1.

Lead
1.Lead Nitrate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the Reddish brown gas. May be nitrate
substance is taken in a dry test tube
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Reddish brown gas with the
fishy odour turning a moist Presence of Nitrate
Salt + dil.HCl and heated.
FeSO4 paper brown
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: Reddish brown gas turning Presence of nitrate
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 +heated. Acidified FeSO4 paper green
evolves.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : Reddish brown gas Presence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.

8. Action of dil NaOH :

Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.

9. Chromyl Chloride test :

Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".

S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil Brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube
 2 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
bruside: appears
Na2CO3 extract + dil.
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI White precipitate is obtained. Presence of I group Lead
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Lead (Group I) Yellow precipitate soluble in
Orginial solution + KI solution hot water and reappears as Presence of Lead is
golden yellow spangles on confirmed.
cooling.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Nitrate
Basic radical - Lead
The given simple salt is - Lead Nitrate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 3 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

2.Copper Sulphate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Blue May be Copper salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the Bluish green flame Presence of copper
substance is made into a paste with
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 Bromide and Nitrate
+heated.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride and Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract

A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl white precipitate insoluble in Presence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2 dil.H2SO4
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + white precipitate soluble in Presence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate ammonium acetate.
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 4 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Presence of II group
gas Black precipitate Copper
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Copper (Group II)
Orginial solution + Aceticacid + Red brown precipitate Copper is confirmed
potassium ferrocyanide

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Sulphate
Basic radical - Copper
The given simple salt is - Copper Sulphate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 5 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

3.Copper Carbonate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Green May be Copper salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the Bluish green flame Presence of copper
substance is made into a paste with
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Colourless, Odourless gas
Salt + dil.HCl and heated.withbrisk effervescence Presence of Carbonate is
turning lime water milky Confirmed
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 +heated. Bromide and Nitrate
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride and Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 6 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test: Absence of phosphate

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
bruside: appears
Na2CO3 extract + dil.
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in dil.HNO3 to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.

reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Presence of II group
gas Black precipitate Copper
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Copper (Group II)
Orginial solution + Aceticacid + Red brown precipitate Copper is confirmed
potassium ferrocyanide

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Carbonate
Basic radical - Copper
The given simple salt is - Copper Carbonate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 7 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

4.Ferric Chloride
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Brown May be Iron ( ferric ) salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper, Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: A colourless gas evolves. it
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 gives a dense white fumes Presence of chloride
+heated. when glass rod dipped in
liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: A greenish yellow gas Presence of chloride
Salt + MnO2 + Conc. turning starch iodide paper
H2SO4 and heated. blue evolves.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. Red orange vapours Presence of chloride
H2SO4 and heated. evolved is passed through
NaOH in a test tube. Yellow
solution is obtained on
adding dil acetic acid and
lead acetate solution yellow
precipitate is formed
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".

S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. Curdy white precipitate Presence of Chloride
HNO3 + AgNO3
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 8 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

12. Lead acetate Test :

Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube
14. Ammonium molybdate test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S No Black precipitate Absence of II group Copper
gas
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + White precipitate Presence of III group
NH4OH Aluminium or ferric iron
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Ferric (Group III)
Orginial solution +Na2O2+ dil HCl Blue precipitate Presence of ferric iron is
+ potassium ferro cyanide confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Chloride
Basic radical - Ferric
The given simple salt is - Ferric Chloride

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 9 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

5.Aluminium Sulphate
Sulphate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. No characteristic change Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 No characteristic change. Bromide and Nitrate
+heated.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl white precipitate insoluble in Presence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2 dil.H2SO4
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + white precipitate soluble in Presence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate ammonium acetate.
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 10 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
bruside: appears
Na2CO3 extract + dil.
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S No Black precipitate Absence of II group Copper
gas
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + White precipitate Presence of III group
NH4OH Aluminium or ferric iron
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Aluminium (Group III)
Orginial solution + sodium Gelatinous white precipitate Presence of Aluminium is
peroxide + dil HCl confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Sulphate
Basic radical - Aluminium
The given simple salt is - Aluminium Sulphate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 11 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

6.Aluminium Nitrate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the Reddish brown gas. May be nitrate
substance is taken in a dry test tube
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Reddish brown gas with the
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. fishy odour turning a moist Presence of Nitrate
FeSO4 paper brown
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: Reddish brown gas turning Presence of nitrate
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 +heated. Acidified FeSO4 paper green
evolves.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : Reddish brown gas Presence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl 2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil Brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 12 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test: Absence of phosphate

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
bruside: appears
Na2CO3 extract + dil.
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S No Black precipitate Absence of II group Copper
gas
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + White precipitate Presence of III group
NH4OH Aluminium or ferric iron
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Aluminium (Group III)
Orginial solution + sodium Gelatinous white precipitate Presence of Aluminium is
peroxide + dil HCl confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Nitrate
Basic radical - Aluminium
The given simple salt is - Aluminium Nitrate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 13 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

7.Zinc Sulphate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper salt and Iron
salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the Yellow when hot, white when May be Zinc
substance is taken in a dry test tube cooled
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 Bromide and Nitrate
+heated.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl white precipitate insoluble in Presence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2 dil.H2SO4
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + white precipitate soluble in Presence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate ammonium acetate.
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube
P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt
 14 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test: Absence of phosphate

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
bruside: appears
Na2CO3 extract + dil.
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S No Black precipitate Absence of II group Copper
gas
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + No White precipitate Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Dirty white precipitate Presence of IV group Zinc
NH4OH + H2S gas
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Zinc (Group IV)
Orginial solution + potassium ferro White precipitate Presence of Zinc is
cyanide confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Sulphate
Basic radical - Zinc
The given simple salt is - Zinc Sulphate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 15 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

8.Zinc Sulphide
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the Yellow when hot, white when May be Zinc
substance is taken in a dry test tube cooled
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Rotten egg smelling gas Presence of Sulphide
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. turning lead acetate paper confirmed
block
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 +heated. No characteristic change. Bromide and Nitrate
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. Black precipitate Presence of Sulphide.
HNO3 + AgNO3
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 16 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test: Absence of phosphate

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: purple or violet colouration Presence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in dil.HNO3 to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S No Black precipitate Absence of II group Copper
gas
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + No White precipitate Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Dirty white precipitate Presence of IV group Zinc
NH4OH + H2S gas
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Zinc (Group IV)
Orginial solution + potassium ferro White precipitate Presence of Zinc is
cyanide confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Sulphide
Basic radical - Zinc
The given simple salt is - Zinc Sulphide

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 17 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

9.Calcium Carbonate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the Brick red flame Presence of Calcium
substance is made into a paste with
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Colourless, Odourless gas
Salt + dil.HCl and heated.withbrisk effervescence Presence of Carbonate is
turning lime water milky Confirmed
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 +heated. Bromide and Nitrate
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 18 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
bruside: appears
Na2CO3 extract + dil.
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in dil.HNO3 to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Absence of II group Copper
gas No Black precipitate
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH No White precipitate or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + H2S gas No Dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl + presence of V group
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 White precipitate Ca or Ba
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Calcium (Group V)
Orginial solution + NH4OH white precipitate presence of Calcium is
+Ammonium oxalate confirmed

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Carbonate
Basic radical - Calcium
The given simple salt is - Calcium Carbonate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 19 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

10.Barium Chloride
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the Apple green flame presence of Barium
substance is made into a paste with
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: A colourless gas evolves. it
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 gives a dense white fumes Presence of chloride
+heated. when glass rod dipped in
liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: A greenish yellow gas Presence of chloride
Salt + MnO2 + Conc. turning starch iodide paper
H2SO4 and heated. blue evolves.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. Red orange vapours Presence of chloride
H2SO4 and heated. evolved is passed through
NaOH in a test tube. Yellow
solution is obtained on
adding dil acetic acid and
lead acetate solution yellow
precipitate is formed
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".

S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. Curdy white precipitate Presence of Chloride
HNO3 + AgNO3
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 20 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

12. Lead acetate Test :

Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube
14. Ammonium molybdate test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Absence of II group Copper
gas No Black precipitate
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH No White precipitate or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + H2S gas No Dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl + presence of V group
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 White precipitate Ca or Ba
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Barium (Group V)
Orginial solution + potassium Yellow precipitate Presence of Barium is
chromate confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Chloride
Basic radical - Barium
The given simple salt is - Barium Chloride

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 21 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

11.Magnisium
1.Magnisium Sulphate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 Bromide and Nitrate
+heated.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl white precipitate insoluble in Presence of Sulphate
+ BaCl2 dil.H2SO4
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + white precipitate soluble in Presence of Sulphate
CH3COOH + Lead acetate ammonium acetate.
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 22 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Absence of II group Copper
gas No Black precipitate
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH No White precipitate or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + H2S gas No Dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No White precipitate Absence of V group Ca or Ba
7. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + disodium hydrogen White precipitate presence of VI group Mg
phosphate
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Magnesium (Group VI)
Orginial solution + NaOH + Blue precipitate Presence of Magnesium is
Magneson reagent confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Sulphate
Basic radical - Magnesium
The given simple salt is - Magnesium Sulphate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 23 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

12. Magnesium Carbonate

S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Colourless, Odourless gas
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. withbrisk effervescence Presence of Carbonate is
turning lime water milky Confirmed
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 No characteristic change. Bromide and Nitrate
+heated.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4 No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 24 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
bruside: appears
Na2CO3 extract + dil.
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in dil.HNO3 to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Absence of II group Copper
gas No Black precipitate
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH No White precipitate or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + H2S gas No Dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No White precipitate Absence of V group Ca or Ba
7. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + disodium hydrogen White precipitate presence of VI group Mg
phosphate
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Magnesium (Group VI)
Orginial solution + NaOH + Blue precipitate Presence of Magnesium is
Magneson reagent confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Carbonate
Basic radical - Magnesium
The given simple salt is - Magnesium Carbonate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 25 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

13. Magnesium Phosphate

Phosphate
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat :
A small amount of the No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube and Zinc
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : No characteristic change Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: Absence of Chloride,
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 No characteristic change. Bromide and Nitrate
+heated.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride, Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
heated.
9. Chromyl Chloride test :
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".

S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Chloride, Bromide and
HNO3 + AgNO3 Sulphide.
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 26 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium molybdate test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil A Canary yellow precipitate Presence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate is formed
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in dil.HNO3 to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's No reddish brown precipitate. Absence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Absence of II group Copper
gas No Black precipitate
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH No White precipitate or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + H2S gas No Dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No White precipitate Absence of V group Ca or Ba
7. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + disodium hydrogen White precipitate presence of VI group Mg
phosphate
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Magnesium (Group VI)
Orginial solution + NaOH + Blue precipitate Presence of Magnesium is
Magneson reagent confirmed.

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - phosphate
Basic radical - Magnesium
The given simple salt is - Magnesium phosphate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 27 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

14. Ammonium Bromide

S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat : Pungent smelling gas giving
A small amount of the dense white fumes with glass May be Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube rod dipped in con.HCI
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. No characteristic change Carbonate and Sulphide
5. Action of Con.H2SO4: A reddish brown gas turning
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 moist fluorescein paper green Presence of Bromide
+heated. evolves
6. Action of MnO2 and A reddish brown gas turning
Con.H2SO4: moist fluorescein paper red Presence of Bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Conc. evolves
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH : A colourless gas with the
Salt + dil NaOH and Pungent smelling gas with Presence of ammonium
heated. the smell of ammonia gives
dense white fumes with glass
rod dipped in con.HCI

9. Chromyl Chloride test :

Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. No red orange vapours evolved Absence of Chloride.
H2SO4 and heated.

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract

A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".

S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. A pale yellow precipitate. Presence of Bromide
HNO3 + AgNO3
11. BaCl2 test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 28 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

13. Brown ring test :

Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube
14. Ammonium molybdate test: Absence of phosphate
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's Reddish brown precipitate. Presence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Absence of II group Copper
gas No Black precipitate
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH No White precipitate or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + H2S gas No Dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No White precipitate Absence of V group Ca or Ba
7. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + disodium hydrogen No White precipitate Absence of VI group Mg
phosphate
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Ammonium (Zero Group)
Orginial solution + Nessler's Reddish brown precipitate. Presence of ammonium
reagent + NaOH

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Bromide
Basic radical - Ammonium
The given simple salt is - Ammonium Bromide

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt

 29 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

15.Ammonium
5.Ammonium Chloride
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Colour of the salt Colourless Absence of copper and Iron salt
2. Action of heat : Pungent smelling gas giving
A small amount of the dense white fumes with glass May be Ammonium
substance is taken in a dry test tube rod dipped in con.HCI
and heated strongly.
3. Flame test :
A small amount of the No characteristic flame is Absence of copper Calcium and
substance is made into a paste with appeared. Barium
conc. HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame.
4. Action of dil. HCI : A colourless gas evolves. it
Salt + dil.HCl and heated. gives a dense white fumes Presence of chloride
when glass rod dipped in
liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth
5. Action of Con.H2SO4:
Salt +Conc. H2SO4 A greenish yellow gas Presence of chloride
+heated. turning starch iodide paper
blue evolves.
6. Action of MnO2 and
Con.H2SO4: No Reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate
Salt + MnO2 + Conc.
H2SO4 and heated.
7. Action of Con.H2SO4 and Cu
turning test : No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of ammonium salt
Salt + Cu turning +
Conc. H2SO4 and heated.
8. Action of dil NaOH :
Salt + dil NaOH and Red orange vapours Presence of chloride
heated. evolved is passed through
NaOH in a test tube. Yellow
solution is obtained on
adding dil acetic acid and
lead acetate solution yellow
precipitate is formed
9. Chromyl Chloride test : A colourless gas evolves. it
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. gives a dense white fumes Presence of chloride
H2SO4 and heated. when glass rod dipped in
liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
A small amount of the substance is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 in a beaker. 20 ml of
distilled water is added and the solution is boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The clear filtrate is
called "Sodium carbonate extract".
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
10. Test for halides:
Na2CO3 extract + dil. Curdy white precipitate. Presence of Chloride
HNO3 + AgNO3
P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt
 30 Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur

11. BaCl2 test:

Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
+ BaCl2
12. Lead acetate Test :
Na2CO3 extract + No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate.
CH3COOH + Lead acetate
13. Brown ring test :
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
H2SO4 + freshly prepared FeSO4
and Conc. H2SO4 is added along
the side of the test tube
14. Ammonium molybdate test:
Na2CO3 extract + dil No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
HNO3 + ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15. Test with sodium nitro
bruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide
Na2CO3 extract + dil. appears
ammonia + sodium nitro bruside.

Analysis of Basic Radical

Preparation of Original Solution :
A pinch of the salt is dissolved in water to obtain the original solution.

Group Separation
S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1. Orginial solution + Nessler's Reddish brown precipitate. Presence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH
2. Orginial solution + dil.HCI No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Original Solution + dil. HCl+ H2S Absence of II group Copper
gas No Black precipitate
4. Original Solution + NH4Cl + Absence of III group Aluminium
NH4OH No White precipitate or ferric iron
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + H2S gas No Dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No White precipitate Absence of V group Ca or Ba
7. Original Solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + disodium hydrogen No White precipitate Absence of VI group Mg
phosphate
Confirmatory test for basic radical
1. Ammonium (Zero Group)
Orginial solution + Nessler's Reddish brown precipitate. Presence of ammonium.
reagent + NaOH

Result : The given simple salt contains,

Acid radical - Chloride
Basic radical - Ammonium
The given simple salt is - Ammonium Chloride

P.Suresh, PG Assistant in Chemistry, Govt.Hr.Sec.School, Kaniyalampatty, Karur-Dt