactions that occur.
• chlorine solution and potassium bromide solution
• bromine solution and potassium iodide solution
Explain how the reactions can be used to show the order of reactivity of the
three elements.
Include the colour change that the student would observe in each reaction.
(6)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

15
*P62046A01528* Turn over
7 A student uses the reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid to prepare some
zinc sulfate crystals.
(a) (i) Complete the equation for this reaction by giving the correct state symbols.
(1)

Zn (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )  +  H2SO4 (.................... )  →  ZnSO4 (.................... )  +  H2 (.................... )

(ii) State what would be observed during this reaction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The student adds excess zinc to a beaker of dilute sulfuric acid.
(i) Explain why it is necessary to add excess zinc.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw a diagram of the apparatus the student should use to remove the
unreacted zinc and collect the zinc sulfate solution.
(2)

16
*P62046A01628*
(c) The student obtains a pure, dry sample of zinc sulfate crystals.
The formula of zinc sulfate crystals is ZnSO4.7H2O
(i) Calculate the relative molecular mass (Mr) of zinc sulfate crystals.
(2)

Mr = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The student uses 0.0200 mol of dilute sulfuric acid in her preparation.
Show that the maximum mass of zinc sulfate crystals that the student could
obtain is about 6 g.
(2)

(iii) The student obtains a mass of 4.28 g of zinc sulfate crystals.


Calculate the percentage yield of the zinc sulfate crystals.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(3)

percentage yield = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 7 = 13 marks)

17
*P62046A01728* Turn over
8 (a) A piece of magnesium ribbon is ignited and placed in a gas jar of oxygen.
The equation for the reaction is

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

(i) Give two observations that would be made in this reaction.


(2)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State why this is an oxidation reaction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A second piece of magnesium ribbon is ignited and placed in a gas jar of
carbon dioxide.
A very exothermic reaction occurs, forming magnesium oxide and carbon.
(i) State what is meant by the term exothermic.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the chemical equation for this reaction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) A fire starts in a warehouse where magnesium is stored.


Suggest why it would not be suitable to use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
to put out this fire.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P62046A01828*
(c) A student uses this apparatus to find the mass of magnesium oxide that forms
when a known mass of magnesium is heated.

crucible lid
magnesium
ribbon

heat

This is his method.


• find the mass of the crucible and lid
• place some magnesium ribbon in the crucible
• find the mass of the crucible, lid and magnesium
• heat the crucible with the lid on for a few minutes
• find the mass of the crucible, lid and magnesium oxide
Using this method, the mass of magnesium oxide formed is less than expected.
Explain two changes that the student should make to his method to obtain a
mass of magnesium oxide closer to the expected mass.
(4)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 = 10 marks)

19
*P62046A01928* Turn over
9 This question is about some compounds of the elements in Group 4 of the
Periodic Table.

(a) When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, a weak acid forms.

(i) Which of these could be the pH of this weak acid?


(1)
A 1
B 5
C 7
D 9

(ii) Which of these is a correct statement about acids?


(1)
A acids contain OH− ions
B acids are electron donors
C acids are proton acceptors
D acids are proton donors

(b) When lead(II) carbonate is heated, lead(II) oxide and carbon dioxide form.
(i) Give the name of this type of reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the equation for this reaction.


(1)

PbCO3  →  ..............................................   +  ..............................................

20
*P62046A02028*
(c) Silicon dioxide, SiO2, and silicon(IV) chloride, SiCl4, are both covalently bonded
compounds.
The table shows the melting and boiling points of these two compounds, and the
physical state of silicon dioxide at room temperature.

Physical state at
Compound Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C
room temperature
SiO2 1710 2230 solid
SiCl4 −69 58

(i) Complete the table by giving the physical state of silicon(IV) chloride at
room temperature.
(1)
(ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why silicon dioxide has a much
higher melting point than silicon(IV) chloride.
(6)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 11 marks)

21
*P62046A02128* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

22
*P62046A02228*
10 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the reaction between
potassium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.

polystyrene cup

This is her method.


• pour 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup and record
the temperature of the solution
• pour 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a measuring cylinder and record the
temperature of the acid
• add the acid to the polystyrene cup and stir the mixture
• record the highest temperature reached
(a) (i) Give a word equation for the reaction between potassium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why the student needs to stir the mixture.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P62046A02328* Turn over
(b) The table gives the temperatures of the solutions before the student mixes them.

potassium hydroxide solution 17.8 °C


dilute hydrochloric acid 18.4 °C

Calculate the mean (average) temperature of the two solutions.


(2)

mean temperature = ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(c) The student repeats the experiment on a different day, using 25 cm3 of
potassium hydroxide solution and 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.
The thermometer shows the highest temperature reached at the end of
the experiment.

°C 25

20

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.


Give both temperatures to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(2)

mean temperature at start in °C

temperature at end in °C

temperature rise in °C 5.2

24
*P62046A02428*
(ii) Show that the heat energy change, Q, in the student’s experiment is
about 1100 J.
[for the mixture, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]
[mass of 1.0 cm3 of mixture = 1.0 g]
(3)

(iii) The student uses 0.020 mol of potassium hydroxide in his experiment.
Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol, for 1.0 mol of
potassium hydroxide.
Include a sign in your answer.
(3)

ΔH = ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 10 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

25
*P62046A02528*
BLANK PAGE

26
*P62046A02628*
BLANK PAGE

27
*P62046A02728*
BLANK PAGE

28
*P62046A02828*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Monday 11 January 2021


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH1/1C 4SD0/1C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
Paper: 1C
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer the
Answer all questions.
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P67079A0136*
P67079A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

*P67079A0236*
[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about states of matter.


(a) Use the words solid, liquid or gas to give the initial and final state of matter for
each of the changes listed in the table.
The first one has been done for you.
(3)

Change Initial state Final state

melting solid liquid

sublimation solid gas

condensing gas liquid

evaporation liquid gas

(b) Particles in a solid are closely packed, arranged in a regular pattern and vibrate
about fixed positions.
Describe the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas.
(3)
In a gas, the particles are moving randomly in all free directions and they are randomly structured without
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
packing closely together.

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

They move faster.


there are larger gaps between molecules
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P67079A0336* Turn over
2 The table gives the melting and boiling points of four pure substances, W, X, Y and Z.

Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C


W –7   60
X 660 2500
Y 180 1330
Z 115 445

Use data from the table to answer the questions.


(a) (i) Which substance is a gas at 100 °C?
(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

(ii) Which substance is a liquid for the largest range of temperature?


(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

(iii) Which substance is a liquid at 1000 °C and a gas at 2000 °C?


(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

4
*P67079A0436*
(b) Substance Y does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct electricity
when molten.
Give the type of bonding in substance Y.
(1)
ionic
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Suggest how the melting point of a pure substance changes when an impurity
is added.
(1)

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The more impure the substance is, the higher its melting point is
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

5
*P67079A0536* Turn over
3 Lead nitrate and potassium iodide react to form the insoluble solid lead iodide.
Crystals of lead nitrate and potassium iodide are placed at opposite ends of a
container of water.
Solid lead iodide forms after several minutes.
The diagram shows the container at the start and after several minutes.

crystals of crystals of
potassium iodide lead nitrate lead iodide

At the start After several minutes

(a) Name the two processes that occur before the solid lead iodide forms.
(2)

1.............................
diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

sublimation
2.............................
dissolving
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explain why solid lead iodide takes less time to form when the reaction is
repeated using water at a higher temperature.
(2)
When the temperature is increased, particles can get higher kinetic energy and move faster and increases the rate
................................of
. . . . .reaction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The formula for lead nitrate is Pb(NO3)2


(i) Give the number of different elements in lead nitrate.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the charge on the lead ion in Pb(NO3)2


(1)

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2+

6
*P67079A0636*
(d) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction between lead nitrate and
potassium iodide.
(1)

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2
............................... KNO3(aq)

(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)

7
*P67079A0736* Turn over
4 This question is about rusting.
(a) When iron rusts, it reacts with oxygen in the air.
A student uses the rusting of iron to find the percentage of oxygen in a sample of air.
The diagram shows the apparatus.

100 80 60 40 20 0
cm3

air
gas syringe

wet iron
conical flask filings

These are the student’s results.


volume of air in conical flask and connecting tube = 265 cm3
volume of air in gas syringe at start = 100 cm3
volume of air in gas syringe at end = 25 cm3
Calculate the percentage of oxygen in the sample of air using the student’s results.
(3)

percentage of oxygen = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

8
*P67079A0836*
(b) (i) Cars are painted to prevent the iron in car bodies from rusting.
Explain how painting prevents the iron in car bodies from rusting.
(2)

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Painting acts like a barrier for the iron and prevents it from reacting with the air and water .
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(ii) Some car manufacturers use paint containing tiny particles of zinc.
Explain how particles of zinc prevent iron in car bodies from rusting even
when this paint is scratched.
(2)

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Zinc is more reactive than iron and can form zinc oxide as a protection of the iron not to react with air and water.
Zinc particles prevents the zinc particles and oxygen particles to be reacted.
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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

9
*P67079A0936* Turn over
5 This question is about the separation of mixtures.
(a) The box gives some methods used to separate mixtures.

crystallisation    filtration    fractional distillation    simple distillation

Complete the table by giving the correct method from the box for each separation.
Each method can be used once, more than once or not at all.
(4)

Separation Method

insoluble solid from a liquid filtration

pure water from a solution simple distillation

liquid from a mixture of liquids


fractional distillation
with different boiling points

soluble solid from a solution crystalization

10
*P67079A01036*
(b) A student uses chromatography to analyse the composition of purple ink.
The diagram shows the student’s chromatogram at the end of the experiment.

solvent front

start line
purple
A B C D
ink

(i) Explain which dyes are contained in the purple ink.


(2)

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dye A and B as the dyes A and B are two spots that exist in purple ink

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M2 because they are the same height /moved the
same distance up the paper / have the same Rf
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . values
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as
. . . . . . . .the
. . . . . . . . . spots
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .in the purple ink
. . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... ....................................

(ii) Explain which dye is least soluble in the solvent.


(2)

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Dye D as it travels less nearer than other dyes to the start line
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11
*P67079A01136* Turn over
(c) A different chromatography experiment is set up.
A spot of food colouring is placed on the start line.
A food dye in the colouring has an Rf value of 0.72
The distance between the start line and the solvent front is 120 mm.
Calculate the distance the food dye moves from the start line.
(2)

distance = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

12
*P67079A01236*
BLANK PAGE

13
*P67079A01336* Turn over
6 This question is about salts.
(a) When solutions of salts are mixed together, precipitates sometimes form.
The insoluble salt barium carbonate forms as a precipitate when solutions of the
soluble salts ammonium carbonate and barium chloride react together.
When solutions of the soluble salts potassium chloride and magnesium sulfate
are mixed, no precipitate forms.
Complete the table to show the results of mixing solutions of some soluble salts.
(3)

ammonium carbonate solution magnesium sulfate solution

barium chloride precipitate of bairum sulfate


solution barium carbonate

no preci
potassium chloride
no precipitate
solution

precipitates of calcium carbonate is formed


calcium chloride precipitate of
solution calcium sulfate

14
*P67079A01436*
(b) A student has four unlabelled beakers, each containing a colourless solution of a
different salt.
The four solutions are
• potassium carbonate
• potassium chloride
• potassium iodide
• sodium chloride
Describe a method to identify each solution.
Do not refer to safety in your answer.
(6)

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To test potassium ion first, use a flame test by dipping the wire to the HCL acid and the solution and then heat with bunsen burner. So, it
shows the lilac flame, those solutions have potassium ion. And, the flame is yellow, it has sodium ion.
To test choloride or iodide, add the silver nitrate solution and the nitric acid to it, and if precipitate is yellow, it has iodide ion and it ppt is
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white, it has chloride ion. And then, put them into HCL and the gas will produce. if that gas let the limewater turn milky, it has carbonate
ion.
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(Total for Question 6 = 9 marks)

15
*P67079A01536* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

16
*P67079A01636*
7 This question is about lithium oxide.
(a) The diagram shows the electron configurations of an atom of lithium and an atom
of oxygen.

lithium oxygen

Describe the changes in electronic configuration when lithium and oxygen react
to form lithium oxide, Li2O
(3)
lithium has 2.1 .
and oxygen atom has 2.6.
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
When they are reacted, the electron of the outermost shell of lithium transfers to the oxygen's outer
shell, being a positive ion, Li+.
Oxygen gets
................................ . . . . . . . . . .each
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .electron
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .from
. . . . . . . . . . . . .the
. . . . . . . . .two lithium atoms and form 2.8 atom, being a negative ion
. ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . .O2-.
............................

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17
*P67079A01736* Turn over
(b) Lithium oxide reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide as the only product.
A scientist uses this apparatus to measure the temperature change of the reaction.

beaker

100 g water

polystyrene cup

This is the scientist’s method.


• pour 100 g of water into a polystyrene cup
• record the temperature of the water
• add the lithium oxide and stir the mixture
• record the maximum temperature reached
The diagram shows the thermometer readings before and after adding the
lithium oxide.

20 30

15 25

before after

18
*P67079A01836*
(i) Complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(2)

temperature in °C after adding the lithium oxide 27.7

temperature in °C before adding the lithium oxide 17.3

temperature rise in °C
10.4

(ii) Calculate the heat energy change in the reaction.


Give your answer to two significant figures.
[c = 4.2 J / g / °C]
(4)

heat energy change = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

19
*P67079A01936* Turn over
(iii) In another experiment the scientist obtains these results.

amount of lithium oxide in mol 0.0580

heat energy change in J 5210

Calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH ) in kJ / mol.


Include a sign in your answer.
(3)

ΔH = .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ / mol
(iv) Give a reason why the scientist does the experiment in a polystyrene cup.
(1)

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(Total for Question 7 = 13 marks)

20
*P67079A02036*
8 This question is about the halogens.
(a) The table gives some information about the halogens.
Complete the table by predicting the physical state of astatine at room
temperature and the colour of astatine.
(2)

Physical state at room


Halogen Colour
temperature

fluorine gas yellow

chlorine gas pale green

bromine liquid red-brown

iodine solid grey

astatine

(b) Bromine has two isotopes with mass numbers 79 and 81


(i) The relative percentages of each isotope in a sample of bromine are
bromine-79 = 51.0%      bromine-81 = 49.0%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of bromine.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
*P67079A02136* Turn over
(ii) Give a reason why both isotopes of bromine have the same chemical properties.
(1)

same electron configuration


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(c) A student investigates the reactivity of some halogens.


She uses these solutions of halogens and their halides.
• bromine, chlorine and iodine
• sodium bromide, sodium chloride and sodium iodide
She adds each halogen solution to each halide solution.
The table shows her results.

Sodium bromide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide


Bromine no reaction no reaction reaction occurs
Chlorine reaction occurs no reaction reaction occurs
Iodine no reaction no reaction no reaction

(i) Explain how these results show the order of reactivity of bromine, chlorine
and iodine.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P67079A02236*
(ii) Suggest why the student does not need to add bromine solution to
sodium bromide solution.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The ionic equation for the reaction between bromine and sodium iodide is

Br2(aq) + 2I−(aq) → I2(aq) + 2Br−(aq)

Explain why this is a redox reaction.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 = 12 marks)

23
*P67079A02336* Turn over
9 Propane is a hydrocarbon with the formula C3H8
(a) State why propane is a hydrocarbon.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) Name the poisonous gas that forms when propane is burned in a limited
supply of air.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State why this gas is poisonous to humans.


(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24
*P67079A02436*
(c) The diagram represents a molecule of propane.

H H H

H C C C H

H H H

Describe the forces of attraction between the atoms in a molecule of propane.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

electron
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Propane can be produced by cracking.


An equation for cracking is

C13H28 → C3H8 + 2C3H6 + 2C2H4

Explain why cracking is an important process in the oil industry.


(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
*P67079A02536* Turn over
(e) Propane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
(2)

C3H8 + Br2 → ............................... + ...............................

(ii) Give the name of this type of reaction.


(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 12 marks)

26
*P67079A02636*
BLANK PAGE

27
*P67079A02736* Turn over
10 This question is about alkanes.
(a) The graph shows the boiling points of several unbranched alkanes.

160

140

120

100

Boiling point
in °C
80

60

40

20

0
4 5 6 7 8 9

Number of carbon atoms in molecule

(i) Draw a curve of best fit.


(1)
(ii) Use the graph to find the boiling point of the alkane with 7 carbon atoms in
its molecule.
Show on the graph how you obtain your answer.
(2)

boiling point = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

28
*P67079A02836*
(iii) Explain the trend shown by the graph.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram represents two isomers with the formula C5H12

H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C H H C C C C H

H H H H H H H H
H C H

Explain why these compounds are isomers.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29
*P67079A02936* Turn over
(c) (i) An alkane contains 82.8% carbon and 17.2% hydrogen by mass.
Show by calculation that the empirical formula of this alkane is C2H5
(2)

(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of this alkane.


(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30
*P67079A03036*
(d) The equation for the complete combustion of one mole of an alkane can be
represented by

alkane + ZO2 → XCO2 + YH2O

Complete combustion of one mole of the alkane produces 308 g of


carbon dioxide and 144 g of water.
X, Y and Z are the numbers used to balance the equation.
Calculate the values of X, Y and Z.
[Mr of CO2 = 44, Mr of H2O = 18]
(3)

X = ................................

Y = ................................

Z = ................................

(Total for Question 10 = 14 marks)

31
*P67079A03136* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

32
*P67079A03236*
11 This question is about reactions that form gases.
(a) Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen.
The equation for the reaction is

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

25.0 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution are poured into a conical flask and
1.00 g of solid manganese(IV) oxide is added.
Bubbles of oxygen gas are formed.
(i) Give the test for oxygen gas.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Describe a method to show that solid manganese(IV) oxide is a catalyst in this
reaction and not a reactant.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Record the amount of solid manganese oxide before the reaction. And, measure it again after it. If the mass
doesn't change and the reaction seems faster, it is catalyst.
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M1 filter out manganese(IV) oxide / solid


................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M2 leave to dry
M3 same mass/ 1g of manganese(IV) oxide / solid
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33
*P67079A03336* Turn over
(b) A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of the reaction between zinc
and an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid.

dilute
hydrochloric acid

zinc

This is the student’s method.


• pour 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a conical flask
• add about 1.2 g of zinc lumps
• record the volume of hydrogen gas collected every 30 s until no more
hydrogen is collected
The graph shows the student’s results.

500

450

400

350

300
Volume of
hydrogen 250
in cm3
200

150

100

50

0
0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in s

34
*P67079A03436*
(i) Calculate the mean (average) rate of reaction, in cm3 / s, in the first 120 s.
(2)

mean rate = ........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3 / s


(ii) The equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid is

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Use this equation and the particle collision theory to explain why the rate of
reaction is greatest at the start of the reaction.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The student repeats the experiment at a higher temperature but keeps all
other conditions the same.
On the grid, draw the curve you would expect to see in this experiment.
(2)

Question continues on next page

35
*P67079A03536* Turn over
(iv) Explain why the rate of reaction is greater if the same mass of zinc powder is
used instead of zinc lumps. All other conditions are kept the same.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) In another experiment, the student adds 0.55 g of zinc to a solution containing
2.50 × 10−2 moles of hydrochloric acid.
Use the equation to show that hydrochloric acid is in excess.

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

[Ar of Zn = 65]
(2)

(Total for Question 11 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

36
*P67079A03636*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Monday 11 January 2021


Morning (Time: 2 hours) Paper Reference 4CH1/1CR 4SD0/1CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
Paper: 1CR
You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer the
Answer all questions.
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P67080A0132*
P67080A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [272]

*P67080A0232*
[261] [271]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.
1 The box lists some substances.

air      bromine      carbon      copper      glucose
nitrogen      oxygen      sulfur      water

Choose substances from the box to answer these questions.


Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Name a metallic element.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Name a compound.


(1)

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(c) Name a mixture.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Name an element that is a gas at room temperature.


(1)

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(e) Name an element that forms a basic oxide.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(f ) Name two elements that are in the same group of the Periodic Table.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P67080A0332* Turn over
2 A student does a chromatography experiment using ink 1, ink 2, and
three known dyes A, B and C. The student uses water as the solvent.
The diagram shows the student’s chromatogram.

solvent front

pencil line

ink ink dye dye dye


1 2 A B C

(a) Deduce what conclusions can be made about the composition of ink 1.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) Give one conclusion that can be made about ink 2.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
*P67080A0432*
(ii) Suggest how the student could change the experiment to find the
composition of ink 2.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Calculate the Rf value of dye C, giving your answer to 2 significant figures.
(3)

Rf value = .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

5
*P67080A0532* Turn over
3 Crude oil is a mixture of organic compounds.
Most of these compounds are members of the same homologous series.
(a) State the name of this homologous series.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) An industrial process is used to separate crude oil into fractions.


(i) The process depends on a difference in a property of the fractions.
What is this property?
(1)
A boiling point
B density
C melting point
D solubility

(ii) The boxes give some uses of fractions and some names of fractions.
Draw one straight line from each use to its correct fraction.
(3)

Use Fraction

bitumen

fuel for aeroplanes diesel

fuel for ships fuel oil

surfacing roads gasoline

kerosene

6
*P67080A0632*
(c) Fuels obtained from the fractions may contain impurities.
Explain how the combustion of a common impurity in fuels may cause an
environmental problem.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Some of the fractions contain long-chain molecules which are not very useful.
(i) Give the name of the process used to convert long-chain molecules into more
useful shorter-chain molecules.
(1)

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(ii) Give the catalyst and temperature used in the industrial process to convert
long-chain molecules into shorter-chain molecules.
(2)

catalyst ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

temperature.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. .............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


(iii) When C13H28 is used in this process, three different molecules are formed.
Complete the equation for this reaction.
(2)

C13H28 → C8H18 + ............................... + ...............................

(Total for Question 3 = 13 marks)

7
*P67080A0732* Turn over
4 When iron is left in damp air, rust forms on its surface.
(a) (i) State the chemical name for rust.
(1)

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(ii) Explain how a barrier method prevents rusting.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A student uses this apparatus to find the approximate percentage by volume
of oxygen in air.

rubber bung
damp iron wool
100
90
80 graduated glass tube
70
60
50
40
30
20
water
10
0

8
*P67080A0832*
This is the student’s method.
 place a graduated glass tube in a beaker of water
 place some damp iron wool and a rubber bung in the top of the tube
 record the reading of the water level in the tube
 leave the apparatus for a few days
 record the reading of the water level again
The diagram shows the readings at the start and at the end of the experiment.

30 40

20 30

10 20

start end

(i) Use the readings to complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.5 cm3.
(2)

reading at start in cm3 20.5

reading at end in cm3

volume of oxygen used in cm3

(ii) The student uses these results to calculate the percentage by volume of
oxygen in air.
Suggest why her calculated value is lower than the expected value.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
*P67080A0932* Turn over
(c) The student repeats the experiment using the same apparatus.
These are her results for the second experiment.
volume of air in tube at start = 80.0 cm3
reading at start = 20.0
reading at end = 35.5
Use the results to calculate the percentage by volume of oxygen in air.
(3)

percentage = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

10
*P67080A01032*
BLANK PAGE

11
*P67080A01132* Turn over
5 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the effect of heat on different solid
metal carbonates.

metal carbonate boiling tube

delivery tube

test tube

heat

limewater

This is the student’s method.


 use a spatula to put some metal carbonate in the boiling tube
 fit the delivery tube into position
 pour some limewater into the test tube
 start a timer and immediately begin to heat the metal carbonate
 record the time when a change first occurs in the limewater
The student repeats the method using different metal carbonates.
When a metal carbonate is heated a reaction sometimes occurs.
The equation for the reaction is

metal carbonate → metal oxide + carbon dioxide

12
*P67080A01232*
(a) State the name given to this type of reaction.
(1)

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(b) State two variables that the student should control in this investigation.
(2)

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2 .. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Suggest why bubbles appear in the limewater immediately after heating has
started but before there is any change to the metal carbonate.
(1)

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(d) Explain the purpose of limewater in this investigation.


(2)

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13
*P67080A01332* Turn over
(e) The table shows some of the results for the student’s investigation.

Time taken for any


Metal carbonate Colour change of solid
change in limewater
calcium carbonate remains white 90 seconds
sodium carbonate remains white no change
copper(II) carbonate 50 seconds

(i) State the colour change that occurs for copper(II) carbonate.
(2)

from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... to .....................................................................


(ii) Give a chemical equation for this reaction of copper(II) carbonate.
(1)

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(f ) (i) There is a relationship between the position of a metal in the reactivity series
and how easily the metal carbonate reacts when heated.
Use the student’s results and your own knowledge to deduce this relationship.
(2)

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. ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................ ............................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State how you should extend the investigation to see if your deduction is correct.
(1)

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(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

14
*P67080A01432*
BLANK PAGE

15
*P67080A01532* Turn over
6 Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen.
(a) (i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

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(ii) Give a test for hydrogen gas.


(1)

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(b) A student investigates the reaction between pieces of zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
In each experiment, he uses the same mass of zinc but a different volume of the acid.
He collects the hydrogen and measures its volume in each experiment.
The graph shows the student’s results.

120

100

80
Volume of
hydrogen
in cm3
60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Volume of dilute hydrochloric acid in cm3

16
*P67080A01632*
(i) Use the graph to find the minimum volume of acid needed to react with all of
the zinc.
(1)

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(ii) The student repeats the investigation, using hydrochloric acid of double the
original concentration.
Determine the volume of hydrogen that would be collected using 15 cm3 of
this acid.
Show your working on the graph.
(2)

volume = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3


(c) Explain how increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid affects the rate
of reaction.
(3)

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17
*P67080A01732* Turn over
(d) The rate of reaction could also be affected by changing the temperature of the
hydrochloric acid, or by using a catalyst.
Explain one other way in which the rate of reaction between zinc and
hydrochloric acid can be affected.
(3)

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(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

18
*P67080A01832*
BLANK PAGE

19
*P67080A01932* Turn over
7 The formation of ions and covalent bonds involves electrons.
The table gives the electronic configurations of atoms of hydrogen, lithium and chlorine.

Element Electronic configuration of atom


hydrogen 1
lithium 2.1
chlorine 2.8.7

(a) Describe the different roles of electrons in the formation of


 ions in lithium chloride
 covalent bonds in hydrogen chloride
(3)

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20
*P67080A02032*
(b) Explain why lithium chloride has a higher melting point than hydrogen chloride.
Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(5)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 8 marks)

21
*P67080A02132* Turn over
8 (a) (i) Organic compounds can exist as isomers.
Explain what is meant by the term isomers.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Organic compound Q reacts with bromine, without the presence of


ultraviolet radiation, to form the compound C4H8Br2
Draw the displayed formulae of two isomers of Q.
(2)

(b) An acrylic polymer can be formed from molecules with this structure.

H CH3
C C
H COOCH3

(i) A student describes the molecule as an unsaturated hydrocarbon.


Explain whether this is a correct description.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the type of polymerisation that occurs in the formation of the polymer.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P67080A02232*
(iii) Complete the equation for the polymerisation reaction.
(2)

H CH3
n C C
H COOCH3

(c) Octane is a compound in petrol.


The equation for the complete combustion of octane is

C8H18 + 12.5 O2 → 8 CO2 + 9 H2O


(i) The fuel tank of a car contains 50.0 dm3 of octane.
Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide formed if all the octane in the fuel
tank undergoes complete combustion.
[mass of 1 dm3 of octane = 700 g]
(5)

mass = .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
(ii) State an environmental problem caused by carbon dioxide.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 = 15 marks)

23
*P67080A02332* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

24
*P67080A02432*
9 Lithium, sodium and potassium are the first three elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Suggest why these three elements are all stored in paraffin oil.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Caesium, Cs, is below potassium in Group 1.


(i) Give a similarity and a difference between the reactions of potassium with water
and caesium with water.
(2)

similarity......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

difference. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the chemical equation for the reaction between caesium and water.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
*P67080A02532* Turn over
(c) A student investigates the temperature change in the reaction between dilute acids
and solutions of Group 1 hydroxides.
He uses this apparatus.

glass beaker

polystyrene cup

This is the student’s method.


 measure the temperature of 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid
 pour the acid into a polystyrene cup
 add 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to the acid
 measure the maximum temperature of the mixture
(i) Suggest what could be added to the apparatus to improve the experiment.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain a change to the method that would improve the accuracy of the experiment.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26
*P67080A02632*
(d) These are the student’s results.
temperature of hydrochloric acid = 19.9 °C
maximum temperature of mixture = 26.5 °C
(i) Calculate the energy change, Q, in joules for this reaction.
[mass of 1.0 cm3 of mixture = 1.0 g]
[for the mixture, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]
(3)

Q = .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
(ii) In the student’s reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide,
0.050 mol of water forms.
Calculate the molar enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ/mol for this reaction.
(2)

ΔH = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 9 = 13 marks)

27
*P67080A02732* Turn over
10 This question is about salts.
(a) Soluble salts can be prepared by the reaction between a metal oxide and an acid.
The equation for this type of reaction is

metal oxide + acid → salt + water


(i) State the name given to this type of reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State, in terms of protons, what happens in this reaction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) A student is given 50 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid and a bottle of solid copper(II) carbonate.
Describe the method that the student should use to prepare a saturated
solution of copper(II) sulfate.
In your answer, refer to the pieces of apparatus that the student should use.
(5)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28
*P67080A02832*
(ii) The student produces dry crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate from the
saturated solution.
He calculates that 6.40 g of dry crystals should be formed.
The mass of dry crystals he actually obtains is 1.80 g less than he calculated.
Calculate the student’s percentage yield.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

percentage yield = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

29
*P67080A02932* Turn over
(c) (i) Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulfate.
A sample of gypsum contains 79% of calcium sulfate by mass.
Calculate the value of x in CaSO4.xH2O
[Mr of CaSO4 = 136 Mr of H2O = 18]
(3)

x = ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe a test for calcium ions in the sample of gypsum.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

30
*P67080A03032*
BLANK PAGE

31
*P67080A03132*
BLANK PAGE

32
*P67080A03232*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)
Paper
Time 2 hours
reference 4CH1/1C 4SD0/1C

Chemistry
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
PAPER 1C

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centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
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– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• your mind
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change
about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

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• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• Good luck
your answers if you have time at the end.
• with your examination.
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*P66056A0128*
P66056A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P66056A0228*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.

1 The box shows the names of some substances.

bromine carbon dioxide copper iodine

methane nitrogen sulfur dioxide water

(a) Complete the table by choosing substances from the box that match the
description.
Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(5)

Description Substance

a good conductor of electricity

an element that has a basic oxide

a substance used as a fuel

a major cause of acid rain

a non‑metallic element that is a solid


at room temperature

(b) Describe a test for carbon dioxide.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

3
*P66056A0328* Turn over
2 (a) Table 1 gives some information about three subatomic particles.
(i) Complete Table 1 by giving the missing information.
(3)

Subatomic particle Relative mass Relative charge

electron 0.0005

proton +1

neutron 1

Table 1

(ii) Give the name of the part of the atom containing protons and neutrons.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Table 2 shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the
species U, V, W, X, Y and Z.

Species Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

U 8 10 8

V 9 10 10

W 11 12 10

X 11 12 11

Y 12 12 12

Z 12 13 12

Table 2

4
*P66056A0428*
Use the information in Table 2 to answer these questions.
Each species may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Give the letter of the species that has six electrons in its outer shell.
(1)

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(ii) Give the mass number of Z.


(1)

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(iii) Give the letter of the species that is a positive ion.


(1)

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(iv) Give the letters of the two species that are isotopes of the same element.
(1)

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(c) A sample of neon contains two isotopes, 20Ne and 22Ne


The relative abundances of the two isotopes in the sample are
20 22
Ne 91.2% Ne 8.80%

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of neon.


Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)

5
*P66056A0528* Turn over
3 Some sugar is added to cold water in a beaker.
After some time, all the sugar dissolves and spreads throughout the water.
(a) (i) Name the process that occurs which causes the sugar to spread throughout
the water.
(1)

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(ii) State two ways to make the sugar dissolve more quickly.
(2)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Pure water can be obtained from the sugar solution using this apparatus.

water out
X

water in

heat

(i) Name the process used to obtain pure water from the sugar solution.
(1)

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(ii) Explain the purpose of the piece of apparatus labelled X.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

6
*P66056A0628*
BLANK PAGE

7
*P66056A0728* Turn over
4 A student uses paper chromatography in an experiment to separate the dyes in four
different food colourings, E, F, G and H.
The diagram shows the appearance of the paper before and after the experiment.

level reached
by solvent

E F G H E F G H

before after

(a) (i) Describe how the student should complete the experiment after putting a
spot of each food colouring on the paper.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
*P66056A0828*
(ii) Deduce the number of dyes in food colouring H.
(1)

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(iii) Suggest why food colouring F does not move during the experiment.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Explain which two food colourings contain the dye that is likely to be the
most soluble in the solvent.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Determine which food colouring contains a dye with Rf value closest to 0.67
Show your working.
(3)

(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

9
*P66056A0928* Turn over
5 This question is about alkanes and alkenes.
(a) (i) Complete the boxes by giving the missing information about the alkane with
the molecular formula C2H6
(3)

molecular formula C2H6

name

empirical formula

displayed formula

(ii) Complete the chemical equation for the complete combustion of the alkane C2H6
(1)

........... C2H6 + ........... O2 → ........... CO2 + ........... H2O

(iii) Incomplete combustion occurs when the air supply is limited.


Give the names of two products of incomplete combustion.
(2)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) An alkene with molecular formula C4H8 reacts with bromine to form a compound
with molecular formula C4H8Br2
(i) What is the name of this type of reaction?
(1)
A addition

B decomposition

C precipitation

D substitution

10
*P66056A01028*
(ii) Draw displayed formulae for two different alkenes with the
molecular formula C4H8
(2)

alkene 1 alkene 2

(iii) State the term used for compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structural formulae.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The alkene C3H6 can be polymerised to form the polymer poly(propene).
(i) Complete the equation for this polymerisation reaction.
(2)

H CH3
nC C →

H H

11
*P66056A01128* Turn over
(ii) Two ways of disposing of polymers such as poly(propene) are
 burying them in landfill sites
 burning them to release heat energy
Discuss the environmental problems caused by these two methods of disposal.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 15 marks)

12
*P66056A01228*
BLANK PAGE

13
*P66056A01328* Turn over
6 This question is about some of the Group 1 elements and their compounds.
(a) A teacher adds a small piece of lithium to water in a trough.
(i) Give three observations that are made when lithium reacts with water.
(3)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) After the reaction has finished, the teacher adds a few drops of
universal indicator to the solution in the trough.
Explain the colour of the universal indicator after it is added to the solution.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of lithium with water.
.(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A student does a flame test to see if a white solid contains sodium ions.
She cleans a platinum wire before using it for the flame test.
(i) Explain why the student needs to clean the platinum wire.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P66056A01428*
(ii) Which of these is the colour of the flame if the solid contains sodium ions?
(1)
A green

B lilac

C red

D yellow

(c) Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) is an ionic compound.


(i) Give the formula of each ion in potassium sulfate.
(1)

potassium ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................... sulfate ion ............................................................ . .

(ii) The melting point of potassium sulfate is 1069 °C.


Explain why potassium sulfate has a high melting point.
Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(4)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

15
*P66056A01528* Turn over
7 A student investigates the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
He uses this method.
Step 1  add 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a polystyrene cup
Step 2  record the temperature of the acid
Step 3  find the mass of a 10 cm strip of magnesium ribbon
Step 4  add the magnesium ribbon to the hydrochloric acid
Step 5  when all the magnesium has reacted, record the highest temperature
reached

(a) Complete the word equation for the reaction.


(1)

magnesium + hydrochloric acid → . . . . . .................................................................................. + ................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The thermometer shows the temperature of the acid at the start of the experiment.

°C 25

20

(i) Complete the table by giving the temperatures to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(2)

temperature of the acid at the start in °C

highest temperature reached in °C

temperature rise in °C 20.8

16
*P66056A01628*
(ii) Show that the heat energy change (Q) for this reaction is about 2200 J.
[mass of 1.0 cm3 of solution = 1.0 g]
[for the solution, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]
(2)

(iii) The mass of magnesium used by the student was 0.12 g.


Calculate the value of the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kilojoules per mole of
magnesium, for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
Include a sign in your answer.
(4)

ΔH = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 7 = 9 marks)

17
*P66056A01728* Turn over
8 (a) A scientist finds an unlabelled bottle on a shelf.
She thinks the bottle contains a solution of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4
Describe tests the scientist could do to show that the solution is ammonium sulfate.
(6)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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18
*P66056A01828*
(b) Ammonium sulfate is often used as a fertiliser.
It is prepared by reacting ammonia (NH3) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
(i) Name the type of reaction that occurs between ammonia and sulfuric acid.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with sulfuric acid.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ammonia.


Show outer electrons only.
(2)

(Total for Question 8 = 10 marks)

19
*P66056A01928* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

20
*P66056A02028*
9 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between marble chips and
dilute hydrochloric acid.

cotton wool

marble chips
dilute hydrochloric acid

g
balance

The equation for the reaction is

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

(a) During the reaction the mass of the contents of the flask decreases.
(i) State why the mass of the contents of the flask decreases.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the purpose of the cotton wool.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) Explain why sulfuric acid is not a suitable acid to use in this investigation.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
*P66056A02128* Turn over
(b) The graph shows the student’s results.

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
Decrease in mass
in g
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time in minutes

(i) In the investigation the marble chips are in excess.


Explain the shape of the graph.
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P66056A02228*
(ii) The student repeats the experiment using the same volume of hydrochloric acid but
of half the concentration of the original acid. All other conditions are kept the same.
On the grid, draw the curve the student would obtain.
(2)

(c) Explain, using particle collision theory, how increasing the temperature affects the
rate of a reaction.
(4)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 14 marks)

23
*P66056A02328* Turn over
10 (a) The diagram shows the apparatus a teacher uses to determine the formula of an
oxide of lead.

an oxide of lead hydrogen burning


hole
hydrogen
reduction tube

heat

This is the teacher’s method.


Step 1  find the mass of the reduction tube
Step 2  add some of the lead oxide to the reduction tube
Step 3  find the mass of the reduction tube and lead oxide
Step 4  pass hydrogen gas over the lead oxide and ignite the hydrogen at
the hole
Step 5  heat the lead oxide strongly for 10 minutes
Step 6  keep passing hydrogen through the reduction tube until the tube
and contents are cool
Step 7  find the new mass of the reduction tube and its contents

(i) Give a reason why hydrogen is passed through the reduction tube until the
tube and contents are cool.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


(ii) Describe what the teacher should do next to make sure all the lead oxide has
been reduced to lead.
.(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24
*P66056A02428*
(b) The teacher completes the experiment and obtains these results.

mass of reduction tube = 23.50 g


mass of tube + lead oxide = 28.64 g
mass of tube + lead = 28.16 g

(i) Calculate the mass of lead formed.


(1)

mass of lead = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(ii) Calculate the mass of oxygen removed from the lead oxide.
(1)

mass of oxygen = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(iii) Determine the empirical formula of the lead oxide.


(4)

empirical formula of the lead oxide ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
*P66056A02528* Turn over
(c) The insoluble salt lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) can be prepared by reacting a solution
of lead(II) nitrate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(i) Complete the equation for the reaction by adding the state symbols.
(1)

Pb(NO3)2(. . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl(............ ) → PbCl2(............ ) + 2HNO3(............ )

(ii) Show that the maximum mass of lead(II) chloride that can be made from
0.0370 mol of hydrochloric acid is about 5 g.
[Mr of PbCl2 = 278]
(3)

maximum mass = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(Total for Question 10 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

26
*P66056A02628*
BLANK PAGE

27
*P66056A02728*
BLANK PAGE

28
*P66056A02828*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)
Paper
Time 2 hours
reference 4CH1/1C 4SD0/1C

Chemistry
Science (Double Award) 4SD0
PAPER: 1C

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• Good luck
your answers if you have time at the end.
• with your examination.
Turn over

*P66058RA0140*
P66058RA
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

*P66058RA0240*
[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
BLANK PAGE

*P66058RA0340*
3
Turn over
Answer ALL questions.
1 (a) The diagram shows the particles in four substances, A, B, C and D.

A B C D

(i) Which substance contains single atoms of one element?


(1)
A

(ii) Which substance is a compound?


(1)
A

(iii) Which substance could have the formula H2?


(1)
A

4
*P66058RA0440*
(b) The diagram shows the particles in substance E.

Give two reasons why substance E is a mixture.


(2)

1. ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

*P66058RA0540*
5
Turn over
2 This question is about Group 7 elements and their reactions.
(a) Fluorine has the smallest atoms in Group 7.
The diagram shows the electronic configuration of a fluorine atom.

(i) State why fluorine has the smallest atoms in Group 7.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Which row gives the correct number of occupied electron shells and the
correct number of outer shell electrons in an atom of iodine?
Use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you.
(1)

Number of Number of
occupied electron shells outer shell electrons
A 4 5

B 5 6

C 5 7

D 7 5

6
*P66058RA0640*
(b) (i) The table gives descriptions of the reactions of some Group 7 elements with iron wool.
Complete the table by giving a description of the reaction of fluorine with iron wool.
(2)

Element Description of reaction with iron wool

fluorine

 does not need heating


chlorine
 reacts quickly
 needs heating
bromine
 reacts slowly
 needs heating
iodine
 reacts very slowly

(ii) State the relationship between the reactivity of the Group 7 elements and the
size of their atoms.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

*P66058RA0740*
7
Turn over
3 This question is about the rusting of iron.
(a) Water is needed for iron to rust.
(i) Name one other substance needed for iron to rust.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the chemical name for rust.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows two methods used to prevent iron from rusting.

iron plastic iron zinc

Method A Method B
Method A will only work if the plastic coating is not damaged.
Method B will work even when the zinc coating is damaged.
(i) Explain how method A prevents iron from rusting.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the name of method B.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
*P66058RA0840*
(iii) Explain how method B prevents iron from rusting even when the zinc coating
is damaged.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)

*P66058RA0940*
9
Turn over
4 (a) The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in species F, G and H.

Species F Species G Species H

number of protons 7 7 7

number of neutrons 7 8 7

number of electrons 7 7 10

(i) Give the mass number of F.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the electronic configuration of G.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why F and G are isotopes of the same element.


Refer to subatomic particles in your answer.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Explain why H is a negative ion.


Refer to subatomic particles and their charges in your answer.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
*P66058RA01040*
(b) A sample of carbon contains atoms of mass number 12 and 13
The table shows the percentages of these atoms in the sample.

Mass number Percentage (%)

12 98.930

13 1.070

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this sample of carbon.


Give your answer to two decimal places.
(2)

relative atomic mass = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)

*P66058RA01140*
11
Turn over
5 Two experiments are done to determine the percentage composition by volume of a
mixture of three gases, carbon dioxide, oxygen and argon.
(a) In experiment 1, a student bubbles the mixture of gases through limewater.
Carbon dioxide reacts with limewater.
The diagram shows the apparatus the student uses.

syringe A syringe B

mixture
of gases

gas syringe
in 1 cm3
divisions

limewater

The student pushes the mixture of gases out of syringe A, but no gas bubbles
appear in the limewater.
Give one change the student needs to make to the apparatus for gas bubbles to
appear in the limewater.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P66058RA01240*
(b) When the apparatus in experiment 1 is set up correctly, the mixture of gases is
bubbled gently through the limewater so that all the carbon dioxide is removed.
The volume of the mixture of gases in syringe A at the start is 76 cm3.
The volume of the mixture of gases in syringe B at the end is 66 cm3.
(i) Calculate the percentage by volume of carbon dioxide in the mixture of gases
in syringe A.
(2)

percentage of carbon dioxide = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(ii) Give the change in the appearance of the limewater.


(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why the gas syringes in experiment 1 cannot be used to find the
percentage of carbon dioxide in a typical sample of air.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P66058RA01340*
13
Turn over
(c) In experiment 2, a teacher pushes the remaining gases over hot copper powder.
The diagram shows the apparatus the teacher uses.

copper powder

gas syringe HEAT

The copper powder turns black as it reacts with oxygen.


Argon is extremely unreactive, so it does not react with copper.
(i) Name the black substance that forms on the copper powder.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest why the teacher uses copper powder instead of the same mass of
large pieces of copper.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why argon is extremely unreactive.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

14
*P66058RA01440*
BLANK PAGE

*P66058RA01540*
15
Turn over
6 This question is about organic compounds.
(a) The diagram shows the displayed formulae of five compounds, U, V, W, X and Y.

U V
H H
H H H H H
H C C H
H C C C C C H
H C C H
H H H
H H

W X
H H H H H H H H

H C C C C H H C C C C H

H H H H H H

Y
H H H H

H C C C C O H

H H H H

(i) Give the letter of the compound that is not a hydrocarbon.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the letter of the compound that is a saturated hydrocarbon with the
empirical formula CH2
(1)

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(iii) Give the letter of the compound that reacts with bromine in the presence of
ultraviolet radiation to form this structure.
(1)

H H H H

H C C C C H

H Br H H

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P66058RA01640*
(iv) Give the letter of the compound that forms an addition polymer with this
repeat unit.
(1)

CH3 CH3

C C

H H

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(v) Give the displayed formula of an alkene that is an isomer of compound X.


(1)

(vi) Compounds U and X are members of the same homologous series.


Members of the same homologous series have the same functional group.
Give two other characteristics of compounds in the same homologous series.
(2)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P66058RA01740*
17
Turn over
(b) Compound Z contains 38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen by mass.
(i) Show by calculation that the empirical formula of compound Z is CH3O
(2)

(ii) The relative formula mass (Mr) of compound Z is 62


Deduce the molecular formula of compound Z.
(2)

molecular formula = .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

18
*P66058RA01840*
BLANK PAGE

*P66058RA01940*
19
Turn over
7 This question is about nitrogen and some of its compounds.
(a) Nitrogen and oxygen do not react together at room temperature.
At the high temperatures in a car engine, nitrogen and oxygen react to form
nitrogen monoxide, NO
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

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(ii) Give a reason why this reaction only occurs at high temperatures.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State why it is important that oxides of nitrogen are not released into the
atmosphere.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Nitrogen monoxide gas can be removed from car exhaust fumes when it reacts
with carbon monoxide gas.
(i) The rate of the reaction is increased by passing the gases over a catalyst.
Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P66058RA02040*
(ii) Explain how increasing the pressure of gases increases the rate of reaction.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Ammonia is a simple molecule with the formula NH3

(i) Complete the diagram to show the outer shell electrons in ammonia.
(2)

H H

*P66058RA02140*
21
Turn over
(ii) The bonds in ammonia are covalent.
Describe the forces of attraction in a covalent bond.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why ammonia has a low boiling point.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

22
*P66058RA02240*
BLANK PAGE

*P66058RA02340*
23
Turn over
8 This question is about barium chloride.
(a) Barium chloride can be made by reacting barium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
The chemical equation for the reaction is

BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Describe a method to produce dry crystals of hydrated barium chloride, starting


with barium carbonate powder and dilute hydrochloric acid.
(6)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24
*P66058RA02440*
(b) A colourless solution contains sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate.
Describe a test using barium chloride to show that the colourless solution
contains sulfate ions.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 = 8 marks)

*P66058RA02540*
25
Turn over
9 A student investigates the reaction between solid hydrated sodium carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) She uses this method to investigate the temperature change during the reaction.
Step 1  pour 25.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a polystyrene cup
Step 2  record the temperature of the dilute hydrochloric acid
Step 3  add 0.5 g of sodium carbonate and stir the mixture
Step 4  record the lowest temperature of the mixture
Step 5  add further 0.5 g portions of sodium carbonate, one portion at a time, stir
the mixture and record the lowest temperature each time
The table shows the student’s results.

Mass of sodium carbonate


Temperature in °C
added in g

0.0 17.0

0.5 15.6

1.0 14.1

1.5 13.0

2.0 12.9

2.5 12.2

3.0 11.8

3.5 11.5

4.0 11.2

4.5 11.0

5.0 11.0

26
*P66058RA02640*
(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid.
(2)
(ii) Draw a curve of best fit, ignoring the anomalous result.
(1)

17

16

15

14
Temperature
in °C

13

12

11

10
0 1 2 3 4 5
Mass of hydrated sodium carbonate added in g

(iii) Explain why it is better to use a polystyrene cup instead of a glass beaker in
this experiment.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P66058RA02740*
27
Turn over
(iv) Suggest a reason for the anomalous result.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(v) State how the results show that all the dilute hydrochloric acid has reacted.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(vi) Use the results of the experiment to explain the type of reaction that occurs
when sodium carbonate is added to dilute hydrochloric acid.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The student does another experiment using the same reaction.
The diagram shows the student’s apparatus.

cotton wool

sodium carbonate dilute hydrochloric acid

balance
g

The mass on the balance decreases as carbon dioxide gas escapes.

28
*P66058RA02840*
(i) Give a reason for the cotton wool plug in the conical flask.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The student adds 2.12 g of sodium carbonate to an excess of dilute


hydrochloric acid.
The chemical equation for the reaction is
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Calculate the maximum mass, in g, of carbon dioxide formed in the reaction.
(3)

mass = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(iii) Suggest why the mass of carbon dioxide produced is less than the calculated
maximum mass.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 14 marks)

*P66058RA02940*
29
Turn over
10 A teacher uses this apparatus to separate a mixture of ethanol and water.

HEAT

(a) (i) Name this method of separation.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the change of state taking place at A.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Name the change of state taking place at B.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30
*P66058RA03040*
(b) The mixture contains 15.5 cm3 of ethanol.
1.0 cm3 of ethanol has a mass of 0.79 g.
One mole of ethanol contains 6.00 × 1023 molecules.
[Mr of ethanol = 46]
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of ethanol in 15.5 cm3 of ethanol.
(2)

amount = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Calculate the number of molecules of ethanol in 15.5 cm3 of ethanol.


(1)

number of molecules = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) After five minutes, the teacher collects a sample of colourless liquid in a new beaker.
(i) Describe a chemical test to show that the colourless liquid contains water.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Describe a physical test to show if the colourless liquid is pure water.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P66058RA03140*
31
Turn over
(d) The teacher uses this apparatus to heat 100 g of water.

copper can

100 g of water

burner

ethanol

He records the temperature of the water before and after heating.


temperature of water before heating = 21.0 °C
temperature of water after heating = 70.5 °C
(i) Calculate the heat energy change (Q) in joules.
[specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/g/°C]
(3)

Q = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

32
*P66058RA03240*
(ii) The student burns 0.0200 mol of ethanol.
Use this information and your value for Q to calculate the molar enthalpy
change (ΔH), in kJ/mol, for the combustion of ethanol.
Include a sign in your answer.
(2)

ΔH = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 10 = 15 marks)

*P66058RA03340*
33
Turn over
11 This question is about the reactivity of metals.
(a) Table 1 shows whether a reaction occurs between a metal and an aqueous
solution of a metal sulfate.

Metal Metal sulfate Does a reaction occur?

manganese chromium sulfate yes

tin cadmium sulfate no

chromium cadmium sulfate yes

Table 1

(i) Name the type of reaction that occurs between manganese and chromium sulfate.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Use the information in Table 1 to complete the order of reactivity.


(1)

most reactive manganese

......................................................................

......................................................................

least reactive ......................................................................

34
*P66058RA03440*
(b) Table 2 shows the colours of four metals and the colours of their metal sulfate solutions.

Metal Colour of metal Colour of metal sulfate solution

copper brown blue

iron dark grey green

magnesium silvery colourless

zinc light grey colourless

Table 2

When a metal is added to a metal sulfate solution there may be a colour change
on the surface of the metal and in the solution.
Use the information in Table 2 and your knowledge of the reactivity series to
explain any colour changes in these two experiments.
(5)

copper added to magnesium sulfate solution...................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

zinc added to iron sulfate solution. . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P66058RA03540*
35
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(c) A different experiment can be used to place metals in order of reactivity.
This is the method.
Step 1  add 1 g of a metal to 25 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid
Step 2  measure the volume of gas produced in one minute

(i) Give two variables that should be controlled in this experiment.


(2)

1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) A small piece of calcium is added to some dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker.
One of the products of the reaction, calcium sulfate, is insoluble in water.
Suggest why the reaction stops after a short time, even though the beaker still
contains calcium and dilute sulfuric acid.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36
*P66058RA03640*
(d) 1.00 g of aluminium is added to 0.0600 mol of dilute sulfuric acid.
The equation for the reaction is

2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)


Show by calculation that the sulfuric acid is in excess.
(2)

(Total for Question 11 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

*P66058RA03740*
37
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38
*P66058RA03840*
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*P66058RA03940*
39
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40
*P66058RA04040*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE

Wednesday 16 January 2019


Afternoon (Time: 1 hour) Paper Reference 4CH0/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH0
Paper: 2C

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• your mind
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box
about an answer, put a line through the box
. If you change
and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 60.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P55939A0120*
P55939A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

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*P55939A0220*
2
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3
*P55939A0320*
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Answer ALL questions.
1 The diagram shows six pieces of apparatus that are used in the laboratory.

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A B C D E F

The table lists the names of four pieces of apparatus.


Complete the table by giving a letter, A, B, C, D, E or F, to identify each piece of
apparatus listed.
(4)

Name of apparatus Letter

beaker

burette

measuring cylinder DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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pipette

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

4
*P55939A0420*
2 Rubidium is an element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
85 87
A sample of rubidium contains two isotopes, and Rb Rb
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37 37
(a) (i) State how the nuclei of the two isotopes are similar.
(1)

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(ii) State how the nuclei of the two isotopes are different.
(1)

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(iii) How many electrons are in the outer shell of a rubidium atom?
(1)
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A 1
B 3
C 9
D 37

(b) The relative abundances of the two isotopes in the sample of rubidium are

85 87

37
Rb 72.2 %      37Rb 27.8 %
Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)
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relative atomic mass = .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

5
*P55939A0520* Turn over
3 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the action of heat on sodium hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3).

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sodium
hydrogencarbonate

heat

The equation for the reaction is

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)


(a) (i) State the type of reaction taking place.
(1)

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(ii) Describe a test to show that the gas given off is carbon dioxide.
(2)

test....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

result................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6
*P55939A0620*
(b) The student heats a 1.00 g sample of sodium hydrogencarbonate for one minute.
He then measures the mass of solid left in the test tube.
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He repeats the experiment four times, heating separate samples of mass 1.00 g for
a different number of minutes each time.
The table shows the student’s results.

Time in minutes 1 2 3 4 5
Mass of solid left in test tube in g 0.89 0.78 0.69 0.63 0.63

(i) State why the mass of solid in each test tube decreases.
(1)

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(ii) Suggest why the mass of solid stops decreasing after four minutes.
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(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)


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7
*P55939A0720* Turn over
4 Sodium reacts with fluorine to form sodium fluoride.
The reaction is very exothermic.

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(a) State what is meant by the term exothermic.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows the electronic configuration of a sodium atom.

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Which of these diagrams shows the electronic configuration of a fluorine atom?
(1)

A B C D

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*P55939A0820*
(c) Sodium ions and fluoride ions are formed when sodium reacts with fluorine.
The diagram shows the electronic configuration and charge of a fluoride ion.
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Which of these diagrams shows the electronic configuration and charge of a sodium ion?
(1)
2– + 2+ –

A B C D
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(d) Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why sodium fluoride has a high
melting point.
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

9
*P55939A0920* Turn over
5 A student finds the temperature change when a mass of 0.5 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate
is added to 50 cm3 of a solution of citric acid.

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She repeats the experiment using masses of 1.0 g, 1.5 g and 2.0 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate.

sodium
hydrogencarbonate
solution of
citric acid

(a) The diagrams of the thermometer show the lowest temperature reached, in °C,
for each experiment.

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25 25 25 25

20 20 20 20

15 15 15 15
0.5 g of 1.0 g of 1.5 g of 2.0 g of
sodium sodium sodium sodium
hydrocarbonate hydrocarbonate hydrocarbonate hydrocarbonate

Use the diagrams to complete the table of results.


(2)

Mass of sodium Lowest temperature Decrease in


Initial temperature
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hydrogencarbonate reached temperature
in °C
in g in °C in °C
0.5 25

1.0 24

1.5 23

2.0 23

10
*P55939A01020*
(b) Another student does the experiment.
The table shows his results.
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Mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in g 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Decrease in temperature in °C 2 4 6 6 6

(i) Plot this student’s results on the grid.


Draw a straight line of best fit through the first three points and another
straight line of best fit through the last two points.
Make sure the two lines cross.
(3)

8–
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6–

Decrease in
temperature 4 –
in °C

2–
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0–

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5


Mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in g

(ii) Use your graph to find the mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate required to
produce a decrease in temperature of 3 °C.
(1)

mass = ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(Total for Question 5 = 6 marks)

11
*P55939A01120* Turn over
6 Poly(ethene) is an addition polymer made from ethene, C2H4
(a) Complete the equation to show the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene.

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(2)
H H
n C C →
H H

(b) State why poly(ethene) is described as an addition polymer, not a condensation polymer.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Many shopping bags are made of poly(ethene).


(i) One useful property of poly(ethene) is that it is inert so it does not react with food.
Explain two other properties of poly(ethene) that make it useful for shopping bags.

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(2)

1 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Another property of poly(ethene) is that it is non-biodegradable.


Two methods of disposing of poly(ethene) are landfill and burning.
Give one problem caused by each method of disposal.
(2)

landfill. .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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burning ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 7 marks)

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*P55939A01220*
7 Magnesium can be obtained by the electrolysis of magnesium chloride.
Solid magnesium chloride is obtained from seawater.
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The magnesium chloride is melted and then electrolysed. The positive electrode is
made of graphite and the negative electrode is made of steel.
Magnesium forms at the negative electrode. Chlorine forms at the positive electrode.
(a) Explain why the magnesium chloride has to be melted before it can be electrolysed.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Write an ionic half-equation to represent the formation of magnesium at the


negative electrode.
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(1)

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(c) Suggest why steel is not used for the positive electrode.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 4 marks)


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*P55939A01320* Turn over
8 Submarines that spend a long time underwater use sodium peroxide (Na2O2) to absorb
carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the air in the submarine.

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The equation for the reaction is

2Na2O2 + 2CO2 → 2Na2CO3 + O2

(a) There are 140 people on the submarine.


Each person produces 480 dm3 of carbon dioxide per day.
(i) Calculate the total amount, in moles, of carbon dioxide produced on the
submarine in one day.
[assume 1 mol of CO2 occupies 24.0 dm3]
(2)

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amount of CO2 = .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol
(ii) Calculate the mass, in kilograms, of sodium peroxide required to absorb all of
the carbon dioxide produced in the submarine in one day.
[Mr of Na2O2 = 78.0]
(2)

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mass of Na2O2 = .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

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*P55939A01420*
(b) Spaceships use either lithium hydroxide (LiOH) or lithium peroxide (Li2O2) to absorb
carbon dioxide.
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The equations for the two reactions are

Equation 1      2LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O

Equation 2     2Li2O2 + 2CO2 → 2Li2CO3 + O2

Using information from the equations, give two reasons why lithium peroxide is
more suitable than lithium hydroxide for use on spaceships.
(2)

1 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Total for Question 8 = 6 marks)


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*P55939A01520* Turn over
9 Ethanol (C2H5OH) is made in industry by reacting ethene (C2H4) with steam at a
temperature of 300 °C and a pressure of 70 atm. The percentage yield of ethanol is 43%.

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The equation for the reaction is

C2H4(g) + H2O(g)  C2H5OH(g)    ΔH = − 45.3 kJ / mol

(a) (i) State what the symbols  and ΔH represent.


(2)

 ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ΔH . . ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Name the catalyst used in this industrial process.
(1)

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(b) (i) Predict the effect on the yield of ethanol if the reaction is carried out at a
temperature lower than 300 °C, but at the same pressure of 70 atm.

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[assume reaction reaches equilibrium]
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Predict the effect on the yield of ethanol if the reaction is carried out at a
pressure lower than 70 atm, but at the same temperature of 300 °C.
[assume reaction reaches equilibrium]

Give a reason for your answer.


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(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P55939A01620*
(c) One method of obtaining ethene is by cracking crude oil fractions.
Ethene can also be made by passing ethanol vapour over a hot aluminium oxide catalyst.
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The equation for the reaction is

C2H5OH(g) → C2H4(g) + H2O(g)

(i) State the type of reaction taking place.


(1)

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(ii) Suggest why it may be necessary, in the future, to make ethene using this
reaction rather than by cracking crude oil fractions.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 9 marks)


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*P55939A01720* Turn over
10 Samarium, Sm, is a metal used to make powerful magnets.
(a) Samarium can be obtained by heating its oxide with lanthanum, La.

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Sm2O3 + 2La → 2Sm + La2O3

The table shows the melting points of the substances involved in this reaction.

samarium lanthanum
Substance samarium lanthanum
oxide oxide

Melting point in °C 1072 2335 920 2315

(i) The operating temperature for this reaction is 1030 °C.


Explain which substance in the table could exist as a liquid at this temperature.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Samarium oxide neutralises hydrochloric acid to form samarium chloride, SmCl3
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

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*P55939A01820*
(b) The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in samarium.
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Key
samarium ion

electron

Explain why samarium is malleable and is a good conductor of electricity.


(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 7 marks)


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TOTAL FOR PAPER = 60 MARKS

19
*P55939A01920*
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*P55939A02020*
BLANK PAGE

20
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Wednesday 12 June 2019


Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

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*P58563A0120*
P58563A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P58563A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 The diagram shows the particles in an atom of an element.


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(a) The box gives the names of some particles.

electron    ion    molecule    neutron    proton

Use words from the box to label the diagram.


(3)
(b) Give the mass number of this atom.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Complete the sentence about isotopes.


(2)
Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of ..............................................................

but have a different number of .............................................................. .


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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P58563A0320* Turn over
2 The table gives some information about the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

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Physical state at room
Halogen Colour
temperature
chlorine gas pale green

bromine red-brown

iodine solid

(a) Complete the table.


(2)
(b) Chlorine has two isotopes of mass numbers 35 and 37
The relative percentage of each isotope in a sample of chlorine is
chlorine-35   77.78%       chlorine-37   22.22%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chlorine.

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Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ..........................................................

(c) A student is given an aqueous solution of chlorine and an aqueous solution of


potassium bromide.
Explain how he can use these two solutions to compare the reactivity of chlorine
with the reactivity of bromine.
(4)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

4
*P58563A0420*
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5
*P58563A0520*
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3 Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol are alcohols. They are all liquids that
evaporate easily when warmed.

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A student uses this apparatus to compare the time taken for the four liquids to evaporate.

alcohol

hot water

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She uses this method.
• pour some methanol into an evaporating basin
• place the evaporating basin on top of a beaker containing hot water
• measure the time taken for the methanol to evaporate completely
• repeat the experiment with each of the other alcohols, using the same apparatus
(a) State two variables the student should control to make sure her results are valid.
(2)

1 .. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(b) State why it is not safe to heat the evaporating basin directly with a Bunsen flame.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P58563A0620*
(c) The table shows the results of experiments done by four students, A, B, C and D.
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Formula Time taken for liquid to evaporate in s


Alcohol of Student Student Student Student Mean time
alcohol A B C D in s
methanol CH3OH 20 24 22 26 23

ethanol C2H5OH 32 34 35 30 33

propanol C3H7OH 45 47 50 48 48

butanol C4H9OH 64 63 90 60

(i) Calculate the mean (average) time for butanol to evaporate.


(2)
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mean time = ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s


(ii) Explain how the results show which alcohol evaporates most easily.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) State the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
and how easily the alcohol evaporates.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

7
*P58563A0720* Turn over
4 This question is about metals.
(a) Which statement describes metallic bonding?

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(1)
A electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
B electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a pair of
electrons shared between them
C electrostatic attraction between positively charged particles and delocalised electrons
D electrostatic attraction between atoms

(b) Aluminium is malleable and can be easily shaped to make saucepans used for
cooking food.
State two other properties of aluminium that make it suitable for saucepans used
for cooking food.
(2)

1 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8
*P58563A0820*
(c) Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium.
The diagram shows how the atoms are arranged in this alloy.
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magnesium atom

aluminium atom

(i) State what is meant by the term alloy.


(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why magnalium is harder than aluminium.


(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

9
*P58563A0920* Turn over
5 During the Second World War, engineers developed a rocket-powered aircraft.

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combustion chamber
hydrogen peroxide tank

hydrazine tank

The aircraft carried these two liquids

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• hydrazine, N2H4
• hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
When these two liquids mix in the combustion chamber, they evaporate and then
react rapidly to form nitrogen gas, N2, and steam, H2O
The reaction is exothermic.
The equation for the reaction is

N2H4       +       2H2O2       →       N2       +       4H2O

The displayed formulae for the reactants and products are

H H
H O H
H H H H H O H
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N N H
O O
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H H O O N=N O

10
*P58563A01020*
(a) The tables give the bond energies for the bonds broken in the reactants and the
bonds made in the products.
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Bonds broken Bonds made


bond energy bond energy
bond bond
in kJ/mol in kJ/mol
N—N 159
N=N 945
N—H 391

O—O 143
O—H 463
O—H 463

(i) Use the data in the tables to calculate the total amount of energy required to
break all of the bonds in the reactants.
(1)
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energy required = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ


(ii) Use the data in the tables to calculate the total amount of energy released
when all of the bonds in the products are made.
(1)

energy released = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ


(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, in kJ/mol, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
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(3)

∆H = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

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*P58563A01120* Turn over
(b) Explain, in terms of bonds broken and bonds made, why this reaction is exothermic.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between N2H4 and H2O2
(3)

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energy

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)


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12
*P58563A01220*
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*P58563A01320*
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6 Some cars in Brazil use ethanol, C2H5OH, as a fuel instead of petrol.
The ethanol is made by the fermentation of glucose which is obtained from sugar cane.

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The sugar is extracted from the sugar cane and then dissolved in water to make
a sugar solution.
(a) (i) Name the substance that is added to the sugar solution that causes glucose to ferment.
(1)

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(ii) Which temperature is the most suitable for fermentation?


(1)
A  0°C
B 10 °C
C 30 °C
D 80°C

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(iii) Explain why fermentation is done in the absence of air.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) State what is meant by the term fuel.


(1)

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(ii) Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol in air.
(2)

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*P58563A01420*
(c) Ethanol is also manufactured by reacting steam with ethene, C2H4
The equation for this reaction is
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C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → C2H5OH(g)

State the conditions of temperature and pressure used in this process.


(2)

temperature .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................................. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

pressure . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) When ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI), it is oxidised to


ethanoic acid.
(i) State the colour change that occurs in the potassium dichromate(VI) during
this reaction.
(1)
from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................ to ........................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) The structural formula of ethanoic acid is CH3COOH

Draw the displayed formula of ethanoic acid.


(2)

(iii) Complete the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium.
(2)
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............... . . . . . . . . CH3COOH(aq) + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... Na(s) → .............................................................. (aq) + ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . (g)

(Total for Question 6 = 14 marks)

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*P58563A01520* Turn over
7 Dinitrogen tetraoxide, N2O4, is a colourless gas.
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brown gas.

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The two gases can exist together in dynamic equilibrium according to the equation

N2O4(g)  2NO2(g)
(a) Explain what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Some N2O4 and some NO2 are put into a sealed gas syringe and allowed to form
an equilibrium mixture.

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equilibrium mixture piston

gas syringe

This equilibrium mixture is brown.


(i) The pressure of the gas in the syringe is increased by pushing in the piston.
The mixture is then allowed to reach a new equilibrium at the same
temperature as before.
Explain why the new equilibrium mixture contains less NO2 than the original
equilibrium mixture.
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(2)

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16
*P58563A01620*
(ii) A student suggests that the new equilibrium mixture would be lighter in
colour than the original equilibrium mixture, as there is now less NO2 present.
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Suggest why the new equilibrium mixture is actually darker than the original.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Carbon monoxide, CO, and oxides of nitrogen are produced in a car engine when
petrol is burned.
These oxides can be partly removed by using a catalytic converter fitted to the
car’s exhaust system.
(i) State how oxides of nitrogen are produced in the car engine.
(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give a disadvantage of allowing oxides of nitrogen to escape into the atmosphere.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen monoxide, NO,
and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
(1)

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(Total for Question 7 = 8 marks)


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17
*P58563A01720* Turn over
8 The concentration of NaClO(aq) in a solution of bleach is found by reacting it with
hydrochloric acid.

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The equation for the reaction is

NaClO(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + Cl2(g)


An excess of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 4.00 cm3 of bleach solution.
60.0 cm3 of chlorine gas is produced.
(a) Explain a safety precaution that should be taken when doing this experiment.
(2)

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(b) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine gas produced.
Assume one mole of chlorine gas occupies 24 000 cm3 .
(2)

amount of chlorine = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol


(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of NaClO in 4.00 cm3 of bleach.
(1)

amount of NaClO = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol


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(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the bleach solution. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
(2)

concentration = ................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3

(Total for Question 8 = 7 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

18
*P58563A01820*
19
*P58563A01920*
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*P58563A02020*
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20
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Wednesday 12 June 2019


Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer the
Answer all questions.
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
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an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

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• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
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• Checkanswer
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• your answers if you have time at the end.
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*P60183A0120*
P60183A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P60183A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about gases in the atmosphere.


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(a) The box gives the names of some gases in the atmosphere.

argon carbon dioxide helium


nitrogen oxygen

Use gases from the box to answer the questions.


Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(i) Identify the two noble gases.


(1)

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(ii) Identify the gas that is a compound.


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(1)

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(iii) Identify the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.


(1)

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(iv) Identify the greenhouse gas.


(1)

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(b) Describe the test for oxygen.


(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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*P60183A0320* Turn over
2 The diagram represents an atom of boron.

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proton

neutron

electron

(a) Use information from the diagram to complete the table.


The first row has been done for you.

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(5)

atomic number 5

mass number

number of neutrons

group in the Periodic Table that contains boron

period in the Periodic Table that contains boron

electronic configuration of an atom of boron

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*P60183A0420*
(b) Boron has two isotopes, boron‑10 and boron‑11.
A sample of boron contains 18.7% of boron‑10 and 81.3% of boron‑11.
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Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of boron.


(2)

relative atomic mass = ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)


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5
*P60183A0520* Turn over
3 Crude oil is an important source of organic compounds.
(a) The diagram shows crude oil being separated into different fractions.

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F

B
crude oil X

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(i) Name the process used to separate crude oil into different fractions.
(1)

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(ii) State what happens to the crude oil at X.


(1)

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6
*P60183A0620*
(iii) Describe the differences between fraction B and fraction E.
In your answer, refer to
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● size of the molecules


● boiling point
● colour
● viscosity
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Crude oil often contains sulfur as an impurity.


Explain why this is a problem when using crude oil fractions as fuels.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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*P60183A0820*
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8
4 This question is about the halogens and their compounds.
(a) The table gives the colour and physical state at room temperature of the halogens.
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Complete the table by predicting the colour of astatine and the physical state of
fluorine at room temperature.
(2)

Halogen Colour Physical state at room temperature

fluorine pale yellow

chlorine pale green gas

bromine red‑brown liquid

iodine dark grey solid

astatine solid
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(b) Chlorine gas is bubbled into a colourless solution of potassium bromide.


Explain why the solution turns orange.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Potassium bromide is an ionic compound.


Draw diagrams to show the outer electrons in a potassium ion and in a bromide ion.
Include the charges on the ions.
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(3)

potassium ion bromide ion

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*P60183A0920* Turn over
(d) A student sets up a circuit to test the electrical conductivity of water, solid
sodium chloride and aqueous sodium chloride.

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The table shows the student’s results.

Substance Conducts electricity?

water no

solid sodium chloride no

aqueous sodium chloride yes

Explain these results, with reference to the structure and bonding of the substances.
(5)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P60183A01020*
(e) A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using
graphite electrodes.
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Chlorine is formed at the positive electrode (anode).


(i) Give an ionic half‑equation for the formation of chlorine at the positive electrode.
(1)

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(ii) State why this ionic half‑equation represents an oxidation reaction.


(1)

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(iii) Which substance is formed at the negative electrode (cathode)?


(1)
A hydrogen
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B oxygen
C sodium
D water

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)


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11
*P60183A01120* Turn over
5 This question is about the reactions of carboxylic acids.
(a) Carboxylic acids react with solutions of metal carbonates.

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(i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH,
with potassium carbonate solution.
(2)

2CH3COOH + K2CO3 → ............................................................ + .............................. + ............................ . .

(ii) State what you would see in this reaction.


(1)

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(b) The ester, ethyl ethanoate, can be prepared by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid.
This is the method for the preparation.
● mix equal amounts of ethanoic acid and ethanol in a boiling tube
● add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid

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● place the boiling tube in a hot water bath for several minutes
(i) State the role of concentrated sulfuric acid in this reaction.
(1)

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(ii) Suggest why the mixture is heated in a water bath rather than directly with a
Bunsen burner flame.
(1)

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(iii) State how you would know that ethyl ethanoate has formed.
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(1)

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*P60183A01220*
(c) Another ester, methyl propanoate, can be prepared by reacting methanol with
propanoic acid.
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(i) Draw the displayed formulae of methanol, propanoic acid and the ester,
methyl propanoate.
(3)

methanol propanoic acid

methyl propanoate
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(ii) Give the name of the other product of this reaction.


(1)

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(d) Give one use of esters.


(1)

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(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)


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*P60183A01420*
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14
6 When a bottle of wine is left open for several days, some of the ethanol in the wine
turns to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
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(a) A scientist uses a titration method to investigate how much ethanoic acid is
formed if a bottle of white wine is left open for one week.
She uses this method.
● fill a burette with the white wine and record the reading
● add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask
● add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the flask
● swirl the flask continuously while adding wine from the burette
● add the wine drop by drop near the end point
● record the reading at the end point

(i) Name the piece of apparatus that would be most suitable for measuring the
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why red wine would not be suitable to use for this investigation.
(1)

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(iii) State why she swirls the flask continuously.


(1)

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(iv) State why she adds the wine drop by drop near the end point.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P60183A01520* Turn over
(b) The diagram shows the burette readings at the start and end of one of the titrations.

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1 22

2 23

3 24

start end

Use the readings to complete the table.


Give your values to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)

burette reading at end

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burette reading at start

volume of wine added in cm3

(c) The scientist repeats the titration four more times.


The table shows her results for these four titrations.

titration number 1 2 3 4

volume of wine added in cm3 20.40 20.10 20.35 20.45

concordant results

Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.


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(i) Add ticks () to the table to show the concordant results.
(1)
(ii) Use your ticked results to calculate the mean (average) volume of wine added.
(2)

mean volume of wine added = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

16
*P60183A01620*
(d) Another scientist repeats the titration with a different bottle of white wine that
has been left open for a week.
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The equation for the reaction that occurs in this titration is

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

The mean volume of wine added is 19.50 cm3.


(i) The concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 0.0500 mol/dm3 .
Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(2)

amount of NaOH = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol


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(ii) Deduce the amount, in moles, of CH3COOH in 19.50 cm3 of the wine.
(1)

amount of CH3COOH = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of CH3COOH in the wine.


(2)

concentration of CH3COOH = .................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3


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(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

17
*P60183A01720* Turn over
7 Hydrogen gas can be produced by reacting a mixture of methane and steam in the
presence of a nickel catalyst.

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The reaction conditions are a temperature of 700 °C and a pressure of 5 atmospheres.
The equation for the reaction is

CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +206 kJ/mol


(a) What does the symbol  represent?
(1)

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(b) (i) The mixture of methane and steam is heated to a temperature greater than
700 °C but the pressure is kept at 5 atmospheres.

Predict the effect of this change on the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium,


giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

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(ii) The mixture of methane and steam is kept at the same temperature of 700 °C
but the pressure is increased to more than 5 atmospheres.

Predict the effect of this change on the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium,


giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

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18
*P60183A01820*
(c) Calculate the volume, in dm3, of hydrogen gas at rtp that is produced when
10 tonnes of methane gas completely react with steam.
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[molar volume of hydrogen at rtp is 24 dm3]


Give your answer in standard form.
(4)
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volume of hydrogen = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 9 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS


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19
*P60183A01920*
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*P60183A02020*
BLANK PAGE

20
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE

Monday 20 January 2020


Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer the
Answer all questions.
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• your mind
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box
about an answer, put a line through the box
. If you change
and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P59924A0116*
P59924A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P59924A0216*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about elements, compounds and mixtures.


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(a) Name the element that burns with a lilac flame.


(1)

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(b) Name the technique used to separate the mixture of colours in black ink.
(1)

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(c) The box gives the names of some substances.

air    bromine    magnesium    neon    sodium chloride    sulfur
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Choose substances from the box to answer these questions.

(i) Identify the compound.


(1)

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(ii) Identify the mixture.


(1)

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(iii) Identify the non‑metal element that is a solid at room temperature.


(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)


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3
*P59924A0316* Turn over
2 Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a) Name the process used to separate crude oil into fractions.

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(1)

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(b) Give one use of the kerosene fraction.


(1)

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(c) One of the hydrocarbons in the refinery gas fraction is an alkane with the
structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH3
(i) Give the name of this alkane.
(1)

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(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass (Mr) of this alkane.

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(1)

Mr = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) One of the alkanes in the gasoline fraction has the displayed formula

H H H H H H H

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H H H H H H H

(i) Determine the molecular formula of this alkane.


(1)

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(ii) Give the general formula for the alkanes.


(1)

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4
*P59924A0416*
(e) Catalytic cracking is used to convert long‑chain alkanes into shorter‑chain alkanes.
(i) Name the catalyst used in catalytic cracking.
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(1)

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(ii) Explain why it is necessary to convert long‑chain alkanes into shorter‑chain alkanes.
(2)

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(f ) Catalytic cracking also produces alkenes.


C11H24 can undergo cracking to give pentane (C5H12) and two different alkenes.
Complete the equation for this cracking reaction.
(2)

C11H24 → C5H12 + . . . . ........................................................... + ...............................................................

(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)


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5
*P59924A0516* Turn over
3 This question is about copper and its compounds.
(a) Copper is a metal used for electrical wiring.

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Explain why copper is a good conductor of electricity.
(2)

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(b) This apparatus is used to investigate the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution with
graphite electrodes.

power supply
+ –

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lamp

positive electrode negative electrode

copper(II) sulfate solution

Copper forms at the negative electrode and oxygen forms at the positive electrode.
(i) State what would be observed at each electrode.
(2)

negative electrode .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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positive electrode .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................ ............................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The ionic half‑equation for the reaction at the negative electrode is

Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
State why this is a reduction reaction.
(1)

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6
*P59924A0616*
(iii) Explain why the copper(II) sulfate solution becomes paler blue during the electrolysis.
(2)
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(c) When hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals are heated, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate forms.
A mass of 12.5 g of hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals is heated in a crucible until
all the water of crystallisation is removed.
A mass of 8.0 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate forms.
Show by calculation that the formula of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4.5H2O
[Mr of CuSO4 = 159.5 Mr of H2O = 18]
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(4)
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(Total for Question 3 = 11 marks)

7
*P59924A0716* Turn over
4 A student investigates the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and dilute sulfuric acid.
He does a titration to find the concentration of the sulfuric acid.

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This is his plan for the titration. There are some mistakes and omissions in his plan.
● rinse a conical flask with the sodium hydroxide solution
● use a measuring cylinder to measure out 25 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution
and add it to the conical flask
● add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask
● rinse a burette with water and then fill it with the sulfuric acid
● add the acid from the burette to the conical flask until the indicator changes
colour at the end‑point of the titration
● record the final burette reading

(a) Give the colour change of the methyl orange indicator at the end‑point.
(2)

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from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... to ......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Describe four changes that the student could make to improve his plan.
(4)

1............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8
*P59924A0816*
(c) The student then does the titration correctly.
He finds that 16.70 cm3 of the dilute sulfuric acid neutralises 25.0 cm3 of
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sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.200 mol/dm3


The equation for the reaction is

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sulfuric acid.


(3)
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concentration of sulfuric acid = .................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)


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9
*P59924A0916* Turn over
5 Oxygen can be prepared from hydrogen peroxide using a catalyst.

(a) Which is a correct statement about oxygen?

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(1)
A it burns with a squeaky pop
B it relights a glowing splint
C it turns blue litmus red
D it turns limewater milky

(b) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.


(2)

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(c) The equation for the preparation of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide is

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

This equation can also be written using displayed formulae to show all the
covalent bonds in the molecules.

2H—O—O—H → 2H—O—H + O O

The table gives the bond energies for these bonds.

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Bond energy in kJ/mol 463 143 498

10
*P59924A01016*
(i) Use the values in the table to calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
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(3)
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ΔH = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(ii) Complete the energy level diagram to show the position of the products and
the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.
(2)
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2H2O2
energy

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)

11
*P59924A01116* Turn over
6 Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be manufactured from ethene and steam using a phosphoric acid catalyst.
(a) (i) State the temperature and pressure used in this manufacturing process.

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(2)

temperature .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................................. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

pressure . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw the displayed formula of ethanol.


(1)

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(b) Ethanol burns in a plentiful supply of air to form carbon dioxide and water.
(i) Give the chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

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(ii) When the air supply is limited, incomplete combustion occurs and
carbon monoxide forms.
State why carbon monoxide is poisonous to humans.
(1)
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(c) When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid, an ester forms.


Give the name of this ester.
(1)

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12
*P59924A01216*
(d) Butanedioic acid and ethanediol react together to form a polyester and water.
(i) Give the name of this type of polymerisation.
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(1)

............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the equation.


Show only one repeat unit of the polyester.
(3)

O O

    HO C CH2CH2 C OH ............................................................................................................................... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

     + +

    HO CH2CH2 OH ............................................................................................................................... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)


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13
*P59924A01316* Turn over
7 This question is about some Group 2 elements and their compounds.

(a) Calcium reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

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(i) Give the word equation for this reaction.
(1)

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(ii) State two observations that would be made during this reaction.
(2)

1 .. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) Describe how a pure, dry sample of the insoluble salt, barium sulfate, could be
made from the two solids sodium sulfate and barium chloride.
(5)

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(ii) Give an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs.


Include state symbols in your equation.
(2)

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14
*P59924A01416*
(c) When magnesium nitrate is heated, magnesium oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen form.
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The equation for the reaction is

2Mg(NO3)2(s) → 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

(i) What is the name for this type of reaction?


(1)
A addition
B combustion
C decomposition
D neutralisation
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15
*P59924A01516* Turn over
(ii) Calculate the total volume, in dm3, of gas produced at rtp when 7.7 g of
magnesium nitrate completely reacts.

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[Assume that the molar volume of a gas at rtp is 24 dm3]

[Mr of Mg(NO3)2 = 148]


Give your answer to two significant figures.
(4)

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total volume of gas = ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS


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16
*P59924A01616*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Monday 20 January 2020


Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – use this asfora guide
The marks each question are shown in brackets
as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

P62061A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P62061A0124*
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P62061A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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*P62061A0324*
3
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Answer ALL questions.

1 Substances can be classified as elements, mixtures or compounds.

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(a) Each box represents an element, a mixture or a compound.

Box 1 Box 2 Box 3 Box 4 Box 5

(i) Which box represents a mixture?


(1)
A 1
B 2

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C 3
D 4

(ii) Which two boxes represent elements?


(1)
A 1 and 2
B 2 and 3
C 1 and 3
D 3 and 4

(iii) Explain why Box 5 represents a compound.


(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
*P62061A0424*
(b) The Periodic Table contains all the known elements.
(i) How are the elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
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(1)
A increasing mass number
B increasing number of neutrons
C increasing number of protons
D increasing reactivity

(ii) Elements in the same group have the same number of


(1)
A electrons in the outer shell
B electron shells
C neutrons
D protons
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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)


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*P62061A0524*
5
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*P62061A0624*
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6
2 Chromatography is used to analyse mixtures.
A student does a chromatography experiment to analyse the composition of
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green food colouring in sweets.


She places four known dyes, A, B, C and D, and the green food colouring on
chromatography paper.
The diagram shows the student’s apparatus at the start of her experiment.
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water

A B C D Green start line drawn


in ink

(a) The diagram shows that the student makes two mistakes when setting up her apparatus.
State the two changes that the student should make so that her experiment works.
(2)

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*P62061A0724*
7
Turn over
(b) Another student does the chromatography experiment correctly.
The diagram shows her chromatogram at the end of the experiment.

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solvent front

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A B C D Green

(i) Explain what the chromatogram shows about the composition of the
green food colouring.
(3)

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*P62061A0824*
(ii) The distance between the start line and the spot for dye C is 6.2 cm.
Calculate the Rf value of dye C.
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(3)

Rf value = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Suggest why dye A does not move.
(1)
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(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)


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*P62061A0924*
9
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3 Solutions of silver nitrate and potassium chloride react together to make the insoluble salt,
silver chloride.

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A student uses this method to prepare a sample of silver chloride.
Step 1 add 25 cm3 of silver nitrate solution to a conical flask
Step 2 add potassium chloride solution to the flask
Step 3 filter off the silver chloride

(a) What term is used for this reaction?


(1)
A neutralisation
B precipitation
C redox
D thermal decomposition

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(b) Give two more steps that will produce a pure, dry sample of silver chloride.
(2)

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(c) Acidified silver nitrate solution is used to test for chloride ions.
Give a reason why hydrochloric acid is not used to acidify silver nitrate solution.
(1)

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10
*P62061A01024*
(d) The chemical equation for the reaction between solutions of silver nitrate and
potassium chloride is
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AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) o AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

A student adds an excess of potassium chloride solution to 25.0 cm3 of


0.100 mol/dm3 silver nitrate solution.
Calculate the maximum mass of silver chloride, in grams, that can be produced.
[Mr of AgCl = 143.5]
(2)
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mass = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)


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*P62061A01124*
11
Turn over
4 This question is about the metal, lead.
(a) Explain why metals, such as lead, are malleable.

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(2)

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(b) A teacher uses this apparatus in a fume cupboard to demonstrate the electrolysis
of lead(II) bromide.

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positive electrode negative electrode

lead(II) bromide

heat

The lead(II) bromide is heated until it melts.


When the lead(II) bromide melts, the lamp lights.
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One of the products of this electrolysis is lead.


(i) State why solid lead(II) bromide does not conduct electricity.
(1)

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12
*P62061A01224*
(ii) Bromine is formed by the oxidation of bromide ions at the positive electrode.
Complete the ionic half-equation for the oxidation of bromide ions.
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(1)

2Br– o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. + ...............................................

(iii) Explain why lead metal forms at the negative electrode.


(2)

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(iv) The teacher stops heating the mixture and allows it to solidify.
Suggest why the lamp stays alight.
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(1)

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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)


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*P62061A01324*
13
Turn over
5 This question is about Group 1 metals and their reactions.
(a) When lithium is added to water, bubbles of hydrogen gas are observed.

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(i) Give two other observations that could be made.
(2)

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(ii) Give the test for hydrogen gas.


(1)

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(b) (i) Give one observation that would be different if potassium is used instead of lithium.
(1)

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14
*P62061A01424*
(ii) The diagram represents an atom of lithium and an atom of potassium.
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Li

Explain why potassium is more reactive than lithium.


(3)
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*P62061A01524*
15
Turn over
(c) The equation for the reaction between lithium and water is

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) o 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

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(i) A mass of 0.500 g of lithium reacts with an excess of water.
Calculate the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen gas produced at rtp.
[molar volume of a gas at rtp = 24 000 cm3]
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(3)

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volume = .................................................... . . . . . . . . . . cm3
(ii) In a reaction between lithium and water, 150 cm3 of lithium hydroxide solution
is formed.
The lithium hydroxide solution is then completely neutralised by 24.85 cm3 of
0.100 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid.
The equation for the neutralisation is

2LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o Li2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)


Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the lithium hydroxide solution.
(3)
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concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

16
*P62061A01624*
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BLANK PAGE

*P62061A01724*
17
Turn over
6 This question is about ethane and ethene.
(a) Ethane can be obtained from crude oil.

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Describe the industrial process used to separate crude oil into fractions.
(4)

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(b) The equation for the reaction between ethene gas and hydrogen gas is
C2H4 + H2 o C2H6

The rate of this reaction can be increased by increasing the pressure.


(i) Explain why increasing the pressure increases the rate of this reaction.
(2)
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18
*P62061A01824*
(ii) The rate of this reaction can also be increased by using a catalyst.
Explain how using a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
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(2)

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(iii) Give one other way that the rate of reaction between ethene gas and hydrogen gas
can be increased.
(1)

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(iv) The reaction between ethene and hydrogen is exothermic.


Complete the reaction profile diagram, including labels for the activation energy
and the enthalpy change, ǻH.
(3)

C2H4 + H2
Energy
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*P62061A01924*
19
Turn over
(c) The reaction between ethene and hydrogen can be represented using displayed formulae.

H H

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H H
C=C + H H –o H C C H
H H H H

Bond energy in
Bond
kJ/mol
C C 612
C H 412
H H 436
C C 348

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the enthalpy change, ǻH,
in kJ/mol for this reaction.

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(3)

ǻH = ............................................................ . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)


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20
*P62061A02024*
7 (a) Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be produced by the fermentation of glucose, C6H12O6
(i) Complete the equation for the fermentation of glucose.
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(1)

C6H12O6 o 2C2H5OH + 2 ........................................

(ii) State why it is necessary for fermentation to be done in the absence of air.
(1)

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(iii) Explain why the temperature should not be higher than 40 °C.
(2)

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(iv) When 4 mol of glucose is fermented, a mass of 55.2 g of ethanol is produced.


Show that the percentage yield of ethanol is 15%.
[Mr of C2H5OH = 46]
(2)
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*P62061A02124*
21
Turn over
(b) Ethanol can also be produced by the reaction between ethene and steam.
The equation for the reaction is

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C2H4(g) + H2O(g) U C2H5OH(g)

(i) This reaction is in dynamic equilibrium.


Give two features of a reaction in dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

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(ii) When the equilibrium mixture is heated, the yield of ethanol decreases.

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Explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(2)

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22
*P62061A02224*
(c) Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters.
The displayed formula of an ester is
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H H O
H C C C H H H H

H H O C C C C H

H H H H

(i) Carboxylic acid A and alcohol B react to produce this ester.


Give the displayed formula of carboxylic acid A and of alcohol B.
(2)

Carboxylic acid A Alcohol B


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(ii) Indicators can be used to test for carboxylic acids.


Describe a different chemical test for a carboxylic acid.
(2)

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(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

*P62061A02324*
23
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

*P62061A02424*
BLANK PAGE

24
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Wednesday 10 June 2020


Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P62047A0124*
P62047A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P62047A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
BLANK PAGE

3
*P62047A0324* Turn over
Answer ALL questions.

1 A student is given a mixture of salt solution and sand.

She wants to obtain pure water from the mixture.

(a) She separates the sand from the salt solution.

Which method of separation should she use?


(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

(b) The student then uses this apparatus to obtain pure water from the salt solution.

water out

water in
flask
Z

salt solution

heat

4
*P62047A0424*
(i) Name the pieces of apparatus labelled X, Y and Z.
(3)

X ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z . ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State what remains in the flask when the separation is complete.
(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

5
*P62047A0524* Turn over
2 In a chromatography experiment a student uses samples of three pure food dyes,
blue (B), red (R) and yellow (Y).

He also uses samples of four unknown substances, S, T, U and V.

The student puts a small drop of each substance on the pencil line.

The diagram shows the student’s chromatogram at the end of the experiment.

solvent front
at end

pencil line

B R Y S T U V
solvent level
at start

(a) Which of the unknown substances contains only one food dye?
(1)
A substance S
B substance T
C substance U
D substance V

6
*P62047A0624*
(b) Explain which pure food dyes are in substance V.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) (i) Calculate the Rf value of the yellow food dye Y.


(3)

Rf = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State how the chromatogram suggests that the yellow food dye Y is less soluble
in the solvent than the red food dye R.
(1)

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(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

7
*P62047A0724* Turn over
3 (a) The box gives the names of some metals.

calcium copper iron magnesium silver zinc

(i) Identify the metal from the box that burns with a bright white flame.
(1)

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(ii) In the Earth, metals are found either in ores or as uncombined elements.
Explain which metal from the box is most likely to be found as an
uncombined element.
(2)

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8
*P62047A0824*
(b) This is the order of reactivity of four metals.

most reactive aluminium

iron

lead

least reactive copper

The method used to obtain a metal from its oxide depends on the reactivity of the metal.
Two possible methods are
Method 1    heating the metal oxide with carbon
Method 2   electrolysis

Explain which method should be used to obtain lead from lead(II) oxide, PbO
Include an equation for the formation of lead in your answer.
(3)

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9
*P62047A0924* Turn over
(c) The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in a pure metal.

Metals are often made into alloys to make them harder.


Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals.
Draw a diagram to support your answer.
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

10
*P62047A01024*
4 Alcohols contain the functional group —OH
(a) Give the structural formula of the alcohol that contains one carbon atom.
(1)

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(b) Ethanol (C2H5OH) is an alcohol that can be obtained from glucose (C6H12O6).
(i) Name the process that converts glucose into ethanol.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why this process is carried out in the absence of air and at a temperature
below 40 °C.
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11
*P62047A01124* Turn over
(c) The table gives information about some organic compounds in the same homologous series.

Compound Molecular formula Displayed formula

ethanoic acid C2H4O2

H H O
propanoic acid H C C C

H H O H

H H H O
C4H8O2 H C C C C

H H H O H

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.


(3)
(ii) Name the homologous series that contains these compounds.
(1)

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12
*P62047A01224*
(d) The compounds in the table can react with alcohols to form esters.
When preparing esters, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is also used.
(i) State the purpose of the acid.
(1)

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(ii) Draw the displayed formula of the ester that forms when propanoic acid reacts
with ethanol.
(2)

(iii) Esters have particular uses that depend on their properties.


Give an example of a property and use of esters.
(2)

property.. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

use........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

13
*P62047A01324* Turn over
5 The organic compound butadiene is a colourless gas used in the manufacture of
synthetic rubber for tyres.
The displayed formula of butadiene is

H H
C C H
H C C
H H

(a) Explain why butadiene is described as an unsaturated hydrocarbon.


(3)

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(b) (i) Butadiene reacts with bromine water.


State the colour change that occurs during this reaction.
(1)

from ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... to .......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P62047A01424*
(ii) The equation for the reaction between butadiene and bromine can be shown
using displayed formulae.

H H
C C H H H H H

H C C + 2Br Br → H C C C C H
H H Br Br Br Br

The table gives some bond energies.

Bond C—H C= C Br—Br C—C C—Br

Bond energy in kJ/mol 412 612 193 348 276

Use this information to calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
(4)

ΔH = ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

15
*P62047A01524* Turn over
(c) A scientist does an investigation to find out if butadiene would be a good fuel.
He burns a sample of butadiene gas and observes that carbon forms as black soot.
(i) Complete the equation to explain the scientist’s observation.
(1)
2C4H6 + 7O2 → .......... C + 4CO + 2CO2 + .......... H2O

(ii) Explain how one of the products, other than carbon, may cause a problem.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) The equation for the combustion of butadiene in excess oxygen is

2C4H6 + 11O2 → 8CO2 + 6H2O

The enthalpy change for this reaction, ΔH, is – 3446 kJ/mol.


Complete the energy profile diagram for the reaction.
Label the enthalpy change for this reaction, ΔH, and the activation energy.
(4)

Energy 2C4H6 + 11O2

(Total for Question 5 = 15 marks)

16
*P62047A01624*
BLANK PAGE

17
*P62047A01724* Turn over
6 A student is provided with a bottle containing a colourless solution X.
Solution X is thought to be dilute sulfuric acid of concentration 0.10 mol/dm3.
The student does some experiments on samples of solution X to try to show that it is
dilute sulfuric acid.
The student adds a few drops of litmus to a sample of solution X.
The litmus turns red.
(a) The student knows that the products of the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid are
hydrogen and oxygen.
She carries out the electrolysis using this apparatus.

oxygen
hydrogen

solution X

graphite anode graphite cathode

+ −
power supply

18
*P62047A01824*
(i) Suggest why the student does not use zinc electrodes in her experiment.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State what is observed at both the anode and the cathode during the electrolysis.
(1)

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(iii) Which of these tests shows that the gas formed at the cathode is hydrogen?
(1)
A a glowing splint relights
B a burning splint gives a squeaky pop
C a burning splint goes out
D limewater turns cloudy

(b) Describe a test to show that solution X contains sulfate ions.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19
*P62047A01924* Turn over
(c) The student then does a titration to see if the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid
is 0.10 mol/dm3.
She measures 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution into a conical flask, and
then adds a few drops of indicator solution.
(i) Name the piece of apparatus the student should use to measure 25.0 cm3 of
the potassium hydroxide solution.
(1)

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(ii) The concentration of potassium hydroxide in the solution is 0.125 mol/dm3.


Calculate the amount, in mol, of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of this solution.
(2)

amount = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) The equation for the reaction in the titration is

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.10 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid needed to neutralise
25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution.
(3)

volume of sulfuric acid = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

20
*P62047A02024*
BLANK PAGE

21
*P62047A02124* Turn over
7 This question is about reactions involving gases.
(a) Potassium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
The equation for the reaction is

K2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide gas produced when 6.9 g of
potassium carbonate reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
[Mr of K2CO3 = 138]
[molar volume of CO2 at rtp = 24 dm3 ]
(3)

volume = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

22
*P62047A02224*
(b) This reaction involving gases is in dynamic equilibrium at a temperature of 225 °C.

H2(g) + CO2(g)  CO(g) + H2O(g) ΔH = + 41 kJ/mol

(i) Predict the effect on the yield of CO(g) at equilibrium when the temperature is
increased without changing the pressure.
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Predict the effect on the yield of CO(g) at equilibrium when the pressure is
increased without changing the temperature.
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 7 = 7 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

23
*P62047A02324*
BLANK PAGE

24
*P62047A02424*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Wednesday 10 June 2020


Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
•• Show all the steps in any calculations and state units.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

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• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer
Try to every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P62048A0120*
P62048A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P62048A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.
1 The diagram shows some pieces of apparatus.

A B C D

(a) Complete the table by giving the name of each piece of apparatus.
(4)

Letter Name
A
B
C
D

(b) Which piece of apparatus can be used to measure the volume of a liquid?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

3
*P62048A0320* Turn over
2 Thallium, Tl, is an element in Group 3 and Period 6 of the Periodic Table.
The atomic number of thallium is 81
(a) How many electrons are there in the outer shell of an atom of thallium?
(1)
A  3
B  6
C 13
D 81

(b) A thallium ion has a charge of 3+


How many electrons are there in this thallium ion?
(1)
A 3
B 78
C 81
D 84

4
*P62048A0420*
(c) A sample of thallium contains two isotopes.
The table shows the mass number and percentage abundance of each isotope in
the sample.

Isotope Mass number Percentage abundance (%)


thallium-203 203 30.80
thallium-205 205 69.20

(i) Give the number of protons and the number of neutrons in one atom of the
thallium-205 isotope.
(2)

number of protons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

number of neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of thallium.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

5
*P62048A0520* Turn over
3 (a) The diagram shows a fractionating column used to separate crude oil into fractions.

refinery gases

gasoline

kerosene

diesel
crude oil fuel oil

bitumen

(i) Give a use for bitumen and a use for gasoline.


(2)

use for bitumen .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

use for gasoline .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


(ii) Explain why bitumen is collected at the bottom of the fractionating column
and gasoline is collected near the top of the fractionating column.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) There is a low demand for some of the fractions obtained from crude oil.
Cracking can be used to convert these fractions into more useful substances.
(i) State the conditions needed for cracking.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Dodecane (C12H26) can be cracked to produce an alkane and two alkenes.
Complete the equation by giving the formulae of the two alkenes.
.(2)

C12H26 → C7H16 + . . . ........................................................... + ..............................................................

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

6
*P62048A0620*
BLANK PAGE

7
*P62048A0720* Turn over
4 This question is about some of the alkali metals and their compounds.
(a) When a teacher drops a small piece of sodium into a trough of cold water, she
observes bubbles of gas.
Give two other observations that would be made when sodium reacts with
cold water.
(2)

1 .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Lithium reacts with fluorine to form the compound lithium fluoride.
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give a test to show that lithium fluoride contains lithium ions.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of the electrons in a lithium ion and
in a fluoride ion.
Include the charge on each ion.
(3)

lithium ion fluoride ion

8
*P62048A0820*
(c) The table shows the electronic configurations of sodium and potassium.

Element Electronic configuration


sodium 2.8.1
potassium 2.8.8.1

Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, why potassium is more


reactive than sodium.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

9
*P62048A0920* Turn over
5 This question is about the metal aluminium.
(a) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to represent the structure and bonding in a metal.
(2)

(ii) Explain why a metal conducts electricity.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Aluminium is used to make cans for drinks.

Give two properties of aluminium that make it suitable for this use.
(2)

1 .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
*P62048A01020*
(c) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide (Al2O3) by electrolysis.
The electrolyte is aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
(i) State why aluminium cannot be extracted by heating aluminium oxide
with carbon.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Aluminium is produced at the negative electrode.


The ionic half-equation for the reaction is

Al3+ + 3e− → Al

State why this is a reduction reaction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Complete the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
(2)

............................... O2− → . ............................................................. + ..............................................................

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

11
*P62048A01120* Turn over
6 A student wants to prepare sodium chloride crystals from sodium hydroxide solution
and dilute hydrochloric acid.
He does a titration to find the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise
the sodium hydroxide solution.
This is his method.
● add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask
● add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flask
● titrate the solution with the hydrochloric acid
(a) Name a suitable piece of apparatus that the student should use to measure
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) Give the colour of the phenolphthalein indicator in sodium hydroxide solution
and in hydrochloric acid.
(2)

colour in sodium hydroxide solution. . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

colour in hydrochloric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


(ii) Suggest why universal indicator is never used in a titration.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The student finds that 21.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralise
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(i) Describe what the student should do next to prepare a pure solution of
sodium chloride.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P62048A01220*
(ii) Describe how the student could obtain dry crystals of sodium chloride from
the pure sodium chloride solution.
(4)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) The student needs 21.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.800 mol/dm3.
The equation for the reaction is

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the hydrochloric acid.


(3)

concentration = .................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

13
*P62048A01320* Turn over
7 (a) Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be oxidised to produce ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, by
heating it with potassium dichromate(VI).
(i) Name one other reactant needed for this reaction to occur.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Which colour change occurs during this reaction?


(1)

A colourless to green
B green to orange
C orange to colourless
D orange to green

(b) When ethanol is burned in air, complete combustion can occur.


The equation for this reaction is

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

This equation can also be written using displayed formulae to show all the
covalent bonds in the molecules.

H H

H C C O H + 3O O → 2O C O + 3H O H

H H

The table gives the bond energies for these bonds.

Bond C C C H C O O H O O C O
Bond energy in kJ/mol 346 412 358 463 496 743

14
*P62048A01420*
(i) Use values from the table to calculate the energy needed to break all the
bonds in the reactants.
(2)

energy needed ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ


(ii) Use values from the table to calculate the energy released when all the bonds
in the products are formed.
(2)

energy released ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ


(iii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol, for the complete
combustion of ethanol.
Include a sign in your answer.
(1)

ΔH = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

15
*P62048A01520* Turn over
(c) Ethanol reacts with methanoic acid, HCOOH, in the presence of an acid catalyst to
form an ester.
The equation for the reaction is

C2H5OH + HCOOH  HCOOC2H5 + H2O

(i) Give the name of the ester that forms.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw the displayed formula for this ester.


(2)

(iii) When this reaction takes place in a sealed container, the reaction can reach
dynamic equilibrium.
Give two characteristics of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

1 .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P62048A01620*
(d) Methanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium methanoate,
carbon dioxide and water.
The equation for the reaction is

2HCOOH + Na2CO3 → 2HCOONa + CO2 + H2O

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide gas produced when 2.3 g of
methanoic acid reacts completely with sodium carbonate.
[Mr of HCOOH = 46]
[molar volume of carbon dioxide at rtp = 24 dm3]
(4)

volume of carbon dioxide = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

17
*P62048A01720*
BLANK PAGE

18
*P62048A01820*
BLANK PAGE

19
*P62048A01920*
BLANK PAGE

20
*P62048A02020*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 14 January 2021


Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer the
Answer all questions.
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• mind
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

*P67081A0124*
P67081A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P67081A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
BLANK PAGE

3
*P67081A0324* Turn over
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 The diagram shows an atom of an element.

++
+

(a) (i) What is the name of the particle labelled Y?


(1)
A electron
B ion
C neutron
D proton

(ii) Give the mass number of this atom.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Name this element.


Use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) There are two isotopes of this element.


Give one way, in terms of sub-atomic particles, that these isotopes are the same
and one way that they are different.
(2)

same .. ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

different .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

4
*P67081A0424*
2 This question is about gases.
(a) The box gives the names of some gases.

argon     carbon dioxide     hydrogen     nitrogen     oxygen

Use gases from the box to answer these questions.


Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Name the most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the gas that is a compound.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Name the least reactive of the gases.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Name the gas formed by the complete combustion of hydrocarbons.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Describe the test for hydrogen gas.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

5
*P67081A0524* Turn over
3 This question is about carboxylic acids.
Solutions of carboxylic acids react with magnesium metal to form hydrogen gas.
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the time taken to produce 10 cm3 of
hydrogen gas from different carboxylic acids.

carboxylic acid solution


magnesium

This is the student’s method.


 pour some carboxylic acid solution into a conical flask
 add some magnesium powder
 quickly connect the gas syringe and start a timer
 record the time taken to collect 10 cm3 of hydrogen gas
The student repeats the method with three other carboxylic acids.
(a) (i) All the carboxylic acids are of the same concentration.
Give two other variables the student should control in his investigation.
(2)

1............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give a reason why it is important to connect the gas syringe quickly.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P67081A0624*
(b) The table shows the student’s results.

Time taken to produce 10 cm3 of hydrogen in s


Carboxylic Formula of
acid carboxylic acid Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment Mean
1 2 3 4 time in s
Methanoic
HCOOH 48 50 47 49 49
acid
Ethanoic
CH3COOH 61 63 60 61 61
acid
Propanoic
CH3CH2COOH 69 93 70 71
acid
Butanoic
CH3CH2CH2COOH 83 85 82 81 83
acid

(i) Calculate the mean (average) time for propanoic acid to produce 10 cm3 of
hydrogen gas.
(2)

mean time = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s

(ii) Deduce the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule and the time taken to produce 10 cm3 of hydrogen gas.
(1)

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7
*P67081A0724* Turn over
(c) An ester is formed by adding ethanoic acid to ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid.
Give the displayed formula of the ester produced when ethanoic acid reacts
with ethanol.
(2)

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

8
*P67081A0824*
BLANK PAGE

9
*P67081A0924* Turn over
4 This question is about sodium and potassium.
A trough is filled with water and a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added.
(a) A small piece of sodium is dropped into the water. One of the products of the
reaction is an alkali.
(i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
(2)

_____Na(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + ______H2O(l) → _____NaOH(......................... ) + H2(g)

(ii) Identify the ion that causes the solution to become alkaline.
(1)

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(iii) Give three observations that would be made when sodium reacts with water.
(3)

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2............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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10
*P67081A01024*
(b) Explain why potassium is more reactive than sodium.
Refer to the electronic configurations of the atoms in your answer.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

11
*P67081A01124* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

12
*P67081A01224*
5 This question is about the metal aluminium.
(a) Aluminium is malleable and conducts electricity.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the ions in aluminium metal.

+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ aluminium ion
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

(i) Explain why aluminium is malleable.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why aluminium conducts electricity.


(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Aluminium cannot be extracted by heating a mixture of carbon and aluminium oxide.
Give a reason why heating a mixture of aluminium oxide and carbon does not
produce aluminium.
(1)

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13
*P67081A01324* Turn over
(c) Aluminium is extracted industrially by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide
Al2O3 at a temperature of about 950 °C.
Aluminium metal forms at the negative electrode and oxygen gas forms at the
positive electrode. The positive and negative electrodes are made of graphite.
The diagram shows the apparatus used.

positive graphite electrode

molten aluminium oxide

molten aluminium metal

negative graphite electrode

(i) Explain how aluminium metal forms at the negative electrode.


(2)

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(ii) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of oxygen gas at the
positive electrode.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. → ..............................................................

14
*P67081A01424*
(iii) Suggest why carbon dioxide gas is also produced at the positive electrode.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Aluminium reacts with iron(III) oxide. The reaction is exothermic.


The equation for the reaction is

2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe


(i) State how the equation shows that iron(III) oxide is reduced.
(1)

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(ii) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between aluminium and iron(III) oxide.
(3)

Energy

(Total for Question 5 = 14 marks)

15
*P67081A01524* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

16
*P67081A01624*
6 This question is about the insoluble salt silver chloride (AgCl).
Silver chloride can be made by the reaction between copper(II) chloride and silver nitrate.
(a) Describe how a student could prepare a pure, dry sample of silver chloride starting
with copper(II) chloride solution and silver nitrate solution.
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17
*P67081A01724* Turn over
(b) A student investigates the quantity of silver chloride produced when different
volumes of silver nitrate solution are added to copper(II) chloride solution.
This is the student’s method.
· pour 5.0 cm3 of copper(II) chloride solution into a test tube
· add 1.0 cm3 of silver nitrate solution to the test tube
· allow the silver chloride precipitate to settle
· measure the height of the precipitate
The student repeats the method using different volumes of silver nitrate solution.
The table shows the student’s results.

Volume of silver nitrate Height of precipitate


added in cm3 in cm

0.0 0.0

1.0 0.5

2.0 1.0

3.0 1.2

4.0 2.0

5.0 2.5

6.0 3.0

7.0 3.0

8.0 3.0

18
*P67081A01824*
(i) Plot the student’s results.
(2)
(ii) Draw two straight lines of best fit, ignoring the anomalous result.
(1)

Height of
precipitate 2
in cm

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3
Volume of silver nitrate added in cm

(iii) Suggest a mistake the student made to cause the anomalous result.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Give a reason why the last three heights are the same.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19
*P67081A01924* Turn over
(c) The equation for the reaction between copper(II) chloride and silver nitrate is

CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

A student measures 25.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol/dm3 copper(II) chloride solution and
reacts it with silver nitrate solution.
(i) Name a piece of apparatus suitable for measuring 25.0 cm3 of
copper(II) chloride solution.
(1)

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(ii) Calculate the maximum mass, in grams, of silver chloride that could be produced.
[Mr of AgCl = 143.5]
(3)

maximum mass = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(iii) In an experiment using different solutions, the mass of silver chloride


produced is 0.744 g.
The maximum mass of silver chloride that could be produced is 0.850 g.
Calculate the percentage yield.
(2)

percentage yield = ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

20
*P67081A02024*
7 This question is about octane (C8H18) which is produced in the gasoline fraction during
fractional distillation of crude oil.
(a) The diagram shows a fractionating column.

gasoline

crude oil

Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions in the fractionating column.
(4)

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(b) Octane can also be produced by the process of cracking.


Give the conditions for cracking.
(2)

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21
*P67081A02124* Turn over
(c) A car is driven at constant speed for 4.00 km.
The exhaust gases are collected and their volume at room temperature
and pressure (rtp) is 5.02 × 105 cm3.
The exhaust gases include carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
The carbon dioxide is removed from the exhaust gases. The volume of the
remaining gases at rtp is 2.96 × 105 cm3.
(i) Explain how oxides of nitrogen form in a car engine.
(2)

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(ii) Give a reason why oxides of nitrogen should not be released into the atmosphere.
(1)

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(iii) Show that the car produces less than 100 g of carbon dioxide per km.
[molar volume of carbon dioxide at rtp = 24 000 cm3]
(5)

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

22
*P67081A02224*
BLANK PAGE

23
*P67081A02324*
BLANK PAGE

24
*P67081A02424*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 14 January 2021


Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P67082A0124*
P67082A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P67082A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.

1 Substances can exist as solids, liquids or gases.


(a) (i) Give the change of state that occurs when a substance melts.
(1)

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(ii) Complete the word equation for the sublimation of iodine.

iodine (s) → iodine (...........)


(1)
(b) The circle in the diagram represents a particle.
Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of particles in a gas.
(1)

(c) The table lists some statements about particles.


Place ticks ( ) in boxes to show which two statements are correct for
water particles.
(2)

Statement Tick

the particles only vibrate

the particles do not move

the particles have no gaps between them

the particles move randomly

the particles have more energy than in ice

the particles have a regular arrangement

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

3
*P67082A0324* Turn over
2 This question is about elements in Group 7 and their compounds.
The table gives information about some of these elements.

Melting point Boiling point Colour at room


Element Symbol
in °C in °C temperature (20 °C)

fluorine F –220 –188

chlorine Cl –101 –35 pale green

bromine Br –7 59 red‑brown

iodine I 114 184 grey

(a) (i) Predict the colour of fluorine at room temperature.


(1)

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(ii) How many of the elements in the table are liquids at room temperature (20 °C)?
(1)
A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

(iii) The element astatine is below iodine in Group 7.


Predict the formula of a molecule of astatine.
(1)

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4
*P67082A0424*
(b) Sea water contains bromide ions.
Bromine can be obtained by bubbling chlorine through a sample of sea water.
The ionic equation for the reaction is

Cl2 (g) + 2Br– (aq) → 2Cl– (aq) + Br2 (aq)

(i) Explain which species acts as an oxidising agent in this reaction.


(2)

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(ii) The reaction occurs because chlorine is more reactive than bromine.
Bromine is below chlorine in Group 7.
Explain the decrease in reactivity from chlorine to bromine.
(3)

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(c) Elements in Group 7 react with elements in Group 1 to form ionic compounds.
Which pair of ions both have the electronic configuration 2.8.8?
(1)
A Li+ and Cl–

B K+ and F–

C Li+ and F–

D K+ and Cl–

(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

5
*P67082A0524* Turn over
3 (a) Explain why metals conduct electricity but covalent compounds do not conduct
electricity.
(4)

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(b) Hydrogen chloride, HCl, is a covalent substance.


When hydrogen chloride is added to water, a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid
is formed.
This solution does conduct electricity.
Name the type of particle in the solution of the dilute hydrochloric acid that
allows it to conduct electricity.
(1)

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6
*P67082A0624*
(c) The teacher uses this apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of a solution of
dilute hydrochloric acid.
The ammeter measures the current.

variable power supply

ammeter

gas syringe Y
gas syringe X

positive electrode negative electrode

solution of dilute
hydrochloric acid

The teacher wants to find out if there is a relationship between current and
volume of gas collected at each electrode.
She adjusts the power supply until the current is 0.1 amp.
After 5 minutes she records the volume of gas collected in syringe X and syringe Y.
The teacher repeats the experiment several times, using a different current
each time.

7
*P67082A0724* Turn over
The table gives the teacher’s results for syringe Y.

Current in amp 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Volume of gas in cm3 8 15 22 25 37 44 52 60

(i) Plot the results for syringe Y.


(1)
(ii) Draw a circle around the anomalous result.
(1)
(iii) Draw a line of best fit.
(1)

80

70

60
Volume of gas in syringe Y in cm3

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current in amp

8
*P67082A0824*
(iv) Explain a possible cause of the anomalous result, other than misreading the
apparatus.
(2)

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(v) Deduce the relationship between current and volume of gas collected in
syringe Y.
(1)

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(d) The ionic half‑equation for the reaction that produces the gas in syringe X is

2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–

The ionic half‑equation for the reaction that produces the gas in syringe Y is

2H+ + 2e– → H2

(i) Suggest how these ionic half‑equations show that the volume of
chlorine collected in syringe X should be the same as the volume of hydrogen
collected in syringe Y.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest why the volume of chlorine collected in syringe X is always less than
the volume of hydrogen collected in syringe Y.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 13 marks)

9
*P67082A0924* Turn over
4 This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.
(a) The table gives information about some alcohols.

Alcohol Structural formula Relative formula mass

methanol CH3OH 32

ethanol C2H5OH

C4H9OH 74

Complete the table by giving the missing information.


(2)
(b) Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by heating with potassium dichromate(VI)
and another reagent.
(i) Name the other reagent.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the colour change that occurs during this reaction.
(1)

from ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... to ........................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters.


(i) Name the ester that forms when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction between methanol and ethanoic acid.
(2)

CH3OH + .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... → ........................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + H2O

(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

10
*P67082A01024*
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*P67082A01124* Turn over
5 Hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes slowly at room temperature to form water
and oxygen.
The equation for the reaction is

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

(a) A catalyst increases the rate of this reaction.


State one other property of a catalyst.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A student has samples of three solids, X, Y and Z.


The student uses this apparatus to find out which solids act as catalysts in the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

hydrogen peroxide
solution
0 20 40 60 80 100

oxygen

12
*P67082A01224*
Describe the method that the student should use to find out which solids act
as catalysts.
(6)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13
*P67082A01324* Turn over
(c) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution is exothermic.
On the diagram, draw and label the reaction profiles for the reaction
 without a catalyst
 with a catalyst
(2)

2H2O2
Energy

2H2O + O2

Progress of the reaction

14
*P67082A01424*
(d) The equation for the reaction can be shown using displayed formulae.

2H O O H → 2H O H + O O ΔH = –204 kJ

The table gives the bond energies for two of the bonds.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

H O 463

O O 146

(i) Use this information to calculate the total amount of energy needed to break
all the bonds in two moles of H2O2
(1)

energy needed = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(ii) Use this information to calculate the total amount of energy released when all
the bonds in two moles of H2O are formed.
(1)

energy released = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(iii) Use the value of ΔH and your answers for (i) and (ii) to calculate the
bond energy, in kJ/mol, for the O O bond.
(2)

bond energy = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

15
*P67082A01524* Turn over
6 A student does a titration using dilute sulfuric acid to find the concentration of a
solution of potassium hydroxide.
The student adds 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution to a conical flask.
He then adds a few drops of methyl orange indicator.
The student does the titration four times.
(a) (i) Name the piece of apparatus the student should use to add the
potassium hydroxide solution.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What is the colour of methyl orange in an alkaline solution?


.(1)
A blue

B orange

C red

D yellow

(b) The table shows the student’s results.

titration 1 2 3 4

volume of acid added in cm3 20.65 20.60 20.90 20.55

concordant results

Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.


(i) Place ticks ( ) in the table to show which results are concordant.
(1)
(ii) Use the concordant results to calculate the mean (average) volume of
acid added.
(2)

mean volume = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

16
*P67082A01624*
(c) This table shows the student’s results for another titration.

volume of potassium hydroxide solution used in cm3 25.0

concentration of potassium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3 0.0370

mean volume of sulfuric acid added in cm3 21.20

The equation for the reaction is

2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide
solution.
(2)

amount of KOH = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 in 21.20 cm3 of sulfuric acid.
(1)

amount of H2SO4 = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sulfuric acid.


(2)

concentration of sulfuric acid = ................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3

(Total for Question 6 = 10 marks)

17
*P67082A01724* Turn over
7 A sample of a gaseous hydrocarbon, X, has a volume of 600 cm3 at room temperature
and pressure (rtp).
(a) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrocarbon X in the sample.
[molar volume of a gas = 24 000 cm3 at rtp]
(2)

amount of hydrocarbon X = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(b) The mass of the sample of hydrocarbon X is 1.45 g.


Show that the relative molecular mass (Mr) of X is 58
(2)

Mr = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Hydrocarbon X is an alkane.


Show that the molecular formula of X is C4H10
(1)

(d) Give the displayed formula of the branched‑chain isomer of hydrocarbon X.


(1)

(Total for Question 7 = 6 marks)

18
*P67082A01824*
BLANK PAGE

19
*P67082A01924* Turn over
8 This question is about ammonia gas, NH3
(a) Ammonia can be prepared in a laboratory from the reaction between
ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, and sodium hydroxide. The other products of the
reaction are sodium chloride and water.
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give a test for ammonia gas.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) In industry, ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen.


The equation for this reaction is

N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

In a sealed container, the reaction can reach a position of dynamic equilibrium.


Explain the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P67082A02024*
(c) The graph shows the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium for different
temperatures and pressures.

80 350 °C
70

60
450 °C
50
Percentage yield
of ammonia at 40
equilibrium
550 °C
30

20

10

0
0 100 200 300 400
Pressure in atmospheres

Using the graph, explain if the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 = 7 marks)

(TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS)

21
*P67082A02124*
BLANK PAGE

22
*P67082A02224*
BLANK PAGE

23
*P67082A02324*
BLANK PAGE

24
*P67082A02424*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes


Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry
PAPER 2C

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Good luck
Check your answers if you have time at the end.
• with your examination.

Turn over

*P66057A0120*
P66057A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P66057A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1 Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.
(a) (i) Name the element with atomic number 14
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the element with a relative atomic mass of 11


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Name the element in Group 2 and Period 3


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) Determine the number of neutrons in a phosphorus atom with mass number 31
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the electronic configuration of an aluminium atom.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State why neon is unreactive.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
*P66057A0320* Turn over
2 A student investigates the rusting of iron.
(a) She places an iron nail in a test tube of water and leaves it for several days.

water

(i) Predict the appearance of the iron nail after several days.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Name the main compound in rust.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The student then sets up two more test tubes containing iron nails.

drying
agent
oil boiled air
water

tube 1 tube 2

Explain why the iron nail in tube 1 and the iron nail in tube 2 do not rust.
(4)

tube 1............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ ............................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tube 2............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ ............................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

4
*P66057A0420*
BLANK PAGE

5
*P66057A0520* Turn over
3 The diagram shows the industrial equipment used to separate crude oil into fractions.

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil
crude oil vapour

(a) (i) Give the name of the industrial equipment.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give one use of the fuel oil fraction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Give the names of fraction A and fraction F.


(2)

fraction A. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fraction F........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
*P66057A0620*
(b) One compound in the gasoline fraction is the alkane octane (C8H18) and one
compound in the kerosene fraction is the alkane dodecane (C12H26)
These two alkanes are covalently bonded and have simple molecular structures.
(i) Give the general formula for the alkanes.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain, in terms of their structures, why C12H26 has a higher boiling point than C8H18
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Catalytic cracking can be used to convert the alkane C12H26 into more useful products.
(i) Give the name of the catalyst used for catalytic cracking.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the equation for this cracking reaction.


(1)

C12H26 → C9H20 + ..................................................

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

7
*P66057A0720* Turn over
4 A student investigates the solubility of potassium nitrate in water.
She measures the masses of potassium nitrate that dissolve in 25 cm3 of water
at different temperatures.
The table shows the student’s results. One of the results is anomalous.

Temperature in oC 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Mass of potassium nitrate in g 8.0 10.0 12.5 16.0 17.5 26.5 34.0

(a) (i) Plot the results on the grid.


(1)
(ii) Draw a circle around the anomalous result.
(1)
(iii) Ignoring the anomalous result, draw a curve of best fit.
(1)

45

40

35
Mass of potassium nitrate in g

30

25

20

15

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature in oC

8
*P66057A0820*
(b) Suggest two possible mistakes that could have caused the anomalous result.
(2)

1. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Use your graph to find the maximum mass of potassium nitrate that dissolves in
25 cm3 of water at 75 oC.
Show on your graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)

mass = ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
(d) Use your graph to calculate the solubility of potassium nitrate in g per 100 g of
water at 25 oC.
[1.0 cm3 of water has a mass of 1.0 g]
(2)

solubility = ............................................... g per 100 g of water

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

9
*P66057A0920* Turn over
BLANK PAGE

10
*P66057A01020*
5 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is a member of the homologous series of alcohols.
(a) Give two characteristics of a homologous series.
(2)

1. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) When ethanol is heated with potassium dichromate(VI) and one other reagent,
the ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
(i) Give the formula of the other reagent.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the colour change that occurs during this oxidation reaction.
(2)

from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... to .......................................................................


(iii) Draw the displayed formulae for ethanol and ethanoic acid in the boxes.
(2)

ethanol ethanoic acid

11
*P66057A01120* Turn over
(c) Ethanol can be manufactured by two different methods.
The table gives some information about the two methods.

Hydration of ethene Fermentation of glucose


raw material crude oil sugar cane
rate of reaction fast slow
purity of ethanol pure impure
operating temperature 300 oC 30 oC
operating pressure 60 – 70 atmospheres 1 atmosphere
catalyst phosphoric acid enzymes in yeast

(i) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods, using
information from the table.
(6)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P66057A01220*
(ii) The word equation for the fermentation process is

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide


Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

C6H12O6 → . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... + .....................................................................

(Total for Question 5 = 14 marks)

13
*P66057A01320* Turn over
6 The diagram shows how hydrogen gas and chlorine gas can be prepared in the
laboratory by electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.

hydrogen chlorine

concentrated solution
of sodium chloride

negative electrode positive electrode

– +
power
supply

(a) (i) Give a test for hydrogen gas.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give a test for chlorine gas.


(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
*P66057A01420*
(b) The ionic half-equation for the formation of chlorine at the positive electrode is

2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e−


(i) State why this reaction is an oxidation reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the ionic half-equation for the formation of hydrogen at the negative electrode.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State why it is safer to do this electrolysis in a fume cupboard.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Suggest why the volume of chlorine collected during this electrolysis is less
than the volume of hydrogen collected.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15
*P66057A01520* Turn over
(c) In the chemical industry, chlorine can be produced by the electrolysis of
molten sodium chloride.
The overall equation for this reaction is

2NaCl(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)


(i) Explain why sodium chloride needs to be molten rather than solid for
electrolysis to occur.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the maximum volume, in dm3, of chlorine gas at rtp that can be
obtained from 23.4 tonnes of molten sodium chloride.
[1 tonne = 106 g]
[Mr of NaCl = 58.5]
[molar volume of chlorine at rtp = 24 dm3]
Give your answer in standard form.
(4)

volume = ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dm3

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

16
*P66057A01620*
7 A student does a titration to find the concentration of a solution of phosphoric acid.
He uses these pieces of apparatus X, Y and Z in his titration.

cm3
0

25
cm3

50

X Y Z
Diagrams are not to scale.
(a) Give the names of X, Y and Z.
(3)

X . .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z . .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) What is the colour of phenolphthalein in phosphoric acid?
(1)
A blue
B colourless
C pink
D red

17
*P66057A01720* Turn over
(c) The student titrates 25.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid with a solution of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Table 1 shows the student’s results.

titration number 1 2 3 4

volume of NaOH added in cm3 30.35 30.25 30.00 30.30

concordant results
Table 1
Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.
(i) Add ticks () to table 1 to show the concordant results.
(1)
(ii) Use your ticked results to calculate the mean (average) volume of NaOH added.
(2)

mean volume = ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

18
*P66057A01820*
(d) Table 2 shows the titration results of another student.

volume of phosphoric acid used in cm3 25.0


concentration of sodium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3 0.525
mean volume of sodium hydroxide added in cm3 30.40

Table 2
The equation for the reaction is

3NaOH + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + 3H2O


(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 30.40 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(2)

amount = ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol


(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H3PO4 in 25.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid.
(1)

amount = ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol


(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the phosphoric acid.
(2)

concentration = .................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

19
*P66057A01920*
BLANK PAGE

20
*P66057A02020*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number


Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes


Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry
PAPER: 2C

You must have: Total Marks


Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• about questions
Some must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a
cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• Good luck
your answers if you have time at the end.
• with your examination.
Turn over

*P66059RA0124*
P66059RA
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20


Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

*P66059RA0224*
[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.

1 Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.


(a) Identify the element with atomic number 7
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Identify a solid non‑metallic element in Period 3


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Name an element in Group 7 that is a liquid at room temperature.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) State the relative atomic mass of the element that is in Group 4 and Period 4
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) Which row shows the most reactive element in Group 1 and Group 7?
(1)
Most reactive element Most reactive element
in Group 1 in Group 7
A lithium fluorine

B francium astatine

C lithium astatine

D francium fluorine

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

*P66059RA0324*
3
Turn over
2 (a) The box lists words that may be used to explain the term saturated solution.

solute solvent temperature

Explain, using all the words in the box, the term saturated solution.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows the apparatus a student uses to make a saturated solution.

thermometer

water
solid

heat

This is the student’s method.


Step 1  add 4.5 g of solid to a boiling tube
Step 2  measure exactly 10.0 cm3 of pure water and pour into the boiling tube
Step 3  place the boiling tube in the beaker of water and heat gently, stirring the
mixture continuously until all the solid dissolves
Step 4  remove the boiling tube from the beaker and allow it to cool
Step 5  record the temperature when crystals start to form in the boiling tube
The recorded temperature shows when the solution becomes saturated.

4
*P66059RA0424*
(i) Name the piece of apparatus that the student should use in Step 2 to measure
exactly 10.0 cm3 of pure water.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest why the boiling tube is not heated directly using a Bunsen burner in
Step 3.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Suggest how the student could improve the reliability of her recorded
temperature in Step 5.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) In Step 5, crystals start to form at 26 °C.


Calculate the solubility of the solid, in g per 100 g of water, at 26 °C.
[1.0 cm3 of pure water has a mass of 1.0 g]
(2)

solubility = .............................................................. g per 100 g of water

*P66059RA0524*
5
Turn over
(c) The solubility curves for two solids, A and B, are shown on the grid.

300

280

260

A
240

220

200

180 B

160
Solubility in g
per 100 g water
140

120

100

80

60

40

20
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature in °C

6
*P66059RA0624*
(i) State the temperature when A and B have the same solubility.
(1)

temperature = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(ii) Calculate the mass of B that will dissolve in 250 g of water at 60 °C.
Show your working.
(2)

mass = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(iii) Suggest why the values for the solubility of A and B may be less accurate at
95 °C than at lower temperatures.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)

*P66059RA0724*
7
Turn over
3 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are both gases.
The two gases react together to form solid sulfur and water.
(a) (i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction.
(2)

2H2S(. . . . . . . . . . . ) + SO2(........... ) → ........... S(s) + ........... H2O(........... )

(ii) State why the sulfur dioxide is reduced in the reaction.


(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows apparatus used to compare the speed at which particles of
the two gases diffuse.

cotton wool soaked in pale yellow cotton wool soaked in


sulfur dioxide solution solid hydrogen sulfide solution

rubber
rubber
bung
bung

The two pieces of cotton wool and rubber bungs are put in position at the same time.
A pale yellow solid soon forms.
(i) Explain how the diagram shows that hydrogen sulfide gas diffuses more
quickly than sulfur dioxide gas.
(2)

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8
*P66059RA0824*
(ii) Deduce a relationship between the relative formula mass (Mr) of a gas and the
speed at which a gas diffuses.
Use the Ar values to help you.
[Ar values: H = 1 S = 32 O = 16]
(3)

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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

*P66059RA0924*
9
Turn over
4 This question is about ionic compounds.
(a) State the formula of the cation and the anion in magnesium sulfate.
(2)
cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anion ..............................................................

(b) The diagram shows the electronic configuration of a potassium atom and an
oxygen atom.

potassium oxygen

Potassium oxide (K2O) is an ionic compound.


Draw the electronic configuration of a potassium ion and an oxide ion.
Show the charge on each ion.
(3)

potassium ion oxide ion

10
*P66059RA01024*
(c) A sample of solid potassium oxide is added to water.
A reaction occurs and a colourless solution forms.
When a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added to the solution it turns pink.
(i) Identify the ion responsible for the colour change.
(1)

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(ii) Give a chemical equation for the reaction between potassium oxide and water.
(1)

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(d) Explain why ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous solution,
but not when in the solid state.
(2)

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*P66059RA01124*
11
Turn over
(e) The diagram shows the apparatus a teacher uses to demonstrate the electrolysis
of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride.

gas X gas Y

sodium chloride
solution
inert electrodes

+ −

During the electrolysis two gases, X and Y, are formed. One of the gases produces
a squeaky pop when tested with a lighted splint.
Use ionic half‑equations to identify X and Y.
(4)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 13 marks)

12
*P66059RA01224*
BLANK PAGE

*P66059RA01324*
13
Turn over
5 Metals are found in the Earth’s crust either as uncombined elements or in metal
compounds in rocks.
The method of extraction of a metal is related to its position in the reactivity series.
The table shows the positions of some metals and carbon in the reactivity series.

most reactive potassium


sodium
lithium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
carbon
zinc
iron
lead
copper
silver
gold
least reactive platinum

(a) (i) State the name given to rocks that contain metal compounds used in the
extraction of metals.
(1)

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(ii) Name a metal that is found as an uncombined element in the Earth’s crust.
(1)

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14
*P66059RA01424*
(b) Carbon extraction and electrolysis are two methods of obtaining a metal from
a compound.
(i) Explain, without giving practical details, which method is most suitable to
obtain calcium from calcium chloride.
(2)

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(ii) Explain, without giving practical details, which method is most suitable to
obtain lead from lead oxide.
(2)

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(c) Explain, using a labelled diagram, why lead metal is malleable.


(3)

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*P66059RA01524*
15
Turn over
(d) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide.
The overall equation for the process is

2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2

Calculate the maximum mass, in grams, of aluminium that could be obtained


from 1.275 kg of aluminium oxide.
(3)

mass = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

16
*P66059RA01624*
BLANK PAGE

*P66059RA01724*
17
Turn over
6 This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.

(a) Ethanol can be manufactured by reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a
phosphoric acid catalyst.

Which row gives the correct conditions of temperature and pressure for this reaction?

Temperature in °C Pressure in atmospheres

A 35 300

B 65 300

C 300 65

D 300 35

(1)
(b) Give the displayed formula of butanol.
(1)

(c) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is a carboxylic acid present in vinegar.


(i) The concentration of CH3COOH in vinegar can be found by titration with
aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH).
The equation for the reaction is

CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O

In a titration, a 25.0 cm3 sample of vinegar is neutralised by 45.00 cm3 of KOH


solution of concentration 0.400 mol/dm3.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of CH3COOH in this sample of vinegar.
(2)

concentration = .................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm3

18
*P66059RA01824*
(ii) A sample of vinegar containing 0.0030 mol of CH3COOH is poured into a flask.
Calculate the maximum volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide gas formed at rtp
when excess sodium carbonate is added to the flask.
The equation for the reaction is

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

[Assume that the molar volume of carbon dioxide at rtp is 24 000 cm3]
(2)

volume = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(d) Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters.


Which alcohol could react to form the ester ethyl propanoate?
(1)
A CH3OH
B C2H5OH
C C3H7OH
D C4H9OH

(e) Polyesters are formed in condensation polymerisation reactions between


dicarboxylic acids and diols.
(i) State one difference between condensation polymerisation and addition
polymerisation.
(1)

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*P66059RA01924*
19
Turn over
(ii) The repeat unit of a polyester is

O O H H

C C O C C O

H H

Give the displayed formula of each of the two monomers needed to form this
polyester.
(2)

(iii) Give one advantage of biopolyesters.


(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

20
*P66059RA02024*
BLANK PAGE

*P66059RA02124*
21
Turn over
7 Hydrogen gas and iodine gas react together to form hydrogen iodide gas.

H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g)

(a) (i) The pressure of an equilibrium mixture of the three gases is increased.
Predict the effect of this change on the yield of hydrogen iodide at equilibrium,
giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

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(ii) A catalyst is added to an equilibrium mixture of the three gases.


Predict the effect of the catalyst on the yield of hydrogen iodide at
equilibrium, giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Hydrogen gas reacts with fluorine gas to form hydrogen fluoride gas.

H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)

The table gives some bond energies.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

H H 436

F F 158

H F 562

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*P66059RA02224*
Use the equation and the data in the table to calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH)
in kJ/mol, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
(3)

ΔH = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(c) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and fluorine.
Label the enthalpy change, ΔH.
(3)

Energy

(Total for Question 7 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

*P66059RA02324*
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*P66059RA02424*

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